(PDF) Ganang dictionary 2025

A dictionary of the Ganang language [gne] of Central Nigeria [DRAFT CIRCULATED FOR COMMENT -NOT FOR CITATION WITHOUT REFERENCE TO THE AUTHOR Roger Blench McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research University of Cambridge Department of History, University of Jos Kay Williamson Educational Foundation 8, Guest Road Cambridge CB1 2AL United Kingdom Mobile worldwide 00-44-757-081-2418 E-mail

http://www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm Timothy Terna KWEF TCNN This printout: Jos, December 19, 2025 Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction.................................................................................................................................................. i 2. Location, history and sociolinguistic situation .......................................................................................... i 2.1 Nomenclature ........................................................................................................................................... i 2.2 Location and settlements.......................................................................................................................... i 2.3 Language status......................................................................................................................................iii 3. Ganang writing system ..............................................................................................................................iii References ....................................................................................................................................................... iv TABLES Table 1. Ganang village clusters and hamlets .................................................................................................... i Table 2. Proposed Ganang orthographic symbols........................................................................................... iv ABSTRACT This is a concise dictionary of the Ganang language [ISO gne; glottocode gana 1270], spoken in several villages near Gashish in Plateau State, Nigeria. Ganang is an Izeric language, related to the better-known Izere of Fobur. The Ganang have been displaced several times in recent years due to clashes with Fulani herders. Their language is considered to be endangered, although no survey has been conducted. It contains something over 1000 headwords, usually exemplified in short sentences. An English-Ganang reverse is alos included. A brief introduction to the settlements of the Ganang is included, together with a summary explanation of the orthography. A fuller grammatical sketch is in preparation. Keywords: Ganang; Izeric; dictionary; Plateau; Nigeria 1 Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft 1. Introduction This is a concise dictionary of the Ganang language [ISO gne; glottocode gana 1270], spoken in several villages near Gashish in Plateau State, Nigeria. In 2024, KWEF was approached by GCBT, a Bible Translation organisation based in Jos, to assist with language documentation, with a view to developing an orthography. A group of speakers attended a preliminary meeting at GCBT offices and then proceeded to further in-depth work. The Ganang team consisted of; Manudugu David Manyas Evang. Yohanna Bulus Machif Bangai Dung Malan Emmanuel Mangut Gombe Work has continued throughout 2025 with the last sessions on 16th December. The present working document, a concise grammar and proposed orthography, is the outcome of this preliminary investigation. A Flex database of Ganang has been created, and an Android app reflecting this is released in parallel with this document. There is virtually no published reference to Ganang society. Ethnographic references such as CAPRO (2004) include them under the Izere, and while there are undoubted similarities, the major stresses Ganang society has undergone in recent decades has left them with an entirely different social and residential pattern today. Since the original survey visit in 2001, Ganang society has undergone a series of crises, mostly a result of conflict with its pastoralist neighbours, the Fulani. Most speakers are now displaced following the 2012 and 2018 crises. Only the communities of ŋar, ŋ̀kān, swèy, rúkú and kàcìn now persist. Villages in which no one now lives include kpwàbìdùk, hjàj, ngyɔ̄, kpárá, dógó, ʃàrù, kàdɔ̀k, kàtʃìŋ, júrāj, kúbɔ́ŋ, ràntìs, àŋgwán màì àládè, nìŋgɔ̀n, kùfàŋ. These areas are now mostly occupied by Fulani herders. 2. Location, history and sociolinguistic situation 2.1 Nomenclature The Ganang are usually referred to by outsiders as Gashish, and are often considered part of the Berom. This is a cultural classification as they share many aspects of their culture with the Berom. However, linguistically this is false, and they are clearly part of the Izeric cluster. In isolation they are Gánàŋ, but when the people and language are given, they are as follows; àfú gànàŋ bàfú gànàŋ dīrím gànàŋ one person people language 2.2 Location and settlements The Ganang people live in Gashish District, Barkin Ladi LGA, Plateau State (Map 1). Speakers list the following villages where the language is spoken. Ganang divide themselves into five residential subgroups, here called ‘village clusters’. These in turn encompass a large number of hamlets, some consisting of only a few households. These are listed in Table 1; Table 1. Ganang village clusters and hamlets Village cluster kàkùrùk Subgroups Official hàí bàtō àŋgwān dábót Comment headquarters of Gashish district kúzén rǔk - between kàkùrùk and kùrà bèrōm 1 Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft Village cluster Subgroups shārù kpárá ᵑgyɔ̄ kàdɔ̀p gáshìsh kúk dōgō kèy ŋār [nì]ŋgwɔ̀n yèlwá gòl sòy zárgwɔ́k dɔ́kɔ́sh báúré kùrà bìrōm hyàí kpàbìdùk tánàbù tóbǎt Official màcaúlèy kàcìŋ where the name gashish district got its name ancestral home of the Ganang people characterised by rocks. No longer occupied because of tin zárgwóm referring to the hills in kay, mispronounced by Europeans. previously called (ūrá) gidan sarkin ali úyūréy áŋkwì 1& 2 kyɔ́kɔ́ zékérék rúkú Comment dèrés téntì tsōhō téntì bàbbā màì yàŋgā màì yàŋgā dèrés màì jáŋ káì dàrwāt húrūm kúbɔ̄ŋ kyārāŋ kázɔ̀k dyɛ́ŋ tísàn báúré kùfàŋ bùrdùŋgá tɔ̌ŋtá māké dyɛ́ŋ kúbɔ́ŋ ràntìs ŋār ŋ̀kàn gìndín àkwàtì (ūrá) new kai derived from a tent installed by Europeans might be the name of a person also referred to as exland. because the whites had come to this area before but on the planning for the second coming, they had the plan that were coming to the ex-lang. upon their return, they set up the ex lang 2 Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft None of these villages shows up on Google maps, which makes locating them more than approximately somewhat difficult. Map 1. The Ganang language Neighbouring languages include Ninzom in Angwan Nungu (Wamba LGA, Nasarawa State), Mushere and Ron, Kulere, in Bokos LGA, Berom in Riyom LGA. 2.3 Language status Since the initial visit in 2001, the Ganang have undergone major dispersal, scattered by the Jos crisis in 2001. Further civil insecurity in 2008, 2012 and 2018 have meant many people are in IDP camps. Intermarriage is common and women in particular outmarry. They are surrounded by Berom, Ron, Hausa and Fulfulde and it is thus very hard to gauge the number of competent Ganang speakers, as most individuals are multi-lingual, also speaking Ron, Hausa and Berom. Almost all settlements are mixed, with Ron and other outsiders. The nearby settlements of Hye [?] and Ŋyɔ were reported to be principally Ganang but the same gender division of linguistic competence applies. Overall, there are unlikely to be more than 6000 ethnic Ganang, but many fewer speakers. In terms of the EGIDS classification, Ganang should probably be assigned 6b, ‘The language is used for face-to-face communication within all generations, but it is losing users’. 3. Ganang writing system Ganang has seven vowels; Front Close Central Back i Close-Mid Open-Mid u e o ɛ ɔ Open a Ganang consonants are shown below; Plosive Fricative Affricate Nasal Trill/tap Lateral Approximant Bilabial p b Labiodental f m v Alveolar t d s z ts n [r] l Alveopalatal ʃ ʒ Labial Palatal Velar LabialGlottal Palatal velar k g kp gb h ʧ ʤ ɲ ŋ ɥ 3 y w Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft Table 2 shows the proposed Ganang orthographic symbols, with the IPA shown in the table above. Table 2. Proposed Ganang orthographic symbols IPA <p> <b> <t> <d> <k> <g> <kp> <gb> <f> <v> <s> <z> <sh> Orthographic p b t d k g kp gb f v s z ʃ IPA <ts> <ʧ> <ʤ> <h> <m> <n> <ɲ> <ŋ> <r> <l> <ɥ> <w> <j> Orthographic ts c j h m n ny ŋ r l hwy w y There are five tones in Ganang, three level and two contour tones. Contour tones occur in loanwords, words with potentially onomatopoeic names such as those of birds and where a tonally dissimilar VV sequence has been shortened1. High acute accent above the syllable Mid unmarked Low grave accent over the syllable Rising circumflex over the syllable Falling hachek over the syllable Tones are not written in the orthography, except where mistakes might occur. They are generally marked high. References CAPRO 2004. Harvest of Peace: An ethnic survey of Plateau State. Jos: CAPRO Research Office. Gunn, Harold D. 1953. The Afizere (Hill Jarawa) and related peoples of Bauchi province. In: Peoples of the Plateau area of Northern Nigeria. 1953: 60-74. Ethnographic survey of Africa. Western Africa. Part VII.1A1. Daryl Forde ed. London: International African Institute. 1 There is also evidence for VCV sequences reducing to VC and acquiring a contour tone. 4 Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft Aa ashɔn [àʃɔ̄n] pl. bashɔn [báʃɔ̄n] n. elder; leader atsin [átsìn] pl. - [-] n. sweat; perspiration awin [àwín] sal. thanks awongzen [áwɔ̀ŋzèn] sal. goodbye ayang [áyàŋ] dem. that Ex. áyàŋ nēt nī that man ►form of demonstrative when fronted in a sentence syn. ya ayang [áyàŋ] excl. exclamation when something is about to pour out ayong [áyòŋ] dem. this Ex. áyòŋ nēt nī this man ►form of demonstrative when fronted in a sentence syn. yo adey [àdèj] p.n. male name agbin [àgbín] pl. ágbin [ágbín] n. elephant akiye [ákījē] int. what? ali [àlì] pl. bali [bálì] n. father-in-law amunja [àmūnʤá] pl. mūndʒā [ ́mūndʒā] n. masquerade which can be seen by women when they hide in fonio fields. anet mi [ànɛ́t mī] excl. draws attention; my man! aret [àrèt] pl. rét [ˋrét] n. cricket aret kidɔk [àrét kídɔ́k] n.p. cricket sp. ari [àrì] pl. bari [bárì] n. son ashom [àʃɔ̄m] pl. ishom [áʃɔ̄m] n. bag Bb always throws stones at goats nòn à sè bārā bānēt ma᷆ ntà children are throwing stones at people barang [báràŋ] pl. barangsa [báràŋsà] v. 1) to expand; to increase Ex. báràŋ nìshì kám increase the water for the tuwo bìníŋ nē á bāràŋ kám the woman increased the tuwo bìníŋ nē á bāràŋsà kám the woman keeps increasing the tuwo 2) to add barang fɛ [báràŋ fɛ̄] v.p. 1) to explain 2) to repeat barang ra [báràŋ rā] v.p. to redo barmas [bārmās] a. hard bat [bát] pl. batsa [bátsà] v. to plait; to braid; to twine Ex. bát dícē plate head bìníŋ nē à bátsà dìcé the woman plaits hair bayang [báyàŋ] dem. those ones belbela [bêlbélā] pl. - [-] n. cattle egret Sc. Bubulcus ibis [<H.] babang [bábàŋ] dem. these ones babos [bābós] pl. - [-] n. masquerade which may bring calamity to the woman who sees it. A woman who sees it is fined. It only comes out at night. It's in a plural form because they always move in group bafa zen [bāfâ zèn] n.p. ancestors bak [bàk] quant. half Ex. bàk jēnī á ǹjīrū half of the cocoyam is not well cooked bak [bàk] pl. - [-] n. portion can apply to food and it can apply to land bakat [bákát] loc. near; close; about to Ex. kāzá tsè ká bɛ̄ bákát the world is about to end bamang [bāmāŋ] v. to touch to see if s.t. is ready Ex. bámáŋ jē. touch the cocoyam dávòù á bāmāŋ jē nē Davou touched the cocoyam ban [bán] pron. they Ex. bán básì yás they are eating bán bá bábɛ́ they are ones that came banang [bánàŋ] a. strong; forceful banang dice [bánàŋ díʧé] n.p. stubbornness; obstinacy syn. uwuwush banang diyɛ [bánàŋ díjɛ́] n.p. boldness; courage; audacity barak [bàràk] pl. barasa/bara [bàrásà/bārā] v. to throw Ex. bàràk tá nè throw the stone ŋgōn á bārāk tá nē the boy threw the stone nēt nī à bārāsà bón the man belbela ben [bén] s.v. to be ready; to be ripe Ex. nàyáknī ná mà běn the food is ready tsɔ́n nī ná mà běn the fonio is ready 1 Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft bób nídìdìŋ we pray early in the morning bok [bòk] pl. babok [bābók] n. doctor; seer; medical doctor; herbalist dealt with witchcraft and sickness bom [bóm] pl. - [-] n. song; music bon tsamang [bòn tsàmáŋ] pl. ́bon tsamaŋ [́ bón tsámáŋ] n.p. sheep bon uwe [bòn úwè] n.p. goat borok [bóròk] pl. boroksa/ boros [bóròksà/ bóròs] v. to return; to come back Ex. borok kama ma. go backwards boroksa kama ma. he continually goes back bos fumun [bós fūmūŋ] n.p. menstruation bot [bót] pl. ubot [úbōt] n. toad Error generating content for string: 'cf. Berom bót. While Berom bear names like this, Ganang do not.' bɔ kyɛs [bɔ́ kjɛ̄s] v.p. to lie bɔk [bɔ́k] pl. mbɔk [m̀ bɔ̀k] n. arm bɔp [bɔ̀p] pl. - [-] n. fig tree sp. Sc. Ficus platyphylla bɔrɔbɔrɔ [bɔ́rɔ̀bɔ́rɔ́] pl. abɔrɔbɔrɔ [ábɔ́rɔ̀bɔ́rɔ́] n. millipede bur [búr] pl. - [-] n. tree sp. Used for making bows because it is very hard buruk [búrúk] pl. buruksa/burus [búrùksà/ búrùs] s.v. to be lost; to be missing; to have gone astray Ex. ŋàràŋ wà ábúrūk his phone is missing bush [būʃ] s.v. to be rotten; to be decayed; to be putrefying busum [búsùm] pl. busumsa [búsùmsà] v. to bark Ex. kābú kā búsūm the dog barked kābú kā búsūmsā the dog barks but [bút] pl. bushuk [búʃùk] v. to snap in two; to break Ex. Jon á bút bók John broke his hand jon à búʃùksà ŋ̀kōn John breaks firewood bway [bwáy] pl. - [-] n. leaf for soup Medicinal for curing taphoid. Leaves causes itching of the body but stops inching when properly pounded into pouder. byat [byàt] pl. ́ byát [́ byát] n.p. yam heap; yam mound Heaps are long and made for coco yam byesh [bjéʃ] v. to peel by hand Ex. byesh je berek [bérék] pl. aberek [ábērēk] n. tripod stone bereng [bérèŋ] pl. bereng [bérèŋsà] v. to keep; to hold indefinately Ex. bérèŋ úkōtnī hold the knife à bérèŋsà úkōtnī He keeps holding the knife syn. kibak bes [bés] pl. besa [bésà] v. to greet Ex. anetya a bes wo the man does not greet net ne ya a besa banet the person greets people bes [bés] s.v. to be gifted; to be talented bɛ [bɛ́] pl. bɛssa [bɛ̀ssa] v. to come Ex. dí bɛ̄ ní rí mista Roja we came to Mr. Rogers' house. dā wɔ́p à wɔ́k bɛ̄ the governor will come dí bɛ̄sà ná rɔ́ túmóŋ we continually come to work. bɛgbɛrɛng [bɛ́gbɛ́rɛ́ŋ] a. wide bɛs [bɛ̀s] adv. insouciantly; carelessly; anyhow Ex. toma rá ŋkyɛ̀ng bɛ̀s Thomas does things anyhow bin [bìn] pl. abin [ábìn] n. drum beaten with the hands. It is laid on the ground between the legs. Played for almost all ceremonies and festivals bing [bíŋ] pl. - [-] n. excrement; stool; faeces; excreta; shit; manure; dung bining [bìníŋ] pl. banyining [bàɲínīŋ] n. woman binjilang [bìnʤíláŋ] pl. abinjilang [ábìnʤíláŋ] n. snail biring [bírìŋ] v. to roll on the ground Ex. ŋgon ne ka biriŋ naben the child rolled on the ground ŋgon ne ka biriŋsà naben the boy rolls on the ground continunously birɔp [bírɔ́p] pl. birɔpsa [bírɔ́psà] v. to stir with hand Ex. á bírɔ́p ūfú he mixed (fura) bá bírɔ́psà ūfú jǎŋjōt they stirred fura all the time birɔp [bìrɔ́p] pl. - [-] n. problem; issues Ex. bìrɔ́p à sè ní wɔ́p there is problem in the village bisik [bísík] pl. bisiksa/bisa [bísíksà/bísa] v. to untie; to loosen Ex. bisik udun ne untie the rope a bisiksa udun he keeps untying the rope bob [bób] adv. sunrise; dawn; very early; before daybreak Ex. dí nīsáŋ sà dánōm 2 Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft ne peel the cocoyam Joshua á byēsh jē Joshua peeled the cocoyam Ɓɓ ɓoɓwash [ɓóɓwáʃ] pl. ɓóɓwáʃ [ ́ɓóɓwáʃ] n. calabash rattle ɓulɛ [ɓūlɛ̄] pl. uɓulɛ [ ́ɓūlɛ̄; úɓūlɛ̄] n. bedbu syn. ryol Cc ba cinjaksa tsit women are filtering beer cish [ʧîʃ] pl. cissa [tʃîssà] v. to spit Ex. a cish ncɛ he spat a cissa ncɛ he is spitting cop [tʃǒp] n. umbilical cord cop [tʃǒp] n. barrack; headquarters; gathering of people cɔlɔm [tʃɔ̀lɔ̀m] n. male name; roan antelope cɔŋ [tʃɔ̄ŋ] n. male name probably the name of an animal [< probably from Berom] cɔr [ʧɔ́r] pl. ̄tʃɔr [ ̄tʃɔ́r] n. Nile crocodile Sc. Crocodylus suchus culum [tʃùlúm] id. describes large object thrown in water cundung [tʃùndūŋ] p.n. female name [<B.] cung [ʧúŋ] pl. cungsa [tʃúŋsà] v. to dig; to excavate Ex. net ne ya a cuŋ diboŋ the man dug a hole net ne ya a cuŋsa naboŋ the man keeps digging holes tumoŋ cuŋ naboŋ the work of digging holes curɛng [tʃùrɛ́ŋ] n. cane; stroke; whip cwang [ʧwàŋ] pl. icwang [' tʃwáŋ] n. stick cwat-cwat [tʃwàt.tʃwàt] id. gasping for air; struggling for life cwɛi [ʧʷɛ̀j] pl. ichwei [ ̄tʃʷɛ́j] n. lion cwɛt [tʃwɛ̌t] a. awake Ex. ŋgon ka se cwɛt the boy is awake syn. kpɛrɛs cwɛy [tʃwɛ̄j] pl. - [-] v. 1) to beat; to hit; to strike with a small whip... lesser beating Ex. a cwɛy kaban ŋgon he beat a child a cwɛysà nàbàn nòn he keeps whipping the children syn. tsot 2) to flog; to cane; to whip ca [ʧá] pl. cas [tʃás] v. to pound Ex. cá tsón pound fonio Lyop a casa tson Lyop keeps pounding fonio cá [tʃá] n. chaff from sieved gruel ca difɛ [ʧǎ dìfɛ̄] n. proverbs ca sharak [tʃà ʃàràk] n. lees of beer cadom [ʧâdōm] pl. - [-] n. gecko cakat [tʃàkát] n. stirrer made from raffia palm leaves caksak [ʧàksàk] pl. acaksak [átʃàksàk] n. porcupine Sc. Hystrix cristata cam [tʃām] n. joke carak [tʃáràk] pl. caraksa; cas [tʃáksà; tʃás] v. to punch to hit; to strike Ex. à kú cāràk He hit him a caraksa kabat he keeps hitting the wall syn. tsot; turuk ci [ʧì] pl. ici [ītʃí] n. rat ci yit [ʧì jìt] pl. ici jit [ītʃì jìt] n.p. bush rat cicing [ʧíʧīŋ] pl. icicing [íʧīʧīŋ] n. housefly cindet [tʃǐndēt] n. upside down cineng [tʃínèŋ] v. to drop from the head; to take down from fireplace Ex. Mariya á cīnèŋ ishi Mary brought down water Mariya à cínèŋsà rés Mary brought down clothes syn. tik cing rɔ [tʃìŋ rɔ́] n. season just before the rain falls. Around the end of February through March. Characterised by green leaves on trees. Many people fall sick during this period. cinjak [tʃìndʒāk] n. container; sieve cinjak [tʃīndʒāk] v. to filter; to strain Ex. a cinjak tsit He filtered the beer banyiniŋ Dd da [dà] v.aux. ?? da [dá] pl. bada [bádā] n. father; dad; pa da disɔ [dádí sɔ̄] v.p. to shrink da gwɔm [dá gwɔ̀m] pl. bada gwɔm [bádá gwɔ̀m] n. head chief chief; district head heads a combination of village areas. Other gwɔms report to him. These chiefs are without a status in the state. syn. gbat gwɔm da kazumuŋ [dá kàzùmùŋ] n.p. ward head; 3 Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft di wɔk [dī wɔ́k] v.p. to swim syn. pwa dibɛn [dībɛ́n] pl. - [-] n. vagina syn. tɛs dibit [dìbít] pl. abit [ābít] n. remnant; remains; half dibong [dìbóŋ] pl. naboŋ; aboŋ [nàbòŋ; ābóŋ] n. pit; hole in ground dibong nishi [dìbóŋ nìʃì] n.p. well dibonong [dībōnóŋ] pl. - [-] n. white rubber vine with edible fruit and latex used as rubber Sc. Landolphia owariensis; Saba florida dibun [díbùn] pl. - [-] n. large intestine dice [dīʧé] pl. nce; ace [ǹtʃè; àtʃè] n. 1) head 2) bundle dice bɔk [dìʧé bɔ́k] pl. nce mbɔk [ǹtʃé m̀ bɔ̀k] n. shoulder dice utak [dīʧé ták] pl. dice ntak [dītʃé ǹtàk] n. thigh bone dice utsit [dīʧé ùtsīt] pl. - [-] n.p. beer that kept for the head of the family before the sale begins syn. tsid didia [dídíà] excl. true? diding [dìdìŋ] pl. - [-] n. morning difebe [dīfēbé] pl. - [-] n. fat; grease; lard; suet difet [dīfét] pl. afet [āfét] n. needle difɛ [dīfɛ̄] n. announcement difɛ [dífɛ́] pl. nafɛk [nāfɛ́k] n. word difɛ nɔm [dīfɛ́ nɔ̄m] n.p. gospel difuk [dīfúk] pl. - [-] n. envy digba [dīgbá] pl. - [-] n. shelter consists of many ́bùt tents digbatnɛ [dígbātnɛ̄] a. might; great digɔm [dīgwɔ́m] n.p. kingdom; chiefdom digung [dīgúŋ] pl. nagung [nàgùŋ] n. hill syn. kaban diguro diguro [dìgúrò] pl. aguro [āgúrò] n. mountain dikan [dīkán] pl. nakan [nàkàn] n. medicine; drug dikanang [dìkànáŋ] pl. - [-] n. grey hair dikarap [dìkáráp] pl. - [-] n. prostitution; harlotry; whoring dīkát [dīkát] pl. nakat [nàkàt] n. headpad dikop [dīkóp] a. old leader like the chief of pabiduk; eg da kazumung zargwɔk da nɔm [dá nɔ̄m] p.n. God daari [dáārí] pl. bádaari [bádāārí] n. head of the house dabu [dábá] pron. them object pronoun Ex. bangai a dábá tábák Bangai advised them dadi [dádí] pron. us Ex. dávòu dādī wúrɔ̀k Davou deceived us báŋgáí à dádí túsùŋ Bangai gathered us dadi kusu [dádí kūsú] v.p. to fade; to bleach dadi rusom [dádí rùsòm] v.p. to endure; to bear daka [dákā] adv. diligently; well-well; carefully Ex. dí rá sà túmóŋ yīt dákā we do our work diligently fók dìfɛ̄ nīyò dákādákā listen to these words carefully dampara [dámpārā] pl. adampara [ádāmpārā] n. cereal stalks dang [dàŋ] pl. dáŋ [ ̄ dáŋ] n. agama lizard Sc. Agama agama dang [dàŋ] neg. don't Ex. dàŋ u fɛ́t ìyìnì wō don't kill anyone dàŋ ū byɛ́s ìyín wō don't disrespect anyone dat [dàt] pl. dat [ 'dàt; ádàt] n. star datek [dāték] pl. badatek [bádātēk] n. grandfather; old man Davow [dávòw] p.n. male name also refers to an animal in the bush degbot [dēgbót] pl. agbot [ágbōt] n. hydrocele; swollen testicles A particular tree is eaten to cause increase, but the consequence is the degbot. dep [dép] pl. depsa [dépsà] v. to praise Ex. dí dēp dánōm let us praise God dí dēpsà dánōm we continually praise God dep [dép] v. to shine harshly Ex. gbara a dep lightening shines syn. nep dɛk [dɛ́k] pl. - [-] n. reed used for designing marks on the face di [dí] pl. disa [dísà] v. to see; to look Ex. di wuni di ka see him well n ku di I saw him a ku disa he always sees him syn. yirɛ di [dí] pron. you object Ex. bā dí rā they touched you bā dí tsā they accompanied him 4 Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft disyɛ [dīsjɛ́] pl. nsyɛ [ǹsyɛ̀] n. bamboo ditek [dìték] n. grace; blessing ditek [dīték] pl. - [-] n. forcing ditin [dītín] pl. natin [nàtìn] n. foundation ditin ukon [dītín ūkón] n.p. stem ditok [dītók] n. insult; abuse ditom [dītóm] pl. atom [ātóm] n. horn ditɔn [dītɔ́n] pl. - [-] n. cowitch vine Was placed on the body of those who transgressed the laws of the land. Sc. Mucuna pruriens ditsen [dītsén] pl. - [-] n. visit ditsɛn [dītsɛ́n] pl. - [-] n. feather ditsɛn [dītsɛ́n] pl. - [-] n. charcoal ditsi [dītsī] pl. atsi [átsī] n. egg ditsin [dītsín] pl. - [-] n. annoyance; irritation ditun [dītún] pl. - [-] n. bitterleaf Sc. Vernonia amygdalina dikos [dìkòs] pl. - [-] n. rainy season dikos [dīkós] v.n. vomiting dikɔt [dīkwɔ́t] pl. - [-] n. back of the head diku [dīkú] n. death dikun kpak [dìkùn kpák] n.p. herb sp. that catches the clothes dikuro [dīkúrò] pl. - [-] n. diarrhoea; dysentery dikusak [dīkúsák] pl. - [-] n. resolution following a meeting; consensus dikut [dìkût] pl. akut [ākût] n. knee dikwɔ [dīkwɔ̄] pl. ŋkwɔ; akwɔ [ŋ̄kwɔ́; ākwɔ́ ] n. farm dikwɔk [dīkwɔ́k] n. desire Ex. n sè fók dīkwɔ́k n̄ yâ jē I desire to eat cocoyam dilem [dīrém] pl. - [-] n. tongue dimak [dīmāk] pl. - [-] n. stinginess syn. gbakgbak dimasang [dīmāsáŋ] pl. - [-] n. laughter dimon [dìmón] pl. - [-] n. torch made from a herb especially rama/kenaf dinam [dīnām] pl. - [-] n. meat dinɛn [dīnɛ̄n] pl. nnɛn [n̄ nɛ̄n] n. sin; wrongdoing; transgression; guilt; sin; wrong dining [dīnīŋ] pl. - [-] n. soup diniŋ batiri [dìnìŋ bátìrī] pl. - [-] [Nghar dial.] n. soup made from baobab leaves Sc. Adansonia digitata dinjwang [dīnʤwāŋ] n. adultery dinok [dīnōk] pl. - [-] n. building dinon [dīnón] pl. - [-] n. acha chaff dinyɛ [dījɛ́] pl. ŋyɛ [ŋ̀jɛ̀] n. year dinyi [dīɲí] pl. anyi [āɲí] n. tooth; teeth dirɔp [dīrɔ́p] pl. - [-] n. clay; laterite dirɔs [dīrɔ́s] pl. barɔs [bārɔ́s] n. friendship; amity dishɔn [dīʃɔ̄n] v. to glorify; to respect; to admire Ex. diku nɔk dishɔn we gave him his respect dishɔn disas respect is good dishuk [dìʃúk] pl. - [-] n. rag disɔt [dīsɔ́t] v. to strangle; to choke Ex. à kú tēnī dīsɔ́t he choked his neck syn. zwɛl disɔt [dīsɔ́t] pl. - [-] n. 1) greed; gluttony 2) choking; strangling ditun dityu [dìtjū] a. distinct; different; diverse diwuk [dīwúk] pl. - [-] n. wild custard apple Sc. Annona senegalensis diwuk diyerek [dījérék] pl. nayerek [nàjèrék] n. name diyɛ [dījɛ́] pl. ajɛ [ājɛ́] n. heart; life diyɛ dikan [dījɛ́ dìkān] a. happy diyɛ disen [dīyɛ́ dīsén] a. hot tempered diyɛ diwe [dījɛ́ dīwé] p.n. sadness syn. kafa kawe diyisi [dìjísí] pl. ayisi [àyísí] n. 1) eye Ex. dīyisīwū dí rɔ̄ his eye is hot àyísí á rɔ́ eye is hot 2) lust; passion; desire Ex. ù bɛ́ dīyísí You are lustful 5 Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft diyisi tak [dìyísí ùták] pl. yisi ntak [yísí ǹtàk] n.p. ankle diyisyɛk [dìjìsjɛ́k] pl. najisjɛk [nàjìsjɛ́k] n. broom; brush diyɔm [dījɔ́m] pl. - [-] n. suffering dizyɛk [dìzyɛ́k] pl. azyɛk [āzyɛ́k] n. sand dom [dòm] pl. - [-] n. aerial yam; up yam Sc. Dioscorea bulbifera dun [dūn] pl. - [-] n. mistake duŋ [dūŋ] pl. - [-] n. male name [<B.] durok [dùròk] pl. duroksa [dūrōksa] v. to raise Ex. durok nak niziŋ get out of here ba ku durok they raised him up dut [dút] pl. duksa [dúksà] v. to shake something Ex. bā kú dùt they shook him a dut rɔm he shook his body danom a wɔk dut kaza dinɛn God will shake the heavens dut kaben [du᷄t kābēn] n.p. earthquake; tremor duwɔng [dúwɔ́ŋ] pl. - [-] n. noise dyet [djét] quant. few; little Ex. ńnāŋ nìshì sɔ̀ dyét give me a little drinking water àkúnɔ̀k zézètnì dyét they added the beans for him a little dyɛs [djɛ́s] v. to imitate; to mimic Ex. bā kú dyɛ̀s they imitated him non na dyɛs badaban children imitate their fathers dom dom yit [dòm jìt] n.p. bush yam Sc. Dioscorea spp. doro [dōrō] v. to fly Ex. nanon na doro birds fly dudu [dúdú] pl. - [-] n. weevils Ee eyin [èyín] pron. someone; somebody Ff fám [fám] v. to block; to obstruct; to impede Ex. fam diboŋ ni yo block this hole kangyaŋ a fam zubo Kangyang blocks her nose fan [fán] pl. - [-] n. contribution farang [fáráŋ] v. to pound s.t wet Ex. á fārāŋ jē he pounds cocoyam bānét yīt bá fārāŋ jē our people pound pounded yam farwa [fàrwá] pl. - [-] n. fig tree sp. whose leaves can be mixed with sorrel seeds during threshing probably to enable it pound well. Sc. Ficus platyphylla fas [fàs] a. new fat [fát] pl. fatsa [fátsà] v. to sharpen Ex. fat kot ni sharpen the knife ba fat wal ne daka they sharpened the cutlass well Fatiri [fátìrī] pl. Bitiri [bítìrī] p.n. Hausa person febek [fèbék] pl. afebek [áfèbék] n. book Ex. fèbéknī á sārāk the book is torn áfɛ̀bɛ́knī bá sàràk the books are torn febek nom [fèbék nōm] n.p. Bible fa [fà] num. two fá [fá] pl. fasa [fāsà] v.n. 1) to read Ex. à sè fā fèbék dá nōm he is reading the word of god ḿ mà fā fèbéknī I have read the book ḿ fāsà fèbék dá nōm jǎnjōt I read the work of God all the time 2) to count Ex. à sè fā tsɔ̄m he is counting money ḿ fā ní tsɔ̄m mì count this money for me fā [fā] pl. fasa [fāsà] v. 1) to count Ex. fa nyini tsɔm ni count the money fā yɛ́ ní count the years 2) to read fa fa [fá fà] num. second fa kanatat [fá kànàtát] num. seventh fa karatat [fá kàrátát] num. sixth fa nas [fá nǎs] num. fourth fa nya [fá ́ɲā] n.p. Igbo person fa tat [fá tàt] num. third fa ton [fá to᷈ n] num. fifth fa tsa [fá tsà] num. first fabak [fābák] pl. afabak [áfābák] n. wing fagbang [fágbàŋ] pl. bagbang [???] p.n. Berom person 6 Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft take care of your brother biniŋni a tse fis matek wu the woman is taking care of her husband biniŋni a fissa non wu the woman tends her children fo [fó] pl. forok [fóròk] v. to break; to smash Ex. á fō kātsēréŋnī he broke the calabash à fóssà nàtsēréŋ he is fond of breaking calabashes à fóròksà nàfēnéŋ he breaks clay pots fok [fók] pl. foksa [fôksà] v. to hear; to listen Ex. fok difɛ danom hear the word of God dī fóksà dīfɛ̄ dánōm we are hearing the word of God fok nta [fók ǹtā] v.p. to enjoy fosong [fùsóŋ] pl. fossa [fōsà] v. to arrest; to catch Ex. á fūsóŋ kanon he caught a bird à fūssà bón bānēt he catches the goats of people fɔ [fɔ̀] pl. afɔ [áfɔ̀] n. fig Ex. àfɔ̀ á kpā a fig falls àfɔ̀ bá kpās figs fell fɔn [fɔ́n] pl. fɔnsa [fɔ́nsà] v. to rest Ex. fɔ́n 'rɔ́n rest from tiredness bá fɔ́nsà ná mā tùmóŋ bān they rested after their work fɔrɔ [fɔ̄rɔ́] pl. - [-] n. 1) tree sp. used for soup Sc. Grewia mollis 2) soup made from the shrub fu ŋon [fú ŋōn] p.pron. yours Ex. fú ŋōn mā nǎn bá sé ǹtyɛ̂ŋ yours and mine are equal fú ŋōn à sás yours is good kātsērēŋ nī ká yít kā fóŋōn calabash is yours fu wu [fú wū] p.pron. his; hers; its Ex. kasa ni ka yit ka fu wu the house belongs to him fu wu a wat his own is better fuk ŋkɔn [fúk ŋkɔ̀n] v.p. to smell syn. nus fuk-fuk [fùk.fùk] id. hurriedly; hastily fulu [fūlū] n. foam fumung [fúmúŋ] pl. - [-] n. leaf fumung yɛt [fúmúŋ yɛ̀t] pl. - [-] n. shrub sp. used for first aid after a cut to help stop bleeding. fumuŋ [fùmúŋ] s.v. to be covered Ex. ànētnī à dádí fūmúŋ màntòŋ the man was covered in dust furu [fūrū] pl. - [-] v.n. jumping; leaping Ex. à sè fūrū he is jumping furuk [fúrúk] pl. furusa [fūrūsà] v. to jump; to leap; to bound Ex. bót ní à fūrúk the fɛ [fɛ᷇] v. to tell; to say Ex. a da ba fɛ ni he told them danom a daba fɛ ni God spoke to them fɛ ŋkyan fawɔktɛ [fɛ̄ ŋ̀kʲàŋ fáwɔ́ktè] n.p. prophecy fɛn [fɛ̂n] pl. afɛn [áfɛ̀n] n. tree sp. seen as a home for evil spirits where only vultures make their nests. Not used for firewood. fɛn [fɛ́n] pl. mfɛn [m̀ fɛ̀n] n. moon; month fɛp [fɛ́p] pl. fɛpsa [fɛ́psà] v. to blow Ex. cɔŋ a fɛp ndurɛt Ccong blew trumpet bining ni a si fɛp uruŋ the woman is setting the fire fɛrɛng [fɛ̄rɛ́ŋ] v. to say; to speak Ex. a dabu fɛrɛŋ ni he talked to them bɛ di fɛ̄rɛ̄ŋ come let's talk fɛt [fɛ́t] pl. fɛtsa [fɛ́tsà] v. to kill Ex. yohana á fɛ́t hwyèn John killed a snake yohana á fɛ́tsà hwyén Yohanna kills scorpions fi [fí] v. to wring out; to squeeze water from Ex. a fi dikon ni he squeezed the leaves a fi res he wrung out the cloth fi ban [fí bān] p.pron. theirs Ex. fi ban a wat a fi yit theirs is more than ours dinam di yit fiban the meat is theirs fi nyin [fí ɲīn] p.pron. yours pl. Ex. ūbón nī fí nyīn yó the goats are yours fi nyin yo ni shon yours is in the front fi nyin ni yak a wat nan your own food is more than mine fi yit [fí yīt] p.pron. ours Ex. otomoŋ ni yit fi yit the work is ours fi yit yoŋ this is ours fik [fík] v. to heat; to warm Ex. rota a fik kam Roda warmed the tuwo n wɔk ya ka fik nayak I will eat leftover food fining [fīníŋ] v. to boil Ex. nishi ni sè fíníŋ the water is boiled dīyɛ́ wū di mà fīníŋ his heart is hot syn. jirik; wushar fining [fíníŋ] pl. finingsa [fíníŋsà] v. to dry in the sun Ex. a fining res wu he dried his clothes ba fining gam they dried grass fining [fīníŋ] pl. - n. backyard; garden syn. tsirik firik [fírìk] pl. firiksa [fírìksà] v. to compress; to squeeze Ex. bada di firik ni rosot they squeezed into the place of sitting fis [fís] pl. fissa [físsà] v. to tend; to look after a sick person Ex. tse fis rinyiniŋ ŋon. you 7 Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft writings from the wall à fútsà wúrɔ́ŋ nábàt he keeps cleaning the writing off the wall fwɛsh [fwɛ́ʃ] pl. - [-] v. to kill; to murder; to assassinate especially using two fingers. A cockroach can be killed in this manner. The object of the verb may or may not die as a result of the action. Ex. danjuma á fwɛ̄sh tindet Danjuma killed Tindet ŋ wɔ̂k fwɛ́sh wúnī wō I will not kill it fwɔ [fwɔ́] pl. fwɔsa [fwɔ̌sà] v. to rush over Ex. nòn bá fwɔ́ nàyák a child rushed over for the food non gara ba fwɔ̌sà nàyák schoolchildren rushed over for the food fyang-fyang [fjǎŋfjǎŋ] id. completely; entirely frog jumped bót à fūrūsà a frog jumps áfúrúk furuk [fúrùk] v. to crush grain Ex. bá fūrùk nyɔ̄t lìlyɔ́ they crushed the grain to make food fush [fúʃ] v. to burn Ex. kām nī á fūsh nādɔ̄nɔ̄ŋ the food burnt in the pot. áfūʃ fusɔng [fūsɔ́ŋ] pl. fossa [fōssà] v. to catch Ex. á fūsɔ́ŋ sòm he caught a rabbit nētnī yò à fōssà sóm the man keeps catching rabbits fut [fút] v. 1) to mix Ex. á fút ŋ̀kpènì he mixed the flour syn. mɔt 2) to take part in; to participate Ex. à fútsà bānnēt bā râ hwyɛ̀t he joins people in a fight fut [fút] v. to wipe off; to clean off writing Ex. bá fūt wúrɔ́ŋ nábàt they cleaned Gg gbaras je [gbàrás dʒē] pl. agbaras jē [ágbàrás dʒē] n. cocoyam sp. bigger in size and considered the female. The little ones are not used as seedlings but only the big sp. It must be cooked with extra care or it won't be good for eating. gbat [gbát] a. mighty; big; large; great; huge gbat biseng [gbāt bìséŋ] pl. gbang nibiseng [gbāŋ nìbìséŋ] n.p. large river syn. kabiseng gbat deguro [gbá dìgúrò] n.p. big mountain gbat gwɔm [gbát gwɔ̀m] pl. gbaŋ gwɔ́m [ ́gbāŋ gwɔ́m] n. big chief; king; ruler; district head ruler of the district syn. da gwɔm gbat ta [gbát tá] n.p. rock gbat unot [gbāt únót] n.p. boil gbat wɔp [gbāt wɔ́p] n.p. town; big city like Jos gbayi [gbàjí] pl. - [-] n. brightness; illumination gbɛrɛk [gbɛ́rɛ́k] pl. - [-] n. weakness of the body gbɛrɛk [gbɛ́rɛ̀k] pl. agbɛrɛk [ágbɛ̄rɛ̄k] n. ankle bone gbiŋgbiŋ [gbīŋgbīŋ] a. compulsory gbirim [gbìrím] pl. - [-] a. dark; gloomy gbok [gbòk] pl. - [-] v. to lean gbom [gbôm] pl. agbom [ágbòm] n. baboon gaba [gábá] pl. gabasa [gábásà] v. to fall Ex. biniŋni á gābā nábèn the woman fell on the ground nētnī à gábásà nábèn syn. kpa gacarak [gátʃárák] id. slim gam [gàm] pl. gam [ágàm] n. grass, generic Ex. gàm nì á kōt the grass is dried ágàm nì bá kōt the grasses are dried gangang [gàŋgàŋ] pl. gangang [ ́gàŋgàŋ] n. barrel drum gara [gárá] pl. garasa [gārásà] v. to ride; drive Ex. à gārá tsǎp he drove the car garak [gárák] pl. - [-] n. school garash [gáràʃ] pl. agarash [ágāràʃ] n. male agama lizard (young) garos [gàròs] pl. - [-] n. female name [<B.] gat [gǎt] pl. agat [ágǎt] n. ladder gbak [gbák] adv. strongly; with strength; forcefully Ex. bérèŋ nàyák nī gbák grip this food strongly gbak [gbák] a. stingy Ex. nētnīyò à sè gbákgbák this man is too stingy gbakgbak [gbákgbák] id. describes stinginess; tightfistedness syn. dimak gban [gbàn] pl. gbàn; agban [ ́gbàn; ágbàn] n. granary; barn; silo Gbang [gbàŋ] p.n. Berom language gbang hulɛ [gbáŋ hùlɛ̄] n.p. skink gbara [gbàrà] pl. - [-] n. thunder ►used for swearing 8 Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft Ex. gbôm nì á wúbèk the baboon is black ágbòm nì bá wúbɛ̀k the baboons are black Sc. Papio anubis gbong [gbōŋ] pl. agboŋ [ágbōŋ] n. stick gbɔrɔrɔ [gbɔ̄rɔ̄rɔ̄] id. opening without restriction gburuk [gbúrúk] pl. - [-] a. cripple; handicapped; disabled gbya [gbjà] a. careless gigilɔŋ [gígìlɔ̄ŋ] pl. agigilɔŋ [ágīgìlɔ̄ŋ] n. grasshopper girep [gírép] pl. girepsa [gīrēpsà] v. to support Ex. á gīrēp bérék he supported the tripod stone á gīrēpsà bérék he supports the tripod stone giring gyɔng [ɡìríŋ gyɔ̄ŋ] pl. agiring gyɔng [ágìríŋ gyɔ̄ŋ] n.p. musical bow gon [gòn] n. 1) daughter-in-law 2) bride gong [gwòŋ] pl. agwoŋ [ágwòŋ] n. pumpkin; squash Sc. Cucurbita pepo gucuk [gūtʃūk] v. to gargle gumbang nishi [gúmbáŋ nìʃì] n.p. flood; inundation gurɔk [gùrɔ́k] pl. agurɔk [ágùrɔ́k] n. arrow made of iron used for catching rats, lizards gwong [gwòŋ] pl. agwong [ágwòŋ] n. edge of a portion of land gwot [gwòt] pl. agwot [ágwòt] n. cane rat Sc. Thryonomys swinderianus gwɔk [gwɔ̀k] pl. agwɔk [ágwɔ̀k] n. wild date palm Sc. Phoenix reclinata gwɔk gwɔm [gwɔ̀m] pl. bagwɔm [bāgwɔ́m] n. king; chief; ruler heads a village area; a combination of villages. eg gwɔm kacing; gwɔm ruku etc gyam [gyàm] adv. beforehand; previously Ex. á ŋàsàŋ túmóŋ nī gyàm he had finished the work previously gyaŋ [gjāŋ] pl. agyaŋ [ágjāŋ] n. male name; antelope sp gyerep [gyérép] v. to blockade; to block; to obstruct; to impede; to support Ex. ali ńjɔ̀k á gyérēp kābá tū mà gǎt Ali njok supported the wall of his house with a ladder gyet [gyēt] v. to pass; to follow Ex. ǹzèn nímà gyèt time has passed gyēt nāk názēŋ follow around here gyɔng [gyɔ̄ŋ] v. to rebuke; to chide; to admonish gyɔt [gyɔ́t] s.v. to be thin; to be emaciated; to slim Ex. bìníŋnì á gyɔ̄t the woman became slim í kyɛ̌ sāk á gyɔ̄t níŋ ɛ̄ why is she this thin? Hh hwya kafa [ɥ̥̝ā kāfá] s.v. to be pregnant syn. shan kafa; sok kafa hwyal [ɥ̥̝àl] pl. - [-] n. grass sp. for making brooms. Its new sprouts shows that the cocoyams are ready for harvest hwyan [ɥ̥̝ân] pl. - [-] v. to itch Ex. ūrɔ̄mwū á sè kú hwyàní his body is itching hwyan yisi [ɥ̥̝ân yísí] v.p. to be rough and wicked; to be stubborn Ex. ànētnī à sè mā hwyân yísí this man is rough hwyang narik [ɥ̥̝áŋ nārīk] s.v. to be clean; to be neat; to be tidy hwyang vidi [ɥ̥̝àŋ vídī] pl. - [-] n.p. without truth hay [hāy] v. to take out from atop s.t hihing [hîhìŋ] pl. ahihing [áhīhìŋ] n. owl huhul [hùhùl] pl. ahuhul [áhùhùl] n. cockroach hwak [hwǎk] pl. ahwak [áhwǎk] n. pied crow Sc. Corvus albus hwak hwirek [hwírèk] pl. hwireŋ [hwíréŋ] v. to beat with palm 9 Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft hwyɛng yin [ɥ̥̝ɛ᷇ŋ yín] pron. nobody; no-one hwyɛr [ɥ̥̝ɛ́r] adv. early; on time Ex. á bɛ̄ hwyɛ́r He came early hwyɛt [ɥ̝̥ ɛ̀t] pl. - [-] n. quarrel; dispute; conflict hwyik [ɥ̥̝ìk] pl. ̄ hwyik [ ̄ ɥ̥̝ík] n. testicle; testis hwyirap [ɥ̥̝ìráp] pl. - [-] n. lump on the thigh caused by pains on the foot or hand hwyirap [ɥ̥̝ìráp?] pl. - [-] n. tree sp. Sc. Ficus polita hwyirek [ɥ̥̝írèk] pl. hwyireksa [hɥírèksà; hɥírèŋ] v. to slap; to hit; to strike Ex. à kú hwīrèk He slapped him à kú hwīrēŋsà he slaps him always hwyirɛm [ɥ̥̝írɛ́m] v. to arrive; to reach hwyɔt [ɥ̝̥ ɔ́t] quant. plenty; much; plenty Ex. a se ma tsɔm hwyɔt he has plenty of money hwyul hwyul [ɥ̥̝úl-ɥ̥̝úl] id. smooth Ex. rɔ̄m wū á sé hwyul-hwyul his body is as smooth as that of a snake hwyun [ɥ̥̝ún] a. little; tiny; small hwye [ɥ̥̝è] v. to lust for meat Ex. áyòŋ nētnī à bɛ́ hwyè this man desires meat hwyen [ɥ̥̝èn] pl. ̄hwyen [ ̄ɥ̥̝én] n. snake gen. hwyet [ɥ̥̝ét] v. to escape; to flee hwyet nɛrɛng shang dice [ɥ̝̥ ét nɛ̄rɛ́ŋ ʃáŋ dìtʃē] n.p. exile hwyɛ [ɥ̥̝è] pl. ̄ hwye [ ̄ ɥ̥̝é] n. garden egg Sc. Solanum melongena hwyɛ [ɥ̥̝ɛ̀] a. gentle Ex. yohana a bɛ hwyɛ Yohana is gentle banet mas difɛ danom ba bɛ hwye the preachers of God are gentle hwyɛn [ɥ̥̝ɛ̂n] v. to cover; to close; to shut hwyɛng [ɥ̥̝ɛ᷇ŋ] quant. none, no Ex. hwyɛŋ nì yák yà no food to eat kanamangni yo ka se hwyɛng tsok the young girl has no buttocks hwyɛng anyim [ɥ̥̝ɛ̀ŋ áɲīm] s.v. to be bold; to be courageous hwyɛng karɔ [ɥ̥̝ɛ̄ŋ kārɔ́] pron. nowhere hwyɛng nɔk vidi [ɥ̥̝ɛ̂ŋ nɔ̄k vidi] n.p. doubt hwyɛng utɛs [ɥ̥̝ɛ̄ŋ ūtés] n.p. barren woman Ii ishishit [ìʃíʃìt] n. hiccough isyɛs [īsjɛ́s] n. leg bone iya [ìyá] n. folktale; tale; story; fable izyɛ [ízjɛ̄] int. where? ija [īʤá] n. wealth; riches ikidimen [īkídímèn] dir. north ikidiya [īkídíjá] dir. south right side inyim [íɲīm] n. fear; fright; terror Jj jirik [ʤírík] v. to boil extremely with bubbles (middle) syn. fining; wushar jɔk [dʒɔ̀k] pl. - [-] n. 1) roan antelope 2) male name jɔk [dʒɔ̄k] v. to peel bark off grains Ex. á jɔ̄k nyɔ̄t he peeled the husk off the corn jɔk [dʒɔ̄k] v. to thresh rice or guinea-corn ju [ʤú] c.i. very red juri tat [dʒúrí tát] s.v. to be sour jwɛt [ʤwɛ̌t] pl. jwɛt [́ ʤ ̄ wɛ́t] n. penis; prick used privately ja [ʤā] pl. jas [ʤās] v. to buy ádʒāː ja [ʤá] pl. - [-] n. brideprice jà [ʤà] pl. já [ ̄ dʒá] n. seed jà [ʤà] pl. - [-] n. type; sort; category jakala [dʒákálà] v. to shoulder someone jangnjot [ʤàŋńʤōt] adv. always; forever; eternally Ex. dí nāsáŋ sà dánōm jàŋnjòt we always pray to God jat [dʒǎt] v. to sprinkle je [ʤē] pl. - [-] n. cocoyam; taro Sc. Colocasia esculenta Kk to share Ex. nèyìt á ká kābá nèyák out mother has shared the food syn. tɛn kaban biseng [kàbán bìséŋ] n. stream; kaa [káá] excl. exclamation when you are not telling the truth kaba [kàbà] pl. kabasa [kábásà] v. to divide; 10 Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft kafining [kāfíníŋ] n. clay pot kagbyɛk [kāgbyɛ́k] n. tree sp. with fruits Sc. Ficus thonningii kagyɛs [kāgyɛ̂s] n. animal part from the throat down the chest. Traditionally, this is reserved for the most senior member of the house kahywɛ [kàɥ̥̝ɛ́] n. evening; sunset; twilight; dusk kak [kàk] pl. bakak [bākák] quant. someone Ex. bakak banet ba rasak some people are tall bakak banet ba yi ba sɔbni some people are tall kak netni a yit a sɔbni someone is tall kakarang [kàkárāŋ] pl. nakakarang [nàkàkárāŋ] n. clay pot kakinzen [kákìnzèn] adv. always; all the time; kakpa [kàkpà] pl. nakpa [nàkpā] n. ridge kakumong [kākúmúŋ] pl. nakumuŋ [nàkùmúŋ] n. basket kakuruk [kàkùrùk] n. Ganang dialect place, north of gashish kakusong [kàkúsōŋ] pl. nakusong [nàkúsōŋ] n. axe; hatchet kakye karɔ [kákyè kàrɔ́] pron. everywhere kakyɛn zen [kákyɛ̀n zèn] pron. everytime kalang [kàlāŋ] pl. nalaŋ [nàlāŋ] n. branch kam [kám] n. porridge; tuwo kama [kāmā] n. back kamarabut [kāmārābùt] n. backyard syn. kamari kamari [kāmārí] n. backyard syn. kamarabut kambɔk [kàmbɔ́k] excl. please kameneng [kāmēnéŋ] n.p. bed kameneng dirɔp [kāmēnéŋ dìrɔ̀p] n.p. bed made from clay kan [kàn] n. pauper; poor person kan [kān] s.v. to be white Ex. rìgú ú kān white shirt syn. tɛrɛk kanak [kānák] n. mourning; cry Ex. bá tsē kānák dìkù they went to mourn the death kanamang [kānámāŋ] pl. nanamang [nànámāŋ] n. young girl; maiden; lass kananaŋ [kánánáŋ] n. passage to enter the rivulet; brook kaban bɔk [kābán bɔ́k] pl. naban mbɔk [nàbán m̀ bɔ̀k] n.p. finger kaban diguro [kābán dìgúrò] n.p. hill (big) syn. digung kaban utse [kàkán ūtsé] n. small hoe kaban wɔp [kābán wɔ́p] n.p. village kabani [kābánī] pl. nabani [nàbánī] a. small one; little one kabat [kābát] n. wall (of room) kaben [kābén] n. ground; soil; earth; region; country kabik [kābīk] n. 1) spirit; soul 2) habit; demeanour; character kabik karisik [kābīk kārísík] n.p. bad spirit kabik utsak [kābīk útsàk] n.p. good spirit; holy spirit kabiseng [kābíséŋ] n. river syn. gbat biseng kabu [kābú] pl. nabu [nàbù] n. dog; hound kabu yit [kābú jìt] n.p. jackal Sc. Canis adustus kabung [kābúŋ] n. dust kaɓarang [kāɓārāŋ] v. to push Ex. á kāɓārāŋ kám nī he pushed the food kacam bya [kàtʃám bjā] pl. nacam bya [nàtʃám bjā] n.p. twin kacang [kátʃāŋ] n. corn chaff kacɔlɔm [kàtʃɔ̀lɔ̀m] 1) n. roan antelope 2) p.n. female name [<B.] kada shɔn [kādá ʃɔ̀n] pl. ndashɔn [ǹdâʃɔ̀n] n.p. small black ant sp. kadakyɛn [kādákʲɛ̂ n] n. house-bat kadunung [kàdúnúŋ] pl. nadunung [nàdùnúŋ] n. pot kadus [kādūs] n. fly whisk for dance performances kafa [káfá] n. 1) stomach 2) pregnancy kafa kaseng [káfá kàséŋ] n.p. anger; rage; fury syn. naman kafa kawe [kāfá kāwé] n.p. sadness syn. diyɛ diwe kafa rɔ [kāfá rɔ̀] n.p. stomach ache kafat [kāfát] pl. nafat [nàfàt] n. fence kafeneng [kāfénéŋ] n. pot kafɛs [kàfɛ́s] pl. nafɛs [nàfɛ́s] n. twin 11 Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft kasamang [kāsámáŋ] pl. nasamang [nàsàmáŋ] n. young man Ex. kásámáŋnī yò ká sé mā hwyɛ̀ the young man is humble nàsàmángní yò bá sé mā hwyɛ̀ the young men are humble kasasak-kasasak [kāsásāk kāsásāk] id. everlasting; forever; eternal kasatsɛ [kāsâtsɛ̀] n. ant hill; termite mound syn. tos kashining [kàʃínīŋ] n. sack katasa [kātásà] n. courtyard; space within the house kate [kāté] loc. middle Ex. kāté kābásáŋnī kátésìk the middle of the river is deep syn. nate kati [kātí] n. forehead kating [kàtìŋ] pl. nating [nàtīŋ] n. mason wasp Sc. Belenogaster griseus katsereng [kātsēréŋ] pl. natsereng [nātsēréŋ] n. calabash; gourd Ex. kātsēréŋnī ká fō the calabash is broken nātsēréŋnī ná fōròk katsereng mas [kātsēréŋ mǎs] n.p. measure katson [kátsòn] adv. tomorrow Ex. kátsōn dīwɔ́p tsē dīshɔ́n tsɔ̄myīt tomorrow we shall get our money katuk [kātúk] n. night katuk tsatumong [kàtúk tsātúmóŋ] p.n. Monday katuk wuso [kàtúk wùsō] p.n. Sunday katuk yitkafa [kàtúk jìtkāfá] p.n. Tuesday katuk yitkaratat [kàtúk jìtkārátát] p.n. Saturday katuk yitkatat [kàtúk jìtkātát] p.n. Wednesday katuk yitkaton [kàtúk jìtkātôn] p.n. Friday katul [kàtūl] n. sorcery; activities of witches katut [kātút] adv. today Ex. kātút dídì wyɛŋ today we were lucky katut yitkanas [kātúk jítkànàs] p.n. Thursday; fourth day kau [kàù] n. basket kawum [kàwùm] n. hunting kayɛt ri [kājɛ́t rí] n.p. compound; inside the house kayit [kājít] n. bush compound kanang [kánáŋ] v. to fry (in oil) kanarang [kānáráŋ] pl. nanarang [nānáráŋ] n. bangle; bracelet kanatat [kànátát] num. seven kandat [kàndát] a. better Ex. kàndát ŋón màmì better you than me kàndát bitrus mà toma better Bitrus than Thomas kandiriŋ [kándíríŋ] n. ceiling grain store kangarak-kangarak [kāŋáràk-kāŋáràk] adv. abnormal breathing kanggang [kǎŋgàŋ] v.n. lying on your back kanne [kānnē] a. white one kanon [kānōn] pl. nanon [nànōn] n. bird (gen) kanu [kānū] pl. nanu [nànū] n. mouth kanu biseng [kānū bìséŋ] n.p. river-bank kanutu [kànútú] pl. nanutu [nànútú] n. door kanutu ŋkɔn [kànútǔ ŋ̀kɔ̀n] n.p. wooden door kanutu tsɔm [kànútǔ tsɔ̄m] n.p. iron door kaŋ ren [káŋ rēn] v.p. to regret kapu [kápú] n. raincoat made from wild date palm kar [kár] pl. akar [ákār] n. monkey kar weni [kár wènì] pl. bakar baweni [bákār bāwénì] n.p. black monkey kara [kàrà] pl. akara [ákàrà] n. hawk karang gang [kàráŋ gāŋ̀] v. to wear a cloth inside out karang wɔk [kārâŋ wɔ́k] n.p. crab karap [kàráp] pl. bakarap [bákáráp] n. prostitute; whore; harlot karatat [kārátá] num. six karo rɛs ŋkyɛng [kāró rɛ̀s ŋ̀kjɛ̀ŋ] n.p. market karo sot [kāró sōt] n.p. chair; seat karos [kārōs] n. vapour karɔ [kárɔ́] n. place kasa [kāsá] pl. kasasa [kāsásà] v. to select; to choose; to elect kasa [kāsá] pl. nasa [nàsà] n. house Ex. kāsá madugu ká sás the house of Madugu is good nàsàyìt nà sás our houses are good kasa ishosh [kāsá ìʃóʃ] n.p. bee-hive kasa kanon [kāsá kànōn] pl. nasa nanon [nàsà nànōn] n.p. nest 12 Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft [ák͡ pàrà nàʃì] n.p. canoe kpara sot [kpārā sót] pl. akpara sot [ákpàrà sót] n.p. stool; seat kparap [kpáráp] n. finger millet; tamba Sc. Eleusine coracana kazatse [kāzâtsè] n. world kazumung [kāzūmūŋ] n. outside the house kɛrɛrɛng [kɛ́rɛ́rɛ́ŋ] id. plainly kibak [kíbàk] pl. kisap [kísàp ] v. to keep; to hold for a while; used to mark a limited time frame Ex. kíbàk úkōt nē hold the knife dályōp à kísàpsà úkōt nē Dalyop holds the knife syn. bereng kibak kanu [kíbàk kānū] pl. kisap nanu [kísàp nānū] n.p. fasting kiɗak [kíɗàk] v. to fit; to match Ex. A nos kiɗak It fits ko ngan [kó ŋǎn] pron. anybody ko ŋan [kô ŋǎn] pron. everybody; everyone kok [kók] v. to pack Ex. kók rés nàk nábèn pack things from the ground kon [kón] pl. konsa [kónsà] v. to rub; to scrub kor bom [kɔ̄r bɔ́m] n. one-string fiddle kos [kós] pl. kossa [kóssà] v. to vomit; to puke; to barf; to retch kos [kós] v. to pack, especially food Ex. nɛ̀yìt à sè kós nìyák our mother packs food kot [kōt] a. dry kot [kót ] v. to cut hair; to shave kɔ [kwɔ̌] v. to grind; to crush Ex. á kɔ̌ nyɔ̄t lìlyɔ́k he griound the corn to make food kɔk [kɔ́k] v. to pull; to drive Like pulling a car. Ex. kɔ́k tsǎp pull a car à kɔ́ksà tsǎp he drives a car kɔn [kɔ́n] n. tree, generic kpa [kpá] v. to begin; to start syn. misyang kpa [kpā] v. to fall Ex. tsǎpnī á kpā ní yɛ̀t nishi the car fell into the water syn. gaba kpa nazani [kpā náza᷅ nɛ̄] v.p. to fall on kpaɗɔk [kpáɗɔ́k] pl. ba kpɔɗɔk [bá kpɔ̄ɗɔ̄k] n. leper kpak [kpák] pl. akpak [ák͡ pāk] n. he-goat kpaksak [kpàksàk] pl. akpaksak [ákpàksàk] n. shoe Ex. kpàksàknì à wúbèk the shoe is black ákpàksàknì bá wúbèk kpam kam [kpàm kám] n. stale porridge kpang [kpàŋ] pl. ikpang [īkpáŋ] n. vagina syn. tɛs kpara mok [kpàrá mók] n.p. radio; wireless kpara nashi [kpàrà nàʃì] pl. akpara nashi kparap kparap [kpáráp] n. tin kpas-kpas [kpàskpàs] id. suddenly; without reason kpɛ [kpɛ̌] n. 1) stone hammer 2) grindstone (upper) kpɛ [kpɛ̀] a. describes disorganised person kpɛ [kpɛ̀] adv. randomly; anyhow Ex. nàyák nìsè nírínī kpɛ̀ food is anyhow in the house kpɛrɛ [kpɛ̀rɛ̀] pl. akpɛrɛ [ák͡ pɛ̀rɛ̀] n. fingernail kpɛrɛs [kpɛ̀rɛ́s] s.v. to be awake Ex. ŋgon ne ka se kpɛrɛs the boy is awake syn. cwɛt kpɛt [kpɛ́t] pl. kpɛtsa [kpɛ́tsà] v. to prune; to cut the top of a plant Ex. á kpɛ́t dīcé nyɔ̄t he cut off the head of guinea corn bá kpɛ́tsà īcé nyɔ̄t they always pluck the head of the corn kpɛt [kpɛ́t] v. to pluck kpin [kpîn] n. headgear especially for women without coverage syn. mbong kpinzit [kpìnzít] a. naked; nude; bare kpit [kpìt] a. short kporong [kpōróŋ] n. leprosy kpɔkɔlɔk [kpɔ̀kɔ̀lɔ̀k] pl. bakpɔkɔlɔk [bákpɔ̀kɔ̀lɔ̀k] n. barren woman kpɔrɔk [kpɔ̀rɔ̀k] id. confusion ku [kú] v. to die ku [kú] pron. him; her Ex. à kú tsà he accompanied him gyaŋ à kú shān Gyang received him kub [kúb] n. power; strength; force kufam [kúfām] pl. - [-] n. rib kukon [kùkón] n. sesame leaf 13 Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft kusom [kúsóm] pl. kusomsa [kúsómsà] v. to cough Ex. mì ń kúsóm I cough à kúsómsà he coughs kusom [kùsóm] pl. ukusom [ ́kūsōm; úkūsōm] n. chameleon kusɔ tyang [kúsɔ́ tjǎŋ] sal. good morning kusɔm [kūsóm] n. cough kusu [kūsú] v. to wash Ex. kūsū résnī yà wash