Indian Journal of Plant Sciences ISSN: 2319–3824 Online, International Journal, Available at http://www.cibtech.org/jps.htm 2024 Vol.13, pp.43-62/Bidyut et al. Research Article (Open Access) NATURE OF COTYLEDONS IN SOME MATURE CYPSELAS OF THE FAMILY COMPOSITAE * Bidyut Kumar Jana, H.V. Hansen3 and Sobhan Kr. Mukherjee2 1 Department of Botany, Kanchrapara College, Kanchrapara, North-24 Pgs. 2 Taxonomy and Biosystematics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani-741235, Nadia, West Bengal, India. 3 Curator and University Botanic Garden of Copenhagen (DK), Gothersgade 130, DK -1123, Copenhagen, Denmark. *Author for Correspondence:
[email protected]ABSTRACT The present paper deals with the plane of arrangement of cotyledons with respect to the cypselar axis and number of resin ducts in each cotyledon. Each cotyledon usually has 3 resin ducts. The number is also variable, in some species; and the number may be more than three. The plane of arrangement of cotyledon with the cypselar axis is also variable. Cotyledons are arranged either at right angle to the axis of cypsela or parallel to the axis of cypsela or oblique to the axis of cypsela. Keywords: Nature of Cotyledons, Number of Resin Ducts, Cypsela, Compositae INTRODUCTION The family Asteraceae is one of the largest and highly evolved family among the dicotyledons, consisting of 43 tribes, 1600- 1700 genera and 24000 species ( Funk et al., 2009). India has about 177 genera and 1,052 species belonging to this family (Rao et al. 1988). The family is very interesting to the taxonomist, due to its great diversity of habit, habitat, morphology and histology of vegetative and reproductive structures ( Bremer, 1994; Takhtajan, 1997). It is generally considered that the Asteraceae is a natural family, similar to Cruciferae, Poaceae and Apiaceae. The members of this family are easily recognized by some characteristic features which are pseudoanthial heads with a specialized type of pollen presentation mechanism and pappus structure (Mukherjee and Nordenstam, 2008), nature of fruit (Das and Mukherjee, 2008) and their particular array of chemical weapons (Heywood et al., 1977). The fruits of Asteraceae are technically termed as achene or cypsela which is developed from bicarpellary, hypogynous, unilocular ovary. The fruit is basically non endospermous or with scanty endospermus, but it has one to three layers of endosperms at mature state of cypselas. Within the endosperm, embryo exist; and the each embryo consist of 2 cotyledons, since it is a members of dicotyledonous group. The plane of arrangement of cotyledons and number of resin ducts are variable in different taxa. Mainly cotyledons are arranged in three ways, such as parallel to the axis of cypselas, right angle to the axis of cypselas and oblique to the axis of cypselas (Corn, 1993). Short et al. (1988), have done a revisionary work of some Australian genera of Compositae and have provided a sketch, regarding the plane of arrangement of cotyledons with the cypselar axis. Few work had been done previously, regarding the plane of arrangement of cotyledons and number of resin ducts in each cotyledon. Therefore an preliminary work has been undertaken to show the variations of mode of arrangement of cotyledons in relation to floral axis along with variation of number of resin ducts in each cotyledon and their taxonomic significance. Present study has been restricted on 150 species of the family Compositae. Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) 43 Indian Journal of Plant Sciences ISSN: 2319–3824 Online, International Journal, Available at http://www.cibtech.org/jps.htm 2024 Vol.13, pp.43-62/Bidyut et al. Research Article (Open Access) MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study is mainly based on the dried cypselas, from different foreign herbaria of the world, abbreviated as in Holmgren et al. (1990): AD, LISC, SRGH, TAI, Z, LUAI, USA, B, WU, G, S, RB, H, DK, and few specimens from Kalyani University Campus. For this study, cross sections of cypselas have been taken with the help of a sharp razor blade. The good sections were taken for this study. Sections were stained in 0.2 % aqueous safranin solution for 2-3 minutes and finally were placed under compound light microscope, to observe the anatomical structure, specially the plain of arrangements of cotyledon and number of resin ducts in each cotyledon. Sources of cypselas For this purpose, cypselas were procured from different herbaria of the world as gift. 1. Acanthospermum hispidum DC.; Tribe-Millarieae; LUAI, 2. Achillea ageratifolia (Sibth. & Sm.) Boiss; Tribe-Anthemideae; Z; Nr. 335, 3. Achillea macrophylla L.; Tribe- Anthemideae; Z; Nr.337, 4. Acmella oleracea (L.) R.K. Jansen; Tribe-Heliantheae; XXOZ-20021797, 5. Adenostyles alliariae; Tribe- Senecioneae; Z; CHOZ20031693, 6. Anacyclus depressum; Tribe-Anthemideae; Z; Nr. 339, 7. Anthemis maritime; Anthemideae; Z; XXOBRISS-20053261, 8. Anthemis tinctoria L.; TribeAnthemideae; Z; Nr.342, 9. Arctium lappa L.; Tribe-Cardueae; Germany, 10. Arctotis venusta Norlin.; Tribe-Arctotideae; Z; CCOZ-20020220, 11. Arnica chamissonis Less.; Tribe-Senecioneae; Z; Nr.347, 12. Artemisia annua L.; Tribe-Anthemideae; Z; XXOZ-20040114, 13. Artemisia vulgaris L.; TribeAnthemideae; Finland, 14. Aster albanicus Degen.; Tribe-Astereae; DK; 211S2000-0862A, 15. Aster amellus L.; Tribe-Astereae; Z; Nr.350, 16. Aster thomsonii C.B. Clarke; Tribe-Astereae; SM-3, 17. Bahia absinthifolia Benth. Tribe-Bahieae; S, 18. Bidens cernua L.; Tribe-Coreopsideae; XXOZ-19780082, 19- Bidens frondosa L.; Tribe-Coreopsideae; Germany, 20. Bidens pilosa L.; Tribe-Coreopsideae; Kalyani Township; B.K.J. 92, 21. Calea cymosa Less.; Tribe-Neuroleae; S, 22. Calendula arvensis L. Tribe-Calenduleae; DK, 23. Calendula maderensis DC.; Tribe- Calenduleae; DK., 24. Carduus acanthoides L.; Tribe-Cardueae; DK.; 235 E 2884-0001 AG, 25. Carduus defloratus L.; TribeCardueae; Z; Nr. 359, 26. Carlina acanthifolia All. Ssp. Cynara (Pourret ex Duby) Rouy; TribeCardueae; Z; Nr. 360, 27. Carpesium cernuum L.; Tribe-Inuleae; Z; XXOZ-20051457, 