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Our Master Master Prophet Muhammad (May peace and Blessings of Allah be upon him) —from beginning to prophethood— Dr. Muhammad Sharif Khan Background history the right path of worshiping one God, the A hard test—a great sacrifice Almighty. Abraham, ‘alaihissalām, had Our narration takes us almost four frequent communion with God, so he is also thousand years back to the city of Damascus, known as Khalilullah, “friend of God”. In Syria, northwestern Asia (See box below), Hebrew word .%9"! means “father of a where lived a righteous and pious man by the multitude” or “chief of multitude,” referring name of Abraham, ‘alaihissalām, who was to the promise of God, to make him chosen prophet of God. He was assigned progenitor of innumerable nations to come. with the task to lead the idol worshipers to His wife Hagar, ‘alaihassalām, (Hajira) was Syria (‫ )اﻟﺴّﻮرﻳﺎ‬: Syrian Arab Republic, is at least 5000 years. Modern Damascus is a located in the northwestern corner of the standard Middle Eastern city, often referred continent Asia, bordered by Lebanon and the to as the “pearl of the East.” It has cradled Mediterranean Sea in the west, Turkey in the religion from the ancient Semitic Deities to northwest and north, Iraq in the east and the monotheistic faiths. south, and Jordan and Israel in the southwest. It is an ancient country, its history dates back to Stone age, it is also known as the cradle of Civilization and the Gateway to History, as it has added much to the history and development of human civilization. The country is strategically placed and has no natural barriers, it has been overrun by several invaders in history. Moreover, it has been a great trading centre as it lies at the crossroad of ancient trade tracks between Mediterranean and the Eastern countries. The Syrians exported the Alphabet to the West. Damascus, “Al-Sham,” (Arabic: northern territory) is the capital of Syria. Damascus is one of the world's oldest continuously inhabited cities, and its reports date back to 8—Al-Nahl daughter of an Egyptian king. This holy family of three walked on and At the time of our narration Abraham, on with a caravan for several days, trekking a ‘alaihissalām, was almost 86 years of age, distance of 1,200 miles across desert’s and yet had no child, both husband and wife treeless valleys, passed by high and low sand prayed night and day, begging Allah, their hills, moving from one sand dune to another. Lord, for the birth of a healthy beautiful son. At last Abraham ‘alaihissalām’s family At last their prayers were answered; they reached the valley where now stands the holy were blessed by a beautiful son. Abraham, city of Mecca. Abraham, ‘alaihissalām, ‘alaihissalām, named the new born Ishmael, stopped, surveyed the area around him, until ‘alaihissalām, (meaning “God heard my he chose a plain piece of hard firm land. He prayers”), the parents were happy and placed the goat-skin and bag of dates on the thankful to God for His mercy and kindness. ground, caressed the child, tears in his eyes, God put Abraham, ‘alaihissalām, in a hard and turned to go back, leaving behind his test, when Ishmael, ‘alaihissalām, was yet a bewildered beloved wife and innocent child. few months old, and parents had not finished Hajira, ‘alaihassalām, in despair cried after celebrating their happiness and thankfulness him several questions in a row, in woeful to their Lord, God appeared to him and voice: “Where you are going, Abraham? In commanded, “Abraham! Go and leave the whose care you are leaving us here? Don’t child and his mother in the heart of the you see, as soon you leave us, wolves and Arabian Desert.” No doubt, it was a strange demons will come out of their lairs and dens and very trying command. The baby was in nearby hills and tear us apart!” born to Abraham, ‘alaihissalām, in old age, after years of prayers and supplications. They cherished him so much. Leaving him in the stark wilderness of the desert without any protection, at the mercy of hungry wolves and foxes, apparently meant to let him and his mother die in thirst and hunger. Not speaking of the child who was yet few months old, but Hajira, ‘alaihassalām, who was brought up in the comforts of king’s castle, how she could survive in the rigors of a desert with the child? These fears may have crossed Abraham ‘alaihissalām’s mind, but Allah’s love surpassed love of wife and child. Abraham, ‘alaihissalām, started preparing for the long journey to the middle of Arabian Peninsula. He took a goat-skin full of water and a bag of dates and setout to fulfill God’s command. Princess Hajira, ‘alaihassalām, with baby in her lap, followed at his heels. Q3/2006—9 Overwhelmed and choked with grief, could get water to quench thirst of her child, Abraham, ‘alaihissalām, neither turned nor was the big question before her! Fearing that replied. In despair Hajira, ‘alaihassalām, the child will die within few moments, she cried out again, “Well, if you want to go, go, looked around in utter helplessness and but just tell me, are you leaving us because despair. She hurriedly climbed to the top of God commanded you, or because you are nearby hill. Perhaps from height she may see angry with me?” some fountain, some shady place, but her Now Abraham, ‘alaihissalām, turned his quest was useless. Fearing that the tear washed face, he could not utter a word as unprotected child may have died of thirst or grief choked him. He only could lift his attacked by wild animals, she hurried down, finger to the sky, meaning “In Allah’s lifted him in her lap to comfort him. Though command!” Hajira, ‘alaihassalām, the child was still alive, but was semi- understood and replied, “Ok, if it is so then conscious. go fearlessly, God will not destroy us!” In desperation she ran up the hill on the This was the princess Hajira, other side, perhaps there she may see some ‘alaihassalām, the grandmother of our Holy source of water. She looked around as far as Master Prophet Muhammad (may peace and her eyes could see, but nowhere was the sign blessings of Allah be upon him). of water. She again ran down to have a look at the Restless mother child. She made seven rounds in utter As her husband left, several fearful desperation between the two hills, crying and thoughts crossed mind of the princess Hajira praying in her way. After every round (‘alaihassalām), after surveying her between the hills she would return to see the surroundings keenly: “How I will be able to child. make with my child under open scorching The fountain sky in the wilderness of the desert? There is After seventh round between the hills, no tree to be seen far and wide, under the when she returned to the child, she was shade of which we may rest, neither there is a astonished to find wet soil with glare of lump of grass around, from which I may water where child’s heels were striking the shape a hut to save my child from scorching ground. Joyously and astonishingly she sun.” She repeatedly glanced at the stark dry quickly knelt down and started digging with surrounding hills with tear-filled eyes and her fingers at the wet earth. Her joy knew no fearful heart. She laid down her child, the bounds when a fountain of water appeared, grandson of the Egyptian king and son of water gushed out and started flowing, as she Syrian prophet, on hard stony ground, removed the earth. She hurriedly lifted the without a cloth or bedding under, and started child and gave him water in the cup of her thinking: “Now what will happen?” hand, the helpless child was pacified, and The water in goat-skin lasted for few days. opened his eyes, smiled at his mother. Seeing The child started crying helplessly because of her child in good condition, she thanked God thirst and heat. His tiny lips and tongue were by throwing herself on the ground, who in dry. The mother could not bear the sight of His infinite mercy had caused water to gush helplessly crying child. From where she out in an unexpected barren piece of stony 10—Al-Nahl ground. Water flow was increasing every come from? How you are making up here for moment; she hurriedly piled stones and earth yourself and child’s life and safety?” Hagar, around the fountain shaping a trough saying ‘alaihassalām, was astonished and happy to “zam, zam!” (stop, stop!). Soon the trough see a human face after a long time, in the was filled to its brim. wilderness and replied: “I am an Egyptian, Water is scarce in Arabia because of desert and have come from Syria. My husband conditions. Nomad tribes would move about Abraham had left us here under the in search of water from place to place, command of God. God the Almighty, in His carrying their possessions with them, all the infinite Mercy has started this fountain for tents and cattle. Wherever they would find me and my child.” The elder was impressed water, they would stay, when water would and requested, “If you kindly madam, allow dry out, they would move to other places in us to settle around the fountain, in return of search of water. Now that water was getting water we may be a company to you.” available in plenty, Hagar, ‘alaihassalām, felt Hajira, ‘alaihassalām, was wondering in her assured of survival and safety of her son and heart and thanking God. How quickly events herself. Soon a nomad tribe by the name have turned from helplessness to authority by Jurham happened to pass that way in search God’s help. She felt reassured and replied of water. They were astonished and afraid to authoritatively: “Yes, you can put up here but find a fountain in plain desert and a woman on one condition. Since the fountain belongs sitting beside it with a child in her lap. The to me, in return you will provide me and my elder of the tribe hesitatingly approached son with needs of our livelihood. When the Hajira, ‘alaihassalām, and asked: “Dear child will grow up, he will be your chief, Madam! what are you doing in this because he is not an ordinary child, he is the wilderness all alone, with an innocent child? grandson of Egyptian king and son of Who are you, and from where you have Prophet Abraham.” The chief happily Author: Muhammad Sharif Khan (M. S. Khan in scientific publications). Born 11 August, 1939, dedicated life to serve Islam (waqf) in 1952. M.Sc. Zoology, 1963 (Gold Medal). Ph.D. 1996, Punjab University, Lahore, Pakistan. Lecturer Zoology, Talim-ul-Islam College, Rabwah, September, 1963. Retired Professor of Zoology, 1999. Research interest: Herpetology (amphibians and reptiles) of Pakistan. Publications: Over 250 scientific publications in National and International journals. Books: Three in Urdu, Two in English, one translated in German. New species described: Amphibians: 3; Lizards: 7; Snakes: 7; from Pakistan. E-mail:

. URL: http:// muhammadskhan.wildlifeofpakistan.com Q3/2006—11 accepted both conditions, and settled there. Cave Hira today. It all happened at the site where now the city of Mecca stands, sacred city of Arabs and Muslims all over the world. The miracle fountain is still there as a deep well, known by the name “Zamzam” after the words of Hagar, ‘alaihassalām, “zam, zam,” which she unconsciously uttered in amazement while containing its flow with earth and stones. Some events that appear insignificant in the beginning, unfold in astounding results. Tak e int o consid eration Hajira, ‘alaihassalām’s great ordeal just described. Her running between the hills apparently was a helpless and desperate act. Now centuries afterward, the seven rounds between the hills are preserved as a religious ritual in Islamic pilgrimage. For centuries, millions of Muslims gather in the holy city of Mecca for pilgrimage, the two hills stand there as Safa and Marwa, seven rounds between them are preserved as pilgrimage ritual (Ref. 1). Master Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be on him) centuries later, declared his prophethood while standing on himself to cut off the throat of his only son in one of these hills! a sacrifice? One cannot help shudder at such an idea, but Abraham, ‘alaihissalām, was true Sacrifice of son lover of his God, he readied himself to fulfill Ishmael, ‘alaihissalām, grew into a fine the command, he took a knife and set out on beautiful strong young man, because he was a journey to Mecca. On reaching Mecca, he nurtured in natural wild environments of found his son grown into a beautiful fine Mecca. God Almighty once again wanted to young man. Ishmael, ‘alaihissalām, was test faith of father Abraham, ‘alaihissalām, jubilant at meeting his father. and son Ishmael, ‘alaihissalām,. This time Abraham, ‘alaihissalām, took Ishmael, the test was far more swear and harder than ‘alaihissalām, to one side and told him before, Abraham, ‘alaihissalām, was ordered straight forward: “I am ordered by God that I in three dreams to slaughter his beloved son should slaughter you. What is your opinion?” Ishmael, ‘alaihissalām, in the way of his After all Ishmael, ‘alaihissalām, was son Lord God! of Abraham, ‘alaihissalām. His uncalculated No body would have ever witnessed such a abrupt reply was: “Father, do not hesitate, do scene, since the creation of the world, nor as you are commanded, you will find me sky had, that an old man of eighty readied obedient.” 