that cloth kut [kūt] pl. bakut [bākút] n. witch; wizard kutson [kūtsôn] n. elbow kwak uto [kwāk útō] v.p. to warn kwám [kwám] n. burnt remnants of food kwot [kwòt] s.v. to be dry Ex. àrèrèpnì á kwòt the tree sp. is dried kwɔn [kwɔ́n] n. fight; combat kwɔ́ŋ [kwɔ́ŋ] v. 1) to clean off 2) to iron a cloth kwyɛng [kwjɛ́ŋ] pl. kwyɛŋ; akwyɛŋ [ ́kwjɛ̄ŋ; ákwjɛ̄ŋ] n. hawk kyes [kjés] n. excrement; stool; shit; faeces; dung; manure kyɛk [kyɛ́k] a. only kyɛl [kyɛ́l] c.i. very white kyɛs [kjɛ̀s] n. lie kyɛt [kjɛ́t] v. to hatch (egg) Ex. ǹnyōn á kyɛ̀t nnɔ̀n chickens have hatched her young kukum [kúkùm] n. leopard Ex. kúkùm à bánàŋ a leopard is strong ákùkùmnì bá bánàŋ kukusɔk [kùkúsɔ̀k] n. loincloth kuma [kùmà] pl. bakuma [bákùmà] n. widow Ex. kùmànì à sè dāŋ nàyák the widow has no food bákùmànì bá sé dāŋ nàyák the widows do not have food kumung [kúmùŋ] v. to bend; to curve kunung [kūnúŋ] v. to fold into a fist kuŋkwɔ [kúŋkwɔ̌] n. chaff kurdɔk [kúrdɔ̄k] pl. kurdɔk [ ́kūrdɔ̄k] n. tortoise kuro [kùrò] pl. ukuro; akuro [úkùrò; ákùrò ] n. 1) handle (of tool) 2) quarter (of time) kurok [kúrók] v. to pour kurɔk [kúrɔ̀k] pl. kwɔk; kwaksa [kwɔ́k; kwáksá] v. to draw; to pull; to tow; to drag Ex. à sè kwɔ́k nìshì he is drawing water bá sè kwɔ́k tsǎpnī they are pulling the car bá kūrɔ̀k tsǎpnī nāk ní dìbōn they pulled the car from the hole á kūrɔ̀k nìshì he drew water kurɔk tɔ [kúrɔ̀k tɔ̀] v.p. to reprimand kus [kús] pl. - [-] v. to faint Ex. nētnī á kūs the man has fainted bānēt nī bá kūs the people fainted kushan [kúʃān] v. to save; to rescue Ll lading [làdíŋ] pl. balading [bálàdíŋ] n. pocket syn. lambak lambak [làmbák] n. purse; bag; pocket syn. lading lamushe [lámùʃé] n. borassus palm fruit dug from the ground and used as a ball Sc. Borassus aethiopium langak [làŋkák] n. hooked stick for plucking fruits leŋ [léŋ] n. tree sp. Very hard and grows in rocks lilyɔk [lìljɔ́k] n. cereal porridge lishak [līʃák] v. to spoil; to destroy lishak diyerek [līʃāk dījérék] n.p. defamation of character liwul [líwúl] pl. - [-] n. sweet potato Sc. Ipomoea batatas [<H.] lɔ [lɔ̀] sal. welcome lyop [ljǒp] n. duiker [<B. yop] lamushe Mm maka [mākā] v. to challenge; to try; to test; to tempt malan [màlān] n. male name [<R.] 14 Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft mi [mì] pron. I Ex. mì yit net maas. I am learning mì ń cáràk I hit mindili kɔt [mìndílí kɔ́t] v.p. to swim under the water syn. pwa mindiyɛ [míndíjɛ̀] n. calm; peace of mind misyang [mìsjáŋ] v. to begin; to start; to commence syn. kpa mok [mōk] n. gossip mos [mōs] v. to swell; to inflate mɔi mɔi [mɔ̀í mɔ̀í] id. tasteless; bland mɔt [mɔ́t] v. to connect; to join syn. fut mu [mù] v.aux. past marker mundu ɗat [múndú ɗàt] n.p. eye dirt muru gyet [mùrú gyɛ̄t] n.p. white edible grub murum [mùrúm] pl. 'murum ['mùrúm] n. hyena Sc. Crocuta crocuta malau bja [màlāū bjā] n.p. butterfly mandili kɔt [màndílí kɔ̄t] a. describes entering water and appearing on the surface again later mandom [màndóm] n. sword sheath mandom [màndóm] n. backpack made from animal skins worn for dance performance and for carrying things. mangoro [máŋgòrò] pl. amangoro [ámāŋgōrò] n. mango [<H.] manjorok [mànʤórók] n. worm sp. maŋgat [màŋgāt] n.p. parrot mas [mǎs] v. to learn Ex. ḿ mǎs nyě tsǎp I learned to drive a car nēt mǎs dīfɛ̄ dánōm yòŋ this is the one who teaches the word of God mas [mǎs] v. to measure; to gauge mas [mās] v. to laugh masara [màsárá] pl. bamasara [bámàsàrā] n. white person; European mat [mát] v. to mould into shape Ex. á māt dìrɔ́p dìnōk he moulded the building clay matek [màtèk] pl. batek [bāték] n. man Ex. màtèkwù à bɛ́ dīsɔ́t her husband is greedy bātékbān bá bɛ́ dīsɔ́t their husbands are greedy matmat [màt màt] id. smooth Ex. à sè màtmàt he is smooth mbɛ [m̄ bɛ̄] v. to have mbong [m̀ bòŋ] n. cap syn. kpin mbos [m̀ bòs] n. unfermented grain beer men [mēn] v. to lie down mes [més] v. to lay mɛ [mɛ̀] v. to be big mɛlɛ [mɛ̄lɛ̄] adv. pacified; petted Ex. bànyíníŋ báshím bàdà bá mɛ̄lɛ̄ women like to be pet mɛsɛng [mɛ̄sɛ́ng] n. beginning; start syn. tsa mgbɛk [ḿgbɛ̀k] pl. - [-] n. cheek murum mus [mús] pl. bamus [bámūs] n. cat mviri [mvìrí] n. line mviririviŋ [m̀ vìrìrívīŋ] n. shield bug mvow [mvòw] n. female name which refers to the name of an animal mwash [mwàʃ] adv. now; at once; immediately Ex. bɛ̂ nyínī mwàsh come now mwashmwash [mwàʃmwàʃ] id. immediately; now; at once syn. nizenni mwɛlmwɛl [mwɛ́lmwɛ́l] id. sharp mwɛs [mwɛ̄s] s.v. to be sour mwɛy-mwɛy [mwɛ̀y-mwɛ᷅y] id. bad taste; spoilt Nn naa nushɔn [náː nùʃɔ̂n] adv. later; after; subsequently; hereafter Ex. ná nùshôn kāzâ tsè nr̀ kúwa̋ k sàs hereafter, this world will look good nabak [nābák] v. to offer nabasaŋ [nàbàsáŋ] n. breast milk nabos [nàbòs] n. dream nabut [nàbǔt] n. persecution; suffering nagaram [nàgàrám] pl. - [-] n. side whiskers nakai [nàkāī] pl. banakai [bánàkāī] n. 15 Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft nashi nayisi [nàshì nàjìsí] n.p. tears nashon [nāʃôn] loc. in front of; before Ex. á sōt náshón bàn he sat in front of them nasok nakan [nàsòk nàkān] n.p. attractive character people like you wherever you go lit. white blood nasok nawe [nàsók nàwè] n.p. badly behaved person unattractive personality lit. black blood nasɔk [nàsɔ̀k] n. blood nate [nátè] loc. middle; centre Ex. tsè sòt nyínī nátè bàn go and sit in their middle syn. kate natɛn [nàtɛ̀n] pl. - [-] [Nghar dial.] n. beard natok rɛt [nàtɔ̀k rɛ̄t] n.p. potash liquid and used for making soup nawu [nàwù] n. shadow; shade nayak [nàják] n. food nazani-nazani [nazani-nazani] adv. up-up; abnormally nchwɛp [ǹtʃwɛ̀p] n. hiss ncincyɛ [ǹʧínʧʲɛ̀] n. saliva; spittle; sputum ncuro [ǹtʃūrō] pl. - [-] n. sorrel seed used for making a fermented cake. Its leaves can used for soup nda [ǹdà] n. sleep ndarashɔn [ǹdâʃɔ̀n] n. sandfly ndat [ndát] a. instead; better Ex. ǹdát wú better for him ǹdát dīkúnɛ̄ Better death ndelak [ǹdélák] n. below the tongue ndene [ǹdēnē] n. grass sp. with sharp leaves ndɛm [ǹdɛ́m] pl. bandɛm [bándɛ́m] n. soldier Ex. ǹdɛ́m á fɛ̀t àtàŋ soldier killed a thief bándɛ́m bá fɛ̄s bātáŋ soldiers killed the thieves ndo [ǹdō] quant. many Ex. bánōk nàsà n̄ dō they built many houses ndos [ǹdǒs] n. sesame; beniseed Sc. Sesamum alatum ndɔn [ǹdɔ̌n] pl. bandɔn [bāndɔ́n] n. fool; idiot; nitwit; nincompoop ndɔn [ńdɔ́n] n. foolishness; folly; stupidity ndurɛt [ǹdúrɛ̄t] n. 1) cruciform whistle played for various ceremonies, includng celebrating birth etc. 2) transverse clarinet made in different sizes. It was traditionally grandmother; older one naki [nākī] loc. beside; next to Ex. sòt nákínī sit by the side nakpe [nàkpé] n. grass sp. eaten by many animals nakum [nàkùm] n. flying ant; termite black; comes out at day nakwey [nàkwèj] n. hair nakwey nu [nàkwèj nū] n.p. moustache nakyes [nákyés] loc. outside Ex. wùrùk nákyés come outside àdòmnì à sè nákyés the yam is outside syn. nizu naman [nàmàn] [Kakuruk dial.] n. annoyance syn. kafa kaseng name nasyeng [nàmè nàsjèŋ] n.p. palm-oil namma [námā] loc. behind Ex. sòt námā mì sit behind me nan [nǎn] p.pron. mine Ex. fèbék nī à yı̋ t nǎn yó this book is mine fú ŋōn mā nǎn bá sé ǹtyɛ̂ŋ yours and mine are equal nanan [nànàn] v. to argue; to dispute; to quarrel nanang [nánáŋ] v. to survive nanyi [náɲí] loc. across Ex. Yesu á tāt nányí zèknī Jesus went across the river naŋ [nāŋ] v. to give to naŋ [naŋ] conj. 1) then Ex. ń tsé nárí, nāŋ ŋ́ kūsú ùrōm nāŋ ú fɛ̄ nɛ̄ What did you say then? 2) but Ex. ḿ bɛ̄ nāŋ n̄ dí dī wò I came but I did not see you narakat [náràkát] n. earthworm; worm naru [nàrù] n. black plum nas [nās] num. four nas [nás] n. gift; offering Ex. tímótì yò à bɛ̂ nás Timothy has a gift nás nōm gift of god nās [nās] v. to broadcast; to scatter in different directions this is done by beating acha on a calabash allowing it to spray in different direction Ex. nās tsón broadcast the acha nasang [nàsàŋ] pl. nasansa [nàsánsà] v. to beg; to plead Ex. á bɛ̄ nāsáŋ tsɔ̄m nībɔ́k ŋōn he came to beg for money from you kú nàsàŋ beg him ŋ̀ kú nàsàŋ I beg him à nàsánsà tsɔ̄m kákìnzèn he begs for money all the time 16 Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft nɛd mas [nɛ̄d mǎs] n.p. teacher nɛd tɔn [nɛ̄d tɔ́n] n.p. blind person nɛn [nɛ́n] n. abdomen nɛn [nɛ́n] loc. under; below; underneath Ex. nàràŋnì à sè ní nɛ̂n kàrɔ̂sōt the phone is under the chair nɛryɛng [nɛ̄rjɛ̀ŋ] v. to hide; to conceal nɛt [nɛ̄t] v. to bury; to inter nɛt dinɛn [nēt dìnɛ̄n] n.p. sinner nga [ŋā] v. to uproot weeds from plants nga karak [ŋà kárák] pl. banga karak [báŋà kārāk] n.p. crab ngak [ŋ̀gàk] n. choke Ex. áwūnɔ́ŋ dīnām dī kúngāk he swallowed some meat and it choked him ngas [ŋàs] pl. bangas [bāŋás] n. daughter ngat [ŋǎt] pl. ngang [ŋǎŋ] v. to scratch using finger nails ngbilik [ŋgbílík] c.i. very black ngga' niyang [ŋ̀gáʔ nīyàŋ] excl. that is the final; it is the last nggari [ŋ̀gàrí] n. lazy person; idler ngkpe nyɔt [ŋ̀kpè ɲɔ́t] n.p. corn flour ngkung kwɔ [ŋ̀kúŋ kwɔ̌] n.p. acha chaff ngkyɔk [ŋ́kyɔ̀k] pl. - [-] n. female agama lizard Sc. Agama agama ngwai [ᵑgwáí] pl. - v. to injure; to wound syn. nɔk naman ngyow [ŋ̀gyów] n. eye defect ni [ní] pron. me Ex. à ní nɔ̀k nì yák he gave me food bā ní nɔ̀k rés they gave me cloth ni zane [ní zǎnē] s.v. to be on ni-nzik [ní ǹzik] int. when? niba nta [nìbá ǹtà] n.p. pebbles nibasang [nībāsáŋ] n.p. milk nice [nītʃē] dir. east nifɛk [nīfɛ́k] n. news nik [ník] n. anus nikis [níkís] n. stammerer; stutterer nime [nìmè] [Nghar dial.] n. oil nimen nkpas [nìmè ǹkpás] pl. - [-] n.p. atili oil; olive oil niming [nìmìŋ] [Nghar dial.] n. dew ninggang [nìŋgàŋ] n. glue; gum ninom [nínōm] n. afternoon played to honour a hunter who caught a large animal ndurung [ǹdùrúŋ] n. roof cap ►the final part of a roof ndwe [ǹdwèy] adv. quickly; fast; rapidly Ex. à tsēŋsà ndwèy he walks fast à tsēŋ ndwey ndwey he walks quickly-quickly syn. ŋgyam ndwey [ǹdwèì] v. to hurry; to hasten ndwɛ [ńdwɛ̀] n. leaf sp. edible ne [né] loc. at; on; upon ned kawum [néd kāwùm] pl. ned kawum [néd kàwùm] n.p. hunter ned nushon [nēt nūʃôn] n.p. leader ned tu [nēt tú] n. blacksmith; smith nek [nēk] adv. since Ex. nēk ùrè ń sé zèŋ I've been here since yesterday nep [nép] v. to shine syn. dep nerit [nèrít] n. women's dance nerit batek [nèrít bàték] n.p. men's dance neriyat [nèrìját] n. leaf for soup net [nét] pl. banet [bánét] n. person net akak [nēt ákàk] pron. someone; somebody Ex. nēt ákàk à sè kābɛ́k somebody is coming net bɔk [nēt bɔ́k] n.p. rich person net difɛ [nēt dìfɛ̄] n.p. announcer net digba [nēt dìgbà] n.p. Fulani person lit. person of hut net ki [nēt kí] pl. banet ki [bānēt kí] n.p. neighbour net nasang [nét nāsáŋ] n.p. beggar net ririm [nēt rìrím] n.p. lunatic; mad person net ruku we [nēt rùkū wé] n.p. police net tom [nēt tóm] n.p. messenger gbat net tom 'apostle' non tom danom 'angel' net tot [nēt tót] n.p. shephard; security net ya hwyen [nēt já ɥ̥̝én] pl. banet ya hwyen [bānēt já hɥèn] n.p. Tarok person net zuzɔ [nēt zúzɔ́] n.p. Yoruba person but more generally referring to people with tribal marks netek [nèték] pl. banetek [bánèték] n. mother-in-law nɛ [nɛ̀] n. mother; mum; ma 17 Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft no [nō] s.v. to be fat Ex. biniŋni á nō the woman got fat nēt á nō the man is fat nok [nōk] pl. nōksà v. to build; to construct; to weave Ex. ŋ́ wɔ́k nōk úcìt I will weave the mat à sè nōk kásá He is building a house. nom [nōm] n. sun non mas [nòn mǎs] n.p. learner; disciple nɔk [nɔ̌k] v. to give c/o. sum nɔk dice [nɔ́k dītʃé] v.p. to surrender nɔk dishɔn [nɔ́k dīʃɔ̄n] v.p. to respect nɔk nas [nɔ́k nás] v.p. to sacrifice nɔk vidi [nɔ́k vǐdī] v.p. to believe nɔs [nɔ̀s] v. to enter; to go in nsong [ǹsòŋ] n. breath nsum [ǹsúm] n. shame; embarassment ntong [ǹtòŋ] n. ashes ntɔk [ǹtɔ̀k] n. salt ntseng [ǹtséŋ] n. smoke ntsi [ǹtsì] v. to forbid; to prohibit ntyɛng [ǹtɛŋ] adv. equal; exactly; precisely; specifically Ex. á fɛ̄ ǹtɛŋ he spoke well á rā dīfɛ̄nī ǹtɛ̂ŋ he spoke well ̊ǹtɛ̂ŋ zɛ̀ŋ yó it is exactly here ntyu [ǹtyǔ] n. extraordinary act; evil act nure [nûrè] adv. yesterday Ex. nûrè kārɔ́ nì ká shē rìmì yesterday, the place was cold nus [nús] v. to smell; to stink Ex. útǔ kés ká nūs the toilet smells syn. fuk ŋkɔn nusong [nūsóŋ] pl. nos [nós] v. to throw away nvya [ǹvjà] pl. nvya [ńvjà] n. arrow nyak [ɲāk] pl. nyak [ ̄ɲák] n. dwarf cow nyak yit [ɲák jìt] n.p. buffalo; bushcow Sc. Syncerus kaffer nyam [ɲām] pl. nnyam [ɲɲām] n. antelope nyam yit [njām jìt] n.p. animal (bush) nyang [ɲàŋ] pl. banyang [báɲàŋ] n. scorpion nyas [ɲàs] n. wickedness; evil nye [ɲé] pl. nyesa [ɲésà] v. to cook referring to food items with the exception of root foods Ex. bānyíníŋ bá nyés nàyák the women are cooking food nye [ɲé] v. to fix; to repair; to mend; to patch syn. nyi niri [nírí] n. home nirik [nìrìk] n. rubbish heap; trash heap; garbage heap nirɔ kakak [nîrɔ́ kākák] pron. somewhere nishi [nìʃì] [Nghar dial.] n. water nishi kanag [nìʃì kánáŋ] n. light gruel nishi ŋkon [nìʃì ŋ̀kón] n.p. palm-wine nishɔr [nìʃɔ̀r] v. to shrink; to get old nitin [nītīn] dir. west nityɛk [nìtʲɛ̀k] n. urine; piss niya nyi [níya᷇ ɲí] n. opposite side niyang [nīyāŋ] prt. focus niyɛt [níyɛ̀t] loc. inside; in; within Ex. níyɛ̀t bānēt nīyò kàk bàn à rísìk one within these people is not a good person nizang [nízàŋ] dem. there Ex. ŋ́ wɔ́k nízàŋ I went there nizeng [nízèŋ] dem. here Ex. á bɛ̄ nízèŋ he came here nizeni [nîzènnì] adv. immediately; at once; now Ex. nîzènnì bìnìfɛ̄ mā yíː at that time, the woman spoke to us syn. mwashmwash nizu [nîzù] loc. outside Ex. bānētnī bá sî sōt nâzù the people live outside syn. nakyes njiru [ⁿʤīrū] n. half done; half cooked and refuses to be ready. njwa kam [ǹʤwá kàm] n.p. leaf sp. used for making grain poridge nkon nvya [ŋ̄kón ǹvjà] p.n. bow nkpai [ŋ̀kpāī] pl. bankpai [báŋ̀k͡ pāī] n. deaf person nkpas [ǹkón ǹkpás] n. atili; olive nkpe [ŋ̀kpè] n. flour; powder nkyangtsi [ǹkʲàŋtsì] n. taboo nkyɛng [ŋkyɛ́ŋ] pron. something nkyɛng wo [ŋkyɛ́ŋ wǒ] pron. nothing nkyol [ŋ̀kyól] n. shrub sp. nna [ńnā] n. intestine nnan [ńnān] n. flat rock nney ukon [ńnèí ùkòn] n.p. root of tree nnɛn [ńnɛ̄n] n. cloud syn. wut nnot [ńnōt] n. scabies nnyim [ɲ́ɲīm] n. fear Ex. à bɛ́ ɲ́ɲīm he is afraid fók ɲ́ɲīm à sás wō fear is not good 18 Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft nyon nishi [ɲón nìʃī] n.p. duck nyoro [ɲòrò] n. bird sp. nyɔgɔdɔk [ɲɔ́gɔ́dɔ́k] a. narrow; constricted nyɔk [ɲɔ́k] v. to have sex syn. nyim rɔm nyɔt [ɲɔ̀t] n. grain nyɔt kurɔk [ɲɔ̄t kùrɔ́k] n. maize; corn Sc. Zea mays nyɔt yas [ɲɔ̄t jâs] n.p. guinea-corn; sorghum Sc. Sorghum bicolor nyuruk [ɲùrùk] v. to kneel nzen [n̄ zèn] n. 1) time 2) season nzen kak [ńzè kàk] pron. sometimes; occasionally nyes [ɲés] n. cooking nyi [ɲí] v. to decorate; to ornament nyi [ɲí] v. to mend; to fix; to repair syn. nye nyim [ɲìm] v. to meet; to encounter nyim banet [ɲím bānēt] n.p. fellowship nyim rɔm [ɲīm rɔ̄m] v.p. to have sex syn. nyɔk nyin [ɲín] pron. you pl. Ex. nyin nisi tyaŋe? are you all doing well? nyin nisi yas you all are eating bɛ nyini you should come nyip [ɲìp] n. spinach nyirim [ɲírím] v. to plaster nyon [ɲōn] pl. nnyon [ɲ́ɲōn] n. chicken; hen; fowl Ŋŋ ŋgbɛng [ŋ̀gbɛ̄ŋ] n. brain ŋgbɛrɛ [ŋ̄gbɛ́rɛ́] n. gruel alternate name for millet beer by some people ŋgbiring [ŋ̀gbírīŋ] n. lemon ŋguŋgɔr [ŋ̀gúŋgɔ̀r] v.n. snoring ŋgurum [ŋ̀gúrùm] n. seeds of the wild date palm Sc. Phoenix reclinata ŋgyam [ŋ̀gjàm] adv. before time; early Ex. átsē nárɔ̄ tùmú ǹgyàm he went to the workplace early syn. ndwey ŋkara [ŋ̀kārā] num. eight ŋkɔn [ŋ̀kɔ̀n] n. smell; aroma; odour; fragrance ŋkɔt [ŋ̀kɔ̄t] n. shrine ŋkut [ŋ̀kùt] n. cultism; witchcraft you are not born with a propensity to witchraft but are initiated by older witches. Both male and female ŋkyɛng [ŋ̄kʲɛ́ŋ] pl. nkyɛng [ŋ̀kʲɛ̀ŋ] n. thing ŋkyɛng uto [ŋ̀kʲɛ̀ŋ útò] n.p. ear-ring ŋkyol [ŋ̀kyól] n. fruit sp. edible ŋmirit-ŋmirit [ŋmírít-ŋmírít] id. describes slim and weak person ŋon [ŋón] pron. you sg. Ex. ŋon u foka? do you hear? ŋon u yit ashɔn you are a leader ŋuluk [ŋ̀gùlúk] n. vulture ŋamang [ŋàmáŋ] pl. ŋŋamaŋ [ŋ́ŋàmāŋ] n. armpit ŋan [ŋǎn] int. who? ŋar [ŋár] n. Ganang dialect further north, but south of gashish ŋarak [ŋárák] v. 1) to climb; to ascend; to go up 2) to mount; to ride ŋas nyining [ŋàs ɲìníŋ] n.p. sister ŋasa [ŋāsā] pl. ŋasasa [ŋásásà] v. to breastfeed; to suck (breast) Ex. bìníŋnī à sè ŋāsá ŋ̄gōn the woman is feeding the child á ŋāsā