28. Centaurea aspera L.; Tribe-Cardueae; Z.; XXOBRISS-20093677, 29. Centaurea cyanus L.; Tribe-Cardueae; Z; Nr. 364, 30. Centaurea maculosa Lam. Ssp. maculosa; Tribe-Cardueae; Z.; Nr. 369, 31. Centaurea scabiosa L.; Tribe-Cardueae; Germany, 32. Centaurea spinosa L.; Tribe-Cardueae; Z, 33. Centaurea stoebe L.; Tribe-Cardueae; Germany, 34. Chaenactis fremontii A.Gray; Tribe-Chanticitideae; S, 35. Chondrilla juncea L.; Tribe-Lactuceae; Germany; 36. Chrysanthemum weyrichii Miyabe & Miyake; Tribe-Anthemideae; Z; Nr. 376, 37. Cicerbita cyanea (D. Don) Beauv; Tribe-Lactuceae; Z; SM-18, 38. Cicerbita macrorhiza(Royle)Beauv; Tribe-Lactuceae; Z; SM.19, 39. Cichorium endivia L.; TribeLactuceae; B, 40. Cichorium intybus L.; Tribe-Lactuceae; Austria, 41. Cirsium canadelabrum Griseb.; Tribe-Cardueae; DK, 42. Cirsium helenioides (L.) Hill.; Tribe-Cardueae; Z; CHOZ-20031567, 43. Cirsium japonicum DC.; Tribe-Cardueae; Z; Nr.378, 44. Cirsium spinosissimum (L.) Scop.; TribeCardueae; Z; CHOZ-20110617, 45. Cirsium vulgare (Savi)Ten; Tribe-Cardueae; BRI; Nr. 378, 46. Cirsium arvense (L.)Scop.; Tribe-Cardueae; G; Collection Number-107, 47. Cirsium eriophorum Scop.; Tribe-Cardueae; Z; Collection Number. FROZ-20090558, 48. Cladanthus arabicus (L.) Cass; TribeAnthemideae; Z; Collection Number. XXOZ-20040466, 49. Coleostephus multicaulis (Desf.) Durieu; Tribe- Anthemideae; DK., 50. Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt.; Tribe- Coreopsideae; Z; Nr. 381, 51. Cosmos sulphuralis Cav.; Tribe-Coreopsideae; Kalyani township; B.K.J.-1, 52. Cousinia pterocaulos (C.A. Mey.) Rech.; Tribe-Cardueae; DK., 53. Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) Moore; TribeSenecioneae; BRI; Nr. 347, 54. Crassocephalum rubens (Juss. Ex Jacq.) Moore; Tribe-Senecioneae; SRGH; M. Mavi 13, 55. Crepis palaestina (Bois.)Bornm; Tribe-Lactuceae; DK., 56. Crepis alpina L.; Tribe-Lactuceae; DK., 57. Crepis dioscoridis L.; Tribe-Lactuceae; DK., 58. Crepis foetida L.; TribeLactuceae; DK., 59. Crepis neglecta L.; Tribe-Lactuceae; DK., 60. Crepis pulchra L. Tribe-Lactuceae; DK., 61. Crepis pyrenaica ; Tribe-Lactuceae; Z; Nr. 363, 62. Crepis vesicaria L.; Tribe-Lactuceae; Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) 44 Indian Journal of Plant Sciences ISSN: 2319–3824 Online, International Journal, Available at http://www.cibtech.org/jps.htm 2024 Vol.13, pp.43-62/Bidyut et al. Research Article (Open Access) AD., 63. Dicoma sessiliflora Harv. In Harv. & Sond. ssp. sessiliflora; Tribe-Mutisieae; LISC; A.r. Torre 13, 64. Dimorphotheca pluvialis Moench; Tribe-Calenduleae; Z.; Nr.384, 65. Doronicum grandiflorum Lam.; Tribe-Senecioneae; Z.; Collection Number-CHOZ 20031709, 66. Echinacea purpurea Moench; Tribe-Heliantheae; Z.; Nr.385, 67. Echinops sphaerocephalus L.; Tribe-Cardueae; Z.; Nr. 386, 68. Elephantopus carolinianus Raeusch; Tribe-Vernonieae; DK., 69. Elephantopus scaberL.; Tribe-Vernonieae; Kalyani township; B.K.J. 9, 70. Emilia coccinea G. Don; TribeSenecioneae; Z.; Collection Number-XXOZ-19963273, 71. Erigeron acer L.; Tribe-Astereae; Z.; Nr. 388, 72. Erigeron villarsii Bell.; Tribe-Astereae; Z.; Nr.389, 73. Eupatorium chinense L.; TribeEupatorieae; TAI.; Y.F. Chen 3898, 74. Felicia heterophylla (Cass.) Grau; Tribe-Astereae; DK., 75. Felicia tenella (L.) Ness; Tribe-Astereae; DK., 76. Gizania krebsiana Less.; Tribe-Arctotideae; Z.; Collection Number. XXOZ-19810083, 77. Glossogyne bidens (Retz.) Alston; Tribe-Heliantheae; Z.; SM. 9, 78. Glossogyne tenuifolia Cass.; Tribe-Heliantheae; BRI.; SM. 9, 79. Gnaphalium pensylvanicum Willd.; Tribe-Inuleae; SRGH; M.Mavi 3, 80. Grindelia camporum Greene; TribeAstereae; DK., 81. Grindelia robusta Nutt.; Tribe-Astereae; Z.; Collection Number. XXOZ-20051345, 82. Helianthus nuttallii Torr. & A.Gray; Tribe-Heliantheae; USA; Collection Number- 420182, 83. Hieracium racemosum W. & K. ex Willd. ; Tribe-Lactuceae; WU, 84. Homogyne alpina Cass.; TribeSenecioneae; Z.; Collection Number- CHOZ-20042004, 85. Hypochaeris uniflora (L.) Greuter; TribeLactuceae; Z.; Collection Number-CHGZ-20TI0589, 86. Hypochoeris glabra L.; Tribe-Lactuceae; AD.; A.A. Munir 8601, 87. Hypochoeris radicata L.; Tribe-Lactuceae; BRI; A.A. Munir 8601, 88. Inula ensifolia L.; Tribe-Inuleae; Z., 89. Inula helenium L.; Tribe-Inuleae; Z., 90. Inula Britannica L. ; TribeInuleae; Z.; Collection Number- XXOZ-20060389, 91. Inula hirta L.; Tribe-Inuleae; Z., 92. Lactuca pseudoumbrella D. Maity & Maiti; Tribe-Lactuceae; Sikhim, 93. Lactuce serriola L.; Tribe-Lactuceae; BHU, 94. Lapsona communis L.; Tribe-Lactuceae; BHU, 95. Layia platyglossa (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) A. Gray; Tribe-Madieae; Z.; Collection Number- XXOZ-20050466, 96. Leontodon aistermnalis L.; TribeLactuceae; BHU, 97. Leontodon crispus Vill.; Tribe-Lactuceae; DK., 98. Leontodon muelleri (Sch. Bip.) Fiori; Tribe- Lactuceae; DK., 99. Leptorhynchos elongates DC.; Tribe-Gnaphaleae; CBG; 8906276, 100. Leucanthemum vulgare Lam.; Tribe-Anthemideae; H, 101. Ligularia dentata (A. Gray) Hara; Tribe-Senecioneae; Z.; Nr. 415, 102. Lindhemera texana A. Gray & Engelm.; Tribe-Heliantheae; Z.; Collection Number. XXOZ-19963438, 103. Madia elegans D.Don; Tribe-Madieae; DK., 104. Melampodium perfoliatum Kunth; Tribe-Millarieae; Z.; Collection Number-XXOMJG 19-46810, 105. Microseris lanceolata Sch. Bip.; Tribe-Lactuceae; AD.; Collection Number. 4695, 106. Montisalca salmantica (L.) Brig. Et casill.; Tribe-Cardueae; DK., 107. Myriactis humilis Merr.; Tribe-Astereae; TAI; Chen. 3363, 108. Osteospermum vaillantii (Decne.) Norl.; Tribe-Lactuceae; Z., 109. Picris hieracioides L.; Tribe-Lactuceae; WU, 110. Podotheca angustifolia (Labill.) Less.; Tribe-Gnaphaleae; AD., 111. Prenanthes purpurea L.; Tribe-Lactuceae; Z.; Collection Number- CHOZ-20100751, 112. Ptilostemon diacantha (Lab.) Greuter; Tribe-Cardueae; Z.; Nr. 377, 113. Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) Bernh.; Tribe-Inuleae; Z.; Collection Number- BEOZ-19840270, 114. Rolandra fruticosa (L.) o. Kuntze; Tribe-Vernonieae; RB.; SN 255, 115. Saussurea fastuosa (Decne.) Sch. Bip.; Tribe-Cardueae; Kalyani University Campus; B.K.J.