(PDF) Archaeological fieldwork in 2015

Archaeological Fieldwork in Estonia 2015, 9–28 Archaeological fieldwork in 2015 Erki Russow and Arvi Haak Tallinna Ülikool, humanitaarteaduste instituut, ajaloo, arheoloogia ja kunstiajaloo keskus (Tallinn University, School of Humanities, Institute of History, Archaeology and Art History), Uus-Sadama 5, 10120 Tallinn, Estonia;

Ulla Kadakas Muinsuskaitseamet (National Heritage Board), Pikk 2, 10123 Tallinn, Estonia INTRODUCTION In 2015, altogether 209 instances of archaeological fieldwork took place in Estonia (Fig. 1, Table 1). 173 permits for archaeological fieldwork from landscape surveys to in-depth exca- vations were issued by the National Heritage Board (MA) and 29 by the Cultural Heritage Division of Tallinn City Government (TKVA) for 2015. In a few occasions, the fieldwork was either continued or started with permits issued in 2014 (Table 1: 73, 77, 183) or the archaeolog- ical documentation was imminent salvage work (Table 1: 91, 95, 171, 177) without submitted request for the activity permit. This year marks also a new statistical record of archaeological Fig. 1. Archaeological fieldwork in 2015. Jn 1. Arheoloogilised välitööd 2015. aastal. Map / Kaart: Kalle Lange 10 Erki Russow, Arvi Haak and Ulla Kadakas activities in Estonia, as it is the first time when the fieldwork has been organised in more than 200 cases within the territory of the country – a number which has dou- bled over the past 5 years (Fig. 2). This has put both the leaders of the fieldwork as well the heritage officials issuing the permits and handling the research reports under great pressure with a lot of management questions for the coming years. Fig. 2. Archaeological fieldwork in Estonia 2011–2015. There are a few changes on the general Green – all permits, blue – urban archaeology. structure of the fieldwork (Fig. 3) if compared Jn 2. Arheoloogilised välitööd Eestis 2011–2015. with the previous years. The most significant Roheline – kõik uuringuload, sinine – linnaarheoloogia. Drawing / Joonis: Erki Russow of these is a clear decrease of the solely re- search related archaeological investigations, which has been for years around 10% of the total number of fieldwork, and has now dropped from 9% in 2014 to 2% in 2015. The Preliminary / Eeluuring reasons for this kind of distinctive down- 16% trend can be explained with the changing environment of Estonian science, its funding Rescue / Pääste 9% and the research institutions – the amount of Research / Teadus Supervision / Järelevalve state funded projects has declined, which is 2% Survey / Inspektsioon 67% quite clearly reflected on the possibilities to 5% finance research excavations. Thus, mostly relatively modest sized areas have been stud- ied, and new, large-scale multiyear scientifi- cally motivated field studies on past human environment seem presently to be more or less halted. On the other hand, there are a Fig. 3. Cross-section of archaeological fieldwork in 2015. few ambitious state and EU supported infra- Jn 3. Läbilõige arheoloogilistest välitöödest 2015. aastal. structure enterprises that have acquired the Drawing / Joonis: Erki Russow full attention of the archaeologists from in- tensive desktop assessments and landscape surveys to rescue excavations which are also affecting our efficiency to carry on academically substantiated fieldwork. One of these works – archaeological research on the future zone of the railway Rail Baltic embraced a large area in Estonia, stretching from the northern coast to the southernmost part of the country, is an ongoing project of the University of Tartu, with the help of colleagues from other institutions (for general overview, see Lang et al., this volume). In other areas of the fieldwork the overall situation has been more balanced, with the most notable rise in the numbers of archaeological supervision (from 111 in 2014 to 141 in 2015). In our opinion this is reflecting both the general trend to move from more expensive full-scale rescue excavations to more cost-efficient solutions in the area of property developments, but also the rising efforts of heritage officials to guarantee that every earthwork on the national monuments as well as within the heritage protection zones is done under the supervision of a qualified specialist. The outcome of this kind of policy is unfortunately multifaceted and needs Archaeological fieldwork in 2015 11 in our viewpoint further considerations on what, how and when archaeology can achieve with often quite cursory approaches during the installation of pipelines, cables and trenches for light foundations. In many cases the results of the fieldwork (especially in the suburban areas and on rural sites) are negative or next to nothing, despite the background information indicat- ing past activities on the spot. One of the cases here to mention is the medieval and later subur- ban settlement of Kalamaja (Germ. Fischermay, indicating a fishermen’s settlement) within the broader territory of the hanseatic town Tallinn. This area has been under a great development pressure over the last decade (e.g., 4 permits issued in 2015), and despite of the continuous fieldwork – either preliminary investigations or supervisions – the archaeological data gained is in nearly every case rather poor. This leads to the question, whether there is a need to refine our research methods and questions, as a standard visual examination of profiles and test pits do not provide enough evidence on light wooden housing (such as fisherman’s huts but also other easily decaying structures) and unpaved roads within the settlement, since not in all cas- es it is possible to argue that earlier deposits have been removed into the Early Modern Period earthen fortifications on the northern side of the town core. The same considerations seem to apply to other suburban areas of Tallinn, and in slight adaptations also elsewhere (e.g. Pärnu). But by no means have we suggested to leave the areas with sparse evidence of settlement activ- ities out of the attention of archaeology, quite on the contrary – to gain better results, there is a dire need to elaborate our fieldwork techniques, with very well posed research questions. We find it very important but see it very difficult to implement within the current economic climate and scientific environment. The overall division of archaeological fieldwork by the type of sites remained in a 2% 2% broader scale (Fig. 4) the same. Traditionally 4% the largest share (51%) belongs to the ar- chaeology of historic periods, of which most 14% of the investigations were directed in urban settlements and on its fortifications, as well 51% as on castle sites, churches and manor hous- es. This is followed by research on rural set- tlements (both prehistoric and later) and hill forts (26%), burial sites (14%), wreck sites 26% (2%) and other (e.g. cup-marked stones, holy groves, 4% and fields or roads, 3%). The number of institutions and archaeol- ogists carrying out fieldwork was respective- ly 19 and 41, in both cases one digit higher sites of historical periods (towns, fortifications, churches, etc.) / than last year. There were no new enterpris- ajaloolise aja mälestised (linnad, kindlustused, kirikud jne) es entering the market, among the institu- prehistoric settlements (incl. hill forts) / muinasaegsed asulakohad (sh linnamäed) tions there were two universities (TÜ, TLU), burial sites / matmispaigad cup-marked stones, holy groves / lohukivid, hiiekohad five museums (SM, PäMu, AM, MM, SALM), ancient fields and roads / muistsed põllud ja teed three non-profit organisations (MTÜ AEG, underwater heritage (incl. wrecks) / veealune pärand (sh vrakid) MTÜ Arheoloogiakeskus, ÕES) and eight Fig. 4. Types of investigated sites. private companies. One large-scale rescue Jn 4. Uuritud objektide jaotus liigiti. work was organised by the National Heritage Drawing / Joonis: Ulla Kadakas Board (Table 1: 29). 