12—Al-Nahl Father and son went in the jungle, away ‘alaihissalām’s great sacrifice by celebrating from people. Father tied the hands of his son, Eid-ul-Adha or Eidul-Adhiyya (Festival of selected an appropriate spot, told his fifteen sacrifices), and slaughter animals. They year old son to lay down on the ground. Just invoke prayers seeking high place for visualize the scene, a 100 year old man is all Abraham, ‘alaihissalām, and his progeny: ready, with a sharp knife in his hand, to slaughter his beautiful son of 15 years, who lays on the ground, hand bounded at his feet. Certainly the earth would have stopped in its rotation, and every thing would have stood still! Dear reader! Go and leaf through histories al·lā·hum·ma ”al·li ‘a·lā of different nations, scattered in libraries all mu·™am·ma·diñw·wa ‘a·lā ā·li over the world. You will never find record of mu·™am·ma·din, such an incident happening, since the ka·mā ”al·lai·ta ‘a·lā ibrā·hī·ma creation of the world. How possibly a father wa ‘a·lā ā·li ib·rā·hi·ma, can slaughter his only beloved son, it was in·na·ka ™a·mī·dum·ma·jīd only Abraham, ‘alaihissalām, who was the O Allah, bless Muhammad and his most obedient servant of his God, and people as Thou didst bless Abraham believers in His powers. and his people. Thou art indeed Abraham, ‘alaihissalām, placed the knife Praiseworthy, the Exalted. right at the throat of his son and was just to give a push, when suddenly doors of sky World’s first mosque flung open and a majestic voice called out: Having proved their steadfastness in the “My intention is not that you slaughter your love of their Lord God, Abraham, son, only I wanted to test your love and ‘alaihissalām, and Ishmael, ‘alaihissalām, obedience toward Me—your God. You have were ordered by God: “Now both of you passed the test. Go, I will make you father of erect a mosque in Mecca for my worship. I nations. You are prepared to sacrifice your will bless it, people will come drawn to it son, in return I will multiply your progeny, from east and west.” grains of sand on earth, and stars in the sky Both father and son, started building the could be counted, but your progeny would house of their Lord from blocks from not. Surely we bestow our kindness on our surrounding granite hills. It was a simple chosen ones!” (Ref. 2) roofless structure, measuring approximately On hearing the words of approval from his 12 meter long, 10.5 meter wide, and 15 meter Lord, Abraham, ‘alaihissalām, climbed down high (39 feet long x 34 feet wide x 49 feet the chest of his son, and instead slaughtered a high). The single entrance was on the sheep. northeastern side, 2.3 meter above the Abraham, ‘alaihissalām’s great sacrifice is ground. The building had neither doors, still remembered, year after year, since windows nor paved floor. The granite centuries have passed. Muslims all over the building still stands since time immemorial world commemorate Abraham, as Ka‘batullah—the house of Allah (present Q3/2006—13 day structure is modified). People from all Arabia, and of them Banū Hāshim family over Arabia have been coming to it, for was held supreme. ‘Abdul-Muttalib bin pilgrimage. Muslims from all over the world Hāshim, head of the Banū Hāshim tribe was turn their face towards Ka‘ba, when praying. acclaimed leader of Meccans, because he Pilgrimage to Ka‘ba is retained as fifth pillar was also care-taker of Ka‘ba, in later of Islam. They flock in millions each year capacity he was respected all over Arabia. from all over the globe to make a pilgrimage Abdul-Muttalib once made a strange journey to it. This is the Baitullah, the House pledge, that if he had ten sons, and they all of Allah. Its sanctity and antiquity is older grew up in his life time, he will sacrifice one than history itself. of them in the name of God. It so happened Sacred town of Mecca is now known all that his wish was fulfilled, all his ten sons over the world. It is the site where Prophet grew up in his life time into beautiful healthy Abraham, ‘alaihissalam, left his few month young men. While pledging ‘Abdul-Muttalib old son and his mother, in the wilderness, had not the slightest idea that his wish will be obeying command of his Lord God! fulfilled. Now when it was fulfilled he was in a fix. ‘Abdul-Muttalib was a man of his A wonderful prayer words and of strong determination. One day When Abraham, ‘alaihissalām, and he took his sons with him to Ka‘ba to fulfill Ishmael, ‘alaihissalām, were raising walls of his pledge. When lots were drawn it fell to the House of their Lord, they kept on praying the name of his youngest son ‘Abdullāh, who humbly: “O our Lord, our sustainer! Send was ten years of age at that time. He was your messenger among Meccans, who may dearest to his father, because he was read on them your commands and teach them beautiful, smart, noble and youngest of his words of wisdom to purify them. Our Lord! sons. Now that the lot had fallen on You have great powers and set the events ‘Abdullāh’s name, and ‘Abdul-Muttalib had wisely.” (Ref. 3) to fulfill it, so in the heart of his heart he was The great historic prayer of sending a much disturbed. messenger among Meccans has been By the time several Quraishite had answered with the birth of our Master gathered in Ka‘ba, when they heard the story, Prophet Hadrat Muhammad Mustafa they unanimously said, it is not to be allowed (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam), who came in that such a smart young man may die. They the progeny of father prophet Abraham, suggested to draw lot between ‘Abdullāh and ‘alaihissalam, and Ishmael, ‘alaihissalam. ten camels, if the lot falls on camels, The promised prophet read to them words of slaughter them instead of ‘Abdullāh. Second their God. The world is lit up by the light of time the lot was drawn, it again fell at his teachings, as father prophet had prayed. ‘Abdullāh. Number of camels was raised to 20, 30, … 60, … 80, still it went to Abraham ‘alaihissalām’s prayers ‘Abdullāh. At last number of camels was answered raised to 100. To the joy of ‘Abdul-Muttalib and all present, this time it fell to camels! An extraordinary pledge Anyway to satisfy himself ‘Abdul-Muttalib Quraish were the most honored tribe in repeated lot, again it fell on camels, so one 14—Al-Nahl hundred camels were slaughtered instead of her deceased loving husband. ‘Abdullāh. It was customary in Arabs that widows ‘Abdullāh was to father our Master would marry a second husband but this girl Prophet Muhammad, may peace and loved her husband so dearly that she decided blessings of Allah be upon him. not to marry again for the rest of her life, and to spend her life in remembrance of her A glorious dream husband. Zuhrā (Venus) is the shiniest and most She would keep weeping, she would not beautiful of all the celestial bodies that circle care eating and wearing good clothes, nor she around sun. A Quraishite tribe Banī Zuhrā would braid her hairs. She would remain was named after this planet. The tribe was sitting at a place hours on, a picture of respected among Quraishites, Wahab Bin sadness and despair. Several months passed, ‘Abd Manāf was prominent member of this there was no abating in her grief. tribe. He had a noble, well behaved, good One night she dreamt as if whole world tempered daughter, named Āmina. She was were draped in pitch darkness, so much so married to ‘Abdullāh, the youngest son of that nothing could be seen. Suddenly a ‘Abdul-Muttalib, the chief of the Quraishites. glittering light emerged from her bosom. It Abdullāh had to leave for Syria on a spread and spread all around, covered whole business trip within a week of his marriage. world brightening every nook and corner of On return journey he stopped in Medina and it. fell severely ill, within few days he died. Simple innocent girl could not understand When the bad news reached Mecca, his wife the meanings of the dream, however, surely Āmina was shocked. She would keep on she felt some relief from her grief after the weeping day and night in remembrance of vision. A night view of the Ka‘ba during the annual pilgrimage. Q3/2006—15 Do you know who was this innocent noble thinking that he came to offer to lay down girl? Her name was Āmina, mother to be of arms, and beg pardon for what had been done our Master Prophet Muhammad, may peace to his church. He received ‘Abdul-Muttalib and blessings of Allah be upon him! with honor and gave him an honorable seat. After inquiring about his health and People of the elephant wellbeing, he asked him for the purpose of About seventy days before the birth of his visit. Muhammad, sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam, a Abdul-Muttalib told him that he had come terrible incident occurred, due to which to retrieve camels that his soldiers have Mecca could have been destroyed. But God caught. Abraha looked at the Arab chieftain in the heaven took mercy and saved the in surprise and said: “Well, take your camels, Meccans, all due to the blessed child but the impression I had, knowing your name Muhammad, sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam, and status, is all vanished by your petty who was to be born among them, in few request. You have no fear for your Ka‘ba, for days’ time. the destruction of which I have brought such Yemen is a small country in the south- a strong army. If all Arabs come to fight my western corner of Arabian Peninsula, situated army, none of them will escape. But instead on the bank of Red Sea. It was governed by of taking care of Ka‘ba you are after few Christian Abyssinian King, across the Red camels. Such a petty thinking does not suit a Sea. The king had appointed one of his Qurashite chieftain!” generals Abraha as governor of Yemen. Abdul-Muttalib smilingly replied: “I am Abraha never liked Arabs going in thousands the owner of the camels, my purpose to visit to Mecca for pilgrimage. In order to divert you is to get my property back. Regarding their attention from Mecca, he built a Ka‘ba, it has its Master, He will take care of magnificent church in capital city Saná, and it Himself. I need not to fear for it.” ordered Arabs to come to the church instead Abraha lost his wits at this simple and of going far off to Mecca. straight forward reply, and said: “Well, I will Arabs never liked governor’s idea, instead see how your master of Ka‘ba saves it from some zealots threw filth in the church. The my hands.” governor was much annoyed on disgrace of Abdul-Muttalib rose to leave saying: “Ok, his church. He decided to launch an attack on you see and we will also see,” and left. Mecca to destroy it. He gathered an army of Next morning Abraha arranged his army sixty thousand strong, including score of and the elephants to attack Ka‘ba. As soon as elephants, and set out for Mecca to destroy he proceeded, suddenly thousands of little Ka‘ba. When he reached the suburbs of birds came flying from beyond the hills and Mecca, some of ‘Abdul-Muttalib’s camels covered the sky. Every bird had a pebble in were grazing in a valley, soldiers rounded its beak, they volleyed pebbles on the them up. soldiers, as pebbles hit soldiers, they were When ‘Abdul-Muttalib came to know that killed at the spot. In no time whole army of the invaders had captured his camels, he Abraha was crushed. went to meet Abraha himself. Abraha This historic incident is recorded in Holy happily welcomed him as chief of Quraish, Quran in a beautiful abridged form in section 16—Al-Nahl 105, entitled Al-Fīl (The Elaphant): The cover over Ka‘ba is being changed ‫ﻦ اﻟ ﱠﺮﺣِﻴ ِﻢ‬ ِ ‫ﷲ اﻟ ﱠﺮﺣْﻤ‬ ِ ‫ِﺑﺴْ ِﻢ ا‬ ْ‫َأَﻟﻢْ َﻳﺠْ َﻌﻞْ َآﻴْ َﺪ ُهﻢ‬Ο ‫ﻞ‬ ِ ‫ب اﻟْﻔِﻴ‬ ِ ‫ﻚ ِﺑَﺄﺻْﺤَﺎ‬ َ ‫ﻞ َر ﱡﺑ‬ َ ‫ﻒ َﻓ َﻌ‬ َ ْ‫َأَﻟﻢْ َﺗ َﺮ َآﻴ‬ ‫ﺤﺠَﺎ َر ٍة‬ِ ‫ َﺗﺮْﻣِﻴﻬِﻢ ِﺑ‬Ο ‫ﻞ‬ َ ‫ﻃﻴْﺮًا َأﺑَﺎﺑِﻴ‬ َ ْ‫ﻋَﻠﻴْ ِﻬﻢ‬ َ ‫ﻞ‬ َ‫ﺳ‬ َ ْ‫ َوَأر‬Ο ‫ﻞ‬ ٍ ‫ﻓِﻲ َﺗﻀْﻠِﻴ‬ Ο‫ل‬ ٍ ‫ﻒ ﱠﻣﺄْآُﻮ‬ ٍ ْ‫ﺠ َﻌَﻠ ُﻬﻢْ َآ َﻌﺼ‬َ ‫ َﻓ‬Ο ‫ﻞ‬ ٍ ‫ﺳﺠﱢﻴ‬ ِ ‫ﻣﱢﻦ‬ In the name of Allah, the Gracious, the Merciful. Hast thou not seen how thy Lord dealt with the People of the Elephant. Did he not cause their plan to miscarry? And he sent against them, swarm of birds, striking them against stones of clay. And thus made them like broken straw, eaten up. Though Abraha did not get a direct hit from the birds, he suffered even more terrible mother’s joy, a beautiful child was born to death. He fell to a strange epidemic caused her. The child was beautiful as if it was a by the rotting bodies of his soldiers and piece of bright moon. She found in him all elephants. His skin broke down in shreds the happiness of life. He reminded her of her causing him terrible pain. Crying and wailing deceased husband. When child’s grandfather, he suffered a miserable death. ‘Abdul-Muttalib, was informed of the birth, It is a universal truth that God’s he could not hide tears in his eyes, as it punishment comes slowly, and when it reminded him of his dead son. He came strikes leaves nothing. home and took the child in his lap, Āmina told him of her dream of light coming out of Dream unfolds her bosom and radiating all over the world. There was no charm left in the world for a The happy