-15, 116. Schkuhria pinnata (Lam.) Kuntze; Tribe-Bahieae; S, 117. Senecio alpines (L.) Scop; Tribe-Senecioneae; Z.; Collection Number. CHOZ-20080791, 118. Senecio ovatus (G. Gaerten et al.) Willd; Tribe-Senecioneae; Z.; Collection Number. CHOZ-20080790, 119. Serratula tinctoria L.; Tribe-Cardueae; Z., 120- Solidago Canadensis L.; Tribe-Astereae; BHU, 121. Solidago gigantean Aiton; Tribe-Astereae; BHU, 122. Solidago virgaurea L.; Tribe-Astereae; Z.; Collection Number. CHOZ-20080796, 123. Sonchus megalocarpus (Hook. f.) J. M. Black; TribeLactuceae; AD., 124. Sonchus oleraceous L.; Tribe-Lactuceae; WU, 125. Sonchus wightianus L.; TribeLactuceae; Kalyani Township; B.K.J.201, 126. Synedrella nodiflora Garten.; Tribe-Heliantheae; Kalyani township; B.K.J.-12, 127. Tagetes lucida Cave.; Tribe-Tageteae; Z.; Collection Number. XXOZ-20031315, 128. Tagetes tenuifolia L.; Tribe-Tageteae; Z.; Collection Number. XXOZ-20110213, 129. Tanacetium vulgare L.; Tribe-Anthemideae; BHU, 130. Tanacetum parthenium Sch. Bip.; TribeCentre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) 45 Indian Journal of Plant Sciences ISSN: 2319–3824 Online, International Journal, Available at http://www.cibtech.org/jps.htm 2024 Vol.13, pp.43-62/Bidyut et al. Research Article (Open Access) Anthemideae; Z.; Collection Number. XXOZ 19965019, 131. Telekia speciosa Baumg.; Tribe-Inuleae; Z., 132. Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A.Gray; Tribe-Heliantheae; AD.; Nr. 398, 133. Tithonia rotundifolia (Mill.) Blake; Tribe-Heliantheae; SRGH; M. Mavi 17, 134. Tragopogon porrifolius L.; Tribe-Lactuceae; AD.; N.N. Donner 8606, 135. Tragopogon pratensis L.; Tribe-Lactuceae; BHU, 136. Tridax procumbens L.; Tribe-Millarieae; S., 137. Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Sch. Bip.; TribeAnthemideae; H., 138. Tripleurospermum maritimum (L.) W.D.J. Koch; Tribe-Anthemideae; BHU, 139. Urospermum dalechampii (L.) F.W. Schmidt; Tribe-Lactuceae; Z.; Collection Number. XXOZ 19950008, 140. Vernonia anthelmintica Willd.; Tribe-Vernonieae; Kalyani township; B.K.J. 30, 141. Vernonia ceneria Less.; Tribe-Vernonieae; Kalyani township; B.K.J. 30, 142. Vernonia galamensis Less.; Tribe- Vernonieae; USA, 143. Vernonia hymenolepis A. Rich.; Tribe-Vernonieae; USA, 144. Vernonia melleri Oliv; Tribe-Vernonieae; LISC, 145. Vernonia poskeana Vatke & Hildeb.; TribeVernonieae; LISC; A.R. Torr & Paiva 11332, 146. Vernonia stenolepis Oliv.; Tribe-Vernonieae; USA, 147. Villanova oppositifolia Lag.; Tribe-Perityleae; S., 148. Vittadinia gracilis (Hook. f.) Burbidge; Tribe-Astereae; AD; N.N. Donner 8633, 149. Xeranthemum annuum L.; Tribe-Cardueae; Z.; Collection Number. XXOZ 20040897, 150. Zinnia haageana Regel; Tribe-Heliantheae; DK.; Collection Number. 497E2493-0005 AG. RESULTS The nature of cotyledons and number of resin ducts in each cotyledon of different studied species are summarized in the following Table 1. Table 1. Plane of arrangements of cotyledons and number of resin ducts in each cotyledon of studied species of the family Asteraceae Sl. No. Name of the taxa 1. 2. Dicoma sessiliflora Mutisieae Harv. In Harv. & Sond. ssp. sessiliflora Xeranthemum annuum Cardueae 3. Serratula tinctoria ,, 4. Saussurea fastuosa ,, 5. Ptilostemon diacantha ,, 6. Montisalca salmantica Fig. C-15 Echinops sphaerocephalus Cousinia pterocaulos ,, 7. 8. Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) Tribe ,, ,, Arrangement cotyledons of Number of resin ducts in each cotyledon At oblique to the Three resin ducts axis of cypsela in each cotyledon At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At oblique to the axis of cypsela At oblique to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela Seven resin ducts in each cotyledon Four resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon. Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Eight resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon. 46 Indian Journal of Plant Sciences ISSN: 2319–3824 Online, International Journal, Available at http://www.cibtech.org/jps.htm 2024 Vol.13, pp.43-62/Bidyut et al. Research Article (Open Access) Sl. No. Name of the taxa Tribe Arrangement cotyledons 9. Cirsium eriophorum ,, 10. ,, 11. Cirsium canadelabrum Fig B-11 Cirsium helenioides 12. Cirsium japonicum ,, 13. Cirsium spinosissimum ,, 14. Cirsium vulgare ,, 15. Cirsium arvense ,, 16. Centaurea cyanus ,, 17. Centaurea maculosa ,, Lam. Ssp. maculosa Centaurea scabiosa ,, At right angle to the axis of cypsela At oblique to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Five resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon. Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Five resin ducts in each cotyledon Five resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon At oblique to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At oblique to the axis of cypsela At oblique to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela Seven resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Five resin ducts in each cotyledon 18. 19. ,, ,, 20. Centaurea spinosa Fig. B-10 Centaurea stoebe 21. Centaurea aspera ,, 22. Carduus defloratus ,, 23. Carlina acanthifolia ,, 24. Carduus acanthoides ,, 25. Arctium lappa ,, 26. Elephantopus carolinianus Elephantopus scaber Vernonieae 27. ,, ,, 28. Rolandra fruticosa Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) ,, of Number of resin ducts in each cotyledon Seven resin ducts in each cotyledon Four resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon At right angle to Three resin ducts the axis of cypsela in each cotyledon 47 Indian Journal of Plant Sciences ISSN: 2319–3824 Online, International Journal, Available at http://www.cibtech.org/jps.htm 2024 Vol.13, pp.43-62/Bidyut et al. Research Article (Open Access) Sl. No. Name of the taxa Tribe Arrangement cotyledons 29. Vernonia anthelmintica ,, 30. Vernonia ceneria ,, 31. Vernonia galamensis ,, 32. Vernonia hymenolepis ,, 33. Vernonia melleri ,, 34. Vernonia poskeana ,, 35. Vernonia stenolepis ,, 36. Lactuceae 37. Urospermum dalechampii Tragopogon porrifolius 