12 Erki Russow, Arvi Haak and Ulla Kadakas RESEARCH RELATED EXCAVATIONS Only a handful of research-related fieldwork took place in 2015 of which all except one are discussed on the following pages of the present volume of Archaeological Fieldwork in Estonia. In two instances the research was carried out by the Department of Archaeology at the University of Tartu (TÜ) and the Estonian History Museum (AM) and in one case by the Institute of History of Tallinn University (AI). There are also several examples (such as Viidumäe, Table 1: 198, Naissaare wreck site, Table 1: 208 and a few others) of preliminary in- vestigations which fall by and large into the category of research-related fieldwork, but these will be presented in the following chapter with other, less research oriented studies. In south Estonia, the work at the Aakre Kivivare tarand-grave (Table 1: 175), directed by Maarja Olli and Anu Kivirüüt (TÜ) was finished. During the fieldwork seasons of 2014 and 2015, Tarand B was opened with the aim to find answers for two main goals. The reader will find out whether the excavation provided the answers and what the initial results were in the paper written by A. Kivirüüt and M. Olli. After many years the highly intriguing topic of the Viljandi besieging constructions erect- ed in 1223 by crusader troops was revisited. This time the fieldwork (Table 1: 188) headed by Heiki Valk (TÜ) concentrated to the new area in the Viljandi Castle Hills – previously several spots in the southern part of the Castle Hills were excavated, in 2015 attention was paid to the region situated north-west of the medieval castle. What was found and how it fits to the previous interpretation will be presented in a short paper by the director of the excavations. Two small scale investigations were organised by the renowned researcher of west Estonian prehistory, Mati Mandel (AM). In 2015 one of his research related excavations took place in Maidla grave field in Rapla County (Table 1: 130) where he was able to conclude the follow-up excavations of large-scale studies started already in the mid-1980s. As a new pro- ject, the perennial archaeological investigation began at Kurese grave field and settlement site in Pärnu County (Table 1: 96) where the work continued in the summer of 2016. The pre- liminary results of these sites will be described by him and his co-authors in a brief paper in this journal with an additional case of rescue archaeology from Peanse (Table 1: 90). In 2015 another research related project began in north Estonia, at the site of the present day Kolga manor (Villu Kadakas (AI), Table 1: 45). Written sources have indicated that the ap- proximate area of Kolga manor was used between the 13th and 16th centuries as a monastic economic settlement by the Cistercian Roma Monastery from Gotland. Up to 2015 there were only vague allusions about the location of the medieval buildings, based on single pictorial evidence from 1615 and some thoughts and observations of building history and building archaeology from the 1980s. Now, for the first time it was possible to confirm that indeed, the present-day manor house was preceded by some kind of large stone building complex which had far greater dimensions than an average medieval fortified manor in Estonia (V. Kadakas, pers. comm.). The research on this site continued in August 2016 and we hope to present the first overview of both seasons in the following volume of Archaeological Fieldwork in Estonia. RESCUE AND SALVAGE EXCAVATIONS, MONITORING AND PRELIMINARY RESEARCH Archaeological investigations in rural areas As mentioned above, a little less than half of the sites investigated in 2015 can be consid- ered rural, yet Fig. 1 shows that these are even more significantly dominated by monitoring Archaeological fieldwork in 2015 13 projects and preliminary studies, thus affecting the amount of information achieved. The number of rescue excavations in the rural areas in 2015 is significantly small. The development of the present day suburban area of Tartu at Ihaste has resulted in a number of preliminary studies to determine the nature and exact location of Mesolithic deposits at the Ihaste settlement site, at Varsa, Salutähe and Hipodroomi streets (Table 1: 163–166). At Tamsa (Table 1: 173), the investigations were conditioned by the installation of a sewage pipeline. Tõnno Jonuks (OÜ Muinaslabor) concentrated the scientific attention to several cuts into natural ground, revealing habitation traces since the Roman Iron Age (Jonuks 2015). A few studies took place at hill forts. At Madsa Liinamägi (Table 1: 174), P. Kama and H. Valk (TÜ) found an occupation layer from the pre-Viking Age on the lower plateau (see Valk & Kama, this volume). Rescue work was also needed at Loone in Harju County (also known as Lohu I; Table 1: 129), where the edge of the way made through the east- ern rampart in 2014 was investigated by K.  Siig and A. Mäesalu (TÜ). The rampart was heaped of sand supported with a dry stone wall, constructed of a single row of limestone (Fig. 5). Due to the slender occu- pation layer in the yard area, it cannot be ex- Fig. 5. Archaeological investigations at the inner side of rampart at Lohu hill fort. cluded that the hill fort was built only during Jn 5. Uuringud Lohu linnusevalli siseküljel. the Livonian crusade in the beginning of the Photo / Foto: Ulla Kadakas 1220s (Ain Mäesalu, pers. comm.). Investigations were also carried out at the trackway in Mustamäe (Fig. 6; Table 1: 25, 26) by K. Treuman (OÜ Tentel Disain). The tree trucks lying in the bog were radiocarbon dat- ed, referring that they originate from the late Neolithic period, rather than the presumed usage period of the trackway. No organic re- mains of the Late Iron Age had preserved in the investigated area (Treuman 2016). A few studies were carried out at burial sites. In southeast Estonia, two partially de- stroyed barrows were investigated at Viisli (Table 1: 94, 95), where the distribution of Fig. 6. The trackway of Mustamäe. bone fragments in the remaining part could Jn 6. Mustamäel kaevatud sootee. be documented. The most intriguing burial Photo / Foto: Katrin Treuman site was investigated at Alasoo (Table 1: 168, 169), where Viking Age deposits both from dry and wet areas, and a 16th – 17th-century set- tlement site are discussed and interpreted in this volume by the leaders of the excavations, P. Kama and M. Konsa (TÜ). Information about a newly discovered burial place Ristimägi on Muhu Island is summarised in the article by Tamla (TLÜ AT). 