ry ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SLAVE RESISTANCE AND REBELLION Volume 1: A-N Edited by Junius P. Rodriguez Greenwood Milestones in African American History @ GREENWOOD PRESS Westport, Connecticut • London jf;J P??"'Wffr" .. ~.i - ---------------,·------------- . ' ' • . . i-' t Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of slave resistance and rebellion/ edited by Junius P. Rodriguez. p. cm. - (Greenwood milestones in African American history) '1 Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-313-33271-1 (set: alk. paper) - ISBN 0-313-33272-X (v. 1 : alk. paper) - ISBN 0-313-33273-8 (v. 2 : alk. paper) l. Slave insurrections- United States-History-Encyclopedias. 2. Slavery-United States-History- Encyclopedias. 3. Slaves-United States-Social conditions-Encyclopedias. 4. Government, Resistance to-United States-History-Encyclopedias. 5. African Americans-History-To 1863-Encyclopedias. 6. Slave ·' insurrections-Caribbean Area-History-Encyclopedias. 7. Government, Resistance to-Caribbean Area-History-Encyclopedias. 8. Slave To Dr insurrections-Latin America-History-Encyclopedias. 9. Government, Resistance to-Latin America-History-Encyclopedias. I. Rodriguez, Junius P. E447.E53 2007 306.3'6209703-dc22 2006031210 'I ·' British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright © 2007 by Junius P. Rodriguez All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be j I reproduced, by any process or rechnique, without the express written consent of the publisher. This book is included in the African American Experience database . from Greenwood Electronic Media. For more in.formation, visit www.africanamericanexperience.com. : Library of Congress Catalog Carel Number: 2006031210 ISBN: 0-313-33271-1 (set) 0-313-33272-X (vol. 1) 0-313-33273-8 (vol. 2) . ; ' First published in 2007 ·, Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 l ' An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. • www.greenwood.com Printed in the United States of America ' The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National . Information Standards Organization (Z39.48-1984). 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 - \ GRUBER, JACOB (1778-1850) 223 > articles for the Witshin Wind and I-Iollywoocl's Racial Politics." Atlantic Monthly (December 1999): 106-10, ·n with the power of fil · 112. "Gone with the Wind Margaret IJ. Wright°Cleveland :h 23, 1940) claimed th :cl to be the story ()f t, Gruber, Jacob (1778-1850) ; point of view of sl~v all fan materials and p Born in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, to John and Platina Gruber, Jacob .osed the film's genius left the Lutheran Church of his childhood to join the Methodist Church in reaffirmed the Plamati 1792. He was licensed to preach in 1800, holding circuits in Maryland, ith while making Afri~ New Jersey, New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. .arlett was not black a A reluctant preacher at a camp meeting in Washington County, Maryland, all of the reasons for t on Sunday, August 16, 1818, Gruber preached to an audience of roughly I by ignoring the hotT 5,000 whites and nearly 400 free and enslaved blacks. Gruber preached eologically the South. h fiom Proverbs 14:34: "Righteousness exalteth a nation; but sin is a reproach the film's portrayal ()f't tp any people" (KJV). Following a common Methodist style, Gruber Klan and Nazi Gett~a Jeachecl on forms of righteousness and their influences upon the actions tnd lifestyles of a nation's citizens. He spoke against sin and its manifesta- sophy of the Big Hot1~ ·ti'ons, such as those who abuse their influence and the religious who pro- ,e" or "plantation Hoiis J~ss Goel in word but not in deed. Gruber focused upon the personal and traying an enormoi.i~?'!Jla natiocal sins of intemperance and profanity. it no picture of a· st1ita ·'%'ms preaching culminated in addressing the national sin of slavery, asking hives from Georgia } $ f>w a country based on the principles of democracy and freedom could bellum South as econei nslave others. How could someone hold the "articles of liberty and inde- .tion still reeling t Mib1 endence in one hand and a bloody whip in the other, while a negro stands perity cemented tHe. ,t, !1d trembles before him with his back cut and bleeding?" (Strickland, .·s and the whites to: 111 :" _ t:W-36) . calling for comp~pf }After preaching against slavery, Gruber addressee! the enslaved, charging ith the Wind and the th,at they of all people should embrace the Christian religion since some hiring and salary'iiqli' h~d cruel masters and lived in wretched conditions, seeking to give them reading of racism in' 1i.Qpe of a better future. nythic. .}t ~ _ '\The following clay a warrant was issued for Gruber's arrest for inciting a lid break ground ii\\n s11ve rebellion; it was served two months later. A grand jury upheld the Academy Awards'))':~ ~(Jrrant, and Gruber was bound over for trial. Gruber successfully peti- tion, making her'th~ tipned for a change of venue, and the case was moved from Washington ny Academy AwJ~th ninry to Fredericks County with the trial beginning March 10, 1819. 