38. Tragopogon pratensis ,, 39. Sonchus megalocarpus ,, 40. Sonchus oleraceous ,, 41. Sonchus wightianus ,, 42. Prenanthes purpurea ,, 43. Osteospermum vaillantii ,, 44. Picris hieracioides ,, 45. Microseris lanceolata ,, 46. Leontodon aistermnalis ,, 47. Leontodon crispus ,, 48. Leontodon muelleri ,, 49. Lactuca pseudoumbrella ,, 50. Lactuce serriola ,, At right angle to the axis of cypsela At oblique to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela Parallel to the axis of cypsela Parallel to the axis of cypsela At oblique to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela Parallel to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At oblique to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At oblique to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At oblique to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) ,, of Number of resin ducts in each cotyledon Four resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Five resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Seven resin ducts in each cotyledon Seven resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Five resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Five resin ducts in each cotyledon Eight resin ducts in each cotyledon Five resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Five resin ducts in each cotyledon Six resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Seven resin ducts in each cotyledon 48 Indian Journal of Plant Sciences ISSN: 2319–3824 Online, International Journal, Available at http://www.cibtech.org/jps.htm 2024 Vol.13, pp.43-62/Bidyut et al. Research Article (Open Access) Sl. No. Name of the taxa Tribe Arrangement cotyledons 51. Lapsona communis ,, 52. Hypochaeris uniflora ,, 53. Hypochoeris glabra ,, At oblique to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela Five resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Seven resin ducts in each cotyledon 54. Hypochoeris radicata ,, 55. ,, 56. Hieracium racemosum Fig A-5 Crepis dioscoridis 57. Crepis foetida ,, 58. Crepis neglecta ,, 59. Crepis pulchra ,, 60. ,, 61. Crepis pyrenaica Fig B-14 Crepis vesicaria 62. Crepis palaestina ,, 63. Crepis alpina ,, 64. Cichorium intybus ,, 65. Cicerbita cyanea ,, 66. Cicerbita macrorhiza ,, 67. Cichorium endivia ,, 68. Chondrilla juncea ,, At right angle to the axis of cypsela At oblique to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At oblique to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At oblique to the axis of cypsela Parallel to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At oblique to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At oblique to the axis of cypsela Eight resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Five resin ducts in each cotyledon Four resin ducts in each cotyledon Five resin ducts in each cotyledon Five resin ducts in each cotyledon Four resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Four resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Five resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Eight resin ducts in each cotyledon 69. Arctotis venusta Arctotideae At right angle to Three resin ducts the axis of cypsela in each cotyledon 70. Gizania krebsiana Fig A-4 ,, At right angle to Ten resin ducts in the axis of cypsela each cotyledon Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) ,, ,, of Number of resin ducts in each cotyledon 49 Indian Journal of Plant Sciences ISSN: 2319–3824 Online, International Journal, Available at http://www.cibtech.org/jps.htm 2024 Vol.13, pp.43-62/Bidyut et al. Research Article (Open Access) Sl. No. Name of the taxa Tribe Arrangement cotyledons 71. Senecio alpinus Senecioneae 72. Senecio ovatus ,, 73. Ligularia dentata ,, 74. Homogyne alpina ,, 75. Emilia coccinea ,, 76. ,, 78. Doronicum grandiflorum Crassocephalum crepidioides Crassocephalum rubens 79. Arnica chamissonis ,, 80. Adenostyles alliariae ,, 81. Calendula arvensis Calenduleae 82. Calendula maderensis Fig B-9 Dimorphotheca pluvialis Fig A-3 Podotheca angustifolia ,, ,, 86. Leptorhynchos elongatus Aster albanicus 87. Aster amellus ,, 88. Aster thomsonii ,, 89. Erigeron acer ,, 90. Erigeron villarsii ,, 91. Felicia heterophylla ,, At oblique to the axis of cypsela At oblique to the axis of cypsela At oblique to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At oblique to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela Parallel to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At oblique to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At oblique to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela Parallel to the axis of cypsela Parallel to the axis of cypsela Parallel to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela 77. 83. 84. 85. Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) ,, ,, ,, Gnaphaleae Astereae of Number of resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Four resin ducts in each cotyledon Four resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Five resin ducts in each cotyledon Five resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Nine resin ducts in each cotyledon Twelve resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Five resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Four resin ducts in each cotyledon Four resin ducts in each cotyledon Five resin ducts in each cotyledon 50 Indian Journal of Plant Sciences ISSN: 2319–3824 Online, International Journal, Available at http://www.cibtech.org/jps.htm 2024 Vol.13, pp.43-62/Bidyut et al. Research Article (Open Access) Sl. No. Name of the taxa Tribe 92. Felicia tenella ,, 93. Grindelia camporum ,, 94. Grindelia robusta ,, 95. Myriactis humilis ,, 96. Solidago canadensis ,, 97. Solidago gigantea ,, 98. Solidago virgaurea ,, 99. Vittadinia gracilis ,, 100. Anthemideae 102. Tripleurospermum inodorum Tripleurospermum maritimum Tanacetum parthenium 103. Tanacetium vsilgare ,, 104. Leucanthemum vulgare ,, 105. Cladanthus arabicus ,, 106. ,, 108. Coleostephus multicaulis Fig. C-17 Chrysanthemum weyrichii Artemisia annua 109. Artemisia vulgaris ,, 110. Anacyclus depressum ,, 111. Anthemis maritima ,, 112. Anthemis tinctoria ,, 101. 107. Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) ,, ,, ,, ,, Arrangement cotyledons of Number of resin ducts in each cotyledon At right angle to Three resin ducts the axis of cypsela in each cotyledon At right angle to Three resin ducts the axis of cypsela in each cotyledon At oblique to the Four resin ducts in axis of cypsela each cotyledon Parallel to the axis Four resin ducts in of cypsela each cotyledon At oblique to the Three resin ducts in axis of cypsela each cotyledon At right angle to Three resin ducts in the axis of cypsela each cotyledon At right angle to Four resin ducts in the axis of cypsela each cotyledon At oblique to the Five resin ducts in axis of cypsela each cotyledon At right angle to Three resin ducts the axis of cypsela in each cotyledon At right angle to Three resin ducts the axis of cypsela in each cotyledon At oblique to the Three resin ducts in axis of cypsela each cotyledon At oblique to the Three resin ducts axis of cypsela in each cotyledon At oblique to the Three resin ducts axis of cypsela in each cotyledon At right angle to Three resin ducts the axis of cypsela in each cotyledon Parallel to the axis Four resin ducts in of cypsela each cotyledon Parallel to the axis of cypsela At oblique to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At oblique to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela Five resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Six resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon 51 Indian Journal of Plant Sciences ISSN: 2319–3824 Online, International Journal, Available at http://www.cibtech.org/jps.htm 2024 Vol.13, pp.43-62/Bidyut et al. Research Article (Open Access) Sl. No. Name of the taxa Tribe Arrangement cotyledons 113. Achillea ageratifolia ,, 114. Achillea macrophylla ,, 115. Carpesium cernuum Inuleae 116. ,, 117. Gnaphalium pensylvanicum Inula ensifolia 118. Inula helenium ,, 119. Inula britannica ,, 120. Inula hirta ,, 121. Pulicaria dysenterica ,, 122. Telekia speciosa ,, 123. Coreopsideae 125. Coreopsis tinctoria Fig. B-12 Cosmos sulphuralis Fig B-13 Bidens cernua 126. Bidens frondosa ,, 127. Bidens pilosa ,, 128. Calea cymosa Neurolaeneae 129. Tagetes lucida Tageteae 130. Tagetes tenuifolia ,, 131. Chaenactis fremontii Chaenacteae 132. Bahia absinthifolia Fig. C-16 Schkuhria pinnata Bahieae At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At oblique to the axis of cypsela Parallel to the axis of cypsela At oblique to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At oblique to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At oblique to the axis of cypsela At oblique to the axis of cypsela At oblique to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At oblique to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela Parallel to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela 124. 133. Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) ,, ,, ,, ,, of Number of resin ducts in each cotyledon Six resin ducts in each cotyledon Seven resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Seven resin ducts in each cotyledon Five resin ducts in each cotyledon Four resin ducts in each cotyledon Four resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Four resin ducts in each cotyledon Six resin ducts in each cotyledon. Eleven resin ducts in each cotyledon Five resin ducts in each cotyledon Six resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Six resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon 52 Indian Journal of Plant Sciences ISSN: 2319–3824 Online, International Journal, Available at http://www.cibtech.org/jps.htm 2024 Vol.13, pp.43-62/Bidyut et al. Research Article (Open Access) Sl. No. Name of the taxa Tribe Arrangement cotyledons 134. Zinnia haageana Heliantheae 135. Tithonia diversifolia ,, 136. Tithonia rotundifolia ,, 137. Synedrella nodiflora ,, 138. Lindhemera texana ,, 139. Helianthus nuttallii ,, 140. Glossogyne bidens ,, At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Six resin ducts in each cotyledon. Seven resin ducts in each cotyledon Six resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Five resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon 141. Glossogyne tenuifolia ,, 142. Echinacea purpurea ,, 143. ,, Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Four resin ducts in each cotyledon Five resin ducts in each cotyledon 147. Acmella oleracea Fig A-2 Acanthospermum hispidum Fig A-1 Melampodium perfoliatum Fig A- 6 Tridax procumbens Fig A-7 Madia elegans At oblique to the axis of cypsela At oblique to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela 148. Layia platyglossa ,, 149. Villanova oppositifolia Perityleae 150. Eupatorium chinense Eupatorieae 144. 145. 146. Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) Millarieae of Number of resin ducts in each cotyledon ,, At right angle to Three resin ducts in the axis of cypsela each cotyledon ,, At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At oblique to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela At right angle to the axis of cypsela Madieae Six resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon Three resin ducts in each cotyledon 53 Indian Journal of Plant Sciences ISSN: 2319–3824 Online, International Journal, Available at http://www.cibtech.org/jps.htm 2024 Vol.13, pp.43-62/Bidyut et al. Research Article (Open Access) 0.2 mm. Figure A: (1-8) Cross sections of cypselas, showing the nature of cotyledons (Right angle to the axis of cypselas), with resin duct. 1-Acanthospermum hispidum, 2- Acmella olearia , 3- Dimorphotheca pluvialis, 4- Gizania krebsiana , 5- Hypochoeris radicata , 6- Melampodium perfoliatum , 7- Tridax procumbens , 8- Xeranthemum annuum Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) 54 Indian Journal of Plant Sciences ISSN: 2319–3824 Online, International Journal, Available at http://www.cibtech.org/jps.htm 2024 Vol.13, pp.43-62/Bidyut et al. Research Article (Open Access) 0.2 mm Figure B: (9-14) Cross sections of cypselas, showing the nature of cotyledons (Oblique to the axis of cypselas), with resin duct. 9-Calendulla madrensis, 10-Centaurea spinosa, 11-Cirsium canadelabrum, 12-Coreopsis tinctoria, 13Cosmos sulphaures, 14-Crepis pyrenica Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) 55 Indian Journal of Plant Sciences ISSN: 2319–3824 Online, International Journal, Available at http://www.cibtech.org/jps.htm 2024 Vol.13, pp.43-62/Bidyut et al. Research Article (Open Access) 0.2 mm Figure C: 15- Cross sections of cypsela, showing the nature of cotyledons (Oblique to the axis of cypsela), with resin ducts. Fig. C. (16-17)-Cross sections of cypselas, showing the nature of cotyledon (Parallel to the axis of cypselas), with resin ducts. 