14 Erki Russow, Arvi Haak and Ulla Kadakas Several investigations were conditioned by the renovation of churches. At Kuusalu (Table 1: 46, 47), the renovation of the floor in the church revealed constructional details of the original eastern wall. At Kursi church (Table 1: 71), the floor of the tower was replaced. During the archaeological studies, the remains of the probable portal of the medieval church were un- earthed, and it was established that the tower was built next to the western wall of the nave of the medieval church (Piirits 2015a). At Jaani in Saaremaa (Table 1: 138), the nature of the deposits in the churchyard was assessed, in order to obtain data for the renovation project of the church. The results of fieldwork at three churchyards in south Estonia, Nõo, Põltsamaa, and Pilistvere (Table 1: 75, 172, 177) are summarised in the article by Martin Malve (TÜ). Interesting, and in several occasions even highly intriguing results were obtained either with the cooperation of the metal detecting community, even though there is still much to do to improve communication with the enthusiasts as well as to safeguard the archaeological contexts either under heritage protection or in case of new-found sites. Some of this kind of team work has been summarised in the last paper of the present volume, where Riina Rammo, Nele Kangert and Kristi Tasuja summarise the data on discovered monuments and stray finds. In separate articles a few enthralling sites and important finds have been pre- sented, which will illustrate the importance but also some of the shortcomings of this kind of work. From the latter, perhaps one of the difficult instances is a cult site of Viidumäe, where a team led by Marika Mägi (Table 1: 198) has since 2014 studied an area heavily disturbed by illegal activities over the past years. The positive examples are also introduced here by Risto P. Koovit and Mauri Kiudsoo on the largest Roman coin hoard in Estonia from Varudi- Vanaküla, by Ülle Tamla on the Late Viking Age Saka hoard, and by Aivar Kriiska and Ville Dreving on prehistoric and later artefacts collected on the waterfront of Lake Võrtsjärv. Archaeology of urban areas As already stated last year (Russow et al. 2015, 15), there is a clear shift in the archaeology of urban settlements in Estonia, both on the methodological as well on topographical scale. As the property development and renewal of infrastructure has moved over the last two decades from the cores of historic towns more and more to the suburban areas, also the ways of ar- chaeological fieldwork has changed. As an outcome of this situation, only in very few cases larger open area excavations have been organised within the intra muros sites and the major- ity of the rescue or salvage works consists of observations on communication and foundation trenches and to a lesser degree of fully archaeologically excavated plots. The year of 2015 presented no exception to that tendency. There were no large-scale excavations on the plots inside medieval walled towns, the nearest example to that being the investigations at the site of the former Franciscan monastery in Rakvere (Table 1: 82), or the investigations inside the building at Lossi Street 30/32 in Tartu (Table 1: 148). Thus the overwhelming majority of the fieldwork was either brief studies of pipelines (mostly in suburbs) or documentation of top- soil removal accompanying the extension of outbuildings. Perhaps only on a few occasions the areas were bigger than a hundred square metres (see below). Therefore, as we argued in the beginning of the present overview, the amount of the gained new archaeological informa- tion is often rather modest. Information gained last year will be introduced in a condensed way, extracted from the excavation reports submitted to the National Heritage Board so far (see Table 1). Statistically, the longest list of permits was issued traditionally for Pärnu¹ (29), followed by Tallinn (23), Tartu (21) and Viljandi (7). ¹ The reason for that is that the territory of the present day Pärnu includes two medieval towns (Old and New Pärnu) and one settlement site. Archaeological fieldwork in 2015 15 In Tallinn no noteworthy investigations were organised in the core of the hanseatic town, in all cases the fieldwork was con- nected with pipelines and observations on lightweight earth removals which in best cases offered additions to previously thor- oughly studied sites such as the plot of the State Puppet Theatre at Lai Street 1 / Nunne Street  4 (Table 1: 11; e.g. Heinloo 2014). An exception was the renewal of Viru street (Table 1: 27; Ants Kraut), a municipal project to refurbish one of the arterial streets of the old town. The supervision of the communica- tion trenches brought into daylight medieval wooden street pavement at the length of ca. 10 metres, the foundation of the town wall and foregate constructions of the Viru Gate as well as elements of early modern earthen for- tifications (Fig. 7; Ants Kraut, pers. comm.). From the upper town (during the medieval and post-medieval times, a separate admin- Fig. 7. Archaeological investigations during the recon- struction of pipelines at Viru Street in Tallinn. istrative unit) – Toompea – the most impor- Jn 7. Arheoloogilised uuringud Tallinnas Viru tänaval toi- tant result was the documentation of a me- munud torustiketööde juures. dieval stone quarry and its post-medieval fill Photo / Foto: Ants Kraut layers at Toom-Kooli Street 21/2 (Table 1: 22; Guido Toos, pers. comm.). From the suburbs of Tallinn and areas dedicated to medieval and later infrastructure stands out the work on the Early Modern harbour area (Table 1: 8–9). Here, the preliminary investigations and later the archaeological survey helped to unearth parts of a stone pavement, remains of a stone building, watercourse, wooden plot boundaries dated to the 17th century (Fig. 8), as a single find a bar of unrefined iron stands out (Guido Toos, pers. comm.). Within the economic and administrative ter- Fig. 8. The archaeological survey on the Early Modern harbour of Tallinn. ritory of medieval Tallinn, but not an urban Jn 8. Tallinna Admiraliteedibasseini ääres toimunud ar- archaeological investigation per se were the heoloogilised uuringud. rescue excavations at Pikksilma Street 2/1. Photo / Foto: Andrus Anderson Here, on the former waterfront of Tallinn bay and a few kilometres to the northeast from the hanseatic town, perhaps the most interesting findings of the archaeological year of 2015 were made (see cover photo). Namely, during the preparation stage of a new building site, the remains of two medieval ships were found. This led to the excavation of the area (Maili Roio, National Heritage Board) over a very tight time period, but the results gained within the eight weeks add a lot of new information to our 16 Erki Russow, Arvi Haak and Ulla Kadakas knowledge on life on board as well as on the techniques of medieval ship building in north- ern Europe. The preliminary results will be presented in the following pages by the team of researchers led by Maili Roio. Of the archaeological studies in the town and surroundings of medieval and early modern Tartu, only seven included the medieval walled town. Two of these were rescue excavations. At the reconstruction of the house at Lossi Street 30/32 (Table 1: 148), a cellar room was exca- vated, and a heat storage hypocaust oven was found from the debris dating probably from the 18th century. Excavations at Ülikooli Street 14 (Table 1: 160) were finished with the construc- tion of pipelines and staircases on the north-western and northern perimeter of the plot. The remains of a medieval house were unearthed, and a few medieval and early modern finds (Piirits 2015c). In addition, the construction and renovation of several pipelines took place. At Munga street (Table 1: 151), a fragment of a medieval wall was revealed, which was inter- preted as belonging to the Dominican monastery (Piirits 2015b). Prehistoric deposits were located at the crossing of Munga and Jakobi streets (Table 1: 150). Several smaller trenches were studied during the construction and renovation of water, sewage and cooling pipelines at Ülikooli street (Table 1: 146, 158). At the crossing of Ülikooli and Lossi streets, prehistoric deposits were located, and wall fragments that belonged to the medieval Riga gate or fore- gate were found at Ülikooli street (Tvauri 2015). Outside the medieval town, at the crossing of Ülikooli and Vallikraavi streets, fragmentarily preserved prehistoric deposits were located in the bottom of the