grandfather told the young sorrow stricken woman, as Āmina was, to be mother: “This child is the explanation of that happy. She was widowed after few days of dream.” He named his grandson her marriage. The world was gloomy, it was “Muhammad” (the most praised one), just as if she was living in a prison, no source sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam. of joy, no happiness. Until God in heaven The child grew as spiritual leader and took mercy on her, in a way that no body had redeemer of human kind. With the light of ever been blessed before, nor any body will his teachings, darkness of godlessness be blessed till doomsday. Her vision, of light dissipated and whole world lit up with the from her bosom, bore the great tidings that light of one God! she will bear a son, destined to become spiritual leader of all mankind, whose People’s surprise teachings will lighten up the whole world. Now ‘Abdul-Muttalib had grown quite On one fateful Monday morning in the old, throughout his long life he had not seen month of August in the year A.D. 570, to such a beautiful child. The child lying in his Q3/2006—17 lap appeared as if it was an angel resting. (May peace of Allah be upon him). ‘Abdul-Muttalib carried the child jubilantly to the Ka‘ba to offer prayers for his long life Nursing an orphan and good future. It was customary among Arabs, that after Several Quraishite nobles were sitting every six month women from surrounding gossiping in the Ka‘ba. They were astonished villages would visit Mecca, to take infant to see the beauty of the child, they admired children from noble families, in their care, to and congratulated their chief on the birth of suckle and rear them in pure village his beautiful grandson. They asked for the environments. They would keep them till age name of the child. ‘Abdul-Muttalib replied of 4-5 years. In return parents would pay “Muhammad.” They stared at each other in well for their nursing services. The children surprise, since they had never heard such a so raised were healthy and sharp witted. name before. Someone took courage to ask: Women from Banū Sa‘d tribe were one of “Our respected chief! Why you have named those carrying out this job. As usual that year your grandson by such a strange name? You when women visited Mecca, all babies from should have named him after some idol.” wealthy families were taken. No body ‘Abdul-Muttalib smiled: “It is my ardent bothered to take orphan child of mother desire that my son be praised all over the Āmina, since an orphan child was considered world. He may bear every good quality and inauspicious among Arabs, moreover goodness, so to be praised by every one. This windowed mother was not expected to pay is why I have named him “Muhammad.” His good remuneration for nursing service. mother also had a vision which indicated that Nurse Halīma belonged to poor Banū Sa‘d he will grow into a great respectable person.” tribe. No mother was prepared to entrust her No one can boast that his desire will be child in her care. She was looking enviously fulfilled, but ‘Abdul-Muttalib’s desire was at those nurses who were taking babies from fulfilled true to its words. Just look at the wealthy families. Similarly mother Āmina world, no man has ever been praised in a way was waiting for a nurse to take her child, but as our Master Prophet Muhammad, sallallāhu no one came. At last when Halīma failed to ‘alaihi wa sallam, has been and is being get a child from a wealthy family, she with praised. Fifteen centuries have passed, not a the consent of her husband Hāris took single day has passed when he has not been Āmina’s baby, without any promise of return praised in every part of the world. In heaven or reward. Thinking anything is better than God and angels, and Muslims all over the nothing. world, in every country, continuously keep However, the child proved a source of on invoking blessings of God on him. His blessings for Halīma’s family. The days of traditions and sayings have been colleted in deprivation of family turned to bounty, several volumes, translated in several poverty to riches and satisfaction. Family’s languages. His sayings have been used as weak lazy she-camel became quick and guidance in every sphere of life, and acted healthy, soon none of the camels in the tribe upon, true to word and sprit. equaled it in speed and health. The goats In short no guide, reformer, leader has ever belonging to the family started giving more been praised as much as our Master Prophet milk than those of the rest of the tribe. The 18—Al-Nahl family was overall blessed because of the morning returning home in the evening. presence of the blessed child. Once when children were busy in grazing their goats as usual, suddenly a band of A Source of blessings dacoits with frightening faces and shining The little child Muhammad (sallallāhu swords in hands, attacked. The sight of ‘alaihi wa sallam) was being nursed in the dacoits put children in panic and they ran lap of Halīma, who would look at him in joy towards the village, except for one child, and kindness, since his arrival the house was who was not frightened. He stood silent at full of blessings. Two years passed in a jiffy. his place, it was little Muhammad (sallallāhu It was time to return the child to his mother. ‘alaihi wa sallam). Halīma and her husband never wanted that The dacoits never bothered to notice the the child should leave their house, since they presence of a small child. They rounded off knew that all blessings they had in their the goats. When they were about to go away, house were due to the presence of the child. the child stepped forward and said in a clear However, Halīma according to the custom authoritative voice, “The villagers have went to return the child to his mother, after entrusted their goats to our care. If you want two years in her care. to take them, first go and ask the villagers. If She carried the child to his mother Āmina they agree then you can take them with you.” and requested her humbly: “Though I have Dacoits could not help smiling at the tone brought back your child, but he has created and simple words of the little child and were deep love in my heart, in no way I want to about to escape with the goats. When little separate him from me. It would be kind of boy saw that the dacoits had not heeded him, you if you kindly allow me to keep the child he quickly went forward and blocked the with me for a little longer.” way of the goats. By chance at that time the environmental Seeing the courage of little child, dacoit conditions in Mecca were foul and leader said angrily, “Get out of my way, let detrimental to health; moreover, considering us take the goats.” “No, never, first kill me Halīma’s insistence, mother Āmina then take the goats. You cannot take the consented, saying, “Well, you have looked goats while I am alive.” The dacoits looked after my son so carefully that I cannot refuse at each other in astonishment, and were your request. Moreover due to prevailing surprised at the boldness of a little weak health conditions in Mecca, I do not want the child! child to stay in city at this time.” Halīma was Head of dacoits went forward and tapped overjoyed and happily returned to her village the child on his head with affection and with the child. asked, “Whose son you are?” The child replied, “Abdul-Muttalib’s.” Courageous little one Abdul-Muttalib was known all over Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) Arabia. Hearing child’s reply the dacoit was living with Halīma’s family. When he became soft and said, “Son of chief of turned five years, he started accompanying Quraish should be as bold as you are. I honor other children around to graze goats in your courage, and I am leaving the goats. I surrounding jungle. They would leave in see in your face the light which says you will Q3/2006—19 grow into a personage who would be caught Muhammad, and with a long knife respected by all Arabs. What is your name?” opened his belly. Seeing this we ran terrified “Muhammad.” “Muhammad, Muhammad lest they catch us and do the same with us. what a strange and endearing name,” dacoit We do not know what happened to muttered amusingly. He galloped away with Muhammad afterward.” his band saying, “Ok, little courageous Halīma was stunned on hearing the fellow, peace be with you.” terrifying account. In desperation she felt as if earth was slipping from under her feet. She Strange visitors ran staggeringly to the site of the incident. Yet a few days had passed of the above She saw little Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi incident, another strange thing happened. wa sallam) safe and sound standing all alone As usual, little Muhammad (sallallāhu in the wilderness. Halīma ran to clasp the ‘alaihi wa sallam) and other boys were boy in her lap and kissed his forehead saying, grazing their goats in the wild. Suddenly two “My son, my son, what happened?” men with white faces, dressed in white, Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) appeared from somewhere. Ignoring other gave her the same account, Halīma looked boys, they caught little Muhammad around for any sign of blood, neither the (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam), laid him down ground was wet, nor there were foot prints. on ground. They cut it open his chest with a Moreover, some thing that was stated to had sharp big knife, took out his heart, cut been thrown out of the heart of the child was opened it and threw away something from it. not to be seen anywhere. There was no Then they placed the heart in a large dish and wound mark on child’s chest, no spilled washed it with crystal clear water, until heart blood. Naturally she concluded it was some shined like a pearl. They placed the heart thing unnatural which happened to the child. back in the chest and closed it, and went The idea terrified her. She thought if some away. thing happens to the child how she will face Halīma’s son ‘Abdullāh and other children his mother and her tribe? stood bound to ground in astonishment She hurried home and told her husband, “I witnessing the incident happening. They am much terrified by the incident; I do not were terrified and out of their wits, trembling understand what happened to Muhammad. with fear they ran into the village. They told Though he is all right, there is no evidence to Halīma that some thing terrible has happened prove the story told by the children. Anyhow, to Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam): I do not find the situation satisfactory. It is “Today when we were grazing our goats with better that we take Muhammad to his mother Muhammad among us, suddenly two noble as quickly as possible. Though his separation looking men appeared out of the pass will be heavy on us, but if we loose the child, between the mountains. They came straight then what will happen to us?” to us. They were wearing magnificent gowns, Hāris replied: “Yes, I agree with you. We had beautiful majestic faces adorned with should take him now to leave him in the flowing beards. By their clothes and custody of his mother safe and sound.” appearances we thought them to be noble Halīma and her husband hurried to the people, but they proved cruel butchers. They town with Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa 20—Al-Nahl sallam), and handed him over to his mother. son’s eyes. It was really shocking to think Mother Āmina asked her why she has that she was leaving her only beloved son, all brought him so suddenly. Halīma replied: alone in a desert, away from relatives in “Some terrible things have been happening to Mecca. How a child of six will survive in a Muhammad. It appears as if he is under some fearsome desert valley? How the child will evil spell.” feel her separation? These thoughts grieved Mother Āmina smiled and said: “Do not her to the core of her heart, but death has no think like this. My child will not be lost. He such considerations for a king, a bagger, a will grow into a great magnificent man. I mother or a child. After few moments, dreamt strange dreams at the time of his Āmina breathed her last, leaving her dear son birth.” all alone for ever in the wilderness of the world, among strangers. Farewell mother! A boy of six is well capable of feeling his Now Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa losses and recognizes his loved ones. sallam) started living with his mother in Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) Mecca. She loved her son more than any stood dazed with grief close to his mother’s other mother could love her child. Yet she dead body. Tears flowed from his eyes, he had not forgotten sudden demise of her sobbed helpless with grief. There was no husband, child’s father. Whenever familiar face around to comfort him. Who Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) will take care of me? What can I do now, all talked to her, he reminded her of his father, alone, no mother, no father? Where will I go? and she slipped in sorrow. Naturally these questions were grieving little Until time came when she could not bear one’s mind. Father died before his birth, now