15- Montisalca salmantica, 16-Bahia absantifolia, 17-Coleostephus multicaulis Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) 56 Indian Journal of Plant Sciences ISSN: 2319–3824 Online, International Journal, Available at http://www.cibtech.org/jps.htm 2024 Vol.13, pp.43-62/Bidyut et al. Research Article (Open Access) 13-Parallel 43- Oblique 92-Right angle Figure D: Pie chart showing the mode of arrangement of cotyledons in different cypselas. DISCUSSION On the basis of the mode of arrangements of cotyledons, the studied cypselas have been divided into following three categories (Fig. D): A. Cotyledons are placed in right angle to the axis of cypselas There are many taxa in this category: Acanthospermum hispidum ,Melampodium perfoliatum , Tridax procumbens , Lindhemera texana, Synedrella nodiflora, Arctium lappa, Centaurea aspera, Centaurea scabiosa, Centaurea stoebe ,Cirsium arvense ,Cirsium eriophorum ,Cirsium helenioides ,Cirsium spinosissimum ,Cousinia pterocaulos ,Saussurea fastuosa ,Xeranthemum annuum , Homogyne alpina, Urospermum dalechampii, Elephantopus carolinianus, Madia elegans, Bidens pilosa, Sonchus oleraceous, Tripleurospermum maritimum, Artemisia vulgaris, Solidago gigantean, Inula Britannica, Tagetes lucida, Solidago virgaurea, Cladanthus arabicus, Chaenactis fremontii, Schkuhria pinnata, Villanova oppositifolia, Calea cymosa, Inula helenium, Tripleurospermum inodorum, Bidens frondosa, Emilia coccinea, Gizania krebsiana, Crepis palaestina, Crepis dioscoridis, Crepis pulchra, Crepis foetida, Telekia speciosa, Hypochaeris uniflora, Tragopogon porrifolius, Serratula tinctoria, Felicia heterophylla, Leontodon crispus, Leontodon muelleri, Picris hieracioides, Cichorium endivia, Zinnia haageana, Aster albanicus, Inula hirta, Grindelia camporum , Felicia tenella, Microseris lanceolata, Prenanthes purpurea, Calendula arvensis, Elephantopus scaber, Helianthus nuttallii, Lactuce serriola, Adenostyles alliariae, Vernonia hymenolepis , Vernonia galamensis, Vernonia anthelmintica, Lactuca pseudoumbrella, Cichorium intybus, Aster amellus, Leptorhynchos elongates, Eupatorium chinense , Rolandra fruticosa , Glossogyne bidens , Tithonia diversifolia, Tithonia rotundifolia , Arnica chamissonis , Crassocephalum crepidioides, Achillea ageratifolia , Achillea macrophylla , Anacyclus depressum , Anthemis tinctoria , Arctotis venusta , Dimorphotheca pluvialis, Carduus Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) 57 Indian Journal of Plant Sciences ISSN: 2319–3824 Online, International Journal, Available at http://www.cibtech.org/jps.htm 2024 Vol.13, pp.43-62/Bidyut et al. Research Article (Open Access) defloratus , Centaurea cyanus , Centaurea maculosa Lam. Ssp. maculosa, Ptilostemon diacantha , Cirsium japonicum , Cirsium vulgare Cicerbita cyanea , Cicerbita macrorhiza , Hypochoeris radicata , Hypochoeris glabra Sonchus megalocarpus B. Cotyledons are placed in oblique to the axis of cypselas Dicoma sessiliflora Harv. In Harv. & Sond. ssp. sessiliflora , Echinops sphaerocephalus , Carlina acanthifolia , Ligularia dentata , Glossogyne tenuifolia , Echinacea purpurea , Coreopsis tinctoria , Vittadinia gracilis , Vernonia stenolepis , Anthemis maritime, Senecio ovatus, Tagetes tenuifolia, Carduus acanthoides, Grindelia robusta, Calendula maderensis , Osteospermum vaillantii, Podotheca angustifolia, Cosmos sulphuralis , Pulicaria dysenterica, Inula ensifolia, Hieracium racemosum, Centaurea spinosa, Crepis pyrenaica, Crepis neglecta, Crepis alpina, Vernonia ceneria, Leontodon aistermnalis , Leucanthemum vulgare, Layia platyglossa, Artemisia annua, Senecio alpines, Bidens cernua, Tanacetum parthenium, Solidago Canadensis, Chondrilla juncea, Tanacetium vsilgare, Lapsona communis, Sonchus wightianus, Doronicum grandiflorum, Carpesium cernuum, Montisalca salmantica , Cirsium canadelabrum , Acmella oleracea C. Cotyledons are placed in parallel to the axis of cypselas Crepis vesicaria, Chrysanthemum weyrichii, Crassocephalum rubens, Gnaphalium pensylvanicum, Myriactis humilis, Erigeron villarsii, Erigeron acer, Aster thomsonii, Vernonia poskeana, Vernonia melleri, Coleostephus multicaulis, Tragopogon pratensis, Bahia absinthifolia Number of resin ducts is more or less fixed in each species, because, it has been controlled by genetic composition. On the basis of the number of resin ducts in each cotyledon, cypselas can be divided into following categories:1. Each cotyledon has three resin ducts ( 80 species) Sonchus megalocarpus , Crepis vesicaria , Cicerbita cyanea , Dicoma sessiliflora Harv. In Harv. & Sond. ssp. sessiliflora , Echinops sphaerocephalus, Cirsium vulgare, Cirsium japonicum,Ptilostemon diacantha , Arctotis venusta , Anthemis tinctoria, Crassocephalum rubens,Crassocephalum crepidioides, Arnica chamissonis, Glossogyne tenuifolia, Glossogyne bidens, Echinacea purpurea, Gnaphalium pensylvanicum , Aster thomsonii, Vernonia poskeana , Vernonia melleri, Rolandra fruticosa, Eupatorium chinense, Aster amellus, Lactuca pseudoumbrella, Vernonia galamensis, Vernonia stenolepis, Anthemis maritime, Adenostyles alliariae, Tragopogon pratensis, Elephantopus scaber, Calendula arvensis, Podotheca angustifolia, Microseris lanceolata, Pulicaria dysenterica, Felicia tenella, Grindelia camporum , Aster albanicus, Zinnia haageana, Cichorium endivia, Leontodon muelleri, Hieracium racemosum, Hypochaeris uniflora, Crepis