vɛ̌t she sucked the breast ŋàsnì à sè ŋásá vɛ̀t the girl is sucking at the breast ŋàsnì à sè ŋásásà vɛ̀t the girl always sucks the breast ŋasak [ŋàsāk] pl. baŋasak [bàŋāsāk] n. maternal uncle ŋasang [ŋásàŋ] v. to finish; to complete; to end ŋayo [ŋǎjò] int. which? ŋgara [ŋ̀gàrà] n. shrub sp. ŋgarafe [ŋ̀gáràfē] n. shrub sp. ŋgarau [ŋ̀gàràù] n. physic nut; shrub sp. used for medicine. Sc. Jatropha curcas ŋgbai [ŋgbáí] n. fimbry grass Used in those days as matress for children for adding a mat above. ŋgbang [ŋgbāŋ] a. scarce; rare Pp 19 Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft startled Ex. á sōt pōdɔ̀k he sat suprised pu [pù] n. sloppy porridge pwa [pwǎ] v. to swim syn. di wɔk; mindili kɔt pām [pām] n. male name; animal sp. [<B.] pik [pík] pl. apik [ápīk] n. kidney pjǒt [pjǒt] a. open pɔɗɔk [pɔ́ɗɔ̀k] s.v. to be surprised; to be Rr ririm [rírím] n. madness; lunacy risik [rísìk] pl. barisik [bārísík] a. bad; evil risip [rísìp] v. to kick rit [nàrít] n. dance Ex. ŋàsnì à rén nàrít the girl knows how to dance rit [rít] v. to dance Ex. ŋàs Hiridus á rīt the daughter of Herod can dance rit [rít] v. to stir tuwo; to turn; to mix Ex. ŋàsnì á rít kām the girl can stir the tuwo robok [róbók] s.v. to be heavy Ex. kúrósàknì yák nì à róbók the place for keeping food is heavy roni [róní] v. to ban; to deny; to prohibit rosok [rósòk] v. to obey rɔk [rɔ́k] n. disease; sickness; illness rɔm [rɔ̀m] pl. - [-] n. body rɔn [rɔ̄n] s.v. to be tired; to be weak Ex. mû rɔ̀nɛ̄ are you tired? ŋón rɔ́nsàwɛ̄ don't you get tired? rɔndɔng [rɔ̀ndɔ́ŋ] pl. barɔndɔng [bárɔ̀ndɔ̄ŋ] n. cow rɔs [rɔ̀s] pl. barɔs [bárɔ́s] n. friend; companion; mate ru [rū] s.v. to be attacked by weevils; to be eaten up Ex. zézèk nì á rū the bean has been attacked by weevils rubok [rúbók] n. weight rubɔ [rūbɔ́] v. to fall (rain) ruguduk [rùgùdùk] id. describes falling ruku [rùkū] n. shirt; blouse ruku dice [rùkū dìʧè] n. veil rumong [rúmóŋ] v. to bite run kama [rún kāmā] pl. - [-] v.p. to support Ex. à sè rún kàmà wū he supports him rusok [rúsòk] v. to follow; to pursue; to chase rusom [rúsòm] v. to tie; to fasten especially wood rwei [rwèí] v. to melt ryak [ryàk] n. bell syn. rɛng ra [rá] v. to touch ra bom [rā bōm] v.p. to sing Ex. ànētnī à sè rá bóm the man is singing ra dife [rá dīfɛ̄] v.p. to talk; to deliberate ra dinye [rá dīɲé] v.p. to reconcile ra diyisi [râ dîyísí] n.p. hypocrisy ra tseng [rá tsēŋ] n.p. journey; trip; voyage ra-kambɔk [rá kàmbɔ́k] excl. sorry radiye dikan [rādījé dìkān] v.p. to celebrate raja [râʤā] v. to bargain; to haggle raŋon [ráŋón] v. to refuse; to reject Ex. joshua à sè fɔ́n Joshua is resting raron [ràrón] n. locust bean Sc. Parkia biglobosa rasak [rásàk] n. to grow (plants) rawal [rāwál] pl. - n. locust rén [rén] n. dispute; disagreement Ex. nòn à sè rá rén the children are in dispute rén [rén] v. 1) to know 2) to experience rèn [rèn] pl. aren [ārēn] n. road; path; track; trail; highway reneng [rénéŋ] a. bitter rereneng [rérènēŋ] n. gall bladder rerep [rérèp] n. thorn tree Sc. Faidherbia albida res [rés] pl. - [-] n. 1) clothes 2) luggage; items ret [rèt] pl. iret [īrét] n. giant cricket rɛmɛt [rɛ̀mɛ́t] n. impotence rɛng [rɛ̄ŋ] n. bell syn. ryak rɛp [rɛ́p] v. to sell rɛs [rɛ́s] v. to lick rikɔt [rīkɔ́t] n. one who gossip; chatter riming [rímíŋ] v. to quench; to extinguish rinyining [rìɲìníŋ] pl. barinyining [bárìɲìníŋ] n. brother Ex. rìɲìníŋmì á bɛ̄ my brother came bárìɲìníŋmì bá bɛ̄ my brothers came rip [ríp] v. to ask; to request 20 Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft ryɛng [rjɛ̄ŋ] n. place used by rainmakers for summoning rain ryol [rjōl] pl. - [-] n. bedbug syn. ɓulɛ ryang [rjāŋ] v. to sweep; to brush Ex. á ryāŋ 'túnī he swept the room à ryāŋsà kātásā he sweeps the compound Ss shak [ʃàk] quant. all shak banet [ʃàk bānēt] pron. everyone shak maneng [ʃàk mánèŋ] conj. even though shak nkyɛng [ʃàk ŋkyɛ̀ŋ] pron. everything shakarak [ʃákárák] id. mix; spread syn. sat shakarak [ʃákárák] id. disfigured; tattered; frustrated peron shan [ʃán] v. to receive; to take; to get syn. syɛ shan dicɛ [ʃān dītʃé] n.p. salvation shan kafa [ʃán kāfá] s.v. to be pregnant ►at the early stage syn. hwya kafa; sok kafa shan vidi [ʃân vídī] n.p. faith shash [ʃǎʃ] pl. ishash [īʃáʃ] n. stink ant Sc. Paltothyreus tarsatus sheb kpa [ʃèb ́kpá] n. gourd used for wine shim [ʃím] v. to answer; to reply; to respond; to accept Ex. àní shìmní ànē àní shìm she answered that she loves me shim [ʃīm] 1) n. to love; to like; to desire Ex. ǹ shím kànámāŋnī I love the girl 2) v. to want; to need shim tinjwang [ʃím tíndʒwāŋ] n.p. lust; passion; desire shim wo [ʃîm wō] v.p. to hate; to detest shimang [ʃìmáŋ] n. harmattan ►Between September to October shiming [ʃīmíŋ] v. to awaken shingɔt [ʃīŋgɔ̄t] n. food prepared from threshed grain shining [ʃínìŋ] v. to fill with shirik [ʃìrík] pl. ishirik [ ̄ʃírík] n. small red ant sp. Ex. ʃìrík á kū the ant is dead īʃírík bá kūs the ants are dead shirim [ʃírìm] n. cold; harmattan shisheng [ʃíʃèŋ] v. to exchange Ex. ń nɔ̀k shíshèŋ tsɔ̄m give me change of money shishi [ʃíʃí] n. to swear shit tong [ʃít tòŋ] n.p. rainbow sho [ʃò] sal. greetings cf. Berom sho mabɛ [ʃò mābɛ́] sal. welcome sa bwai [sà bwáí] p.n. Ganang clan sa gbak [sà gbàk] p.n. Ganang clan sa gyɛs [sà ɡjɛ́s] p.n. Ganang clan sa long [sà lòŋ] p.n. Ganang clan in Kai sa ndong [sà ǹdòŋ] p.n. Ganang clan sa nyɔrɔ [sà ɲɔ́rɔ́] p.n. Ganang clan sa vow [sà vòw] p.n. Ganang clan in Ngar Sa wang [sà wáŋ] p.n. Ganang clan sak [sák] v. to preserve; to keep; to store sam [sàm] pl. basam [bāsám] n. slave samang [sámáŋ] v. to snatch; to grab; to seize sanafa [sànâfà] num. ten sanafa kanas [sànáfà kānās] num. forty sanafa-kafa [sànáfà kāfá] num. twenty sanafa-kanatat [sànáfà kānātát] num. seventy sanafa-karatat [sànáfà kārátát] num. sixty sanafa-ŋkara [sànáfà ŋ̀kārā] num. eighty sanafa-sanatat [sànáfà sānâtàt] num. ninety sanatat [sānâtàt] num. nine sarak [sáràk] v. to split; to break wood; to tear anything Ex. á sārāk rùkū wū he tore his shirt á sāràk ŋkòn he split firewood sas [sás] s.v. to be precious; to be valuable; to be good sat [sǎt] v. to scatter; to spread syn. shakarak sè [sè] v. to be ►copula used in equative sentences sek [sék] v. to shift; to move; to budge Ex. sék nāk názèŋ shift from this place seng [syɛ̄ŋ] s.v. to be red; to be ripe Ex. mangoro nì á séŋ the mango became ripe seng [sèŋ] a. red Ex. bòn á sèŋ a red goat tsǎp wū à yít dì syèŋnì yó his car is red sengne [sèŋnè] a. red one sere [sērē] a. slippery Ex. àrènì à sérē the road is slippery serek [sērék] v. to slip away Ex. á sērék nāk ná zà ūtū he slipped away the house seren [sèrèn] n. opportunity; chance 21 Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft sho nyini [ʃò ɲínī] sal. greetings to you all shosh [ʃōʃ] a. hot; warm; heat caused by circumstances Ex. kāzánì ká shōsh the place is hot ūwɔ́pnī ā kú shōsh nī the town is hard on him shosh [ʃōʃ] v. to roast; to grill Ex. danjuma á shōsh dīnāmnī Danjuma roasted the meat danjuma à shōshsà dīnām rɛ̌s Danjuma roasts meat for sale shosh [ʃóʃ] pl. ishosh [ ̄ʃóʃ] n. bee shɔd [ʃɔ̀d] v. law; judgment shɔk [ʃɔ́k] v. to force feed a child Ex. bá sè shɔ́k ŋgōn the child is being force fed bāshɔ́ksà nòn children are being force fed shɔn [ʃɔ̄n] pl. bashɔn [bāʃɔ̄n] n. older sibling shɔn kasa [ʃɔ̄n kàsà] n.p. eldest male in the family shɔt [ʃɔ̀t] n. judgment shɔt [ʃɔ̌t] v. to pinch shukuk [ʃúkúk] pl. ishukuk [ ́ʃūkūk] n. cola shukuk nta [ʃúkúk ǹtà] n.p. gravel shunong [ʃūnóŋ] n. dassie; rock hyrax; rock rabbit Sc. Procavia capensis shúshót [ʃúʃót] n. place for hanging grain in the kitchen shushu [ʃúʃú] v. to sift; to kiss sisyɛng [sīsjɛ́ŋ] n. sense sizang [sīzāŋ] v. to be kept aside; to sanctify; to consecrate sok [sòk] v. to take; to carry sok dinyi [sôk dìɲī] v.p. to bear; to plead sok kafa [sók kāfá] s.v. to be pregnant syn. hwya kafa; shan kafa sok wɛng [sôk wɛ́ŋ] v.p. to gamble; to wager; to bet som [sòm] pl. ́som [ ́sóm] n. hare; rabbit Sc. Lepus capensis song [sòŋ] v. to breathe Ex. à sè sóŋ názǎnīnázǎnī he breathes up-up (abnormally) sot [sòt] v. to sit sotyu [sòt jú] s.v. to keep quiet; to be silent sɔ [sɔ́] v. to drink sɔ́ ɔ̀bɔ́k [sɔ́ ɔ̀bɔ́k] v.p. to shake hands sɔb [sɔ̌b] a. tall; high sɔng [sɔ̄ŋ] n. tree sp. it's leaves and branches are poisonous and tend to be used by fishers to catch fish su [sǔ] v. to stir Ex. á sǔ ŋ̀kpè kám he stirred the tuwo suk [súk] pl. asuk [ásùk] n. stick used for stirring tuwo and soup sum [sūm] v. to bear; to produce fruit c/o. nɔk suruk [sūrúk] v. to pull off feathers swang ta [swàŋ tá] n.p. sugar-cane syɛ [sjɛ̄] v. to get; to receive syn. shan syɛm [sjɛ́m] v. to weed syɛp [sjɛ́p] v. to peel with a knife syɛs [syɛ́s] pl. syɛs ntak [syɛ́s ǹtàk] n.p. calf of leg shunong shunuŋ [ʃūnúŋ] n. dassie; rock rabbit Sc. Procavia capensis shura [ʃùrà] n. termite sp. brownish syn. zɛ shurɓwe [ʃùrɓwé] n. shrub sp. whose leaves can be used for washing clothes shurub [ʃúrùb] v. to skip Ex. à tsēŋ wú shúrōb nàrɔ̄ he walks and skips some places shuruk [ʃúrùk] v. to mould Tt ta [tá] pl. tarang [táràŋ] v. to shoot ta kɔ [tâ kɔ̌] pl. nta kɔ [ǹtà kɔ̌] n.p. grindstone taba [tábà] n. tobacco tabak [tàbák] v. to advise; to counsel ta [ˋtá] pl. nta [ǹtà] n. stone Ex. tá nī á fò the stone broke ǹtà nì ná fòròk the stones are broken ta [tá] n. comfort; sweetness ta [tá] n. loan; credit ta [tā] s.v. to be sweet 22 Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft te hau [té hàù] pl. - [-] v.p. to yawn te kabak [té kàbàk] v.p. to blink the eye te kporok [tè kpòròk] v.p. to surprise te kunu [té kūnū] v.p. to course te lɔ [té lɔ̀] a. comfortable; relaxed te mbit [té m̀ bìt] pl. - [-] v. to disappear; to vanish Ex. filip á tē m̀ bìt Philip disappeared te mɔt [té mɔ̌t] v.p. to drop in the mouth The giver of s.t. asks the receiver to quickly drop the thing being given onto their mouth. te mwat [té mwát] v. to continue te tuk [té tùk] s.v. to be calm te tyaŋ [té tjǎŋ] s.v. to be fine te yisi [tê jísí] v.p. to observe; to notice tek [tēk] pl. batek s.v. to be valuable; to be important; to be nice teng [téŋ] v. to run teng ne [téŋ né] v.p. to circumcise tere [tērē] excl. thank you! tes [tès] n. genitals; private parts; pudenda [used to avoid mentioning the private parts of either a man or woman] tes [tés] v. to give birth; to deliver tɛn [tɛ́n] pl. tísɛ́ŋ v. to cut; to divide Ex. tɛ́n ūkónnī cut the tree tísɛ́ŋ ūkónnī cut the tree [many people] à tísɛ́ŋsà ŋ̀kònnì he cut the trees syn. kaba tɛnɛng [tɛ́nɛ̀ŋ] v. to guard tɛrɛk [tɛ̀rɛ́k] 1) a. white Ex. rìgú ú tɛ̀rɛ́k white shirt 2) s.v. to be white syn. kan tɛs [tɛ̀s] pl. itɛs [ītɛ́s] n. vagina syn. dibɛn; kpang tik [tîk] v. to drop Ex. áyàŋ nētnī à sè tîk nàk názàk kón that ant is dropping from the top of the tree syn. cineng tim [tím] pl. - v. to shiver; to tremble from cold or fear tindet [tìndēt] n. grasshopper tindyɛr [tīndyɛ́r] n. disturbance Ex. áyòŋ nētnī á màk tìndyɛ̄r this man disturbs [people] too much tiri [tìrì] v. to go round tirik [tìrík] v. to turn around Ex. tirik kama ŋun turn your back ā tīrīksà kā má mān tabɔk [tàbɔ̀k] pl. itabɔk [ítàbɔ̀k] n. male grasshopper tabush [tàbùʃ] n. olive stone; atili seed tabyat [tàbját] n. shrub sp. whose oil can be extracted from the seeds and used to cure ear sickness in children tagbak bɔk [tāgbák bɔ́k] n.p. thumb tagbak tak [tàgbák tàk] pl. atagbak ntak [átàgbák ǹtàk] n.p. toe tagbam [tágbām] pl. atugbam [átūgbām] n. tree sp. tai [táí] v. to chew tak [tāk] v. to arrange one thing on another tak [ták] pl. ntak [ǹtàk] n. leg tanaŋ [tánáŋ] v. to stir soup Ex. kànámāŋ ká sè tánáŋ dīnīŋ the girl is stirring soup nàkèynì à rén tánáng dīnīng the old woman knows how to stir soup tang [táŋ] v. to cut; to pick off the ground especially small leaves tang [tàŋ] pl. bātáŋ [bātáŋ] n. thief; robber; pilferer; burglar tarak [tárák] v. to open; to undo; to unfasten tarang [táráŋ] v. to pay táráŋ [táráŋ] n. ice tas [tās] v. to resemble; to look like tas [tàs] pl. natas [nàtás] n. cave; cavern tas bɔk [tās bɔ́k] n.p. palm (hand) tas tak [tàs tàk] pl. tas ntak [tàs ǹtàk] n.p. sole of foot tat [tát] v. to cross river tat [tàt] num. three tat [tát] v. to zinc; to roof a house Ex. á tāt útǔ he roofed the room bá tátsà nàsà they continually roof houses tat [tát] v. to shine lightly Ex. nōm né á tāt the sun shone tatang [tátàŋ] n. penis; prick te [té] v. to put on; to wear te [té] v. to cause te bam [té bàm] v.p. to forget te deɓet [té dèɓét] pl. - [-] n. to light te diyɛ [té dījɛ́] v.p. to hope; to put heart te gbong [te gbóŋ] v.p. to drink all; to drink completely 23 Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft tseneng [tsènéŋ] pl. ntseneng [n̄ tsénēŋ] n. louse tseng [tsēŋ] v. 1) to go 2) to walk tsɛk [ʧɛ́t] v. to seek; to search for; to look for tsɛk [tsɛ́k] pl. tsɛksa [tsɛ́ksà] v. to cut (leaves) Ex. bìníŋ nī à sè tsɛ́k dīnīŋ the woman is cutting the leaves for soup áyòŋ nētnī àréŋ tsɛ́k dīnām this man knows how to cut meat hwāŋ nēt fâ tsɛ́ksà bwāī no one cuts the soup of bwai tsɛn [tsɛ̀n] pl. itsɛn [ítsɛ́n] n. dish; plate tsɛn kam [tsɛ̀n kām] n.p. bowl for eating tuwo tsɛn nishi sɔ [tsɛ̀n nìʃì sɔ̀] n.p. bowl for drinking water, bigger than the mudu. No longer in use today. tsɛndicɛ [tsɛ̀n dìʧè] n.p. headpan; helmet tsɛr [tsɛ́r] v. to cut slowly; slaughter Ex. tsɛ́r nyōn krismas cut the Christmas chicken á tsɛ̄r ràndɔ́ŋ he slaughtered a cow tsɛs [tsɛ́s] pl. itsɛs [ítsɛ̄s] n. python tsɛ́t [tsɛ́t] v. to find; to look for tsɛy-tsɛy [tsɛ̌ytsɛ̌y] id. gasping for air; tsi [tsī] pl. -- n. spear grass Sc. Imperata cylindrica keep turning back tiring [tírìŋ] v. to stumble; to trip; to hit your leg on a stone Ex. á tìrìŋ ták he stumbled on the leg tisik [tísìk] s.v. to be deep tok [tók] v. to fetch especially from the river tom [tóm] v. to send n.. tumong tom nggyang [tóm ŋ̀ɡjáŋ] n.p. horn of an antelope sp. used to make a head-dress. Said to be borrowed from the Ron people. ton [to᷈n] num. five ton [tón] v. to deny; to refute; to reject top [tòp] n. grass sp. with a stem used as a flute. Used locally as a straw tos [tós] v. to sew tos [tós] v. to weep; to cry Ex. ŋ̄gōn ká sè tós zòŋ the child is crying from hunger ń tōs I cry tos [tòs] n. ant hill; termite mound syn. kasatsɛ tos kabɔk [tós kàbɔ́k] v.p. to repent tosma [tósmā] n. blame tot [tót] v. to expect; to wait for tɔ [tɔ́] pl. ntɔ [ǹtɔ̀] n. neck tɔk [tɔ́k] v. to incite; to stirr trouble tɔn [tɔ́n] n. blindness tɔ́t [tɔ́t] n. to hold a child by the leg tsa [tsā] num. first; beginning syn. mɛsɛng tsa fɛ [tsā fɛ̄] n. to herald; to speak first tsak [tsàk] s.v. to be holy; to be sacred; to be righteous tsang [tsàŋ] n. theft; robbery; burglary; pilfering tsap [tsǎp] n. 1) horse 2) car; motor; vehicle tsap digung [tsǎp dìgùŋ] n.p. camel tsap kɔkrɛs [tsǎp kɔ̀krɛ́s] n.p. mule tsap nashi [tsǎp nàʃì] n.p. ship; boat tsap ntaknifa [tsǎp ǹtàknìfà] n.p. bicycle; bike; cycle tsap zadinɛn [tsǎp zàdìnɛ̄n] n.p. aeroplane; plane; aircraft tsarak [tsáràk] n. trap tse [tsé] pl. ntse [ǹtsè] n. hoe tse [tsɛ̄] v. to attend; to go tsen [tsèn] n. stranger; guest; visitor tsi tsib yisi [tsīb jísí] v.p. to mock especially without saying anything but using signs tsibik [tsībík] v. to twist; to dislocate Ex. á tsībík úbɔ́k wū he dislocated his leg tsid [tsíd] v. to draw tsid [tsìd] n. beer syn. dice utsit tsim [tísím] v. to sneeze Ex. dáték nī á tīsīm the old man sneezed tsip; utsip [tsìp] pl. ̄tsíp n.p. vein tsirik [tsírík] pl. - [-] n. garden surrounding house syn. fining tsiritsan [tsírìtsàn] n. thorn tso [tsò] v. ochre; red stone Rubbing ochre powder formerly helped people withstand attacks from other peoples. Now, it is 24 Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft tu [tú] v. to smith; to forge túbók [túbók] v. to tie after the two pieces have snapped off tubuk [túbù] v. to pierce; to stab tubush [tùbùʃ] n. oil palm tumong [tūmōŋ] pl. ntumoŋ [ǹtùmóŋ] n. work v.. tom tun [tún] pl. turung [túrúŋ] v. to uproot; to remove turɔp [túrɔ̀p] v. to remind; to remember syn. yiring turuk [túrûk] v. to hit; to beat; to strike syn. carak; tsot turuk [tùrùk] pl. baturuk [bátùrùk] n. ram turuk [túrûk] v. to sprout; to bud; to germinate tus [tûs] v. to plant tushushush [tūʃúʃúʃ] id. describes hard meat tusok [tùsók] n. pepper tusong [túsòŋ] v. to insult; to abuse tusuk [tūsúk] n. maggot tusung [túsùŋ] v. to collect; to gather tyang [tjǎŋ] n. wholeness; entirety tyɛk [tyɛ́k] v. 1) to reduce 2) to fetch from a sack tyɔp [tyɔ̌p] id. sound of light object thrown in water mostly used for rubbing on the body in special occasions. tsok [tsók] pl. ntsok [ǹtsòk] n. buttocks tsom [tsòm] n. war; battle; combat tson [tsón] pl. - [-] n. fonio; acha Sc. Digitaria exilis tsong [tsòŋ] pl. ́tsoŋ [ ́tsòŋ] n. mushroom; fungus tsot [tsót] v. to beat; to strike; to hit; to thresh Ex. bá tsót dīnón they threshed the acha á tsót ŋgón wū he beat his child syn. carak; cwɛy; turuk tsot gangang [tsót gàŋgàŋ] v.p. to beat drum tsot pwa [tso᷇t pwǎ] v.n. swimming tsɔ [tsɔ̄] n. calabash that is small and can be grown tsɔk [tsɔ́k] pl. batsɔk [bátsɔ̄k] n. frog tsɔm [tsɔ̄m] pl. atsɔm [átsɔ̄m] n. iron; metal tsɔm [tsɔ̄m] n. money; cash tsɔm ben [tsɔ́m bèn] n.p. tax tsɔm nishi [tsɔ́m nìʃì] n.p. interest (money) tsɔn [tsɔ̂n] pl. itsɔn [ītsɔ́n] n. cock; rooster tsumung [tsùmùŋ] n. spitting cobra Sc. Naja nigricollis tsumung-bos [tsùmùŋ bòs] n. whirlwind syn. uwun tsundong [tsūndóŋ] pl. natsundoŋ [nàtsùndóŋ] n. fireplace; hearth Uu ube [úbè] n. winnowing tray ubut [úbùt] pl. abut [ábùt] n. hut ubyak [úbyàk] n. insouciance ucak [ūʧák] n. pestle uci [úʧì] n. forest udun [ūdún] pl. ndun [ǹdùn] n. rope; cord udung [údùŋ] pl. - n. mortar of wood ufot [ūfót] n. wound ufot fa [ūfót fà] n.p. ulcer; sore; abscess ufu [ūfú] n. acha balls Error generating content for string: 'cf. Berom bogòm' ►Fonio is soaked in water and pounded. The flour is then mixed with sweet potatoes. Together they are moulded into a dough. The dough is mixed with water. Usually, this is preferred by farmers in the farm. The flour can also be used for kunu. ufwam [ūfwám] n. mud ugwɔm [úgwɔ̄m] n. chest uhwyɛ [úɥ̥̝ɛ̀] n. conscience ukom [ūkóm] pl. nkom [ŋ̀kòm] n. corpse; dead body; cadaver; carcass ukom ŋkon [ūkóm ŋ̀kòn] n. bark of tree ukon tubush [ūkón tùbùʃ] pl. nkon tubush n. oil palm Sc. Elaeis guineensis ukon tubush 25 Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft utom [ūtóm] pl. ntom [ǹtòm] n. transverse horn used for music but not in tuned sets. Typically played to accompany masquerades utsarak [útsàràk] pl. atsarak [átsàràk] n. ankle rattle (iron or palm leaves) utse [ūtsé] pl. ntse [ǹtsè] n. big hoe utsi shash [ūtsı᷇ ʃāʃ] n. rice utsit [ūtsīt] n. fermented beer utsot [ùtsòt] pl. ntsot [n̄ tsót] n. double-edged sword utu [útū] pl. ntu [ǹtǔ] n. room utu dikan [útú dìkàn] n.p. hospital; clinic utu kes [útǔ kés] n.p. toilet utu kɔs [ūtū kɔ̄s] n.p. bedroom utu kusu [ūtū kūsú rɔ̄m] n.p. bathroom utu ntong [útū ǹtòŋ] n.p. kitchen syn. utung nyes utu sak arɛs [útǔ sàk rɛ́s] n.p. warehouse; store utu shɔt [útú ʃɔ̀t] n. court utu sot [ūtú sòt] n.p. parlour utu woso [útû wòsó] n.p. church utu yɛt [útû jɛ̌t] n.p. inner room utung nyes [útūŋ ɲěs] n.p. kitchen syn. utu ntong utyang [ūtʲǎŋ] n. cure uwun [ūwǔn] n. wind; gale; breeze syn. tsumung-bos uwuwush [úwīwīʃ] n. stubbornness; obstinacy syn. banang dice ukop [ūkòp] n. navel ukot [úkōt] pl. nkot [ŋ̀kòt] n. knife ukot langak [úkōt làŋgák] n.p. sickle ukpa [ūkpá] n. skin úkpɛ̀rɛ̀ [úkpɛ̀rɛ̀] n. nails (of hand and legs) ukup [ūkúp] n. strength ukup [ūkúp] pl. ŋkup [ŋ̀kùp] n. bone ukup yisi [ūkúp jīsí] pl. - [-] n.p. eyebrow ukwap [ūkwáp] n. loan ukwɔn [ūkwɔ̂n] n. spear ulan [úlān] n. female name [<R.] uney [ǹnêj] n. grandchild uro [ūró] n. play urong [ūróŋ] n. fire; flame urɔk [ūrɔ́k] pl. nrɔk [ǹrɔ̀k] n. sickness; illness; disease urum [úrùm] n. tail uryɛk [ùrjɛ̀k] pl. naryɛk; aryɛk [nàrjɛ̀k; àryɛ̀k] n. grave; tomb usap [ūsáp] pl. - [-] v.n. poison; toxin usas [ūsás] n. blessing ushirik [ūʃírík] n. bug ushishi [ūʃíʃí] n. oath ushit [úʃìt] pl. ǹʃìt n. mat ushum [úʃùm] n. mercy; compassion usɔk [ūsɔ́k] num. twelve usɔp [ūsɔ́p] n. distance; length uta [ūtá] pl. nta [ǹtá] n. debt uto [útò] pl. nto [ǹtò] n. ear Vv visisif [vísísís] id. closely Ex. a su kurusok visisis he is following closely vorotot [vɔ̀rɔ̀tɔ̀t] a. very sharp Ex. ukotni u se vorotot the knife is sharp vat [vǎt] n. rizga an edible tuber Sc. Plectranthus esculentus vɛt [vɛ̀t] n. female breast; bosom; boob; tit vidi [vídī] v. truth; believing Ww wal [wál] n. cutlass; matchet; machete wangalang [wáŋgáláŋ] id. wide open wap [wàp] n. bag warak [wērék] v. to throw warak [wàràk] adv. loosely Ex. á rùsùŋ ūdúnnī wàràk he tied the rope loosely biniŋni a rusuŋ dice gamni warak the woman tied the head of the grass loosely waram [wārām] v. to broadcast in one direction Ex. á wārām tsón ná dìkwɔ̄ he broadcast acha in the farm warat [wárát] v. to strip off wat [wāt] s.v. to surpass; to exceed; to be better than Ex. áyòŋ rùkūnī á wāt áyaŋ 26 Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft wɔp [wɔ́p] pl. ŋwɔp [ŋ̀wɔ̀p] n. town; city Ex. wɔ́p plateau ká sás the town of plateau is good ŋ̀wɔ̀p nigeria bá sé mà bìrɔ̄p the city of nigeria is having trouble wu [wú] pron. he; she; it Ex. wu a yit ashɔn he is an elder wu a bɛ difuk he is jealous wubek [wúbèk] s.v. to be black Ex. nētnī à wúbèk the man is black wuni [wúnī] pron. it Ex. wúnī yòŋ it is this one ú bàrá wúnī zɛ̄? where did you drop it? wunɔng [wūnɔ́ŋ] v. to swallow wura [wūrá] v. to do syn. ra wuram [wūrām] v. to spray net especially a net on the sea wurɛm [wúrɛ̀m] v. to peep wurɔk [wúrɔ̀k] v. to deceive; to trick; to mislead; to dupe wuruk [wùrùk] v. to come out; to exit wurum [wùrúm] pl. - [-] n. java plum wushar [wūʃār] v. to boil (extreme) syn. fining; jirik wuso tyang [wūsō tjǎŋ] sal. good afternoon wusong [wūsóŋ] n. younger sibling wusum [wúsúm] v. to clean wusum [wúsúm] v. to scrub wut [wút] n. thick cloud syn. nnɛn sás this shirt is better than that one watkup [wātkúp] v. to defeat; to vanquish; to conquer; to overcome wayi [wàyí] neg. no; not used as a response to questions Ex. wàyí ŋ wɔ́k ná yìt wō no, I will not go to the bush syn. wo we [wè] a. black Ex. áyòŋ kɔmputa màsánī à yít wēnè yó this white man's computer is black bòn á wè black goat kābú nī yò kāyít kā wénè this dog is black we [we᷇] v. to whistle wene [wènè] pl. bawene [bāwénè] a. black one weneng [wénéŋ] n. marriage; wedding wɛng [wɛ́ŋ] n. success; victory; triumph wishishish [wíʃíʃíʃ] id. describes slim person wit [wít] pl. awit [áwīt] n. waist wiwi [wìwí] n. television wo [wò] neg. no; not Ex. ḿ bɛ̄ nāŋ n̄ dí dī wò I came but I did not see you syn. wayi won [wón] v. 1) to leave Ex. wóm wúnī leave him alone 2) to quit; to avoid; to abstain won dinɛn [wón dīnɛ̄n] v.p. to forgive wɔg [wɔ́g] v.aux. imperfective marker wɔn [wɔ́n] v. to cook root crops Ex. laraba à sè wɔ́n 'jē Laraba is cooking cocoyam bá wɔ́nsà dom they always cook yam Yy yes [jés] v. to call yɛ' [yɛ́ʔ] excl. Tut tut! when someone isn't doing the right thing, it is said to drive away the argument yɛt wɔp [jɛ̀t wɔ́p] n.p. town; central place yi [jí] v. to steal; to rob; to pilfer yikyɛk [yīkyɛ́k] excl. expression of disagreement yikyik [yíkyík] loc. far away; distant; remote Ex. bá sé yíkyík màyít they are far away from us yirɛ [jìrɛ́] v. to watch; to look syn. di yiri [yírì] v. to drive; to ride Ex. à yírì tsǎp he is driving a car à sè yīrì kèké he is pushing the bicycle yirik [jírík] v. to push as a door Ex. yírík tá ya [yà] dem. that Ex. kūsū rés nī yà wash that cloth nēt nī yà that person syn. ayang ya [já] s.v. to be sharp Ex. úkōtnī ú yá the knife is sharp ya [já] pl. iya [íjá] n. story; narrative; tale; folktale; fable ya [já] v. to eat; to consume Ex. dí sè yás we are eating yá nàyák eat food ya kanushon [já kānūʃōn] v.p. to continue; to persist ya nta [yá ǹtà] v.p. to take a loan yaaba [jáàbá] n. groundnut Sc. Arachis hypogaea yaja [já kāsá] v.p. to inherit yaka neng [yákà nèŋ] c.m. therefore yakuk [yākûk] excl. shouts over a loss 27 Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft yɔr [yɔ̀r] s.v. to be sad; to be worried; to be bothered yu [jǔ] n. soul; essence of a person which can be captured and tied up by a witch as part of a system of flesh-debts. If the witch is identified they can be forced to untie it and it returns to the person yu [jú] a. quiet; silent yuro [júrō] num. hundred ywei [ɥèí] n. wisdom nī push the stone yiring [jírìŋ] v. to remind; to remind syn. turɔp yiseng [jìsèŋ] v. to stand yisi [jísí] n. face yisi tak [jísí ùtàk] n.p. ankle yit [jít] pron. we Ex. yit di si mas we are laughing yít dí carak yo [yò] dem. this Ex. kūsū rés nī yò wash this cloth syn. ayong Zz zom utom [zòm ūtóm] pl. zom utom [ ́zòm útóm] n.p. xylophone played for festivals zong [zòŋ] n. hunger; starvation; famine zos [zós] n. fish zɔm [zɔ̂m] pl. bazɔm [bázɔ̀m] n. son-in-law zɔs [zɔ́s] n. locust bean cake zu [zù] pl. - [-] n. sickness that causes misbehaviour zubo [zúbò] pl. azubo [ázùbò] n. nose Ex. zúbònì à rásàk his nose is long ázùbòbàn bà rásàk their noses are long zuk [zúk] n. bulrush millet Sc. Pennisetum americanum zumbut [zùmbùt] id. describes falling on buttocks zuruk [zúrúk] n. filth; dirt; muck zut [zǔt] v. to take out s.t. from a bag zut [zùt] s.v. to be stripped of hair; to remove hair especially in animals and humans Ex. bá zút nyōnī they stripped the feathers from the chicken zuzɔ [zúzɔ́] n. tribal mark zuzuk [zùzùk] pl. uzuzuk n. cactus Sc. Euphorbia kamerunica za [zà] n. rain za [zà] pl. iza [ízà/ 'zà] n. pig za yit [zà jìt] n.p. bush pig zaani [zàánī] loc. up; above; on a slight distinction is made between heaven and up Ex. dánōm à sè níŋ zàánī god is above dánōm à sè níŋ zà dìnɛ̄n god is in heaven zadinen [zàdìnēn] n. sky zām [zām] pl. bazam [bāzám] n. age mate zaŋ [záŋ] dem. there zek [zék] n. sea; ocean Zekerek [zɛ́kɛ́rɛ́k] p.n. village name zen [zèn] adv. former times zen [zèn] a. old; elderly Ex. ruku wuni a yit di zene yo the shirt is an old one bānēt yīt bā fá zènnè our old people zeng [zèŋ] dem. here ►short form of nízèŋ zere [zèrè] n. shrub sp. used for zither strings zerek [zɛ̀rɛ́k] n. leaf sp. zɛ [zɛ̀] n. termites which come out at night syn. shura zɛbɛrɛng [zɛ̀zɛ́rɛ̄ŋ] pl. nzebereng [ńzèbérēŋ] n. mosquito zɛk [zɛ́k] n. lake; pond; pool; dam zìkpít [zìkpít] n. zebra mouse ziming [zímíŋ] v. to shake off zîn [zîn] n. porcupine zining [zìnīŋ] num. one zip [zìp] pl. bazip [bàzíp] n. bush fowl; francolin zit [zìt] pl. bazit [bāzít] n. relation; relative zizek [zízèk] n. cowpea; bean zom [zòm] n. raft-zither made of grass stems zuzuk zuzuk diguro [zùzùk dìɡórò] n.p. hill cactus zuzuk kukan [zùzùk kúkān] n.p. white cactus sp. 28 Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft zwey [zwéy] pl. ˋzwey [ˋzwēy] n. red headed agama lizard Sc. Agama agama zwɛl [zwɛ́l] v. to strangle syn. disɔt zyɛng [zjɛ̄ŋ] n. dry zwey 29 season Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft abdomen n. nɛ́n2 abnormal breathing adv. kaŋarak-kaŋarak abnormally adv. nazaninazani above loc. zaani abscess n.p. ufot fa abstain, to v. won 2 abuse n. ditok zard n. dang1 agama lizard n. zwey agama lizard (young) n. garash age mate n. zām aircraft n.p. tsap zadinɛn all quant. shak all the time adv. kakinzen always adv. jangnjot; adv. kakinzen amity n. dirɔs ancestors n.p. bafa zen anger n.p. kafa kaseng animal (bush) n.p. nyam yit animal sp. n. pām; n. gyaŋ ankle n.p. yisi tak; n.p. diyisi tak ankle bone n. gbɛrɛk1 ankle rattle n. utsarak announcement n. difɛ2 Aa abuse, to v. tusong acha n. tson acha balls n. ufu acha chaff n.p. ngkung kwɔ; n. dinon across loc. nanyi add, to v. barang 2 admire, to v. dishɔn admonish, to v. gyɔng announcer n.p. net difɛ annoyance n. ditsin; n. naman [Kakuruk] answer, to v. shim2 ant hill n. tos2; n. kasatsɛ antelope n. nyam anus n. nik anybody pron. ko ngan anyhow adv. kpɛ1; adv. bɛs apologise, to v.p. nɔk kambɔk argue, to v. nanan arm n. bɔk armpit n. ŋamang aroma n. ŋkɔn arrange, to v. tak1 arrest, to v. fusong arrive, to v. hwyirɛm arrow n. nvya; n. gurɔk ascend, to v. ŋarak 1 Bb baboon n. gbom back n. kama back of the head n. dikwɔt backpack n. mandom1 backyard n. kamari; n. kamarabut; n. fining2 bad a. risik bad spirit n.p. kabik karisik bad taste id. mwɛy-mwɛy bag n. wap; n. ashom; n. lambak bamboo n. disyɛ ban, to v. roni bangle n. kanarang bare a. kpinzit barf, to v. kos1 bargain, to v. raja bark of tree n. ukom ŋkon bark, to v. busum barn n. gban barracks n. cop1 barren woman n. kpɔkɔlɔk; n.p. hwyɛng utɛs basket n. kau; n. kakumong 30 adultery n. dinjwang advise, to v. tabak aerial yam n. dom aeroplane n.p. tsap zadinɛn after adv. naa nushɔn afternoon n. ninom agama li ashes n. ntong ask, to v. rip at loc. ne at once adv. nizenni; id. mwashmwash; adv. mwash atili n. nkpas atili oil n.p. nimen nkpas atili seed n. tabush attacked by weevils, to be s.v. ru attend, to v. tse1 audacity n.p. banang diyɛ avoid, to v. won 2 awake a. cwɛt awake, to be s.v. kpɛrɛs awaken, to v. shiming axe n. kakusong bathroom n.p. utu kusu rɔm battle n. tsom be, to v. sè bean n. zizek bear, to v.p. sok dinyi; v. sum; v.p. dadi rusom beard n. natɛn [Nghar] beat drum, to v.p. tsot gangang beat, to v. turuk3; v. tsot; v. carak; v. cwɛy 1 Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft bed n.p. kameneng; n.p. kameneng dirɔp bedbug n. ryol; n. ɓulɛ bedroom n.p. utu kɔs bee n. shosh1 bee-hive n.p. kasa ishosh beer n. tsid2; n.p. dice utsit before loc. nashon before day break adv. bob beforehand adv. gyam beg, to v. nàsàng beggar n.p. net nasang begin, to v. misyang; v. kpa2 beginning num. tsa; n. mɛsɛng behind loc. nama believe, to v.p. nɔk vidi believing v. vidi bell n. ryak; n. rɛng below loc. nɛ́n1 below the tongue n. ndelak bend, to v. kumung beniseed n. ndos Berom language p.n. gbang Berom person p.n. fagbang beside loc. naki bet, to v.p. sok wɛng better a. kandat; a. ndat better than s.v. wat Bible n.p. febek nom bicycle n.p. tsap ntaknifa big a. gbat big city n.p. gbat wɔp big hoe n. utse big mountain n.p. gbat deguro bike n.p. tsap ntaknifa bird (gen) n. kanon bird sp. n. nyoro; n. kwyɛng bite, to v. rumong bitter a. reneng bitterleaf n. ditun black a. we1 black c.i. ngbilik black monkey n.p. kar weni black one a. wene black plum n. naru black, to be s.v. wubek blacksmith n. ned tu blame n. tosma bland id. mɔi mɔi bleach, to v.p. dadi kusu blessing n. usas; n. ditek1 blind person n.p. nɛd tɔn blindness n. tɔn blink the eye, to v.p. te kabak block, to v. fám; v. gyerep blockade, to v. gyerep blood n. nasɔk blouse n. ruku blow, to v. fɛp boat n.p. tsap nashi body n. rɔm boil n.p. gbat unot boil, to v. wushar; v. fining; v. jirik bold, to be s.v. hwyɛng anyim boldness n.p. banang diyɛ bone n. ukup2 boob n. vɛt book n. fɛbɛk bosom n. vɛt bothered, to be s.v. yɔr bound, to v. furuk1 bow p.n. nkon nvya bowl n.p. tsɛn nishi sɔ; n.p. tsɛn kam bracelet n. kanarang braid, to v. bat brain n. ŋgbɛng branch n. kalang break wood, to v. sarak break, to v. fo; v. but breast milk n. nabasaŋ breastfeed, to v. ŋasa breath n. nsong breeze n. uwun bride n. gon 2 brideprice n. ja2 brightness n. gbayi broadcast, to v. waram; v. nās brook n. kaban biseng broom n. diyisyɛk brother n. rinyining brush n. diyisyɛk brush, to v. ryang bud, to v. turuk2 budge, to v. sek buffalo n.p. nyak yit bug n. ushirik build, to v. nok building n. dinok bulrush millet n. zuk bundle n. dice 2 burglar n. tang1 burglary n. tsang burn, to v. fush bury, to v. nɛt bush n. kayit bush fowl n. zip bush pig n.p. za yit bush rat n.p. ci yit bush yam n.p. dom yit bushcow n.p. nyak yit but conj. nāŋ 2 butterfly n.p. malau bja buttocks n. tsok buy, to v. ja1 Cc cactus n. zuzuk cactus sp. n.p. zuzuk kukan cadaver n. ukom 31 Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft calabash n. tsɔ; n. katsereng calabash rattle n. ɓóɓwáʃ calf of leg n.p. syɛs call, to v. yes calm n. mindiyɛ calm, to be s.v. te tuk camel n.p. tsap digung cane n. curɛng cane rat n. gwot cane, to v. cwɛy 2 canoe n.p. kpara nashi cap n. mbong car n. tsap 2 carcass n. ukom carefully adv. daka careless a. gbya carelessly adv. bɛs carry, to v. sok cash n. tsɔm1 cat n. mus catch, to v. fusɔng category n. jà2 cattle egret n. belbela cause, to v. te2 cave n. tas2 cavern n. tas2 ceiling grain store n. kandiriŋ celebrate, to v.p. radiye dikan central place n.p. yɛt wɔp centre loc. nate cereal porridge n. lilyɔk cereal stalks n. dampara chaff n. cá; n. kuŋkwɔ chair n.p. karo sot challenge, to v. maka chameleon n. kusom1 chance n. seren character n. kabik 2 charcoal n. ditsɛn1 chase, to v. rusok chatter n. rikɔt cheek n. mgbɛk chest n. ugwɔm chew, to v. tai chicken n. nyon chide, to v. gyɔng