1s McDaniel's no1iliit . ong Gruber's lawyers was Roger B. Taney, future chief justice of the ;s. Having argued' W~1ited States Supreme Court and author of the majority opinion in the his- , that the part o(Mat , fOfic Dred Scott case. The prosecution's case was weak with the prosecu- ny Award a majoP:\ · oh closing arguments indicating that he personally found no fault with abandoned their ,·tuber-the jury was instructed to follow the evidence and not the prose- . tor's personal feelings. After brief deliberations they returnee! a not-guilty .<frdict. New York: Alfreci'.Kj\ ~.; K,1~t. )Two main sources exist for the life of Jacob Gruber and his trial. How- Negro in A mericdtt fer, one contemporary source calls into question some of William Strick- weretr, Anna. RetdH-lii:1 a1.1cl's reporting of Gruber's life. Joshua Monroe, writing in the Pittsburgh i9. Durham, NC: Dt1ke ·bristian Advocate, challenged various "facts" presented and believed that e Wh1d as Book d1/li.i_ ~.Jowever successful our author may be in writing books which make peo- , Leonard J. "Gone - · Je 'laugh,' he cannot be relied upon as a historian." 224 KING MIGUEL GUACAMAYA (FL 1550S) Interestingly, in 1820 Gruber married Sarah Howard of Baltimore, the: town of Nirgua. Peopl owner of a slave girl, Susey, who was released from bondage when the cot; }mcl it become largely a ple mar~·iecl and moved to Pennsylvania. This was Gruber's only known ab0 Bibliography: Blanco litionist act. In 1834 Sarah Gruber died, and four years later Jacob marriec cas: Editorial APIGUM, I Rachel Gillespie Martin of Lewiston, Pennsylvania. Gruber died in Lewisn, munities in tbe Ame1ica• on May 25, 1850. See also Law and the Courts; Religion. · Bibliography: Eaton, Brand \YI. "Jacob Gruber's 1818 Campmeeting Se1;tllQ\ Methodist History 37 (July 1999): 242-52; Gruber, Jacob. Trial of Reverend}~/ · Gullah Jack (Pritchard) (. Gruber. Fredericktown, MD: David Martin, 1819; Monroe, Rev. Joshua. "The life·0 ~- Jacob Gruber," Pittsburgh Christian Advocate (July-October 1860); Stricklancl,aW- ·, Gullah Jack, a prom, liam P 'IZw Life of Jacob Gruber. New York: Carlton and Porter, 1860; Wakeley,'1; tbn, South Carolina, pl seph B. The Heroes of Methodism. New York: Carleton and Porter, 1856. ·· sjave insurrection cons qf origin is not known iit'clicate that in 1806, J cfansportecl to South King Miguel Guacamaya (II. 1550s) ~\. ,Charleston, he was pu Miguel Guacamaya was a Venezuelan maroon leader in the 1550s; Migm bi1shy whiskers, Jack's established a runaway slave community and fought with Spanish setdets thus, Pritchard hired J , 1555, making it one of the earliest slave uprisings in Venezuela alo11g':, i1lan, Jack successfully one in 1532 at Coro. Miguel's rebellion did not last long, however,:·<tf was an obedient slave Spanish quickly defeated the rebellious slaves. . .. i~ck's ability to speak < E In 1551, Spanish settlers from the town of El Tocuyo discoveredf ep,, an African associat (: near the Buria River and soon established the Royal Mines of San Felip;e becoming known as "G Buria, That same year, the Spaniards brought some eighty African shrycf · ·Much of Gullah Jack', work in the mines. In 1552, the Spanish also founded the city of BifCJ,l shaman within the slav meto nearby. Among the original slaves brought to work in the gold mines wit~' , who was proficient in Spanish named Miguel. In 1555, Miguel escapc:d -:6h111rnnity. Gullah Jae took refuge in the surrounding countryside. He soon began to enc9\11 " 's blacks. In his role . other slaves as well as indigenous people to unite with him. Many a11f" Ier, but Gullah Jack Miguel's call and joined him. According to one Spanish chroniclerf .. ,., ernatural abilities t< time, perhaps 180 people joined with Miguel. The runaway slave(fhi i~Jop a fear of his pow established a fortified settlement for maroons. Miguel took on the\tit, mfi- captured by whites King Miguel Guacamaya and formed a royal court consisting of his';~· }iht player in the Dem Guiomar, his son the prince and heir apparent, a bishop, and a ~t{ :As one of Vesey's mo ministers. This step of establishing a monarchy was a common pract ·IIte to recruit from an · runaway slave communities before 1700, when many slaves still hacl;"~I J· of Jack combined African roots and therefore knowledge of African forms of monarchy:)3/,~ itlucements for black King Miguel also organized an army and ordered an attack on tlif' Spanish settlement at Barquisrneto, which consisted of some forty}~'p r§und nuts the clay b settlers. He proceeded to burn the Spanish city. The Spanish;..~~ ~b's claw, in their 11101 · requested help from the city of El Tocuyo. Soon, an armed Spanish ~ ·fm that betrayal by ti tion led by Diego Losada arrived to subdue the rebel slaves. The sk#1. els soon learned that destroyed the maroon settlement and killed King Miguel. :;,:Jf. insurrection's out co After his death, some of Miguel's followers continued to harry ti\~·:\ is owner. ish, sabotaging the mines or disrupting overland trade. Furthermot{; · ullah Jack had also of the descendants of Miguel's runaway community seem to hav.~:'.:' ,,s; worked with Tom I among the blacks, mulattoes, and indigenous people who in.liabit~t ~i,hid kegs of gunpow -:\- & '"~~]
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