alpina, Crepis palaestina, Vernonia ceneria, Tripleurospermum inodorum, Leucanthemum vulgare, Layia platyglossa, Calea cymosa, Villanova oppositifolia, Schkuhria pinnata, Chaenactis fremontii, Bahia absinthifolia , Artemisia annua, Cladanthus arabicus, Senecio alpines, Solidago gigantean, Artemisia vulgaris, Tanacetum parthenium, Solidago Canadensis, Tripleurospermum maritimum, Tanacetium vsilgare, Sonchus wightianus, Bidens pilosa, Madia elegans, Elephantopus carolinianus, Homogyne alpina, Carpesium cernuum, Saussurea fastuosa, Cousinia pterocaulos , Cirsium spinosissimum, Cirsium helenioides, Cirsium eriophorum, Cirsium arvense, Centaurea stoebe, Centaurea scabiosa, Centaurea aspera, Arctium lappa, Lindhemera texana, Melampodium perfoliatum 2. Each cotyledon has four resin ducts (18 species) Ligularia dentata , Myriactis humilis , Erigeron villarsii , Erigeron acer , Cichorium intybus, Vernonia anthelmintica, Senecio ovatus, Coleostephus multicaulis , Grindelia robusta, Carduus acanthoides, Inula hirta, Serratula tinctoria, Crepis pyrenaica, Telekia speciosa, Crepis foetida, Solidago virgaurea, Inula Britannica, Acmella oleracea 3. Each cotyledon has five resin ducts (24 species) Cicerbita macrorhiza ,Centaurea maculosa Lam. Ssp. maculosa, Centaurea cyanus , Carduus defloratus, Chrysanthemum weyrichii, Vittadinia gracilis, Leptorhynchos elongates, Vernonia Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) 58 Indian Journal of Plant Sciences ISSN: 2319–3824 Online, International Journal, Available at http://www.cibtech.org/jps.htm 2024 Vol.13, pp.43-62/Bidyut et al. Research Article (Open Access) hymenolepis, Helianthus nuttallii, Prenanthes purpurea, Picris hieracioides, Felicia heterophylla, Crepis neglecta, Crepis pulchra, Crepis dioscoridis, Emilia coccinea, Leontodon aistermnalis , Inula helenium, Bidens cernua, Lapsona communis, Sonchus oleraceous, Doronicum grandiflorum, Cirsium canadelabrum , Acanthospermum hispidum 4. Each cotyledon has six resin ducts (9 species) Tridax procumbens , Synedrella nodiflora , Tagetes lucida, Bidens frondosa, Leontodon crispus, Coreopsis tinctoria , Tithonia diversifolia, Achillea ageratifolia , Anacyclus depressum 5. Each cotyledon has seven resin ducts (10 species) Hypochoeris glabra, Carlina acanthifolia , Achillea macrophylla , Tithonia rotundifolia, Lactuce serriola, Inula ensifolia, Centaurea spinosa, Tragopogon porrifolius, Urospermum dalechampii, Xeranthemum annuum 6. Each cotyledon has eight resin ducts (4 species) Hypochoeris radicata , Osteospermum vaillantii, Chondrilla juncea, Montisalca salmantica 7. Each cotyledon has nine resin ducts (1 species) Calendula maderensis 8. Each cotyledon has ten resin ducts (1 species) Gizania krebsiana 9. Each cotyledon has eleven resin ducts (1 species) Cosmos sulphuralis 10. Each cotyledon has twelve resin ducts (1 species) Dimorphotheca pluvialis Among the studied cypselas (150 taxa), 61.3 % cypselas have right angled oriented cotyledons, 28.6 % cypselas have obliquely placed cotyledons and only 8.6 % cypselas have parallely placed cotyledons. Among the studied cypselas (150 species), 54 % taxa have three resin ducts in each cotyledon, 6.6 % taxa bear seven resin ducts in each cotyledon, 2.6 % taxa having eight resin ducts in each cotyledon, 16 % taxa contains five resin ducts in each cotyledon, 6 % taxa bear six resin ducts in each cotyledon, 12 % taxa possess four resin ducts in each cotyledon, 0.6 % taxa containing ten, nine, eleven and twelve resin ducts in each cotyledon. Highest number of resin ducts (12) are present in Dimorphotheca pluvialis. Among 150 studied cypselas, minimum number of resin ducts (3) are noted in 81 species. In majority of the studied cypselas (61.3%, 92 species), cotyledons, are oriented in right angle to the axis of cypselas, whereas , (28.6 %, 43 species) cypselas possess obliquely arranged cotyledons and 8.6% (13 species), bear parallely placed cotyledons. From the above study, it is observed that each cotyledon has eight resin ducts representing about 2.6 % of taxa. Similarly 0.6 % taxa of each category contains nine, ten, eleven & twelve number of resin ducts. Generally, cotyledons are arranged in three ways, such as right angle to the axis of cypsela, oblique to the axis of cypsela and parallel to the axis of cypsela. Among the 92 cypselas, where the cotyledons are positioned at right angles, highest number of resin ducts (12) are noted in Dimorphotheca pluvialis, in each cotyledon, whereas in the cypsela of Melampodium perfoliatum, Lindhemera texana, Arctium lappa, Centaurea aspera, Centaurea scabiosa, Centaurea stoebe, Cirsium arvense, Cirsium eriophorum, Cirsium helenioides, Cirsium spinosissimum, Cousinia pterocaulos, Saussurea fastuosa, Homogyne alpina, Elephantopus carolinianus, Madia elegans, Bidens pilosa, Tripleurospermum maritimum, Artemisia vulgaris, Solidago gigantea, Cladanthus arabicus, Chaenactis fremontii, Schkuhria pinnata, Villonova oppositifolia, Calea cymosa, Tripleurospermum inodorum, Crepis palaestina, Hypochaeris uniflora, Leontodon muelleri, Cichorium endivia, Zinnia haageana, Aster albanicus, Grindelia camporum, Felicia tenella, Microseris lanceolata, Calendula arvensis, Elephantopus scaber, Adenostyles alliariae, Vernonia galamensis, Lactuca pseudoumbrella, Aster amellus, Eupatorium chinense, Rolandra fruticosa, Glossogyne bidens, Arnica Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) 59 Indian Journal of Plant Sciences ISSN: 2319–3824 Online, International Journal, Available at http://www.cibtech.org/jps.htm 2024 Vol.13, pp.43-62/Bidyut et al. Research Article (Open Access) chamissonis, Crassocephalum crepidioides, Anthemis tinctoria, Arctotis venusta, Ptilostemon diacantha, Cirsium japonicum, Cirsium vulgare, Cicerbita cyanea and Sonchus megalocarpus, each cotyledon has 3 resin ducts. Among 43 cypselas with oblique placed cotyledons, highest number of resin ducts (11) are present in Cosmos sulphuralis, whereas low number of resin ducts (3) are found in Carpesium cernuum, Sonchus wightianus, Tanacetum vulgare, Solidago Canadensis, Tanacetum