trench, and remains of 19th – 20th-century houses were documented (ibid.). At Vallikraavi street (Table 1: 157), a large stone cross, which probably originated from a cemetery, was found. In the same area, rescue excavations were carried out at Ülikooli Street 2B (Table 1: 159) due to the construction of a new office building. The site is located just below the slope, where earlier fieldwork had documented brick kilns and clay mining activities (Vissak 2000, 118–119). Although sherds of striated pottery and 11th-century northwest Russian style wheel- thrown pots were collected, intact deposits from that period were not found. A pit resulting from clay mining was documented. Several finds could be dated to the second half of the 16th and 17th century, while the number of 18th-century finds was significantly smaller. The unearthed housing remains were dated to the 19th century (Bernotas & Tvauri 2015). On Toome hill, monitoring took place on top of the bastion Karl X Gustav, where currently the Old Anatomical Theatre of the University of Tartu is located (Table 1: 149). A wall fragment from the outer bailey of the Bishop’s castle was found, as well as several walls and tunnels, at least a part of these were connected with the bastion constructions (Roog 2015). Of several monitoring projects further away from the town centre, the investigation of the formation of the Ülejõe district at Jaama and Kivi streets should be mentioned (Table 1: 144; cf. Lissitsina et al. 2015). The formation of permanent habitation, and street pavements in the investigated area could be dated to the late 18th century (Roog 2016). All seven archaeological studies in Viljandi were monitoring projects. Three of them took place inside the medieval town. The renovation of water and sewage pipelines in the Old Town that begun in 2014 (see Heinloo 2015) continued at Lossi and Oru streets (Table 1: 183). Deposits from the period of town formation were investigated also there. Traces of plough- ing preceding town formation, and drainage ditches were recorded in the investigated areas (Heinloo 2016). Fragments of daub and brick wasters were traced, which may indicate wood- en dwelling and brickmaking in the area. Remains of two stone houses were unearthed near the corner of Oru and Linnu streets, which were dated to the 17th century (ibid.). At Lossi Archaeological fieldwork in 2015 17 street, the pipelines also reached the presumed suburb in front of Tartu Gate, where medieval deposits were recorded. The earliest deposits at Posti street were dated to the 18th century (ibid.). Next to the medieval town church, two studies took place (Table 1: 181, 182), resulting in locating some of the wall fragments and disturbed burials from the surrounding cemetery. In Pärnu, the results of the fieldwork within the territory of medieval towns and its hinter- land were rather disappointing. The overwhelming majority of the archaeological watching briefs and surveys produced only a minimum level of new information on past activities, mostly the fieldwork ended with the statement that previous deposits and structures were destroyed with earlier earthworks. Few sites revealed data on deposits laying on natural ground, which were frequently either undatable or belonged to the Early Modern Period, occasionally also some fragments of buildings or other stone structures were found (e.g. Table 1: 99, 101, 102), but as the paper by Gurly Vedru et al. in the present volume shows, the data acquired by the documentation of trenches appeared less informative this time than it was a few years ago. In Narva, the situation seemed to be similar to Pärnu. On all three occasions the cultural layers were either destroyed (Table 1: 63) or belonged to the Early Modern Period. From other medieval and later towns and accompanying castles in Estonia, some new data was acquired. In Haapsalu, one permit (Table 1: 86) was issued to the preliminary investiga- tions in the bishop’s castle (Anton Pärn, SALM). The three test pits and one sondage revealed very well preserved layers of medieval and later deposits inside the chapter house, and as a result, a full-scale excavation is expected in the near future, before the new entry building can be erected. Some important information was gained also from the town area, were in one instance another fragment of medieval town wall (1.6 m wide, the preserved height was up to 1.1 m) was found at Wiedemanni Street 12 (Katrin Treuman, OÜ Tentel Disain; Table 1: 84). The extensive surveys (Table 1: 133–135) on the streets of Kuressaare by Garel Püüa (SM) were at first blush without any great results (no new data on possible medieval and early modern deposits were found) but helped to gain better understanding of urban development of the settlement and will be a major source to elaborate the archaeological protection zone in the near future. The investigations at several main streets in Paide (Table 1: 77) allow Andres Tvauri (TÜ) to address the question of the existence, location and dating of the medieval town in his article. CONCLUSION In 2015, some significantly larger archaeological projects may be singled out. First and fore- most, serious effort was concentrated on the investigation of the Rail Baltic route, the results of which are also presented in this volume. Besides its significant success in finding a route that would not affect the archaeological heritage at a larger scale, it also influenced the ca- pability of the involved specialists to take on other projects. Of the single objects studied in 2015, the shipwrecks in Tallinn Bay area clearly stand out, and hopefully the documented material will be used as source material for future investigation projects. While a large number of monitoring projects in the rural areas helped to distinguish the areas where archaeological deposits actually have been preserved, we sincerely hope that besides the number of such projects, there is also space for the amount of scientific infor- mation gained from this work to augment. While information obtained from the excavation of single objects, and wealth deposits in particular, has raised significant scientific interest, we feel that there is a particular need for a renewed focus on the rural cultural landscape with 18 Erki Russow, Arvi Haak and Ulla Kadakas all its aspects. While the urban development has worked as the main motor for increased knowledge on urban archaeology for several decades, the shift to suburban, and partially also rural areas, especially in the vicinity of larger towns has been ongoing for several years. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The editors would like to thank all the authors and peer-reviewers of the current volume for their cooperation and fruitful comments. Thanks are due to Helle Solnask and Uwe Sperling for linguistic revision, Kalle Lange for distribution maps of the first and last paper and Joosep Siitan for the layout. Lembi Lõugas has once again successfully managed the resources need- ed to produce the journal. We are grateful to colleagues sharing the information and photos on the sites not published with paper in AVE 2015, especially Rivo Bernotas, Eero Heinloo, Villu Kadakas, Ants Kraut, Ain Mäesalu, Ragnar Saage, Guido Toos, Katrin Treuman, Heiki Valk. The present volume will be published with financial help of the Ministry of Culture, National Heritage Board, Cultural Endowment of Estonia, Tallinn University and Department of Archaeology at the University of Tartu. This article was written with the support of a research project of the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research (IUT18-8). Table 1. Archaeological fieldwork in Estonia in 2015, stand 13.11.2016. Former parish name (if different from contempo- rary muncipality name) is given in brackets. The excavated places, presented in the current volume are highlighted in the table.