chief n. gbat gwɔm; n. da gwɔm; n. gwɔm chiefdom n.p. digɔm choke n. ŋgak choke, to v. disɔt1 choking n. disɔt2 2 choose, to v. kasa1 church n.p. utu woso circumcise, to v.p. teng ne city n. wɔp clay n. dirɔp clay pot n. kafining clean off writing, to v. fut2 clean off, to v. kwɔ́ŋ 1 clean, to v. wusum1 clean, to be s.v. hwyang narik climb, to v. ŋarak 1 clinic n.p. utu dikan close loc. bakat close, to v. hwyɛn closely id. visisis clothes n. res 1 cloud n. nnɛn cock n. tsɔn cockroach n. huhul cocoyam n. je cocoyam sp. n. gbaras je cola n. shukuk cold n. shirim collect, to v. tusung combat n. tsom; n. rén1; n. kwɔn come back, to v. borok come out, to v. wuruk come, to v. bɛ comfort n. ta2 comfortable a. te lɔ commence, to v. misyang 32 companion n. rɔs compassion n. ushum complete, to v. ŋasang completely id. fyang-fyang compound n.p. kayɛt ri compress, to v. firik compulsory a. gbiŋgbiŋ conceal, to v. nɛryɛng conflict n. hwyɛt confusion id. kpɔrɔk connect, to v. mɔt conquer, to v. watkup conscience n. uhwyɛ consecrate, to v. sīzāŋ constricted a. nyɔgɔdɔk construct, to v. nok consume, to v. ya2 container n. cinjak2 continue, to v. te mwat; v.p. ya kanushon contribution n. fan cook, to v. nye1 cooking n. nyes cord n. udun corn n. nyɔt kurɔk corn chaff n. kacang corn flour n.p. ngkpe nyɔt corpse n. ukom cough n. kusɔm counsel, to v. tabak count, to v. fa2 1; v.n. fáá 2 country n. kaben courage n.p. banang diyɛ courageous, to be s.v. hwyɛng anyim course, to v.p. te kunu court n. utu shɔt courtyard n. katasa cover, to v. hwyɛn cow n. rɔndɔng cowitch vine n. ditɔn cowpea n. zizek crab n.p. ŋa karak; n.p. karang wɔk Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft credit n. ta5 cricket n. aret cricket sp. n.p. aret kidɔk cripple a. gburuk cross river, to v. tat4 cruciform whistle n. ndurɛt 1 crush, to v. kwɔ cry n. kanak cry, to v. tos1 cultism n. ŋkut cure n. utyang curve, to v. kumung cut hair, to v. kot2 cut, to v. tsɛk2; v. tang2; v. tɛn cutlass n. wal cycle n.p. tsap ntaknifa describes large object thrown in water id. culum describes slim and weak person id. ŋmirit-ŋmirit describes slim person id. wishishish describes stinginess id. gbakgbak desire n.p. shim tinjwang; n. diyisi 2; n. dikwɔk desire, to n. shim1 1 destroy, to v. lishak detest, to v.p. shim wo dew n. niming [Nghar] diarrhoea n. dikuro die, to v. ku1 different a. dityu dig, to v. cung diligently adv. daka dirt n. zuruk disabled a. gburuk disappear, to v. te mbit disciple n.p. non mas disease n. rɔk; n. urɔk disfigured id. shakarak1 dish n. tsɛn dispute n. hwyɛt dispute, to v. nanan distance n. usɔp distant loc. yikyik distinct a. dityu disturbance n. tindyɛr diverse a. dityu divide, to v. tɛn; v. kaba do, to v. wura; v. ra2 doctor n. bok dog n. kabu don't neg. dang2 door n. kanutu double-edged sword n. utsot doubt n.p. hwyɛng nɔk vidi draw, to v. tsid1; v. kurɔk draws attention excl. anet mi dream n. nabos drink all, to v.p. te gbong drink completely, to v.p. te gbong drink, to v. sɔ drop from the head, to v. cineng drop in the mouth, to v.p. te mɔt drop, to v. won 1; v. tik drug n. dikan drum n. gangang; n. bin dry a. kot1 dry in the sun, to v. fining1 dry season n. zyɛng dry, to be s.v. kwot duck n.p. nyon nishi duiker n. lyop dung n. bing dupe, to v. wurɔk dust n. kabung dwarf cow n. nyak dysentery n. dikuro Dd dad n. da1 dam n. zɛk dance n. narit dance n.p. nerit batek dark a. gbirim dassie n. shunong; n. shunuŋ daughter n. ŋas daughter-in-law n. gon 1 dead body n. ukom deaf person n. nkpai death n. diku debt n. uta decayed, to be s.v. bush deceive, to v. wurɔk decorate, to v. nyi1 deep, to be s.v. tisik defamation of character n.p. lishak diyerek defeat, to v. watkup deliberate, to v.p. ra dife deliver, to v. tes2 demeanour n. kabik 2 deny, to v. roni; v. ton1 describes disorganised person a. kpɛ3 describes entering water and appearing on the surface again later a. mandili kɔt describes falling id. ruguduk describes falling on buttocks id. zumbut describes hard meat id. tushushush 33 Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft Ee ear n. uto early adv. bob; adv. hwyɛr ear-ring n.p. ŋkyɛng uto earth n. kaben earthquake n.p. dut kaben earthworm n. narakat east dir. nice eat, to v. ya2 eaten up, to be s.v. ru edge n. gwong2 egg n. ditsi eight num. ŋkara eighty num. sanafa-ŋkara elbow n. kutson elder n. ashɔn elderly a. zen1 eldest male in the family n.p. shɔn kasa elect, to v. kasa1 elephant n. agbin embarassment n. nsum encounter, to v. nyim end, to v. ŋasang endure, to v.p. dadi rusom enjoy, to v.p. fok nta Ff fable n. ya3; n. iya face n. yisi fade, to v.p. dadi kusu faeces n. bing faith n.p. shan vidi fall (rain), to v. rubɔ fall on, to v.p. kpa nazani fall, to v. gaba; v. kpa1 famine n. zong far away loc. yikyik farm n. dikwɔ fast adv. ndwey1 fasten, to v. rusom fasting n.p. kibak kanu fat n. difebe enter, to v. nɔs entirely id. fyang-fyang entirety n. tyang envy n. difuk equal adv. ntɛng escape, to v. hwyet essence of a person n. yu2 eternal id. kasasak-kasasak eternally adv. jangnjot European n. masara even though conj. shak maneng evening n. kahywɛ everlasting id. kasasakkasasak everybody pron. ko ŋan everyone pron. shak banet; pron. ko ŋan everything pron. shak nkyɛng everytime pron. kakyɛn zen everywhere pron. kakye karɔ evil a. risik; n. nyas evil act n. ntyu evil spirit n.p. nasok nawe excavate, to v. cung exchange, to v. shisheng exclamation excl. kaa exclamation when something is about to pour out excl. ayang1 excrement n. bing; n. bing; n. kyes exile n.p. hwyet nɛrɛng shang dice exit, to v. wuruk expand, to v. barang 1 expect, to v. tot experience, to v. rén2 2 explain, to v.p. barang fɛ 1 expression of disagreement excl. yikyɛk extinguish, to v. riming extraordinary act n. ntyu eye n. diyisi 1 eye defect n. ngyow eye dirt n.p. mundu ɗat eyebrow n.p. ukup yisi fat, to be s.v. no father n. da1 father-in-law n. ali favourable spirit n.p. nasok nakan fear n. inyim; n. nnyim feather n. ditsɛn2 fellowship n.p. nyim banet female agama lizard n. ngkyɔk female breast n. vɛt female name n. ulan; p.n. cundung; n. garos; n. mvow; n. kacɔlɔm 1; p.n. kacɔlɔm 2 fence n. kafat fermented beer n. utsit fetch from a sack, to v. tyɛk 34 2 fetch, to v. tok few quant. dyet fiddle n. kor bom fifth num. fa ton fig n. fɔ fight n. rén1; n. kwɔn fill with, to v. shining filter, to v. cinjak1 filth n. zuruk find, to v. tsɛ́t fine, to be s.v. te tyaŋ finger n.p. kaban bɔk finger millet n. kparap1 Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft fingernail n. kpɛrɛ finish, to v. ŋasang fire n. urong fireplace n. tsundong first num. tsa; num. fa tsa fish n. zos fit, to v. kiɗak five num. ton2 fix, to v. nyi2; v. nye2 flame n. urong flat rock n. nnan flee, to v. hwyet flog, to v. cwɛy 2 flood n.p. gumbang nishi flour n. ŋkpe fly whisk n. kadus fly, to v. doro flying ant n. nakum foam n. fulu focus prt. niyang fold into a fist, to v. kunung folktale n. ya3; n. iya Gg gale n. uwun gall bladder n. rereneng gamble, to v.p. sok wɛng Ganang clan p.n. sa wang; p.n. sa nyɔrɔ; p.n. sa ndong; p.n. sa gyɛs; p.n. sa gbak; p.n. sa bwai; p.n. sa long; p.n. sa vow Ganang dialect n. ŋar; n. kakuruk garbage heap n. nirik garden n. tsirik; n. fining2 garden egg n. hwye gargle, to v. gucuk gasping for air id. tsɛy-tsɛy; id. cwat-cwat gather, to v. tusung gathering of people n. cop1 gauge, to v. mas3 gecko n. cadom follow, to v. rusok folly n. ndɔn2 fonio n. tson food n. shingɔt; n. nayak fool n. ndɔn1 foolishness n. ndɔn2 forbid, to v. ntsi force n. kub force feed a child, to v. shɔk forceful a. banang forcefully adv. gbak1 forcing n. ditek2 forehead n. kati forest n. uci forever adv. jangnjot; id. kasasak-kasasak forge, to v. tu forget, to v.p. te bam forgive, to v.p. won dinɛn former times adv. zen2 forty num. sanafa kanas foundation n. ditin four num. nas1 fourth num. fa nas fourth day p.n. katut yitkanas fowl n. nyon fragrance n. ŋkɔn francolin n. zip Friday p.n. katuk yitkaton friend n. rɔs friendship n. dirɔs fright n. inyim frog n. tsɔk fruit of the borassus palm n. lamushe fruit sp. n. ŋkyol frustrated peron id. shakarak1 fry (in oil), to v. kanang Fulani person n.p. net digba fungus n. tsong fury n.p. kafa kaseng genitals n. tes1 gentle a. hwyɛ germinate, to v. turuk2 get old, to v. nishɔr get, to v. syɛ; v. shan giant cricket n. ret gift n. nas2 gifted, to be s.v. bes2 give birth, to v. tes2 give to, to v. naŋ give, to v. nɔk gloomy a. gbirim glorify, to v. dishɔn glue n. ninggang gluttony n. disɔt2 1 go in, to v. nɔs go round, to v. tiri go up, to v. ŋarak 1 go, to v. tseng 1; v. tse1 goat n.p. bon uwe God p.n. da nɔm good afternoon sal. wuso tyang good morning sal. kusɔ tyang good spirit n.p. kabik utsak good, to be s.v. sas goodbye sal. awongzen gospel n.p. difɛ nɔm gossip n. rikɔt; n. mok gourd n. sheb kpa; n. katsereng grab, to v. samang grace n. ditek1 grain n. nyɔt granary n. gban grandchild n. nney grandfather n. datek grandmother n. nakai grass n. gam 35 Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft grass sp. n. top; n. nakpe; n. hwyal; n. ŋgbai; n. ndene; n. tsi grasshopper n. tabɔk grasshopper n. tindet; n. gigilɔŋ grave n. uryɛk gravel n.p. shukuk nta grease n. difebe great a. gbat; a. digbatnɛ greed n. disɔt2 1 greet, to v. bes1 greetings sal. sho greetings to you all sal. sho nyini grey hair n. dikanang grill, to v. shosh3 grind, to v. kwɔ grindstone n.p. ta kɔ grindstone (upper) n. kpɛ2 2 ground n. kaben groundnut n. yaaba grow (plants), to n. rasak grub n.p. muru gyet gruel n. ŋgbɛrɛ guard, to v. tɛnɛng guest n. tsen guilt n. dinɛn guinea-corn n.p. nyɔt yas gum n. ninggang Hh habit n. kabik 2 haggle, to v. raja hair n. nakwey half quant. bak2; n. dibit half cooked n. njiru half done n. njiru hammer n. kpɛ2 1 handicapped a. gburuk handle (of tool) n. kuro 1 happy a. diyɛ dikan hard a. barmas hare n. som harlot n. karap harlotry n. dikarap harmattan n. shirim; n. shimang hasten, to v. ndwey hastily id. fuk-fuk hatch (egg), to v. kyɛt hatchet n. kakusong hate, to v.p. shim wo Hausa person p.n. Fatiri have sex, to v. nyɔk; v.p. nyim rɔm have, to v. mbɛ hawk n. kara he pron. wu head n. dice 1 head of the house n. daari headgear n. kpin headpad n. dīkát headpan n.p. tsɛndicɛ headquarters n. cop1 hear, to v. fok heart n. diyɛ hearth n. tsundong heat, to v. fik heavy, to be s.v. robok he-goat n. kpak helmet n.p. tsɛndicɛ hen n. nyon her pron. ku2 herald, to n. tsa fɛ herb sp. n.p. dikun kpak here dem. zeng; dem. nizeng hers p.pron. fu wu hiccough n. ishishit hide, to v. nɛryɛng high a. sɔb highway n. rèn hill n. digung hill (big) n.p. kaban diguro hill cactus n.p. zuzuk diguro him pron. ku2 his p.pron. fu wu hiss n. nchwɛp hit leg on stone, to v. tiring hit, to v. turuk3; v. tsot; v. carak; v. cwɛy 1; v. hwyirek hoe n. tse2 hold a child by the leg, to n. tɔ́t hold, to v. bereng; v. kibak hole in ground n. dibong holy, to be s.v. tsak home n. niri hooked stick n. langak hope, to v.p. te diyɛ horn n.p. tom nggyang; n. ditom horse n. tsap 1 hospital n.p. utu dikan hot a. shosh2 hot tempered a. diyɛ disen hound n. kabu house n. kasa2 house-bat n. kadakyɛn housefly n. cicing huge a. gbat hundred num. yuro hunger n. zong hunter n.p. ned kawum hunting n. kawum hurriedly id. fuk-fuk hurry, to v. ndwey hurt, to v.p. nɔk naman hut n. ubut huts n. digba hydrocele n. degbot hyena n. murum hypocrisy n.p. ra diyisi 36 37 leprosy Ii I pron. mi ice n. táráŋ idiot n. ndɔn1 I-don't-care attitude adv. bɛs Igbo person n.p. fa nya illness n. rɔk; n. urɔk illumination n. gbayi imitate, to v. dyɛs immediately adv. nizenni; id. mwashmwash; adv. mwash impede, to v. fám imperfective marker v.aux. wɔg important, to be s.v. tek impotence n. rɛmɛt in loc. niyɛt in front of loc. nashon increase, to v. barang 1 inflate, to v. mos inherit, to v.p. ya kasa injure, to v. ngwai; v.p. nɔk naman inner room n.p. utu yɛt insect sp. n. mviririviŋ; n. ret inside loc. niyɛt inside the house n.p. kayɛt ri insouciance n. ubyak insouciantly adv. bɛs instead a. ndat insult n. ditok insult, to v. tusong inter, to v. nɛt interest (money) n.p. tsɔm nishi intestine n. nna inundation n.p. gumbang nishi iron n. tsɔm2 iron a cloth, to v. kwɔ́ŋ 2 iron door n.p. kanutu tsɔm irritation n. ditsin issues n. birɔp1 it pron. wu; pron. wuni it is the last excl. ngga' niyang itch, to v. hwyan items n. res 2 its p.pron. fu wu Jj jackal n.p. kabu yit java plum n. wurum join, to v. mɔt joke n. cam journey n.p. ra tseng judgment n. shɔt2; v. shɔd jump, to v. furuk1 jumping v.n. furu Kk keep, to v. sak; v. bereng; v. kibak kept aside, to be v. sīzāŋ kick, to v. risip kidney n. pik kill, to v. fɛt; v. fwɛsh king n. gbat gwɔm; n. gwɔm kingdom n.p. digɔm kiss, to v. shushu kitchen n.p. utung nyes; n.p. utu ntong knee n. dikut kneel, to v. nyuruk knife n. ukot know, to v. rén2 1 lay, to v. mes lazy person n. nggari leader n.p. ned nushon; n.p. da kazumuŋ leaf n. fumung leaf for soup n. neriyat; n. bway leaf sp. n. ndwɛ; n.p. njwa kam; n. zerek lean, to v. gbok leap, to v. furuk1 leaping v.n. furu learder n. ashɔn learn, to v. mas2 learner n.p. non mas lees n. ca sharak leg n. tak2 leg bone n. isyɛs lemon n. ŋgbiring length n. usɔp leopard n. kukum leper n. kpaɗɔk leprosy n. kporong Ll ladder n. gat lake n. zɛk lard n. difebe large a. gbat large intestine n. dibun lass n. kanamang later adv. naa nushɔn laterite n. dirɔp laugh, to v. mas1 laughter n. dimasang law v. shɔd 37 38 my man lick, to v. rɛs lie n. kyɛs lie down, to v. men lie on your back, to v.n. kanggang lie, to v.p. bɔ kyɛs life n. diyɛ light gruel n. nishi kanang light, to n. deɓet like, to n. shim1 1 line n. mviri lion n. cwɛi listen, to v. fok little a. hwyun little one a. kabani loan n. ukwap; n. ta5 locust n. rawal locust bean n. raron locust bean cake n. zɔs loincloth n. kukusɔk look for, to v. tsɛ́t; v. tsɛk1 look like, to v. tas1 look, to v. yirɛ; v. di2 loosely adv. warak1 loosen, to v. bisik lost, to be s.v. buruk louse n. tseneng love, to n. shim1 1 luggage n. res 2 lump n. hwyirap1 lunacy n. ririm lunatic n.p. net ririm lust n.p. shim tinjwang; n. diyisi 2 lust, to v. hwye measure, to v. mas3 meat n. dinam medical doctor n. bok medicine n. dikan meet, to v. nyim melt, to v. rwei mend, to v. nyi2; v. nye2 menstruation n.p. bos fumun mercy n. ushum messenger n.p. net tom metal n. tsɔm2 middle loc. nate; loc. kate might a. digbatnɛ mighty a. gbat milk n.p. nibasang millipede n. bɔrɔbɔrɔ mimic, to v. dyɛs mine p.pron. nan mislead, to v. wurɔk missing s.v. buruk mistake n. dun mix id. shakarak2 mix, to v. fut1 1 mock, to v.p. tsib yisi Monday p.n. katuk tsatumong money n. tsɔm1 monkey n. kar month n. fɛn2 moon n. fɛn2 morning n. diding mortar n. udung mosquito n. zɛbɛrɛng mother n. nɛ mother-in-law n. netek mould into shape, to v. mat mould, to v. shuruk mount, to v. ŋarak 2 mountain n. diguro mourning n. kanak moustache n.p. nakwey nu mouth n. kanu move, to v. sek much quant. hwyɔt muck n. zuruk mud n. ufwam mule n.p. tsap kɔkrɛs mum n. nɛ mushroom n. tsong music n. bom musical bow n.p. giring gyɔng musical instrument n.p. zom utom; n.p. giring gyɔng; n. kor bom my man excl. anet mi Mm ma n. nɛ machete n. wal mad person n.p. net ririm madness n. ririm maggot n. tusuk maiden n. kanamang maize n. nyɔt kurɔk make, to v. ra2 male name p.n. adey; n. pām; n. cɔŋ; n. cɔlɔm; n. jɔk2 2; n. duŋ; p.n. Davow; n. malan; n. gyaŋ man n. matek mango n. mangoro manure n. bing many quant. ndo market n.p. karo rɛs ŋkyɛng marriage n. weneng mason wasp n. kating masquerade n. Babos; n. amunja mat n. ushit match, to v. kiɗak matchet n. wal mate n. rɔs maternal uncle n. ŋasak me pron. ni measure n.p. katsereng mas 38 39 physic nut Nn nails n. úkpɛ̀rɛ̀ naked a. kpinzit name n. diyerek narrative n. ya3 narrow a. nyɔgɔdɔk navel n. ukop near loc. bakat neat, to be s.v. hwyang narik neck n. tɔ need, to v. shim1 2 needle n. difet neighbour n.p. net ki Oo oath n. ushishi obey, to v. rosok observe, to v.p. te yisi obstinacy n. uwuwush; n.p. banang dice obstruct, to v. fám occasionally pron. nzen kak ocean n. zek ochre v. tso odour n. ŋkɔn offer, to v. nabak offering n. nas2 oil n. nime [Nghar] oil palm n. ukon tubush; n. tubush nest n.p. kasa kanon new a. fas news n. nifɛk next to loc. naki nice, to be s.v. tek night n. katuk Nile crocodile n. cɔr nincompoop n. ndɔn1 