separation of her husband any more, and mom had left at six. This was the childhood decided to visit Madīna to offer prayer at the of my Master Prophet Muhammad (sallallāhu grave of her dear husband. Perhaps there she ‘alaihi wa sallam)! may find some solace from her grief. She Mother Āmina was buried in the took Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa wilderness in an unknown grave, and the sallam) with her and set out for Madīna with orphan was delivered in the custodianship of a caravan. She stayed there for a month with his grief stricken grandfather ‘Abdul- her relatives. She would regularly visit grave Muttalib in Mecca. of her husband, she would spend as much time as possible at the side of the grave. Death of grandfather At last she set out for Mecca with a Abdul-Muttalib loved his orphaned caravan. When they reached village Abwā` grandson more than all of his sons, he would in the way, Āmina suddenly fell seriously ill. keep him close to himself all the time. Soon all hopes for her survival were lost. In ‘Abdul-Muttalib, as chief of Quraish, had a the last moments of her life, she looked at her majestic personality. He would sit at a place child in great dismay. The grief stricken little of prominence in Ka‘ba, at a special rug laid one was standing close by her. His departing for him. No body dared to occupy that place mother signed him to come closer, he ran and or sit beside him, but his loving grandson clasped her. Tears flowed from mother’s and would sit with him fearlessly. On one or two Q3/2006—21 occasions someone tried to prevent the child birth of his nephew. Afterward when the from sitting beside ‘Abdul-Muttalib, but same nephew announced his prophethood, ‘Abdul-Muttalib allowed his grandson to sit same loving uncle proved to be his worst beside him on the special rug. enemy. Alas! the child had little time to enjoy the compassion and love of his loving Muhammad sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam’s grandfather. Two years had hardly passed in prayer the custody of his grandfather, the Now Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa grandfather fell ill, and soon was at his death sallam) lived with his uncle Abū Tālib, who bed. When he felt that his last time had loved him more than his own sons. He would come, naturally he was worried about the keep the boy with him, taking all care to welfare of his grandson, who was hardly of make him happy, he tried that Muhammad eight years of age. He decided to entrust him (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) would not be in the custody of one of his sons. He called offended in any way. Muhammad (sallallāhu his sons together. He told Muhammad ‘alaihi wa sallam) was a sophisticated, well (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam): “My last time behaved boy, with fine habits, some time has arrived, I am worried about your future. purity and straightforwardness of the boy Here are your uncles sitting before you. Go would put Abū Tālib in surprise. As Abū to one with whom you would like to live Tālib came to know more of Muhammad after me.” The little boy with tearful eyes sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam’s fine habits, he reluctantly looked at the faces of his uncles, became more and more endeared to him, and went forward and stopped before Abū Tālib. started respecting his nephew. Abū Tālib caressed the child and took him in Once there was great famine in Mecca, his lap. because there was no rain for a long time. Abdul-Muttalib addressed Abū Tālib: Meccans were in great distress, they knew “Abū Tālib! I entrust this child in your care, not what to do. Until one day Abū Tālib said with expectations that you will keep and to his nephew, “People are very much nurture him as a keepsake of your demised disturbed because of lack of rain. Yours is brother and me. Hope you will treat him with innocent heart and your tongue is pure. I see kindness, he had not seen his father, and had your life distinct from other’s. Take people enjoyed blessings of his mother for a short of the town with you in the jungle and pray time. By enduring repeated sufferings his for rain.” heart has become tender. Promise that you Our Master lead the nobles of Mecca to will treat him with love and compassion the jungle, and lifted his hands in prayer. more than any of your sons.” Abū Tālib Soon, miraculously, it rained intensely, as if readily promised to take full care of the the angel of rain was waiting for the signal child. from Muhammad sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa At that occasion Abū Lahab, one of the sallam’s invoking mercy of God. Famine uncles, was first to express his extreme desire conditions were changed to prosperity and to take his nephew in his custody, because he abundance in few days. From that time loved him intensely. So much so, he freed the people of Mecca knew that a special child slave woman who first conveyed the news of was living with them. 22—Al-Nahl for the bridegroom to come. Muhammad An innocent wish (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) sat on the rug Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) and soon went into deep sleep. When was hardly nine or ten years of age when he Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) would daily go to graze household goats in woke up it was almost evening, and the sun the company of another boy of his age. They was setting down beyond the hills. He would take their animals to graze in valleys hurried back to the grazing ground. So outside Mecca, away from the hustle and Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) bustle of the town where in every house was saved from participating in a luxurious people would gather daily to drink and enjoy gathering. Similarly at another occasion musical, poetical, story telling, singing and Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) dance concerts. Young and old would enjoy wanted to join an amusement gathering and these gatherings, they would drink and wile was saved. Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa away time in amusement, gossip and luxury. sallam) gradually developed natural In the evening when children would return abhorrence against such gatherings. from field, they would hear people talking about interesting events of the day, Muhammad sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam’s appreciating and criticizing the artists and first journey repeating interesting parts of their Traditionally Quraishites were traders, presentations. Naturally like other boys of his each year their trading caravans would leave age, Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa for Iraq, Palestine and China. They had sallam) was impressed by these accounts. trading relations with several other countries Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) too. In foreign markets they would sell their once decided to attend such a gathering, to commodities and buy commodities needed see himself what happened there. back in the home markets. One day when Muhammad (sallallāhu Quraishites were respected all over Arabia, ‘alaihi wa sallam) and his companion were because they were custodians of Ka‘ba. Their tending their goats, Muhammad (sallallāhu trading caravans would travel across Arabia ‘alaihi wa sallam) told his friend that he had without any fear of being looted on the way. desired to attend such a gathering in the city Otherwise there was prevailing lawlessness for some time. He requested his friend if he all over Arabia: roaming parties of dacoits, would take care of his goats in his absence, thieves and looters, swept across Arabian in return he would tend his goats allowing desert—they would not spare anybody. They him to go in the town next day. As would kill and injure if they are prevented Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) from looting. If anybody fought back, he was entered the city he saw people gathered in a unhesitatingly looted and killed. But house. He asked somebody what was going Quraishites would travel fearlessly on there; he was told that preparations of a throughout Arabia, across valleys, deserts, marriage party were being made. villages and cities, no body would dare to Unintentionally Muhammad (sallallāhu hinder them. Their caravans would go laden ‘alaihi wa sallam) entered the house, rug was with commodities for trading in other spread at the floor and guests were waiting countries, and return laden with commodities Q3/2006—23 to Mecca. They would come and go safely. injustice, tyranny and oppression in society. This freedom of unhindered movement at a So happened several time in Arabian corrupt time of lawlessness and looting was a matter society. of high priority only for Quraishites (Ref. 4). Some young concerned men gathered to Once when Abū Tālib was preparing to agree on a pact to reform the society. They leave for Syria on a trading enterprise. The took oath of solidarity that they will strive to caravan was being prepared, packs of stop all wrong doings, acts of suppression, commodities were being loaded and tied on injustice, tyranny, violence and extortion, in camels. Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa the society. They resolved to work together sallam) silently observed hustle and bustle to eradicate these evils from society, by going on around him. Though Abū Tālib persuasion and kindness, if needed they will loved his ten year old nephew so dearly that use force to banish miscreants out of Mecca. he never wanted to part from him, but in By chance a part of the names of most of the view of long hazardous journey to Syria, he signatories was Fañl (‫ )ﻔﻀﻞ‬so the pact is did not want to put his nephew in hardships known in history as ©ilful-Fuñūl ( ‫ﺤﻟف‬ of the arduous long journey. Instead he ‫)اﻟﻔﻀﻮل‬, Covenant/Alliance of Fañls. The preferred to leave him home in care of his alliance included most of the leaders of the uncles. At the time of departure, when Abū clans. The poor and destitute started hoping Tālib was about to ride his camel, his loving that now their conditions will turn to good, nephew came forward and held camel’s and they will be relieved from oppression bridle and said with tearful eyes, “Uncle, are and demolition. you going away? In whose care are you But their hopes were soon dashed to leaving me behind?” Abū Tālib felt the depth ground. Morality of Arabs had deteriorated and meaning of his nephew’s simple words. to such an extent that the alliance proved not He climbed down his camel, caressed his more than a bubble of water. Soon every nephew and said, “No my son, do not weep, I thing was forgotten and lost for ever. Later can’t see you distressed. Well, come with several attempts were made to revive the me.” He seated Muhammad (sallallāhu allegiance, but all went futile. Muhammad ‘alaihi wa sallam) in front of him on his (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) was one of the camel, and both left for Syria. It was the first signatories of the alliance of Fañls. He long journey of our master with his loving remembered his promise throughout his life uncle Abū Tālib. and remained dedicated to his promise. He helped poor and oppressed, all alone by A helping pact himself. He would serve needy with his time When satanic forces of oppression, and money. Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi injustice, injury, tyranny, violence, extortion wa sallam) had thousands of his followers and suppression saturate a society, who would sacrifice their lives at his suppressed forces of goodness and fairness command. As history tells us his dedicated are stirred up. As a part of natural checks and followers helped and supported the poor, balance, the goodness in human nature is they never sided with bad intended rich and awakened. Taking a deep yawn goodness kings rather they stood with weak and staggers to stand to block the way of helped, and took care of the needy and poor. 24—Al-Nahl he kept him waiting there for three days. The most honest and trustworthy Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) As Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa was designated by people as Sādiq and sallam) grew in age, he also advanced in Amīn, right from his young age. It is goodness and dedication towards humanity. irrefutable proof of the truthfulness of his No body had ever seen him indulging in bad claim when he announced his prophethood: acts, neither heard him telling a lie. He was “I have spent a considerable period of my life always fair and polite in his dealings. As among you, tell me if I ever lied or deceived time passed his truthfulness and honesty was you, or if you have ever objected to my known all over Mecca. People called him conduct and chastity. Now when I have “Sādiq” (the truthful) and “Amīn” (the grown old, how all of a sudden I have started reliable, the trustworthy). Everybody, big or lying about God. It is a simple thing why you small, would honor him because of his don’t think over it?” honesty and fair dealing. He was helpful to Obviously if he was not truthful and everybody, cared for the needy, was the only trustworthy, why they called him “truthful” hope for the poor. and “trustworthy?” He took trade as his profession, as was the tradition of his family. Since he had no A noble wealthy lady money to invest, he shared business with Khadīja al-Kubrā (rañiyallåhu ‘anhā) was others. He traveled to Syria, Basra, and a noble wealthy woman living in Mecca. She Yemen with trading caravans carrying and belonged to a highly respected family. Her bringing back commodities to these distant father Khuwailid ibn Asad, of Banū Asad lands. Whosoever shared business with him, tribe of Banū Hāshim, was respected all over never complained about his dealings. Mecca. No body equaled Khadīja (rañiyallå Nobody ever doubted his truthfulness and hu ‘anhā) in wealth in whole of the Arabia. credibility. She was a renowned business woman. She Once a man by the name of ‘Abdullāh, would send trading caravans to all known wanted to have a business deal with him. business centers in Egypt, Syria, Yemen and While negotiating he remembered some other cities by hiring people. thing important, telling Muhammad When she heard about the honesty and fair (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) to wait, he dealing in business of young Muhammad promised to return soon to conclude the (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam), she called for agreement. Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa him, she was his distant cousin. She sallam) waited, ‘Abdullāh forgot to return. expressed her wish to send him with her By chance ‘Abdullāh happened to passed that merchandise to Syria, and promised to pay way after three days, he found Muhammad him twice of the usual remuneration. She (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) standing there promised to send a slave with him to serve waiting for him at the same spot where he him during the journey. Muhammad left him. He apologized for the trouble he (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) accepted the caused to our master by saying: “O deal and set out for Syria with trading Muhammad, excuse me, I completely forgot commodities, accompanied by the servant to return.” Our master politely told him that named Maisara. Q3/2006—25 When the caravan reached Basra, a town Nafeesa: “Young man! In your age one in southern Syria. The commodities were becomes father of several children. But you quickly sold out at considerably high are still not wed. What is your plan about prophet. So there was now no reason to your marriage?” continue to Syria. The caravan returned to Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam): Mecca. Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa “Please Ma’am, I am a poor man, I have little sallam) gave full account of the expenditure income. Obviously no one will accept my and earned money to the satisfaction of the hand for his daughter. If, in anyway, I marry, lady. Khadīja (radiyallåhu ‘anhā) inquired how will I meet expenses of a household from Maisara how journey went by, and how when I am hardly able to support myself?” Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) Nafeesa: “I don’t think it a valid excuse. If treated him in the way. Maisara replied, you marry a wealthy woman, you may not “Muhammad certainly is a strange man, he have money problem?” was polite and sweet in his talking and Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) dealings, his moral was high, he was truthful smilingly replied: “Why would a wealthy and trustworthy. I have never seen a person man accept my hand for his daughter? It is like him throughout my life. He treated me customary among wealthy people that they like his brother. Though I was supposed to give hand of their daughters to boys from serve him, instead, he served me. He is not a wealthy families.” man, rather an incarnation of an angel.” Nafeesa replied: “But if some wealthy woman wishes to marry you, then?” Marriage Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) Khadīja (rañiyallåhu ‘anhā) was wealthy surprising asked: “Which wealthy woman as well as a lady of high thinking. Because of would wish to marry a poor man like me?” her good deeds, chastity and fair dealings she Nafeesa: “My mistress Khadīja wishes to was known all over Mecca as “Tahira” (the marry you. She sent me with the proposal, if pure one). She was twice widowed, she you accept?” resolved not to marry again, though because Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam): of her high character, and endearing habits “What can I say in this matter? I will talk several prominent respected dignitaries about it to my uncle before saying anything among Meccan asked for her hand, but every since I am living with him. After all he is time she refused. Young Muhammad also my guardian.” sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam’s capabilities, Nafeesa: “Until you yourself agree to the nobleness and fair conduct, and reports of his proposal, asking about it from your uncle is high morals from her slave Maisara, put her useless.” in thinking of him. She decided to offer her Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam): hand to Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa “No, I do not mean that. If my uncle likes sallam) through her trustworthy slave woman this match, I will agree to it”. Nafeesa. Nafeesa: “Ok, then talk to your uncle. I Nafeesa met Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi will come some other time to know what you wa sallam). Conversation between the two have decided.” advanced as follow: After that Nafeesa left, Muhammad 26—Al-Nahl (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) told his uncle decision of marring was her chastity and Abū Tālib about Khadīja rañiyallåhu ‘anhā’s good fame and conduct. Their mutual offer. Abū Tālib’s answer was: “If Khadīja understanding and happiness made this so wishes, accept it. After all Khadīja is no marriage august and very fruitful. stranger to our family, she is your cousin.” Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) A devoted wife consulted his other uncles also. They all Now that they were married, Khadīja agreed that the offer was very suitable and (radiyallåhu ‘anhā) had a chance to observe good. her husband closely. She found in him a Next evening Nafeesa returned: “Have you noble, kind and a man of high moral asked from your uncle?” character. She thought herself to be the Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam): luckiest woman in the world. Knowing high “Yes, I told him, he is willing.” qualities of her husband, she devoted herself Nafeesa happily replied: “It is very good! in the service of her highly esteemed Now this august marriage should not be husband. She could not find a weakness or a delayed anymore. It should soon take place. flaw in his noble character. A noble task should not be put off.” She was the richest woman in Mecca, she Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam): gave her husband all that she had in her “Well, I will talk to my uncle regarding this. possession, telling him it was all his, he What he would like to do, I will let you could spend it as he wished. Had young know.” Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) Within few days all marriage preparations been lustful and a man of luxurious were made. Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi enjoyment, or had married Khadīja wa sallam) accompanied by his uncles and (radiyallāhu ‘anhā) for her riches, it was other Quraish dignitaries visited Khadīja, appropriate time to squander away the riches radiyallåhu ‘anhā’s house. Abū Tālib lead the in dancing and drinking parties, and wearing marriage ceremony, it took place in a solemn costly clothes. He could have raised an army simple manner. of slaves and servants devoted in his personal Marriage between Khadīja (rañiyallåhu service. Instead he spent the riches to help ‘anhā) and Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa poor, needy, orphans, sick, widows and sallam) is an excellent example of purity and feeding guests. No needy was ever turned good will. At the time of marriage Khadīja away from his door, he would clothe the (rañiyallåhu ‘anhā) was 40 years of age, and clotheless, he would feed hungry and her husband Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi destitute, he would pay dues of poor debtors, wa sallam) was of 25 years. She never ransom to free slaves from their cruel thought that by marrying a poor young man masters. He himself would wear modest she had degraded her family among her tribe. clothes, eat simple food, neither did he like to Her only consideration of her choice was be served by servants, nor did he live in high moral conduct of her husband. While on pomp and show. the other hand Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi He was especially very kind towards wa sallam) never had in his mind that he was Meccans, he would help every body younger than the lady he was marrying. His irrespective of clan or creed. He would solve Q3/2006—27 problems by lending sincere advise, the chieftains of every tribe to come forward extinguish fire of quarrels between opposing and hold the sheet from its corners, and carry parties. In short he was an angel of love, the stone to the place where it was to be compassion, an embodiment of love and placed. On reaching the spot, Muhammad goodness. He never turned away a needy (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) lifted the stone from his door without fulfilling his or her and put it at its place. need. To him oppressed and downtrodden So the stand off of several days was would turn, he would uplift and give them resolved amicably because of presence of hope. mind and foresight of young Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam). Otherwise the Four corners of cloth sheet problem could have ignited a war between Once there was unusually heavy rain in tribes resulting in wide spread blood shed. Mecca, walls of Ka‘ba were damaged, and were near collapse. Ka‘ba was held sacred by Faithful slave and kind master Quraish and all Arabs. They decided to It was the period of general lawlessness demolish the damaged building, and rebuild and restlessness all over Arabia, and then with stronger foundations and walls. So the known world. Child traffickers were at large, Ka‘ba was rebuilt, everybody took part in its moving with caravans, from place to place, reconstruction. Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi picking up unattended kids and selling them wa sallam) was also one of the partakers. into slavery in distant lands. The anarchical After completion of the construction work, lawless conditions were due to the political question of placement of Al-Hajar-ul-Aswad instability and chaos created by Iranian (Black Stone) arose. Since every tribe Sassanid, Roman Byzantine and African revered the stone, each wanted to have honor Abyssinian Empires. They were always in of placing the stone at its original site. No state of war with each other. Rival soldiers tribe was prepared to relieve their right in the would raid each other’s territories, would favor of the other; swords were nearly drawn commit atrocities against helpless civilians, out. Elders wanted to settle the matter by looting homes, and rounding up women, negotiations, but all efforts were useless. children and cattle. The trading caravans There was stand off for several days. At last were most vulnerable if not protected by an it was decided that the person who would be army of fighters. the first to enter the Ka‘ba early next Hāris was a noble Christian, living in morning, his decision will be acceptable to Yemen in the south. His son Zaid all. Next morning Muhammad (sallallāhu (radiyallāhu ‘anhu) was a handsome young ‘alaihi wa sallam) was the fist person to enter boy of eight year of age, he was endeared to Ka‘ba. Seeing him everybody cried in joy: his father because of his loveable habits. “It is Muhammad, he is trustworthy. We all Once when Hāris was traveling with his will honor his decision.” Muhammad family, they were attacked by a group of (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) stepped bandits who rounded up children and took forward, took off sheet of cloth from his them away. The abducted children were sold shoulders, spread it out on the ground, and in slavery in the trading center of ‘Ukāz. By placed the stone in its middle. Then he called chance Khadīja radiyallāhu ‘anhā’s nephew 28—Al-Nahl Hakīm Bin Hizām was visiting ‘Ukāz market The news that his son Zaid (radiyallāhu at that time. Out of the lot he bought four ‘anhu) was in Mecca ignited a hope in the boys, one of them was Zaid (radiyallāhu grief stricken heart of Hāris. He took a large ‘anhu), son of Hāris. Zaid (radiyallāhu ‘anhu) sum of money, set forth for Mecca in the impressed Hakīm by his innocence and sharp company of his brother. He met Muhammad wits. Once when Khadīja (rañiyallāhu ‘anhā) (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) and related to was visiting her nephew’s home, Hakīm told him the story of kidnapping of his beloved her about the slave