parthenium, Senecio alpinus, Artemisia annua, Layia platyglossa, Leucanthemum vulgare, Vernonia ceneria, Crepis alpine, Hieracium racemosum, Pulicaria dysentrica, Podotheca angustifolia, Tagewtes tenuifolia, Anthemis maritime, Vernonia stenolepis, Echinacea purpurea, Glossogyne tenuifolia, Echinops sphaerocephalus and Dicoma sessiliflora, from each cotyledon. Among 13 cypselas with parallely placed cotyledons, highest number of resin ducts (5) are present in Chrysanthemum weyrichii, whereas minimum number of resin ducts (3) are present in Crepis vesicaria, Crassocephalum rubens, Vernonia melleri, Vernonia poskeana, Aster thomosonii, Gnaphalium pensylvanicum, Tragopogon pratensis and Bahia absinthifolia, from each cotyledon. Cron (1993), has done a detailed study regarding cypselar anatomy and has noted about the information regarding the number of resin ducts in each cotyledon. He has not mention regarding the plane of arrangements of cotyledons. Horvatic (1963), has worked the anatomical study of cypselas. From his study, the information regarding the plane of arrangements of cotyledons in relation to vascular traces. He has not mentioned regarding the plane of arrangement of cotyledons in his paper. Present study is clearly fulfils with the study of Cron (1993), regarding the number of resin ducts in each cotyledon. Pak and Kawano (1990), have investigated the fruit structure of 18 species of the tribe Lactuceae and have given an idea regarding the plane of arrangement of cotyledons through anatomical study. Generally, each cotyledon has 3 resin ducts. It is the basic type. The number of resin duct is also variable. In our study, highest number of resin duct is recorded in Dimorphotheca pluvialis, where each cotyledon has twelve resin duct. The presence of fixed number of resin ducts in cotyledon has been reported by Pandey and Sing (1982) and Corn (1993). Presence of 3 resin ducts in each cotyledon is not prevalent type. Notes on the evolution of cypselas, on the basis of the mode of the arrangements of number of resin ducts in each cotyledon Thereis no relation among the studied taxa as well as the tribes of Compositae on the basis of the plane of arrangements of cotyledon and number of resin ducts in each cotyledon. Both the arrangements of cotyledons and number of resin ducts in each cotyledon are variable among the different species of the same tribe or among the different tribes. It is also variable among the different species of a same genus. The plane of arrangements of cotyledons and number of resin ducts in each cotyledon are very characteristic for each species, because it is probably may be a genetic character. Pandey and Sing (1982), have provided a deta regarding the intergeneric differentiation of the number of resin ducts. The present study is clearly fits with the observation of Pandey and Sing (1982). From the evolutionary point of view, cypsela containing 3 resin ducts in each cotyledon is probably most primitive. Among the total number of studied cypselas (150), in 54% cypselas have 3 resin ducts in each cotyledon. Corn (1993), in his observation regarding the anatomy of the cypselae of species of Cineraria L., has given the idea that three resin canals are found in many of the studied species and this number may be extended. In the present observation, the number of resin ducts in each cotyledon may be extended up to 12. So, according to his (Corn, 1993) observation, the number of resin ducts are also variable. So, from this observation, it may be happen that cypsela with 3 resin ducts in each cotyledon is probably most primitive type, whereas each cotyledon containing 12 resin ducts bearing taxa may be advanced one. Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) 60 Indian Journal of Plant Sciences ISSN: 2319–3824 Online, International Journal, Available at http://www.cibtech.org/jps.htm 2024 Vol.13, pp.43-62/Bidyut et al. Research Article (Open Access) Probable evolution of cypselas on the basis of the number of resin ducts in each cotyledon 12 resin ducts in each cotyledon 11 resin ducts in each cotyledon 10 resin ducts in each cotyledon 9 resin ducts in each cotyledon 8 resin ducts in each cotyledon 7 resin ducts in each cotyledon 6 resin ducts in each cotyledon 5 resin ducts in each cotyledon 4 resin ducts in each cotyledon 3 resin ducts in each cotyledon (Most primitive) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are very thankful to Prof. Bertil Nordenstam, Retd. Emeritus Professor, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden; To Prof. H.V. Hansen, Curator, University Botanic Garden of Copenhagen (DK); To Dr. Peter Enz, Curator, Botanischer Garten der Universitat Zurich (Z), Switzerland; To, Dr. Walter Till, Professor and Curator of the Herbarium (WU), Faculty Center Botany, Department of Plant Systematics and Evolution; Dr. Helen Vonow, Collection Manager & Dr. Michelle Wayeott, Chief Botanist/ Dr. HBS Womersley Chair in Plant Systematics, State Herbarium of South Austral, Adelaide, Australia (AD); Dr. Maria Cristina Duarte, Director, Centro de Botanica da investigocoes Cientificas do Ultramar, Lisboa, Portugal (LISC); Dr. Nozipo Nobanda, Curator, National Herbarium Botanic Garden (SRGH), Harare, Zimbabwe; To, Dr. Chen-Meng Kuo, Director of Herbarium, The Herbarium, National Taiwan University, Taipei (TAI); Dr. Teresa Martins, Curator, Institute De Investigacao Cientifica De Angola, Herbarium (LUAI) Luanda Herbarium; To the Director, National Central Regional Plant Introduction Station, Ames; To Dr. Philippe Clere, Head Curator- Cryptogams, Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Geneve (G); To Dr. Robert Vogt, Curator, Humboldt-Universitat Zu Berlin, Institut fur Biologie, Spezielle (B), Germany; To Dr. Marko Hyvarinen, Director, Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History (H), University of Helsinki, Finland; To Dr. Rafaela Forzza, Curator, Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro (RB), Brazil; To The Curator, Herbarium CBG, for sending mature seeds, for our study. 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