nine num. sanatat ninety num. sanafa-sanatat nitwit n. ndɔn1 no neg. wo; neg. wayi nobody pron. hwyɛng yin noise n. duwɔng none quant. hwyɛng no-one pron. hwyɛng yin north dir. ikidimen nose n. zubo not neg. wo; neg. wayi nothing pron. nkyɛng wo notice, to v.p. te yisi now adv. nizenni; id. mwashmwash; adv. mwash nowhere pron. hwyɛng karɔ nude a. kpinzit old a. dikop; a. zen1 old man n. datek older one n. nakai older sibling n. shɔn olive n. nkpas olive oil n.p. nimen nkpas olive seed n. tabush on loc. ne; loc. zaani on time adv. ŋgyam; adv. hwyɛr on, to be s.v. ni zane one num. zining only a. kyɛk open a. pjǒt open, to v. tarak opening without restriction id. gbɔrɔrɔ opportunity n. seren opposite side n. niya nyi ornament, to v. nyi1 ours p.pron. fi yit outside loc. nizu; loc. nakyes outside the house n. kazumung overcome, to v. watkup owl n. hihing passion n.p. shim tinjwang; n. diyisi 2 past marker v.aux. mu patch, to v. nye2 path n. rèn pauper n. kan2 pay, to v. tarang peace of mind n. mindiyɛ pebbles n.p. niba nta peel by hand, to v. byesh peel, to v. syɛp peep, to v. wurɛm penis n. jwɛt; n. tátàŋ pepper n. tusok persecution n. nabut persist, to v.p. ya kanushon person n. net perspiration n. atsin pestle n. ucak petting adv. mɛlɛ physic nut n. ŋgarau Pp pa n. da1 pacify adv. mɛlɛ palm (hand) n.p. tas bɔk palm-oil n.p. name nasyeng palm-wine n.p. nishi ŋkon parlour n.p. utu sot parrot n.p. maŋgat part of an animal n. kagyɛs participate, to v. fut1 2 passage n. kananaŋ 39 Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft pick off the ground, to v. tang2 pied crow n. hwak pierce, to v. tubuk pig n. za2 pilfer, to v. yi pilferer n. tang1 pilfering n. tsang pinch, to v. shɔt1 piss n. nityɛk pit n. dibong place n. ryɛng; n. shúshót; n. karɔ plainly id. kɛrɛrɛng plait, to v. bat plane n.p. tsap zadinɛn plant, to v. tus plaster, to v. nyirim plate n. tsɛn play n. uro plead, to v.p. sok dinyi; v. nàsàng please excl. kambɔk plenty quant. hwyɔt pluck, to v. kpɛt2 pocket n. lambak; n. lading poison v.n. usap police n.p. net ruku we pond n. zɛk pool n. zɛk poor person n. kan2 porcupine n. zîn; n. caksak porridge n. kam portion n. bak1 pot n. kadunung; n. kafeneng; n. kakarang potash n.p. natok rɛt pound, to v. ca pour, to v. kurok powder n. ŋkpe power n. kub praise, to v. dep1 precious, to be s.v. sas pregnancy n. kafa 2 pregnant, to be s.v. shan kafa; s.v. sok kafa; s.v. hwya kafa preserve, to v. sak previously adv. gyam prick n. jwɛt; n. tátàŋ private parts n. tes1 problem n. birɔp1 produce fruit, to v. sum prohibit, to v. roni; v. ntsi prophecy n.p. fɛ ŋkyan fawɔktɛ prostitute n. karap prostitution n. dikarap proverbs n. ca difɛ pudenda n. tes1 puke, to v. kos1 pull off feathers, to v. suruk pull, to v. kɔk pumpkin n. gwong1 purse n. lambak pursue, to v. rusok push, to v. yirik; v. kaɓarang put heart, to v.p. te diyɛ put on, to v. te1 putrefying, to be s.v. bush python n. tsɛs Qq quarrel n. hwyɛt quarrel, to v. nanan quarter (of time) n. kuro 2 quench, to v. riming quickly adv. ndwey1; adv. ŋgyam quiet a. yu1 quit, to v. won 2 Rr rabbit n. som radio n.p. kpara mok raft-zither n. zom rag n. dishuk rage n.p. kafa kaseng rain n. za1 rainbow n.p. shit tong raincoat n. kapu rainy season n. dikos1 raise, to v. durok ram n. turuk1 randomly adv. kpɛ1 rapidly adv. ndwey1 rare a. ŋgbang rat n. ci reach, to v. hwyirɛm read, to v. fa2 2; v.n. fáá 1 ready, to be s.v. ben rebuke, to v. gyɔng receive, to v. syɛ; v. shan reconcile, to v.p. ra dinye red a. seng1 red c.i. ju red one a. sengne redo, to v.p. barang ra reduce, to v. tyɛk 1 reed n. dɛk refuse, to v. raŋon refute, to v. ton1 region n. kaben regret, to v.p. kaŋ ren reject, to v. raŋon; v. ton1 relation n. zit relative n. zit relaxed a. te lɔ remains n. dibit remember, to v. turɔp remind, to v. yiring; v. turɔp remnant n. dibit remnants n. kwám remote loc. yikyik remove, to v. tun 40 Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft repair, to v. nyi2; v. nye2 repeat, to v.p. barang fɛ 2 repent, to v.p. tos kabɔk reply, to v. shim2 request, to v. rip rescue, to v. kushan resemble, to v. tas1 resolution n. dikusak respect, to v.p. nɔk dishɔn; v. dishɔn respond, to v. shim2 rest, to v. fɔn retch, to v. kos1 return, to v. borok rib n. kufam rice n. utsi shash rich person n.p. net bɔk riches n. ijá ride, to v. gara; v. ŋarak 2 ridge n. kakpa righteous, to be s.v. tsak ripe, to be s.v. ben river n.p. gbat biseng river n. kabiseng river-bank n.p. kanu biseng rivulet n. kaban biseng rizga n. vat road n. rèn roan antelope n. cɔlɔm; n. kacɔlɔm 1; n. jɔk2 1 roast, to v. shosh3 rob, to v. yi robber n. tang1 robbery n. tsang rock n.p. gbat ta rock hyrax n. shunong rock rabbit n. shunong; n. shunuŋ roll on the ground, to v. biring roof a house, to v. tat2 roof cap n. ndurung room n. utu rooster n. tsɔn root of tree n.p. nney ukon rope n. udun rotten, to be s.v. bush rub, to v. kon rubber vine n. dibonong rubbish heap n. nirik ruler n. gbat gwɔm; n. da gwɔm; n. gwɔm run, to v. teng rush over, to v. fwɔ Ss sack n. kashining sacred, to be s.v. tsak sacrifice, to v.p. nɔk nas sad, to be s.v. yɔr sadness p.n. diyɛ diwe; n.p. kafa kawe saliva n. ncincyɛ salt n. ntɔk salvation n.p. shan dicɛ sanctify, to v. sīzāŋ sand n. dizyɛk sandfly n. ndarashɔn Saturday p.n. katuk yitkaratat save, to v. kushan say, to v. fɛrɛng scabies n. nnot scarce a. ŋgbang scatter, to v. sat school n. garak scorpion n. nyang scratch, to v. ngat scrub, to v. wusum2; v. kon sea n. zek search for, to v. tsɛk1 season n. nzen 2; n. cing rɔ seat n.p. kpara sot; n.p. karo sot second num. fa fa security n.p. net tot see, to v. di2 seed n. jà1 seeds n. ŋgurum seek, to v. tsɛk1 seer n. bok seize, to v. samang select, to v. kasa1 sell, to v. rɛp send, to v. tom sense n. sisyɛng sesame n. ndos sesame leaf n. kukon seven num. kanatat seventh num. fa kanatat seventy num. sanafakanatat sew, to v. tos3 shade n. nawu shadow n. nawu shake hands, to v.p. sɔ́ ɔ̀bɔ́k shake off, to v. ziming shake something, to v. dut shame n. nsum share, to v. kaba sharp id. mwɛlmwɛl; a. vorotot sharp, to be s.v. ya1 sharpen, to v. fat shave, to v. kot2 she pron. wu sheep n.p. bon tsamang shephard n.p. net tot shield bug n. mviririviŋ shine extremely, to v. dep2 shine, to v. nep; v. tat3 ship n.p. tsap nashi shirt n. ruku shit n. bing shiver, to v. tim shoe n. kpaksak shoot, to v. ta3 short a. kpit 41 Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft shoulder n. dice bɔk shoulder someone, to v. jakala shouts excl. yakuk shrine n. ŋkɔt shrink, to v.p. da disɔ; v. nishɔr shrub sp. n. shurɓwe; n. ŋgarau; n. ŋgarafe; n. ŋgara; n. zere; n. tabyat; n. fumung yɛt; n. nkyol shut, to v. hwyɛn sickle n.p. ukot langak sickness n. rɔk; n. urɔk; n. zu side whiskers n. nagaram sieve n. cinjak2 sift, to v. shushu silent a. yu1; s.v. sotyu silo n. gban since adv. nek sing, to v.p. ra bom sinner n.p. nɛt dinɛn sister n.p. ŋas nyining sit, to v. sot six num. karatat sixth num. fa karatat sixty num. sanafa-karatat skin n. ukpa skink n.p. gbang hulɛ skip, to v. shúrùb sky n. zadinen slap, to v. hwyirek slaughter, to v. tsɛr slave n. sam sleep n. nda slim id. gacarak slip off, to v. serek slippery a. sere sloppy porridge n. pu small a. hwyun small black ant sp. n.p. kada shɔn small hoe n. kaban utse small one a. kabani small red ant sp. n. shirik smash, to v. fo smell n. ŋkɔn smell, to v.p. fuk ŋkɔn; v. nus smith n. ned tu smith, to v. tu smoke n. ntseng smooth id. matmat smoothly id. hwyul-hwyul snail n. binjilang snake n. hwyen snap in two, to v. but snatch, to v. samang snoring v.n. ŋguŋgɔr soil n. kaben soldier n. ndɛm sole of foot n.p. tas tak some quant. kak somebody pron. eyin someone pron. net akak; pron. eyin something pron. nkyɛng sometimes pron. nzen kak somewhere pron. nirɔ kakak son n. ari song n. bom son-in-law n. zɔm sorcery n. katul sore n.p. ufot fa sorghum n.p. nyɔt yas sorrel seed n. ncuro sorry excl. ra-kambɔk sort n. jà2 soul n. yu2 sound of light object thrown in water id. tyɔp soup n. dining; n. fɔrɔ 2; n. diniŋ batiri [Nghar] sour, to be s.v. mwɛs; s.v. juri tat south dir. ikidiya 42 space within the house n. katasa speak first, to n. tsa fɛ speak, to v. fɛrɛng spear n. ukwɔn spear grass n. tsi spinach n. nyip spirit n. kabik 1 spit, to v. cish spitting cobra n. tsumung spittle n. ncincyɛ spoil, to v. lishak spoilt id. mwɛy-mwɛy spray, to v. wuram spread id. shakarak2 spread, to v. sat sprinkle, to v. jat sprout, to v. turuk2 sputum n. ncincyɛ squash n. gwong1 squeeze water from, to v. fi squeeze, to v. firik stab, to v. tubuk stale porridge n. kpam kam stammerer n. nikis stand, to v. yiseng star n. dat start n. mɛsɛng start, to v. misyang; v. kpa2 startled, to be s.v. pɔɗɔk starvation n. zong steal, to v. yi stem n.p. ditin ukon stick n. suk; n. gbong; n. cwang stinginess n. dimak stingy a. gbak2 stink ant n. shash stir soup, to v. tanaŋ stir, to v. su; v. birɔp2 stirrer n. cakat stomach n. kafa 1 stomach ache n.p. kafa rɔ stone n. ta4 Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft stone v. tso stool n. bing; n. kyes; n.p. kpara sot store n.p. utu sak arɛs store, to v. sak story n. ya3; n. iya strain, to v. cinjak1 stranger n. tsen strangle, to v. zwɛl; v. disɔt1 strangling n. disɔt2 2 stream n. kaban biseng strength n. ukup1; n. kub strike, to v. turuk3; v. tsot; v. carak; v. cwɛy 1; v. hwyirek strip off, to v. warat stripped, to be s.v. zut1 stroke n. curɛng strong a. banang strongly adv. gbak1 Tt taboo n. nkyangtsi tail n. urum take a loan, to v.p. ya nta take down from fireplace, to v. cineng take out from atop s.t, to v. hay take out s.t., to v. zut2 take part in, to v. fut1 2 take, to v. sok; v. shan tale n. ya3; n. iya talented, to be s.v. bes2 talk, to v.p. ra dife tall a. sɔb tally adv. ntɛng tamba n. kparap1 taro n. je Tarok person n.p. net ya hwyen tasteless id. mɔi mɔi tattered id. shakarak1 tax n.p. tsɔm ben struggling for life id. cwatcwat stubbornness n. uwuwush; n.p. banang dice stumble, to v. tiring stupidity n. ndɔn2 stutterer n. nikis subsequently adv. naa nushɔn success n. wɛng suck (breast), to v. ŋasa suddenly id. kpas-kpas suet n. difebe suffering n. diyɔm; n. nabut sugar-cane n.p. swang ta sun n. nom Sunday p.n. katuk wuso sunset n. kahywɛ support v. girep support, to v.p. run kama; v. gyerep support, to v. girep surprise, to v.p. te kporok surprised, to be s.v. pɔɗɔk surrender, to v.p. nɔk dice survive, to v. nanang swallow, to v. wunɔng swear, to n. shishi sweat n. atsin sweep, to v. ryang sweet potato n. liwul sweet, to be s.v. ta1 sweetness n. ta2 swell, to v. mos swim under the water, to v.p. mindili kɔt swim, to v. pwa; v.p. di wɔk swimming v.n. tsot pwa swollen testicles n. degbot sword sheath n. mandom2 teacher n.p. nɛd mas tear anything, to v. sarak tears n.p. nashi nayisi teeth n. dinyi television n. wiwi tell, to v. fɛ tempt, to v. maka ten num. sanafa termite n. nakum termite mound n. tos2; n. kasatsɛ termite sp. n. shura termites n. zɛ terror n. inyim test, to v. maka testicle n. hwyik testis n. hwyik thank you! excl. tere thanks sal. awin that dem. ayang2; dem. ya4 that is the final excl. ngga' niyang theft n. tsang theirs p.pron. fi ban them pron. daba then conj. nāŋ 1 there dem. zaŋ; dem. nizang therefore c.m. yaka neng these dem. babang they pron. ban thick cloud n. wut thief n. tang1 thigh bone n. dice utak thin, to be s.v. gyɔt thing n. ŋkyɛng third num. fa tat this dem. ayong; dem. yo thorn tree n. tsiritsan; n. rerep those dem. bayang three num. tat1 thresh, to v. jɔk3; v. tsot throw away, to v. nusong 43 Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft throw, to v. warak2; v. barak thumb n.p. tagbak bɔk thunder n. gbara Thursday p.n. katut yitkanas tidy, to be s.v. hwyang narik tie, to v. túbók; v. rusom tightfistedness id. gbakgbak time n. nzen 1 tin n. kparap2 tiny a. hwyun tired, to be s.v. rɔn tit n. vɛt to be big v. mɛ to be covered s.v. fumuŋ to be red s.v. syɛng2 to be rough and wicked v.p. hwyan yisi to be stubborn v.p. hwyan yisi to beat with palm v. hwirek to break corn v. furuk2 to breathe v. song to caugh v. kusom2 to cook v. wɔn to cut the top of a plant v. kpɛt1 to dance v. rit2 to drive v. yiri to exceed s.v. wat to faint v. kus to follow v. gyet to have gone astray, to be s.v. buruk to incite v. tɔk to keep quiet, to be s.v. sotyu Uu ulcer n.p. ufot fa umbilical cord n. cop2 under loc. nɛ́n1 underneath loc. nɛ́n1 to look after a sick person v. fis to mix v. rit1 to pack v. kok to pack especially food v. kos2 to pass v. gyet to peel back off grains v. jɔk1 to pound s.t wet v. farang to prune v. kpɛt1 to reprimand v.p. kurɔk tɔ to ride v. yiri to shift v. sek to sneeze v. tisim to stir tuwo v. rit1 to stirr trouble v. tɔk to surpass, to be s.v. wat to tend v. fis to turn v. rit1 to yawn v.p. te hau toad n. bot tobacco n. taba today adv. katut toe n.p. tagbak tak toilet n.p. utu kes tomb n. uryɛk tomorrow adv. katson tongue n. direm tooth n. dinyi torch n. dimon tortoise n. kurdɔk touch, to v. bamang; v. ra1 town n. wɔp; n.p. yɛt wɔp; n.p. gbat wɔp toxin v.n. usap track n. rèn trail n. rèn undo, to v. tarak unfasten, to v. tarak unfermented grain beer n. mbos 44 transgression n. dinɛn transverse clarinet n. ndurɛt 2 transverse horn n. utom trap n. tsarak trash heap n. nirik tree sp. n. bɔp tree sp. n. tagbam; n. farwa; n. fɛn1; n. fɔrɔ 1; n. bur; n. leŋ; n. hwyirap2; n. kagbyɛk; n. sɔŋ tree, generic n. kɔn tremble, to v. tim tremor n.p. dut kaben tribal mark n. zuzɔ trick, to v. wurɔk trip n.p. ra tseng trip, to v. tiring tripod stone n. berek triumph n. wɛng true? excl. didia truth v. vidi try, to v. maka Tuesday p.n. katuk yitkafa turn, to v. tirik Tut tut! excl. yɛ' tuwo n. kam twelve num. usɔk twenty num. sanafa-kafa twilight n. kahywɛ twin n. kafɛs; n.p. kacam bya twine, to v. bat twist, to v. tsibik two num. fa1 type n. jà2 untie, to v. bisik up loc. zaani upon loc. ne uproot, to v. nga; v. tun Ganang Dictionary 2025 Roger Blench & Timothy Terna Circulation draft upside down n. cindet up-up adv. nazani-nazani urine n. nityɛk us pron. dadi Vv vagina n. tɛs; n. dibɛn; n. kpang valuable, to be s.v. sas; s.v. tek vanish, to v. te mbit vanquish, to v. watkup vapour n. karos veil n. ruku dice vein n.p. tsip; utsip victory n. wɛng village n.p. kaban wɔp village name p.n. Zekerek vine sp. n. dibonong visit n. ditsen visitor n. tsen vomit, to v. kos1 vomiting v.n. dikos2 voyage n.p. ra tseng vulture n. ŋuluk welcome sal. sho mabɛ; sal. lɔ well n.p. dibong nishi well-well adv. daka west dir. nitin what? int. akiye when? int. ni-nzik where? int. izyɛ which? int. ŋayo whip n. curɛng whip, to v. cwɛy 2 whirlwind n. tsumung-bos whistle, to v. we2 white c.i. kyɛl white a. tɛrɛk 1 white one a. kanne white person n. masara white, to be s.v. tɛrɛk 2; s.v. kan1 who? int. ŋan wholeness n. tyang whore n. karap wickedness n. nyas wide open id. wangalang widow n. kuma width a. bɛgbɛrɛng wild custard apple n. diwuk wild date palm n. gwɔk wind n. uwun wing n. fabak winnowing tray n. ube wipe off, to v. fut2 wireless n.p. kpara mok wisdom n. ywei witch n. kut witchcraft n. ŋkut; n. katul within loc. niyɛt without reason id. kpaskpas without truth n.p. hwyang vidi wizard n. kut woman n. bining women's dance n. nerit wooden door n.p. kanutu ŋkɔn word n. difɛ1 work n. tumong world n. kazatse worm n. narakat worm sp. n. manjorok worried, to be s.v. yɔr wound n. ufot wound, to v. ngwai; v.p. nɔk naman wring out, to v. fi wrong n. dinɛn wrongdoing n. dinɛn Ww wager, to v.p. sok wɛng waist n. wit wait for, to v. tot walk, to v. tseng 2 wall (of room) n. kabat want, to v. shim1 2 war n. tsom warehouse n.p. utu sak arɛs warm a. shosh2 warm, to v. fik warn, to v.p. kwak uto wash, to v. kusu watch, to v. yirɛ water n. nishi [Nghar] we pron. yit weak, to be s.v. rɔn weakness of the body n. gbɛrɛk2 wealth n. ijá wear, to v. karang gang; v. te1 wedding n. weneng Wednesday p.n. katuk yitkatat weed, to v. syɛm weep, to v. tos1 weevils n. dudu weight n. rubok Xx xylophone n.p. zom utom 45 46 zebra mouse Yy yam heap n.p. byat yam mound n.p. byat year n. dinyɛ yesterday adv. nure Yoruba person n.p. net zuzɔ zebra Zz mouse n. you pl. pron. nyin you sg. pron. di1 you sg. pron. ŋon young girl n. kanamang young man n. kasamang zìkpít 46 younger sibling n. wusong yours pl. p.pron. fi nyin yours sg. p.pron. fu ŋon