boys that he had bought. son Zaid (radiyallāhu ‘anhu). He told He wanted to present one of them to her. He Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) invited her to pick up one, Khadīja how dismayed and sorrowful he was since (radiyallāhu ‘anhā) picked Zaid (radiyallāhu the loss of his son. He implored him to let ‘anhu), and brought him home. She found Zaid (radiyallāhu ‘anhu) go with him. He him good mannered and civilized. She offered a large sum of money in ransom. The presented him to her husband as a gift. Zaid moving story of Zaid radiyallāhu ‘anhu’s (radiyallāhu ‘anhu) was now Muhammad, father, put Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam’s slave. sallam) in thoughts. Actually Muhammad Separation from his son put Zaid (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) had started radiyallāhu ‘anhu’s father Hāris in deep liking Zaid (radiyallāhu ‘anhu) because of his grief, he was almost mad. He would weep for loveable habits, he loved him as if he was his days and nights, remembering his lost son. own son. He did not want to be separated He would go out asking every one whom he from him. On the other hand he never wished met, if he has seen his son? Day by day his to keep Zaid (radiyallāhu ‘anhu) forcefully mental condition worsened. Years went by; away from his aggrieved parents against his he had no news of his beloved son. Suddenly will. He was worried what to say to the a ray of hope sparkled. People returning from grieving father. At last Muhammad Mecca after performing pilgrimage told (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) had a Hāris a great news that they had seen and suggestion: “Well, let Zaid decide himself met his son Zaid (radiyallāhu ‘anhu) in what he wants, to stay with me or go with Mecca. He is a slave of a nobleman named you. If Zaid decides to go with you, I will Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam), happily allow him to do so, demanding no the grandson of Quraish chieftain ‘Abdul- money as ransom. But if he wishes to stay Muttalib. Zaid (radiyallāhu ‘anhu) was happy with me, you have to agree to his decision. If and comfortable with his master, who is a he stays with me I assure you I will take noble and kind hearted person, he is known every care of him, as if he is my own son. I as trustworthy and truthful in his dealings. will protect him from every harm as long as I He took care of Zaid (radiyallāhu ‘anhu), as live.” Zaid radiyallāhu ‘anhu’s father and if he were his own son. They suggested if uncle happily agreed to this proposal, since Hāris would visit Mecca and request they were confident Zaid (radiyallāhu ‘anhu) Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) to will decide to go with them. return Zaid (radiyallāhu ‘anhu) to him, they As this was happening, Zaid (radiyallāhu were certain Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi ‘anhu) returned home from playing. When he wa sallam) would happily do so. entered the house, his master called him: Q3/2006—29 “Zaid, come here!” Zaid (radiyallāhu ‘anhu) specifically for the worship of their Lord turned back, he was stunned to find his father God. For long time Ka‘ba remained seat of and uncle in front of him. Muhammad worship of one God. As time passed Arabs (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) asked him if he lost sight of truth, and started descending in recognized them. Zaid (radiyallāhu ‘anhu) darkness of ignorance. When we trace back replied: “Yes, this is my father and that is my history of idol worship, we wonder at the low uncle.” Saying this Zaid (radiyallāhu ‘anhu) ebb of their thinking. How mentally ran to hug his father who lovingly clasped vulnerable and baseless they were at that him to his chest. Muhammad (sallallāhu time! Owing to the evil influence of the ‘alaihi wa sallam) told Zaid (radiyallāhu heathen Amalekites, living in southern Syria, ‘anhu): “They have come to take you with they fell into idolatry and paganism. How it them. Do you want to go, or live with me?” happened: Father and uncle looked at Zaid (radiyallāhu ‘Amr bin Luhayy of Jauzā tribe, was quite ‘anhu) expectantly. But to their amazement, a resourceful man because he was a wealthy Zaid (radiyallāhu ‘anhu) replied: “I will stay man and caretaker of Ka‘ba. Once he fell with you, I do not want to go home, never.” seriously ill of a skin disease, despite Hāris said amazingly: “Zaid, are you in your treatment of every kind he was not cured. He senses? You are preferring slavery over was told of a fountain in Muāb village, freedom, I deplore your understanding.” southern Syria. If he would take bath in that Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) fountain, he would surely be cured. ‘Amr caught Zaid (radiyallāhu ‘anhu) by his hand visited the place and was cured. During his and lead him into Ka‘ba, followed by Zaid stay in Muāb village, he found Amalekite radiyallāhu ‘anhu’s father and uncle. In people worshiping stony figures and Ka‘ba several Quraish chieftains were prostrating before them. gossiping. Muhammad, sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa The scene was new to ‘Amr, he asked sallam, went forward and addressed them: what were they doing? What was that before “You, who are sitting here at this time, bear which they were prostrating? Villagers witness that today I free Zaid (radiyallāhu wondered at ‘Amr’s ignorance, and told him ‘anhu) and declare him my son. He will that those figures were very useful things. inherit me and I will inherit him.” The father They fulfill their desires and needs. Though and uncle who were standing spellbound, apparently they are stones, actually they have could never believe that somebody would great powers. When rain is needed they cause leave his parents and boast on slavery of a rain, when sun is needed they take away stranger. They were amazed that a master can clouds. They protect them against enemies, treat his slave in such kindness and and help friends. They comfort to make them benevolence! With heavy heart but satisfied happy, cure them of their ills and help them about the safety of their son, they turned pay their debts. Whatever one wishes from back to Yemen. them they fulfill it. ‘Amr was impressed by the narration of Idol worshipers in house of God attractive attributes of the clumsily carved Prophet Abraham (‘alaihissalām) and figures, and the account of their magical Ishmael (‘alaihissalām) built Ka‘ba powers. ‘Amr was such a simpleton that out 30—Al-Nahl of his foolishness he could not control to say: own god. Whenever some body would go on “I wonder how much you are enjoying. If a journey, he would take three stones with you kindly give me one of them, I will take it him to make fireplace for cooking meals, with me to my country. Though it will not be afterward one of the stones was put in front a loss to you from parting from one of them, to prostrate before it. Others will pick a stone but it will make things easy for us.” So he in the way and make it a god, some will carry was given a stony figure named Hubal. ‘Amr their god in pockets, pulling it out at the time reverently brought it to Mecca, and fixed it of worship. on the roof of the Ka‘ba. He advertised magical powers of his new find by going Restlessness in the world door to door asking people to worship it The Arabs, descendents of Prophet instead of God. Abraham (‘alaihissalām) through Ishmael The man was influential, and had been (‘alaihissalām), with the passage of time, helping everybody by lending money, most forgot sanctity and importance of Ka‘ba, of the Meccans were under his influence. rather made it a depository of several They accepted his call and started worshiping hundred different shaped gods, and the figure at the roof. As time passed, they consequently started harboring every started carving figures of their own from conceivable vice in their society and culture. stone, wood, mud and from every thing that They despised to learn, read and write, and they could put their hands on, like dates, etc. abhorred literate persons. They became They deposited their idols in Ka‘ba. In short totally wild, losing civic and civil values, time Ka‘ba became depository of idols. Their became barbaric, savage and mischievous. number increased to 360, as time passed. They could do anything in the name of Perhaps there was no other greater idol honor. They would kill their daughters in worshiping centre with such a large cold blood to preserve false family honor. concentration of idols in the whole world. We have already read much about their vices, It is how after passage of time Abraham and need not to recount details. It is ‘alaihissalām’s children lost sight of their sufficient to sum up by saying that Arabs at duty towards their one God and indulged in that time had all the vices one can conceive worshiping score of idols. Slowly all social of, had transgressed all bounds of vices stemmed from idolatry. Obviously wickedness. Intertribal and personal disputes human mind cannot accept to fear a figure resulted in years long wars, involving score whom man carves himself, gives it a shape of of tribes, would consume thousands of his own choice! Steadily they became innocent men, women and children. Wars fearless and started committing all would continue for years even when cause of conceivable crimes, emerging as worst the dispute was forgotten. inhabitants on earth. Outside Arabian Peninsula there was Ka‘ba was also revered as a religious restlessness and anarchy everywhere, no center throughout Arabia. Through pilgrims, peace and tranquility. Fire worship was the slowly and steadily, idolatry spread in whole religion in neighboring Iran, people were of Arabia. After some time every tribe, every habitual luxury mongers, draped in every family, every house, every person had his type of adultery and sin. While the Indian Q3/2006—31 subcontinent was fixed in strong clutches of Egyptians built magnificent temples in honor countless gods and nature worship. Every of their gods. Bodies of kings were animal, tree mountain, river had fallen in the mummified, riches were buried with them. line of countless gods. Indians considered The pyramids that stand in the Egyptian whole world unclean, except India. The cast desert, are sufficient to indicate the might of system divided people in low and high the kings and magnificence of there burial grades. The low cast “Chudars” were places. considered born from the feet of god, lived in To sum up, the era of which we are talking most degraded conditions, below animals. about was a dark era of human civilization as The Brahamans claimed to have godly regards to recognition of God the Almighty, powers and considered highest, claimed to the Sustainer of the world. Darkness of have born from the head of god! ignorance was ranging throughout the known Lawless ruffians were on the loose, they world. Before the advent of the Master would roam about far and wide, looting and Prophet (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam), ruthlessly killing people. They would round believers in God’s supreme powers, eternity, up people and cattle, and sell them. Mostly oneness without any partner, were almost they were uncivilized observing no rule and non existent, except for few recluse ones who regulation. had no voice. They alone prayed for the The Chinese were nature worshipers, coming of the promised one. When darkness would worship natural phenomenon. Rest of of ignorance thickened and became limitless Asia was a “dark continent,” peopled by engulfing the whole world, transgressing all uncivilized, clans living in jungles like limits, their prayers were heard. God, the real animals. They would not observe any law God, Creator and Sustainer of the world and and regulation. all that it includes, wished that world come Of Europe, only Greek and Roman out of the depths of the sea of darkness. empires were prominent, they were proud of Refreshing winds of His kindness started their civilizations, and were idol blowing ahead of the rain of mercy, worshippers. Remains of these civilizations benevolence and kindness. Smoldering are still preserved in dilapidated magnificent hellish fire of ignorance and apathy buildings and stone carvings. While rest of evaporated in no time. The light of the European continent was rampaged by knowledge lit up the world. Glittering face of ruffians and looters who were in charge God started to became visible in the haze. every where. Bands of these furious bandits The few noble souls, from throughout the would attack each other, looting, plundering world, who had been praying for centuries to villages and killing ruthlessly, rounding up get a glimpse of the promised one, threw children and women selling them as slaves. themselves in prostration to thank God for They were uncivilized cave dwellers, used His mercy and kindness. They were the human skulls as vessels to drink wine from. luckiest persons who witnessed the advent of Egypt, on the other hand, was the only the promised one, for whom Father Prophet African country with some indication of Abraham (‘alaihissalām) and his son Ishmael civilization, but