² Tabel 1. 2015. a arheoloogilised välitööd Eestis. Andmed seisuga 13.11.2016. Sulgudes esitatud kihelkond (kui nimi erineb praegusest haldusjaotusest). Kogumikus artikliga esindatud uurimisobjektid on tabelis esitatud rõhutatult. Compiled by / Koostanud: Erki Russow, Arvi Haak & Ulla Kadakas E - eeluuring / preliminary investigation J - järelevalve / survey P - päästekaevamine / rescue excavation I - inspektsioon / landscape survey T - teaduskaevamine / research excavation No. / Site / Permit no., type / Reg no. / Admin. unit / Researcher / Finds / Report / Nr Objekt Loanr, tüüp Reg nr Haldusüksus Kaevaja Leiud Aruanne TALLINN 1 Aia 10, Aia 8, Inseneri 14419, J 3015 Tallinn A. Kraut - - 1–3 (OÜ Muinasprojekt) 2 Estonia pst 4 / G. Otsa 9 14670, J 2589, Tallinn A. Kraut - - 3015 (OÜ Muinasprojekt) 3 Kaarli pst 4a 14499, J 3015 Tallinn G. Vedru, - - G. Toos (OÜ Agu EMS) 4 Kalasadama 27 13507, J 2628 Tallinn R. Nurk (OÜ Agu EMS) - - 5 Kiriku 2 ja 4, Kiriku tn 14697, J 2589, Tallinn A. Kraut - - 2998 (OÜ Muinasprojekt) ² Considering the language of the presumable main users of this table, the object descriptions and abbreviations are given in Estonian. Archaeological fieldwork in 2015 19 No. / Site / Permit no., type / Reg no. / Admin. unit / Researcher / Finds / Report / Nr Objekt Loanr, tüüp Reg nr Haldusüksus Kaevaja Leiud Aruanne 6 Kiriku 4 14771, J 2589 Tallinn G. Vedru, - + G. Toos (OÜ Agu EMS) 7 Kuninga 3 13054, J 3022 Tallinn R. Nurk (OÜ Agu EMS) - - 8 Kuunari, Laeva, Poordi ja 14534, J, P - Tallinn G. Vedru (OÜ Agu EMS) AI 7576 + Kai tn vaheline kvartal: Tallinna ajalooline sadam 9 Kuunari, Laeva, Poordi ja 14595, E - Tallinn G. Vedru (OÜ Agu EMS) AI 7576 + Kai tn vaheline kvartal: Tallinna ajalooline sadam, II etapp 10 Laboratooriumi 23 14060, J 2589 Tallinn A. Kraut - - (OÜ Muinasprojekt) 11 Lai 1 / Nunne 4 14541, J, P 2589 Tallinn E. Heinloo (MTÜ AEG) AI 7146 + 12 Lai 9 / Suur-Kloostri 5 14238, J 2589 Tallinn A. Kraut - - (OÜ Muinasprojekt) 13 Mere pst 11 14640, J 3015, Tallinn G. Vedru (OÜ Agu EMS) - - 2589 14 Nunne, Suur-Kloostri, 14045, J 2589 Tallinn R. Nurk, - - Gümnaasiumi tn G. Toos (OÜ Agu EMS) 15 Pikk 52 / Sulevimägi 8 14741, J 2589 Tallinn G. Vedru, - - G. Toos (OÜ Agu EMS) 16 Pirita tee 80, 14634, E 1106 Tallinn J. Mäll (OÜ Agu EMS) - - II maailmasõja hukku- nute matmispaik 17 Pärnu mnt 18 14519, J 2596 Tallinn G. Vedru, - - G. Toos (OÜ Agu EMS) 18 Sauna 8 / Müürivahe 21 14521, J, P 3080, Tallinn G. Vedru, + - 2589 G. Toos (OÜ Agu EMS) 19 Soodevahe asulakoht ja 13902, E, P 2610, Tallinn A. Kriiska AI 7532; + Sõjamäe kultusekivid 2613, (OÜ Arheograator) AI 7533; 2614, AI 7534 2615 20 Suur-Laagri 12 14405, J 2628 Tallinn A. Kraut - - (OÜ Muinasprojekt) 21 Suur-Patarei 26 / Vana- 13127, J 2628 Tallinn A. Kraut + - Kalamaja 48 (OÜ Muinasprojekt) 22 Toom-Kooli 21/2 13053, E, J 2589, Tallinn R. Nurk, G. Toos + - 3010 (OÜ Agu EMS) 23 Vana-Kalamaja 10 14456, J 2628 Tallinn G. Vedru (OÜ Agu EMS) AI 7577 + 24 Vana-Kalamaja 28b 14769, E 2628 Tallinn A. Kraut + - (OÜ Muinasprojekt) 25 Vesioina 10, pakktee 13944, E 2630 Tallinn K. Treuman AI 7479 + (OÜ Tentel Disain) 26 Vesioina 10, pakktee 14050, P 2630 Tallinn K. Treuman AI 7479 + (OÜ Tentel Disain) 27 Viru tänav 14532, J 2589 Tallinn A. Kraut AI 7477 - (OÜ Muinasprojekt) 28 Ülemiste raudteejaam, 14175, P 2617, Tallinn A. Kriiska, TÜ 2544; - kultusekivid 2618, A. Kimber TÜ 2545 2619 (OÜ Arheograator) 29 Laevavraki “Tver”, 13903, P 27886 Tallinn M. Roio (MA) + - kaitsevöönd, Kadrioru vrakid 20 Erki Russow, Arvi Haak and Ulla Kadakas No. / Site / Permit no., type / Reg no. / Admin. unit / Researcher / Finds / Report / Nr Objekt Loanr, tüüp Reg nr Haldusüksus Kaevaja Leiud Aruanne HARJUMAA 30 Alavere küla asulakoht 14730, E 17377 Anija G. Vedru - + (Harju-Jaani) (MTÜ Arheoloogiakeskus) 31 Linnakse kalme 13433, E A30184 Anija M. Kiudsoo (AI) AI 6961 + (Harju-Jaani) 32 Jõelähtme küla asulakoht 13489, J 17542 Jõelähtme G. Vedru AI 7393 + (MTÜ Arheoloogiakeskus) 33 Jõelähtme küla 14589, E 27015 Jõelähtme G. Vedru (OÜ Agu EMS) AI 7463 + 34 Jägala muistsed asula- 13781, J A30211 Jõelähtme K. Treuman - + kohad ja fossiilsed (OÜ Tentel Disain) põllujäänused 35 Koila küla asulakoht ja 14522, J 17615, Jõelähtme G. Vedru - + kultusekivi 27015 (MTÜ Arheoloogiakeskus) 36 Rebala muinsuskaitseala, 13525, E 27015, Jõelähtme G. Vedru AI 7421, + kivikalme 17797 (MTÜ Arheoloogiakeskus) AI 7422, AI 7423 37 Keila kirik ja kirikuaed 14582, E 2749, Keila V. Kadakas (AI) - - 2750 38 Mõnuste küla asulakoht 14723, E 17916 Kernu (Hageri) A. Kraut - - (OÜ Muinasprojekt) 39 Siimika küla asulakoht 14022, J 18598 Nissi K. Treuman - + (OÜ Tentel Disain) 40 Lähtse asulakoht 14523, E A29098 Kiili (Jüri) G. Vedru AI 7425 + (MTÜ Arheoloogiakeskus) 41 Karla küla asulakoht, 14363, J 17986, Kose G. Vedru - + kultusekivid 17988, (MTÜ Arheoloogiakeskus) 17989 42 Kata küla asulakoht 13790, J 17991 Kose A. Kraut + - (OÜ Muinasprojekt) 43 Kata küla asulakoht 13948, E, J 17991 Kose A. Kraut + - (OÜ Muinasprojekt) 44 Tammiku küla, Kiili alev: 14551, J 17974, Kose G. Vedru AI 7458 + muistsed põllud, asula- 1111, (MTÜ Arheoloogiakeskus) koht, tee 17972, 11115 45 Kolga mõis 14144, T 2852 Kuusalu V. Kadakas (AI) + - 46 Kuusalu kirik 13029, J 2872 Kuusalu V. Kadakas (AI) AI 7069 + 47 Kuusalu kirik 13330, J 2872 Kuusalu V. Kadakas (AI) AI 7069 + 48 Uuri küla kivikalme 14545, E 18458 Kuusalu G. Vedru - + (MTÜ Arheoloogiakeskus) 49 Valkla mõisa park, 13502, J 2887 Kuusalu G. Vedru - + asulakoht (MTÜ Arheoloogiakeskus) 50 Linnus 13557, E, J 18624 Padise (Risti) G. Vedru - + “Vana-Linnamägi” (MTÜ Arheoloogiakeskus) 51 Rae 37 14046, J 2760 Paldiski G. Vedru - + (Harju-Madise) (MTÜ Arheoloogiakeskus) 52 Assaku alevik, 14237, J 18729 Rae (Jüri) K. Treuman - + kultusekivi (OÜ Tentel Disain) 53 Jüri alevik, asulakoht 14628, J 18786 Rae (Jüri) K. Treuman AI 7481 + “Terikualune” (OÜ Tentel Disain) 54 Jüri alevik, asulakoht 14737, J 18785 Rae (Jüri) G. Vedru - + (MTÜ Arheoloogiakeskus) 55 Peetri alevik, asulakoht 14446, P 18821 Rae (Jüri) G. Vedru AI 7424 + (MTÜ Arheoloogiakeskus) Archaeological fieldwork in 2015 21 No. / Site / Permit no., type / Reg no. / Admin. unit / Researcher / Finds / Report / Nr Objekt Loanr, tüüp Reg nr Haldusüksus Kaevaja Leiud Aruanne 56 Pildiküla asulakoht 14567, J 18785 Rae (Jüri) K. Treuman AI 7554 + (OÜ Tentel Disain) 57 Soodevahe küla, kultuse- 14142, P 2616 Rae (Jüri) A. Kriiska, A. Kimber, TÜ 2536 - kivi, kiviaja ja metalliaja K. Paavel asulakoht (OÜ Arheograator) 58 Laagri alevik, asulakoht 14691, J 18964 Saue (Keila) A. Kraut - - (OÜ Muinasprojekt) IDA-VIRUMAA 59 Jõuga küla kääbas- 14569, J 8966, Iisaku S. Udam (OÜ Zoroaster) - + kalmistu, Jõuga tee 13150 60 Illuka mõisa park 14587, J 13854 Illuka (Jõhvi) S. Udam (OÜ Zoroaster) - + 61 Jõhvi kirik 14110, J 13866 Jõhvi S. Udam (OÜ Zoroaster) - + 62 Järve küla asulakoht, 13351, J 8998, Kohtla (Jõhvi) S. Udam (OÜ Zoroaster) + + Järve mõisa kindluselamu 13889 63 Lavrevtsovi 8 14593, J 13999, Narva A. Nikitjuk (OÜ Gradiens) - + 27276 64 Viru 18 14483, J 27276 Narva A. Nikitjuk (OÜ Gradiens) - - 65 Viru 18 14649, J 27276 Narva S. Udam (OÜ Zoroaster) - + 66 Põllumäe kultusekivi 14377, J 9155 Toila (Jõhvi) S. Udam (OÜ Zoroaster) - - JÕGEVAMAA 67 Vaimastvere asulakoht, 13656, J 9241, Jõgeva T. Jonuks, R. Roog TÜ 2508 + Vaimastvere mõisa park 23934 (Laiuse) (OÜ Muinaslabor) 68 Vaimastvere asulakoht, 14052, J 9241, Jõgeva R. Bernotas (OÜ Arheox) TÜ 2515 + Vaimastvere mõisa park 23934 (Laiuse) 69 Ehavere asulakoht 14077, J 9270 Palamuse R. Bernotas (OÜ Arheox) TÜ 2516 + 70 Järvepera küla asulakoht 14552, J 9272 Palamuse S. Möllits (MTÜ AEG) - + 71 Kursi kirik 13437, J 23980 Puurmani P. Piirits (MTÜ AEG) TÜ 2503 + (Kursi) 72 Kursi ja Tõrve küla, 14447, J A27761, Puurmani R. Bernotas (OÜ Arheox) - + kiviaja, noorema rauaaja A27735, (Kursi) ja keskaja asulakohad 23980, 14180, 14152 73 Lustivere asulakoht 12905, J 9347 Põltsamaa K. Treuman AI 7318 + (OÜ Tentel Disain) 74 Pauastvere küla 12923, J 9369 Põltsamaa A. Kraut - - asulakoht (OÜ Muinasprojekt) 75 Põltsamaa linnus ja kirik 14457, J 9334, Põltsamaa M. Malve (TÜ) TÜ 2534 + 24002, 24003 76 Sirguvere küla asulakoht 13789, J 9389 Saare (Torma) A. Tvauri (TÜ) TÜ 2502 + JÄRVAMAA 77 Paide tänavavalgustuse 12892, J 27009 Paide A. Tvauri TÜ 2476 + uuendamine (OÜ Arheograator) LÄÄNE-VIRUMAA 78 Linnus “Vallimägi” 13340, J 10335 Rakvere S. Udam (OÜ Zoroaster) - + 79 Linnus “Vallimägi” 13517, J 15740, Rakvere T. Jonuks - + 10335 (OÜ Muinaslabor) 80 Linnus “Vallimägi” 13703, J 15740, Rakvere J. Lissitsina RM A 174 + 10335 (OÜ Arheograator) 22 Erki Russow, Arvi Haak and Ulla Kadakas No. / Site / Permit no., type / Reg no. / Admin. unit / Researcher / Finds / Report / Nr Objekt Loanr, tüüp Reg nr Haldusüksus Kaevaja Leiud Aruanne 81 Pikk 66 13806, J 27012 Rakvere J. Lissitsina - + (OÜ Arheograator) 82 Rakvere vanalinna muin- 13606, P 15727, Rakvere J. Lissitsina RM A 174 + suskaitseala, Rakvere 27012 (OÜ Arheograator) frantsisklaste klooster LÄÄNEMAA 83 Ehte 4 14650, J 27013 Haapsalu K. Treuman - + (Ridala) (OÜ Tentel Disain) 84 F. J. Wiedemanni 12 14049, J 27013 Haapsalu K. Treuman - + (Ridala) (OÜ Tentel Disain) 85 F. J. Wiedemanni 12 14183, J 27013 Haapsalu K. Treuman - + (Ridala) (OÜ Tentel Disain) 86 Haapsalu piiskopilinnus 14215, J 15391 Haapsalu A. Pärn (SALM) HM 9200 + (Ridala) 87 Haapsalu muinsus- 13820, J 27013 Haapsalu A. Pärn (SALM) HM 9199 - kaitseala, trassitööde (Ridala) järelevalve 88 Koela asulakoht 13928, P 10153 Lääne-Nigula G. Vedru AM A 1136 + (MTÜ Arheoloogiakeskus) 89 Kuijõe asula 14032, J 10133 Lääne-Nigula R. Nurk (OÜ Agu EMS) - - (Kullamaa) 90 Peanse küla ohvrikivi, 13480, P 9996 Lihula M. Mandel (AM) AM A 1139 + 18. saj ühishaud (Karuse) 91 Lihula, linnuse -, J 15476, Lihula A. Kraut, T. Toome - + kaitsevöönd 27104 (OÜ Muinasprojekt) 92 Nõva kirikuaed 14314, E 4078 Nõva (Risti) V. Kadakas (AI) - - PÕLVAMAA 93 Kanepi 14265, J A27193 Kanepi A. Tvauri (TÜ) - + kihelkonnakalmistu 94 Viisli kääbas 13738, P 11217 Mooste M. Smirnova TÜ 2507 + (Põlva) (OÜ Muinaslabor) 95 Viisli kääbas -, P 11209 Mooste A. Kivirüüt, U. Kadakas, TÜ 2578 - (Põlva) M. Smirnova (MA) PÄRNUMAA 96 Kurese küla muist- 13942, T 11764 Koonga M. Mandel (AM) AM A 1138 + sed põllud, asula ja (Mihkli) põletuskalmistu 97 Rabavere asulakoht 14214, J 11776 Koonga M. Samorokov (PäMu) - + (Mihkli) 98 Akadeemia 2 14540, J 27007 Pärnu S. Möllits (MTÜ AEG) + + 99 Hommiku 17, 14048, J 11793 Pärnu G. Vedru - + Rüütli 41/43 (MTÜ Arheoloogiakeskus) 100 Kalda 2 14164, J 27007 Pärnu M. Samorokov (PäMu) - - 101 Kuninga 11 14374, J 27007 Pärnu P. Piirits (MTÜ AEG) - + 102 Kuninga 11, Kuninga 14420, J 8323, Pärnu R. Vissak (MTÜ AEG) - + tänav 27007 103 Kuninga 9 14548, J 27007 Pärnu A. Kraut - - (OÜ Muinasprojekt) Archaeological fieldwork in 2015 23 No. / Site / Permit no., type / Reg no. / Admin. unit / Researcher / Finds / Report / Nr Objekt Loanr, tüüp Reg nr Haldusüksus Kaevaja Leiud Aruanne 104 Lootsi põik 6 13384, J 27007 Pärnu S. Möllits (MTÜ AEG) - + 105 Pühavaimu, Uus, Malmö, 13665, J 27007, Pärnu G. Vedru PäMu + Gildi, Nikolai ja Aida 11793 (MTÜ Arheoloogiakeskus) 27485 tänavad A 2680 106 Ringi ja Vana-Tallinna 13356, J 27007 Pärnu S. Möllits (MTÜ AEG) - + tänav 107 Vanapargi tänav 14470, J 27007 Pärnu R. Vissak (MTÜ AEG) - + 108 Õhtu 1a, Vallikääru park 14421, E 27007, Pärnu R. Vissak (MTÜ AEG) - - 16677 109 Sauga, Allika 5 14021, J 11792 Pärnu M. Samorokov (PäMu) - + 110 Sauga, Allika 7 14332, J 11792 Pärnu K. Tasuja (AI) - + 111 Sauga, Aru 4 14585, J 11792 Pärnu S. Möllits (MTÜ AEG) PäMu + 27398 A 2678 112 Sauga, Aru 9, Aru 9a 14666, J 11792 Pärnu G. Vedru - + (MTÜ Arheoloogiakeskus) 113 Sauga, Ilvese 1 14078, J 11792 Pärnu P. Piirits (MTÜ AEG) - + 114 Sauga, J. V. Jannseni tn 14062, J 11792 Pärnu R. Vissak (MTÜ AEG) - + 115 Sauga, Piiri 1 14113, J 11792 Pärnu K. Tasuja (AI) - + 116 Sauga, Piiri 2a 14047, J 11792 Pärnu G. Vedru - + (MTÜ Arheoloogiakeskus) 117 Sauga, Piiri 4 13998, J 11792 Pärnu G. Vedru - + (MTÜ Arheoloogiakeskus) 118 Sauga, Piiri 5b, Piiri 4 14331, J 11792 Pärnu G. Vedru - + (MTÜ Arheoloogiakeskus) 119 Sauga, Piiri 18 14586, J 11792 Pärnu K. Tasuja (AI) - + 120 Sauga, Piiri 20 13821, J 11792 Pärnu K. Tasuja (AI) - + 121 Sauga, Roheline 11a 14375, J 11792 Pärnu P. Piirits (MTÜ AEG) - + 122 Sauga, Siili 1 13783, J 11792 Pärnu M. Samorokov (PäMu) - + 123 Sauga, Siili 7 14491, J 11792 Pärnu K. Tasuja (AI) - + 124 Sauga, Tallinna mnt 20 14704, J 11792 Pärnu G. Vedru - + (MTÜ Arheoloogiakeskus) 125 Vana-Pärnu, Emajõe 10a 14584, J 11791 Pärnu S. Möllits (MTÜ AEG) - + 126 Vana-Pärnu, Haapsalu 14020, J 11791 Pärnu M. Samorokov (PäMu) PäMu A + mnt 7 2685 127 Kalmistu 14100, J 11754 Saarde A. Kraut + - (OÜ Muinasprojekt) RAPLAMAA 128 Lohu küla asulakoht 13350, E 11993 Kohila K. Treuman AI 7413 + (Hageri) (OÜ Tentel Disain) 129 Loone linnus 13949, J 11998 Kohila A. Mäesalu (TÜ) + - (Hageri) 130 Maidla kalmeväli 13941, T A30389 Märjamaa M. Mandel (AM) AM A 1134 + (Kullamaa) 131 Kalevi küla kivikalme 13962, P 12155 Rapla V. Lang (TÜ) TÜ 2525 + (Alu kalme) 132 Seli mõis 13600, E, J 15360 Rapla R. Nurk (OÜ Agu EMS) - - 24 Erki Russow, Arvi Haak and Ulla Kadakas No. / Site / Permit no., type / Reg no. / Admin. unit / Researcher / Finds / Report / Nr Objekt Loanr, tüüp Reg nr Haldusüksus Kaevaja Leiud Aruanne SAAREMAA 133 Aia, Martin Körberi, 13354, J 27011 Kuressaare G. Püüa (SM) - + Pikk, Tolli, Humala, Vete, (Kaarma) Vahtra, Suur-Põllu, Väike- Põllu, Turu, Lasteaia, Kõver, Põik,Kiriku, Kohtu, Pargi, Torni, Veski, Suur- Sadama, Väike-Sadama, Karja, Raekoja, August Kitzbergi, Uus, Kauba, Tolli põik, Veski põik, Lossipargi tänavavalgus- tuse paigaldamistööd 134 Kalda pst 1 13434, J 27011 Kuressaare G. Püüa (SM) - + (Kaarma) 135 Rootsi, Komandandi ja 13435, J 27011 Kuressaare G. Püüa (SM) - + Garnisoni tn (Kaarma) 136 Kantsi küla asulakoht 13334, E, J 12498 Muhu G. Püüa (SM) - + 137 Muhu kirikuaed, Liiva 13586, J 4134, Muhu J. Tamm (OÜ Agu EMS) - + küla asulakoht 12534 138 Jaani kirik 13929, E 27278 Orissaare G. Püüa (SM) - + (Jaani) 139 Kaali rauasulatuskoht, 13718, J 12603, Pihtla (Püha) G. Püüa (SM) - + kindlustatud asula ja 12602 ohverdamiskoht 140 Kiviaja asulakoht 14184, J A30715 Ruhnu A. Kriiska (TÜ) TÜ 2607 - 141 Salme alevik, kalme 14482, E A28913 Salme M. Konsa (TÜ) - - TARTU 142 K. E. von Baeri 1 14761, J 27006 Tartu P. Piirits (MTÜ AEG) - + 143 Fortuuna tänav 13926, J - Tartu R. Bernotas (OÜ Arheox) TM A-226 - 144 Jaama tänav 14023, J - Tartu H. Valk, R. Roog (TÜ) TM A-238 + 145 Kalevi tänav 13927, J - Tartu R. Bernotas (OÜ Arheox) TM A-227 - 146 Küütri, Ülikooli ja 14404, J 27006 Tartu A. Tvauri (TÜ) TM A-234 + Vallikraavi tn 147 Lai 39 14373, E 27006 Tartu P. Piirits (MTÜ AEG) - + 148 Lossi 30 / 32 14231, P 27006 Tartu R. Bernotas, A. Tvauri TM A-235 - (OÜ Arheox) 149 Lossi 38, 38a, 38b 13737, J 27006 Tartu A. Kriiska, R. Roog - + (OÜ Arheograator) 150 Munga tänav 14369, J 27006 Tartu H. Valk, R. Roog (TÜ) TM A-239 - 151 Munga 16 14709, J 27006 Tartu P. Piirits (MTÜ AEG) - + 152 Narva mnt 2b 14689, J 27006, Tartu R. Bernotas (OÜ Arheox) TM A-236 - 12976 153 Riia 2 14143, J - Tartu R. Bernotas (OÜ Arheox) TM A-237 - 154 Soola tänav 14051, J - Tartu R. Bernotas (OÜ Arheox) TM A-228 - 155 Tähtvere 18a 14099, J 12983 Tartu H. Valk (TÜ) - - 156 Vabaduse pst 8 13736, J 27006 Tartu R. Saage (OÜ Arheox) - + 157 Vallikraavi 3 / 5a 14710, E, J 27006 Tartu R. Bernotas (OÜ Arheox) TM A-241 + 158 Ülikooli tn 14258, J 27006 Tartu R. Bernotas (OÜ Arheox) TM A-232 - 159 Ülikooli 2b 13726, P 27006 Tartu R. Bernotas (OÜ Arheox) TM A-224 + 160 Ülikooli 14 14406, J, P 27006 Tartu P. Piirits (MTÜ AEG) TM A-133 + Archaeological fieldwork in 2015 25 No. / Site / Permit no., type / Reg no. / Admin. unit / Researcher / Finds / Report / Nr Objekt Loanr, tüüp Reg nr Haldusüksus Kaevaja Leiud Aruanne 161 Püha Anna kalmistu 13741, J 12981 Tartu R. Saage (OÜ Arheox) TM A-225 + 162 Püha Anna kalmistu, 14370, J 12981, Tartu H. Valk, R. Roog (TÜ) TM A-231 + Püha Antoniuse kalmistu 12978 163 Ihaste mesoliitiline 13807, E 27428 Tartu A. Kriiska - + asulakoht (Tartu-Maarja) (OÜ Arheograator) 164 Ihaste mesoliitiline 14130, E 27428 Tartu K. Johanson - + asulakoht, Salutähe 7a (Tartu-Maarja) (OÜ Muinaslabor) 165 Ihaste mesoliitiline 14526, J 27428 Tartu S. Möllits (MTÜ AEG) TÜ 2557 + asulakoht, Varsa 1 (Tartu-Maarja) 166 Ihaste mesoliitiline 14570, E 27428 Tartu K. Johanson TÜ 640 + asulakoht, Varsa 8 (Tartu-Maarja) (OÜ Muinaslabor) 167 Raadi asulakoht, 14572, E, J 12980 Tartu A. Lillak TM A-242 + Muuseumi tee 2 (Tartu-Maarja) (OÜ Muinaslabor) TARTUMAA 168 Alasoo Varajemäe 13450, E - Alatskivi P. Kama (TÜ) TÜ 2496– + kalmistu (Kodavere) 2499 169 Alasoo Varajemäe 13702, E - Alatskivi P. Kama (TÜ) TÜ 2499 + kalmistu (Kodavere) 170 Alasoo asulakoht 14182, J 12765 Alatskivi A. Tvauri (TÜ) TÜ 2581 + (Kodavere) 171 Alatskivi külakalmistu -, P 4223 Alatskivi M. Veldi (MA), TÜ 2555 - (Kodavere) A. Vindi (TÜ) 172 Nõo kirikuaed 13999, E 4256 Nõo H. Valk, M. Malve (TÜ) TÜ 2520 - 173 Tamsa küla asulakoht 14492, J 12896 Nõo T. Jonuks TÜ 2581 + (OÜ Muinaslabor) VALGAMAA 174 Linnamägi “Madsa 13743, E A30388 Karula P. Kama (TÜ) TÜ 2510 + Liinumägi”, Madsa asulakoht 175 Palamuste küla, Aakre 14278, T 13123 Puka (Rõngu) M. Olli (TÜ) TÜ 2410 - Kivivare tarandkalme VILJANDIMAA 176 Koksvere asulakoht 14476, J 13232 Kõo S. Möllits (MTÜ AEG) VM 11484 + (Pilistvere) 177 Pilistvere kirikaed -, J 14547 Kõo M. Malve (TÜ) TÜ 2522 + (Pilistvere) 178 Metsküla asulakoht ja 14667, J 13363, Suure-Jaani H. Valk, R. Roog (ÕES) TÜ 2559 + külakalmistu 13365 (Kõpu) 179 Metsküla asulakoht 14734, J 13363 Suure-Jaani H. Valk, R. Roog (ÕES) TÜ 2559 - (Kõpu) 180 Tarvastu ordulinnus 14213, J 14673 Tarvastu R. Bernotas (OÜ Arheox) - + 181 J. Laidoneri plats 3 / 3a / 14308, J 27010 Viljandi linn R. Bernotas (OÜ Arheox) - - 3b 182 J. Laidoneri plats 5 / 5a 13436, J 27010 Viljandi linn S. Möllits (MTÜ AEG) VM 11479 + 183 Lossi, Oru, Kraavi, 12572, J 27010 Viljandi linn E. Heinloo (MTÜ AEG) VM 11476 + Supeluse ja Posti tn trassid 184 Pikk 18, 18a 14448, J 27010 Viljandi linn R. Bernotas (OÜ Arheox) - - 185 Posti tänav 13865, J 27010 Viljandi linn R. Bernotas (OÜ Arheox) - + 186 Talli 5a 14664, J 27010 Viljandi linn R. Bernotas (OÜ Arheox) - + 26 Erki Russow, Arvi Haak and Ulla Kadakas No. / Site / Permit no., type / Reg no. / Admin. unit / Researcher / Finds / Report / Nr Objekt Loanr, tüüp Reg nr Haldusüksus Kaevaja Leiud Aruanne 187 Tartu 1 14266, J 27010 Viljandi linn A. Kriiska, M.-A. Liblik - - (OÜ Arheograator) 188 Viljandi ordulinnus, 14000, T 14709, Viljandi linn H. Valk (TÜ) VM 11488 - Lossimäed, Viljandi vana- 27010 linna muinsuskaitseala 189 Savikoti külakalmistu 14775, E 13304 Viljandi vald H. Valk, R. Roog (ÕES) - - VÕRUMAA 190 Vasla küla asulakoht 14275, J 13517 Vasla A. Kraut - - (OÜ Muinasprojekt) 191 Loosi külakalmistu 13473, E A30213 Vastseliina M. Malve (TÜ) TÜ 2485 - 192 Vana-Vastseliina asula- 13864, E 13601, Vastseliina J. Lissitsina TÜ 2511 + koht ja kalmistu 13602 (OÜ Arheograator) 193 Vana-Vastseliina küla 14330, J 13601, Vastseliina A. Kraut (OÜ + + asulakoht, tee, kalmistu 25182, Muinasprojekt) 13602 194 Vastseliina piiskopilinnus 13863, E 14081, Vastseliina J. Lissitsina + + 13603 (OÜ Arheograator) INSPEKTSIOONID JA ALLVEETÖÖD 195 Maastikuinspektsioonid 13427, I - Eesti H. Kaldre (TÜ) - - 196 Maastikuinspektsioonid 13431, I - Eesti A. Mäesalu (TÜ) - - 197 Maastikuinspektsioonid 13432, I - Eesti M. Kiudsoo (AI) - - 198 Maastikuinspektsioonid 13481, I -, 30391 Eesti M. Mägi (AI) AI 7281 - (sh Viidumäe Mäepea kalmel ja ohverdamiskohal) 199 Maastikuinspektsioonid 13515, I - Eesti K. Sander (TLU) - - 200 Maastikuinspektsioonid - 13516, I - Eesti P. Kama (TÜ) TÜ 2489 + sood ja märgalad 201 Maastikuinspektsioonid 13658, I - Eesti M. Olli (TÜ) TÜ 2490 - 202 Maastikuinspektsioonid 13742, I - Eesti A. Kriiska (TÜ) TÜ 2536– + 2541; TÜ 2548; TÜ 2561, TÜ 2565, TÜ 2568 203 Maastikuinspektsioonid 13943, I - Eesti M. Mandel (AM) AM A 1156 + (Kurese) 204 Maastikuinspektsioonid 13958, I - Eesti V. Lang (TÜ) TÜ 2535 + Rail Balticu alal 205 Maastikuinspektsioonid 14484, I - Eesti G. Vedru - + (MTÜ Arheoloogiakeskus) 206 Eeluuringud Läänemere 13772, E - Eesti V. Mäss (MM) + + põhjaosas ja Soome lahel 207 Laevavrakk “Littegrundi 14061, E 27764, Eesti P. Lätti (MM) - + vrakk”, Merepatarei 22268 “Tsitadell” 208 Nargen 1 vraki eeluuring 14309, E - Soome laht V. Mäss (MM) + + 209 Merepatarei “Tsitadell” 14334, E 22268 Soome laht P. Lätti (MM) - + Archaeological Fieldwork in Estonia 2015, 9–28 27 REFERENCES Bernotas, R. & Tvauri, A. 2015. Aruanne arheoloogi- Roog, R. 2015. Aruanne arheoloogilisest järelvalvest listest kaevamistest Tartus Ülikooli 2b krundil 2015. Tartus Lossi tn 38 krundil (TÜ vana anatoomikum) aastal. Tartu. (Manuscript in MA.) kanalisatisooni- ja elektritrassi paigaldamisel mais Heinloo, E. 2014. Archaeological investigations in the ja juunis 2015. Tartu. (Manuscript in MA.) inner courtyard of the puppet theatre ‘Nuku’. – Roog, R. 2016. Aruanne arheoloogilisest järelvalvest AVE, 2013, 87–102. Tartus Jaama ja Kivi tänaval torustike paigaldamisel Heinloo, E. 2015. Development of the town Viljandi juulist oktoobrini 2015. Tartu. (Manuscript in MA.) in light of the studies at Lossi street. – AVE, 2014, Russow, E., Haak, A. & Kadakas, U. 2015. 133–144. Archaeological fieldwork in 2014. – AVE, 2014, 9–27. Jonuks, T. 2015. Aruanne arheoloogilistest uuringutest Treuman, K. 2016. Arheoloogiliste uuringute aruanne Tartu maakonnas, Nõo vallas Tamsa asulakohal Pakk-tee, reg nr 2630 Harju maakond, Tallinna linn, (reg nr 12896). Tartu. (Manuscript in MA.) Nõmme linnaosa, Vesioina tänav 10 ja 12. Ellamaa. Lissitsina, J., Roog, R. & Kriiska, A. 2015. (Manuscript in MA.) Archaeological rescue excavations on Kivi street, Tvauri, A. 2015. Aruanne arheoloogilisest järeleval- Tartu. – AVE, 2014, 167–174. vest Tartus Ülikooli ja Vallikraavi tänaval seoses Piirits, P. 2015a. Arheoloogilised järelevalvetööd Kursi vee- ja sadeveetorustiku ehitusega 2015. aastal. kiriku tornialuse põrandapinna planeerimisel. Tartu. (Manuscript in MA.) Tartu. (Manuscript in MA.) Vissak, R. 2000. Results of the archaeological investi- Piirits, P. 2015b. Arheoloogiline järelvalve Tartus gations at the SE foot of Toomemägi, Tartu. – Munga tn. 16 kaablitrassi rajamisel. Tartu. AVE, 1999, 113–120. (Manuscript in MA.) Piirits, P. 2015c. Arheoloogilised uuringud Tartu Ülikooli tn. 14 trasside kaevendite ja jalakäijate trepi vundamendisüvendi rajamisel. Tartu. (Manuscript in MA.) ARHEOLOOGILISED VÄLITÖÖD 2015. AASTAL Erki Russow, Arvi Haak ja Ulla Kadakas 2015. a toimus Eestis kokku 209 arheoloogilist uuringut (jn 1, tabel 1), neist 173 MA ja 29 TKVA väljastatud lubade alusel, kolmel juhul toimusid tööd 2014. a välja antud lubadega ning neljal juhul oli tegu kiireloomu- liste pääste- ja fikseerimistöödega, millele luba ei väljastatud. 2015. a ületas uuringulubade arv esmakordselt 200 piiri (jn 2). Selline kasv on pannud tõsiselt proovile nii välitööde korraldamise kui ka haldamise võimekuse. Varasemate aastatega võrreldes on pisut muutunud ka välitööde jaotus (jn 3): märgatavalt on vähenenud uurimiskaevamiste arv (2015. a vaid 2% koguhulgast), mille põhjuseks võib pidada nii teadusrahastuse reformi kui ka ulatuslikke taristuprojekte. Viimastest mahukaimaks võib lugeda eelkõige TÜ arheoloogide juhtimisel korraldatud Rail Balticu eeluuringuid, mida käesolevas kogumikus samuti tutvustatakse. Teistest välitöö liikidest on enim kasvanud järelevalvete hulk (2014. a-ga võrreldes 30 võrra). Meie hinnan- gul märgib see mälestistel ja muinsuskaitsealadel (sh nende kaitsevööndis) toimuvate mullatööde tõhusamat kontrollimist, teisalt näitab, et kinnisvaraarendajad otsivad üha enam vähem kulukaid lahendusi. Arheoloogia seisukohalt on paljude kaabli- ja vundamendikraavide järelevalve tulemused olnud napid või suisa olema- tud, ehkki taustainfo põhjal võis antud kohal elutegevust eeldada. Selle põhjal tundub, et profiilide vaatluse ja prooviaukude kaevamise abil on kergete puithoonete jäänuseid ning sillutamata teid tuvastada äärmiselt keeruline. Leiame, et paremate tulemuste saamiseks tuleb sellistes piirkondades täiustada uurimismetoodikat ning sõnastada konkreetsed uurimisküsimused. Välitööde jaotuses muistiseliikide lõikes (jn 4) 2015. a suuremaid muutusi ei toimunud. Üle poole uuringu- test toimus ajaloolise aja muististel (linnad, linnakindlustused ja eeslinnad, linnused, kirikud ja mõisa- hooned). Maa-asulates ja linnustel toimus pisut üle veerandi ja matmispaikadel 14% uuringutest, ülejäänud osa moodustavad mitmed eri tüüpi muistised, nt laevavrakid, lohukivid, muinaspõllud, hiie- ja teekohad. Välitöid korraldas 19 asutust ning uurimisluba väljastati 41 vastutavale spetsialistile. Nagu eespool mainitud, toimus teaduskaevamisi 2015. a üsna vähe ning enamik neist on kajastatud eri- artiklites. Aakre Kivivare tarandkalmel (tabel 1: 175; A. Kivirüüt ja M. Olli, TÜ) lõpetati 2014. a alustatud tarand B uurimine. H. Valk (TÜ) jätkas 1223. a piiramisrajatiste uuringuid Viljandi Lossimägedes, keskendudes pea- linnusest loodesse jäävale künkale (tabel 1: 188). M. Mandel (AM) lõpetas Maidla kalme uuringud (tabel 1: 130) ning alustas Kurese kalme ja asulakoha uurimist (tabel 1: 96). V. Kadakas (AI) alustas Kolga mõisa kohal 28 Erki Russow, Arvi Haak ja Ulla Kadakas asunud tsistertslaste kloostri majanduskompleksi uuringuid, kus 2015. a leiti mõisahoone alalt esmakordselt keskaegse suuremõõtmelise kivihoonestuse säilmed (tabel 1: 45), mille uurimine jätkus 2016. a. Päästekaevamistest ja eeluuringutest toimus pisut alla poole maamuististel, ülejäänud linnades. Väljaspool linnu toimunud välitööde hulgas oli eeluuringute ja järelevalvetööde osakaal veelgi suurem. Mitme uuringuga täpsustati Ihaste mesoliitilise asukoha piire (tabel 1: 156–160) praeguse elurajooni laienemisega seoses. Tamsal (tabel 1: 173) leiti kultuurkihi all säilinud lohkudest asustusjälgi rooma rauaajast uusajani. Madsa Liinamäel (Tabel 1: 174, H. Valk ja P. Kama, TÜ) uuriti linnuse alumisel platool eelviikingiaegset kultuur- kihti. Loone linnusel leiti idavalli lõhkunud tee profiili puhastamisel (jn 5) paekividest kuivmüür; nõrgad asustusjäljed ei välista linnuse rajamist alles 1220. aastatel. Mustamäe serval uuriti sooteed (tabel 1: 25, 26, K. Treuman, OÜ Tentel Disain): hilisrauaajast pärinevad puidujäänused polnud säilinud (jn 6), radiosüsiniku- dateeringud puutüvedest ulatusid neoliitikumi. Matmispaikadest korraldati päästekaevamised kahel lõhutud kääpal Viisli kääbastikus (Tabel 1: 94, 95). Alasool uuriti viikingiajast pärinevat põletusmatustega matmispaika (Tabel 1: 168, 169), kus osa leiukomp- lekse oli sängitatud vesikeskkonda. Sealseid uurimistulemusi tutvustab P. Kama ja M. Konsa artikkel. Ü. Tamla käsitleb Muhus Ristimäel avastatud hilisrauaaja matmispaiga uurimistulemusi. Maakirikutes toimusid põrandavahetusega seotud uuringud Kuusalus (tabel 1: 46, 47, V. Kadakas, AI) ja Kursis (tabel 1: 71, P. Piirits, MTÜ AEG). Kirikaedades toimusid uuringud Saaremaal Jaanil (tabel 1: 138, G. Püüa, SM); Lõuna-Eestis Nõos, Põltsamaal ja Pilistveres toimunud uuringuid tutvustab M. Malve artikkel. Koostöös metallidetektoriga hobiotsijatega leitud uusi muistiseid tutvustab kogumiku viimane, R. Rammo jt artikkel. Eraldi artiklites käsitletakse Viidumäe ohverduskoha (tabel 1: 198, M. Mägi, AI), Varudi Vanaküla Rooma müntide leiukoha (R. Koovit ja M. Kiudsoo), Saka aarde (Ü. Tamla) ning Võrtsjärve kaldavööndi lei- dude (A. Kriiska ja V. Dreving) uurimistulemusi. Linnades toimunud uuringute puhul võib veelkord rõhutada juba varasematel aastatel täheldatud suunda, et üha suurem osa neist leiab aset eeslinnades ning peaasjalikult on tegu järelevalvetega. Tallinna vanalinnas 2015. a olulisi tulemusi andnud uuringuid ei toimunud, mainida tasub Viru tänaval toimunud järelevalvetöid (tabel 1: 27; A. Kraut, OÜ Muinasprojekt), mille käigus leiti puitsillutis, linnamüüri vundament, eesvärava ning muldkindlustuste jäänused (jn 7). Toompeal Toom-Kooli tänaval (tabel 1: 22, G. Toos, OÜ Agu EMS) uuriti kesk- aegset kivimurdu ja selle hilisemaid täiteid. Tallinna varauusaegse sadama alal toimunud järelevalvetöödel (tabel 1: 8–9) leiti mh hoonejäänuseid, kivisillutisi, kinnistupiirdeid jm (jn 8). Tartu vanalinnas toimusid päästekaevamised Lossi 30/32 hoone renoveerimisel (tabel 1: 148), kus leiti kerishüpokaustahi. Lõpetati Ülikooli 14 uuringud (tabel 1: 160), kus torustikukraavide ja treppide rajamisel tuli välja keskaegne hoone. Mitmetel järelevalvetöödel Munga, Jakobi ja Ülikooli tänaval, leiti muinas- ja keskaeg- seid ladestusi ning hoonejäänuseid. Eeslinnas toimusid järelevalvetööd Vallikraavi tänaval (tabel 1: 157), kus täitekihist leiti eeldatavasti kalmistutähistusena kasutatud kivirist. Päästekaevamistel Ülikooli 2B kinnistul (tabel 1: 159, R. Bernotas ja A. Tvauri, OÜ Arheox) leiti muinas- ja keskaegseid leide ning keskaegne savivõtuauk. Järelevalvetööd toimusid ka Toomel Karl X Gustavi bastioni alal (tabel 1: 149; R. Roog, OÜ Arheograator) ning eeslinnas, Jaama ja Kivi tänavate piirkonnas (tabel 1: 144, R. Roog, ÕES). Viljandis jätkus vee- ja kanalisatsioonitorustike uuendamine, 2015. a keskenduti Lossi ja Oru tänavale (tabel 1: 183, E. Heinloo, MTÜ AEG). Siingi leiti linnalise asula kujunemisele eelnenud künnijälgi, kuivendus- kraave ning eeldatavasti varauusaegsete kivihoonete jäänuseid. Uuringud toimusid ka eeslinna alal Lossi ja Posti tänaval ning linnakiriku ümbruses (tabel 1: 181, 182; S. Möllits, MTÜ AEG ja R. Bernotas, OÜ Arheox). Enamik Pärnus toimunud uuringuid märkimisväärset uut infot ei pakkunud, leiti vaid üksikuid hoone- jäänuseid. Kesklinnas toimunud järelevalvetööde tulemusi tutvustab G. Vedru jt artikkel. Ka Narvas toimunud järelevalvetööd olulist uut infot ei lisanud. Haapsalus selgitati linnuses toimunud eeluuringutega (tabel 1, 86; A. Pärn, SA SALM), et kavandatava väravahoone alal on kesk- ja uusaegsed ladestused väga hästi säilinud. Wiedemanni tänaval (tabel 1: 84, K. Treuman, OÜ Tentel Disain) uuringutel leiti linnamüüri katke. Kuressaare tänavatel toimunud ulatuslikud järelevalvetööd (tabel 1: 133-135, G. Püüa, SM) ei andnud uut infot kesk- ja varauusaegsete ladestuste kohta, kuid aitasid täpsustada kaitsevööndi piire. Paide kesklinna tänavatel toimu- nud uuringute põhjal (tabel 1: 77) käsitleb selle väikelinna kujunemislugu A. Tvauri (TÜ). 2015. a uuringute kokkuvõtteks võib esile tuua enam tähelepanu pälvinud suurprojekte (nt Rail Baltic, Kadrioru vrakileiud), samas tuleb tõdeda, et eeslinnade ja maa-asulate uurimise võiks asjakohane küsimuse- asetus muuta senisest tulemuslikumaks.