was ruled by idol (‘alaihissalām) prayed, and Jesus worshippers. Kings were worshiped as gods. (‘alaihissalām) the son of Mary 32—Al-Nahl (‘alaihassalām) prophesized! established on firm foundations of righteousness, belief in one God, knowledge Declaration of prophethood and wisdom. Now our narration has reached the time Yes, There was flicker of light in the when the advent of our Master Prophet was horizon… ! nearing to be announced. At the time world had been saturated by sins of every The holy cave conceivable kind. Cities, towns, and villages By now for the last forty years, were restless. There was no solace in the Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) wilderness of deserts, jungles, fertile and had been witnessing anarchy, lawlessness barren valleys. There was no place left for and restlessness that ranged all around him in the old, young, women, children, or sick to Arabia and elsewhere. He had traveled to escape. At last time of the fulfillment of the Syria and other places. Everywhere prayers of prophets and pious people—whom conditions were the same. His was the only were left on the right path of their Lord— pure and noble heart in Mecca, who was arrived. Tears shed in prayers at last invoked sorrowful at excesses and crimes that were kindness and mercy of God in heaven to being committed. He wanted to do some shower blessings on earth. Wind of kindness thing so that people may desist from doing and mercy of God started blowing to sweep satanic deeds, and start living a clean and away poisonous fumes of infidelity and pure godly life, for the relief of poor. He oppression that had been killing nobility and prayed and asked for guidance, from where it compassion for a long, long time. Enough will come? From idols? No, his conscious wrong had happened with the humanity. The does not support the idea. Then from where darkness of ignorance, hate and oppression he could get the guidance. There were no was now about to be swept away by heavenly Christians around who may impress him; light. The world drenched in filthy sins, neither Jews were of a standard to help. would now emerge clean. Satanic and Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) devilish powers were going to evaporate and was restless, his pure heart writhed and be destroyed. God’s kingdom was going to quivered as he could not find a way to be established on the earth as it is established correct the prevailing wrongs in the society. in heaven. The world full of oppression, He felt dejected and restless to continue injustice, disobedience and rebellion, was living among human shaped blood thirsty going now to be filled with justice, fair play, wolves. faith, and confidence. Water of divine mercy, Mount Hira is situated about three miles which had waited for appropriate time, was from Mecca. Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi ready to rain on dead and barren soil. wa sallam) would occasionally retire for days Advent of master spiritual guide, world’s there in a cave. He would sit in deep leader and master of both worlds, is now contemplation and prayer. He would take about to be announced. Glorious, majestic food for several days and sit alone in the face of Lord God is about to shine and calmness of the cave in deep thoughts, cleanse the world of the scourge of idolatry seeking help from Allah, his God. He strived and faithlessness. The world is going to be to find ways to change moral conditions of Q3/2006—33 his nation. Some time, helpful and only replied: “I cannot read.” sympathizer, wife Khadīja (rañiyallāhu The holy sprit moved forward, again ‘anhā), will join him in prayer. Together they hugged him. Letting him go, said: “Now would pray and weep asking for guidance read.” from their Lord God. They would remain for Muhammad sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam’s hours in deep meditation. reply was the same as twice before. This practice went on for some time. There At this, God-sent angel caught him for the was no abating in their anxiety and grief. third time. Hugged him tightly, releasing However, Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa him, said, “Now read,” and Muhammad sallam) started to have true visions, which (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) started were soon fulfilled. repeating after him: It was starting of communion of Master [96:2] “Proclaim thou in the name of thy Prophet with Allah, the Almighty! A Lord Who created, flickering of light in the horizon! [96:3] Created man from a clot of blood. [96:4] Proclaim! and thy Lord is the Most The messenger angel Bounteous; On one fateful day when Muhammad [96:5] Who taught by the pen, (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) was praying, as [96:6] Taught man what he knew not.” usual, all alone in the cave, a sudden burst of As soon as Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi bright light almost blinded him. As he looked wa sallam) finished repeating words, the up, he saw a bright figure sitting on a angel suddenly disappeared. magnificent seat hanging between earth and It was the first revelation of Allah the sky. The figure looked huge and magnificent. Almighty received by our Master Prophet It was the Holy Ghost, angel Gabriel, who Muhammad (may peace and blessings of brought first revelation from God to him in Allah be upon him). The first gust of response to his meditations and heavenly fresh air! supplications. Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) Consoling wife was surprised at the sight of the angel What happened in the cave to Muhammad Gabriel. The angel came down from his (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) was an magnificent seat, and stood in front of astonishing experience. Because of anxiety, Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam). repeated hugging by the angel, and Rays from the shining face of the angel mysterious words, unexpected shuddering, lightened up the surroundings in the cave. supernatural vision, he could not understand The angel said: “Muhammad, read!” what had happened to him. Muhammad Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) was drenched replies anxiously: “I cannot read.” in perspiration. He could not think anything The angel stepped forward and caught except that he quickly climbed down the hill Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) by and hurried home. his shoulders and hugged him tightly. Letting When his loving wife saw anxiety on the him go, said: “Now read.” face of her loving husband, she was Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) confused. She greeted him by saying, “What 34—Al-Nahl has happened? Are you alright?” Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) was trembling all over because of the impact of the vision. His heart was throbbing fast. He replied: “Cover me with a cloth, put a cloth on me!” Khadīja (rañiyallāhu ‘anhā) took off sheet of cloth from her body and put it on her husband. She sat beside messaging him. Soon the trembling condition soothed down and Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) was calm. Khadīja (rañiyallāhu Masjid Nabawi today ‘anhā) asked, “What happened? Why are you so disturbed? Your heartbeat is still fast? The vision which you had today, certainly is Please, tell me quickly, what happened? I am very strange, but there is no cause of feeling uneasy to see your condition.” concern. I will take you to meet my cousin Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) Warāqa bin Naufal. He is a knowledgeable replied, “Khadīja! What I have seen, and person, and well versed in revealed books. endured, perhaps you will not believe.” He will surely satisfy you, and tell what all Khadīja (rañiyallāhu ‘anhā) insisted: “Why I this means. Do not be disturbed, eat some will not believe? I have believed in every food and drink. Rest for some time, then we thing you have told me.” will go to meet Warāqa.” Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) recounted, “As I was sitting, praying in the A strange prediction cave, suddenly a light sparkled before my A glow in the horizon indicates that the eyes. When I saw upwards, I saw a sparkling flight of the darkness of the night is nearing, figure hanging between the sky and the earth. and world is about to be lit up by sun. As I looked in surprise, the figure came Similarly, before the dawn of the down, and it thrice hugged me tightly and prophethood, indicators appeared that the taught me a few words which I still dark era of idol and element worshipers is remember. Then it suddenly disappeared, and going to end. Of the multitude of idol there was all darkness in the cave, I feared worshippers, few sensible persons realized for my life.” the absurdity of giving godly status to pieces Khadīja (rañiyallāhu ‘anhā) said, “No, no, of rock. They turned to Christianity because don’t think like this. God will not destroy it was revealed monotheistic religion of the you. You are compassionate to people, and time. Zaid bin ‘Amr, Qis bin Sa‘ida, Uthman you are true to your word and are truthful, bin Huwairith and Warāqa bin Naufal were helping strangers. You are holding up all the well known of them. Warāqa was a scholar true and high virtues which are lost from the of Torah, Psalms of David and the Gospels world. You whole heartedly care for the and knew interpretations of these books. He guests, and you are helpful to people in every was also well versed in the forecasts of the thing good. How God will ever destroy a past messengers of God. Because of his noble person like you? Do not be anxious. knowledge, Warāqa was respected among Q3/2006—35 Quraishites. Khadīja (rañiyallāhu ‘anhā) took Now the time had come for the fulfillment Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) to of the prayers of Abraham (‘alaihissalām) him, and sought his help. Warāqa heard the and Ishmael (‘alaihissalām). story attentively, and asked Muhammad Warāqa bin Naufal was the first person to (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) to tell him the acknowledge prophethood of our Master words which he was taught. Prophet Muhammad (may peace and When Warāqa heard the verses, he said, blessings of Allah be upon him!) “Muhammad, you are the luckiest person of your time. I congratulate you on your Acknowledgment prophethood. The luminous body that you The author wishes to acknowledge that he saw certainly was the same angel that has taken basic ideas for the present work appeared to Moses. The words he taught you, from the books, Life of Muhammad, and I swear by God, are the words from God’s Hamāra Āqā. mouth. If I am alive that day when your people will banish you from your land, I Bibliography would certainly help you. Would that I may Ahmad, Mirza Bashir, 1996. Seerat live to that day, though I have no hope of Khatamannabiyyeen. Islam International getting that long life, because I have now Pub. Ltd. Islamabad, Tilford, U.K. grown very old, and am getting very weak, Ahmad, Mirza Bashir-ud-Din Mahmud, my hands and legs are tired, I can’t see well. 1998 ed. Life of Muhammad. Islam Perhaps I may die within six months or a International Publications Ltd. Tilford, year.” Surray, UK. Astonished on what Warāqa had just said, Skeikh, Muhammad Ismael Pani Patti. Muhammad (sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) Hamāra Āqā. Nazarat Isha‘at, Sadar asked in amazement: “Why my people will Anjuman Ahmadiyya, Rabwah. banish me? I have never done wrong to anybody. I am well wisher and helpful to References everybody. Everybody is happy with me. I 1. have no enemy in Mecca. I can’t understand why my people will banish me from my land? No, it can’t happen, will never happen. What wrong have I done to my people that they will banish me from my land?” The old scholar smiled and said, “Holy prophet designate! Now you will not understand what I have told you. But it so happens that whenever a person says like what you have said, people turn against him. [2:159] Surely, Al-Safa and Al-Marwah He is severely tortured, as a last resort they are among the Signs of Allah. It is, therefore banish him and his followers from their no sin for him who is on Pilgrimage to the homes. Well, may God protect and help you, House, or performs Umrah, to go around the and save you from ill will of your enemies.” two. And whoso does good beyond what is 36—Al-Nahl obligatory, surely then, Allah is Appreciative [2:128] And remember the time when of good deeds, and All-Knowing. Abraham and Ishmael raised the foundations 2. of the house, praying, ‘Our Lord, accept this from us; for thou art the All-Hearing, the All- Knowing; [37:103] And when he was old enough to run along with him, he said, ‘O my dear son, [2:129] ‘Our Lord, make us both I have seen in a dream that I offer thee in submissive to Thee and make of our sacrifice. So consider what thou thinkest of offspring a people submissive to Thee. And it!’ He replied, ‘O my father, do as thou art show us our ways of worship and turn to us commanded; thou wilt find me, if Allah with mercy; for thou art Oft-Returning with please, steadfast in my faith.’ compassion, and art Merciful. [37:104] And when they both submitted to the will of God, and Abraham had thrown him down on his forehead, [2:130] ‘And, Our Lord, raise up among them a Messenger from among themselves, who may recite to them Thy Signs and teach [37:106] ‘Thou hast, indeed, fulfilled the them the Book and Wisdom and may purify dream.’ Thus, indeed, do We reward those them; surely, Thou art the Mighty, the Wise'. who do good. [37:110] Peace be upon Abraham! [37:109] And We left for him a good name 4. among the succeeding generations. 3. [106:1] In the name of Allah, the Gracious, the Merciful. Q3/2006—37 [106:2] Thy Lord destroyed the Owners of [106:4] So they should worship the Lord the Elephant in order to attach the hearts of of this House, the Quraish— [106:5] Who has fed them against hunger, [106:3] To make them attached to their and has given them security against fear. journeys in winter and summer. Watch MTA (Muslim Television Ahmadiyya) on the Internet www.alislam.org/mta—or—http://www.mta.tv Listen or Watch Live Broadcasts Friday Sermons (Live and Archived) Salat On-Line Salat chart is now available in on-line format on a floppy disk. Send $2 per disk to Chaudhary Mushtaq Ahmad, 15000 Good Hope Rd, Silver Spring, MD 20905 with your mailing address and phone number. Majlis Ansarullah U.S.A. will pay the postage within the continental U.S. Chanda Ansar Hall In accordance with a 1998 Majlis Ansarullah USA Shura recommendation and subsequent acceptance by ©uñūr (ayyadahullāhu ta‘āla binasrihil-‘azīz), we are committed to build the Ansār Hall in USA. Our goal is to obtain pledges worth $500,000 for this noble cause. Then, we wish to collect these funds and build the cherished Hall, a fitting present to our next generation in the new millennium. Insha’-Allah. Contact your local officials to present your pledge or payment towards the construction of the Ansar Hall in the U.S. Ansar Chanda Literature The rate of Chanda Literature, for Ansarullah, has been set at $10.00 per year. Currently the cost of publishing Al-Nahl is being met out of other funds. This creates a burden on our other important activities. Members are therefore urged to please pay their share of the Chanda Literature as soon as possible. May Allah enable us to fulfill our obligations in a timely manner. Āmīn. 38—Al-Nahl Present day landscape of the area outside Mecca where Holy Prophet Muhammad, sallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam, was raised during his childhood. Al-Nahl NONPROFIT Published by Majlis Ansarullah, U.S.A., ORGANIZATION An Auxiliary of The Ahmadiyya Movement in Islam, U.S.A. U.S. POSTAGE 15000 Good Hope Rd, Siver Spring MD 20905 PAID Printed at the Fazl-i-Umar Press. CHAUNCEY, OH Postmaster: Send address changes to PERMIT NO 2 P.O. Box 226, Chauncey, OH 45719 44—Al-Nahl Al-Nahl Ka‘bah in 1880. Ka‘bah circa 1950 Q1Q2/2007 Vol. 18 No. 1-2 Q1Q2/2007 ·©¿öZ - Al-Nahl A Quarterly Page 1 Publication of Majlis Ansarullah, U.S.A. Master Prophet Muḥammad (May peace and Blessings of Allāh be upon him) From initiation of prophethood to immigration Dr. Muḥammad Sharīf Khān, Philadelphia Declaration of prophethood as the darkness manifested in ignorance, Now the time has come to shake lawlessness and apathy towards humanity awake from its long slumber, sufferings of fellow human beings, is during which it had long forgotten its dispelled. Muḥammad’s (ṣallallāhu role in Allāh’s creation. It was the time to ‘alaihi wa sallam) prayers and remind man the purpose of his creation, meditations in the solitude of the cave his duty towards his fellow beings, Ḥirā were readying to start an era of light obligations to poor, neighbors, and and nobility. Muḥammad (ṣallallāhu orphans; his creator, one Allāh, his ‘alaihi wa sallam) had almost lost himself provider and sustainer. It was time to in thanking Allāh Almighty for His teach him how to strike a balance infinite kindness for which his meek and between daily life and preparations for humble supplications were answered in the life hereafter. Man had divulged such magnanimity. A sudden turn in wildly from the path of prophets, though events had almost stunned Prophet he still revered them but forgotten their (ṣallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam), had not teachings. The house of Allāh, Ka‘bah, assurances of his loving wife Khadījah specially built and sensitized for His (raḍiyallāhu ‘anhā) and learned uncle worship, had been amassed with scores Warāqah, supported him to settle down of gods. Instead of remembering his from the anxiety, he would have been Creator, man would wile away time by lost. From all that passed, the Holy sitting idle, gossiping, making fun of each Prophet (ṣallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) other, cutting jokes, talking about knew that he was on the right tract. It women folk as if they were animals; further strengthened his enthusiasm and when offended drawing swords, killing he resumed praying and supplication in ruthlessly and mercilessly, forgetting the solitude of cave Ḥirā, asking for long standing friendships and falling into further guidance from his Allāh. deadly enmity, in a jiffy. Man would loot, steal and plunder others’ wealth, as a Second revelation source of lust and sustenance. The Prophet (ṣallallāhu ‘alaihi wa The glimmer of light Holy Prophet sallam) had been out for some days in (ṣallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) saw at the the cave. In the evening, on his way back horizon in the darkness of cave Ḥirā, home, he heard a soft voice calling him started spreading, and in the mist of “Muḥammad, Muḥammad!” He looked dawn magnificence of Allāh started around; there was nobody; as he looked gradually becoming clearer and clearer, up, lo! There was the same figure that Page 4 ·©¿öZ - Al-Nahl Q1Q2/2007 met him in Ḥirā a few days ago, seated on a magnificent seat hanging between earth and the sky. The sight startled him; he quickened his pace. Once he made home, he lay down and called for his wife, Khadījah (raḍiyallāhu ‘anhā), “Cover me with some cloth! Cover me!” Khadījah (raḍiyallāhu ‘anhā) covered him. Suddenly M uḥ am m a d ( ṣ a l l a l lāh u ‘alaihi wa sallam) heard a magnificent voice addressing Dimensions of the Ka‘bah him with the following kind words: were close to him. [74:2] O thou who hast covered thyself with thy cloak, Message of Islām [74:3] Arise and warn, In one word the gist of the message [74:4] And thy Lord do thou magnify, which Muḥammad (ṣallallāhu ‘alaihi wa [74:5] And thy clothes do thou purify, sallam) presented to the world is [74:6] And uncleanliness do thou “ISLĀM,” complete submission to the shun. will of Allāh. Main features of it are: As the voice ceased, the Holy Prophet Unity of Allāh: To believe that the (ṣallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) thought Master and creator of the world, and all deeply. He knew the burden of duty from that it includes, is one Allāh. He is not Allāh Almighty, which he was going to shared by anything in his attributes and shoulder, was utmost submission, personality. He is One from the sacrifice and responsibility. It was clearly beginning and will remain so forever. He an appointment letter from Allāh to is the creator and sustainer of everything convey His message to the people, and that is included in the heavens and earth. warn them against idol worship, preach His attributes are presented in Chapter to them the unity of Allāh Almighty. “Al-Ikhlās” (Sincerity): Remind them of their responsibilities In the name of Allāh, the Gracious, the and to cleanse society from sins and Merciful. wrong doings. Say, ‘He is Allāh, the One! Taking the lead from Allāh’s Allāh the Independent and Besought of command, the Holy Prophet (ṣallallāhu all. ‘alaihi wa sallam) started preaching He begets not, nor, is He begotten, silently, secretly and passively. His first And there is none like unto targets were his friends and those who Him.’ [112:1-5] Q1Q2/2007 ·©¿öZ - Al-Nahl Page 5 Purpose of human creation Holy Prophet (ṣallallāhu ‘alaihi wa Allāh created man particularly to sallam)’s message. worship Him, meaning to obey His Later, the angel Gabriel taught the commandments: Holy Prophet (ṣallallāhu ‘alaihi wa [2:22] O ye men! worship your Lord sallam) how to cleanse the body before Who created you and those who were praying through ablution (wuḍū). In the before you,, that you may guard against beginning, Muslims would offer their evil. Prayers individually in houses, or they would join to offer Prayers hidden in To believe nearby mountain valleys. Once the Holy Human life is divided into two parts: Prophet (ṣallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) and Worldly life (practical part) is limited ‘Alī (raḍiyallāhu ‘anhu) were offering to the material world, where choice Prayer together in a valley, Abū Ṭālib depends on man’s will and thinking. Man (Holy Prophet (ṣallallāhu ‘alaihi wa interacts with his fellow beings, sallam)’s uncle, and Alī’s father) recognizing their rights, and strives to happened to pass their way. At that time create a friendly and cordial atmosphere he knew nothing about Islām. He stood in the society, each paying their dues, in amazement watching their doing good deeds. movements. When they had finished, he Life after death (the life hereafter) asked the Holy Prophet (ṣallallāhu ‘alaihi starts with the death of the material wa sallam), “Nephew, what religion do world. Man is left in His in his hands and you practice, and what were you doing?” power. He waits to be judged for the The Holy Prophet (ṣallallāhu ‘alaihi wa good or bad deeds he performed during sallam) replied, “Uncle this is the way of his worldly life. Allāh and Prophet Abraham (‘alaihis- Belief in prophets: Allāh has been salām), we were offering Prayers to guiding human beings toward the right Allāh.” Holy Prophet (ṣallallāhu ‘alaihi path through His messengers to create a wa sallam) briefly explained and invited neat and clean society. Muḥammad him towards Islām. Abū Ṭālib avoided (ṣallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) falls last in further discussion by saying, “I cannot the line of Allāh’s appointed messengers. leave the religion of my forefathers.” The continuity of faith entails continued However, he addressed ‘Alī (his son) effort to create a just society. saying, “Well, son, you are free to follow These are the three basic points to Muḥammad, I am confident he will lead which the Holy Prophet (ṣallallāhu ‘alaihi you to good rather to anything evil.” wa sallam) invited Meccans. As time passed, detailed laws and regulations Conversions were revealed and make up the Holy The first convert to Islām was the Qur’ān. Most important of these is to Prophet(ṣallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam)’s remember Allāh, the Almighty, in daily wife Khadījah (raḍiyallāhu ‘anhā); she Prayers and supplications, which revives never hesitated for a second to believe in a person’s pledge of allegiance to the him. Others that followed were Zaid Page 6 ·©¿öZ - Al-Nahl Q1Q2/2007 (raḍiyallāhu ‘anhu) (his former slave), his morality he was most respected and ‘Alī (raḍiyallāhu ‘anhu) (his cousin). among Quraishites. Moreover, he was an When the Holy Prophet (ṣallallāhu honest wealthy person, he grew with ‘alaihi wa sallam) declared his Holy Prophet (ṣallallāhu ‘alaihi wa prophethood, his bosom friend Abū Bakr sallam), and they would visit each almost (two years younger) was out of Mecca. daily. Abū Bakr knew Muḥammad He was known for his mild temperament, (ṣallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) very closely wisdom and righteousness. Because of from his childhood, than anybody else in Q1Q2/2007 ·©¿öZ - Al-Nahl Page 7 Mecca. When Abū Bakr returned home, affirmative, the initiation process was he heard different stories about his simple. Both would sit on ground facing friend, somebody told him of his friend’s each other. Holy Prophet (ṣallallāhu claim of being appointed as a prophet of ‘alaihi wa sallam) would hold his right Allāh, Abū Bakr at once announced his hand in his right hand, and tell him to belief in him, and hurried to visit Holy repeat specific words of pledge after him, Prophet (ṣallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam). “I bear witness on oneness of Allāh, and I When he met Holy Prophet (ṣallallāhu bear witness that Muḥammad is His ‘alaihi wa sallam), thrice Prophet slave and His messenger. I will not (ṣallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) tried to associate any partner with Allāh. I will explain to him, but each time Abū Bakr obey Muḥammad in every thing good. I insisted, “Only tell me, have you claimed would desist from every thing bad like to be a prophet?” Prophet’s reply in theft, adultery, murder; I will not affirmative prompted Abū Bakr associate anything with Allāh, and will (raḍiyallāhu ‘anhu) to announce his not tell a lie.” belief in him. Protocol for initiation of women At first Holy Prophet (ṣallallāhu ‘alaihi converts was slightly different. Hand of a wa sallam) would meet truth seekers lady was not held, and she would sit secretly in his house or at some place behind a curtain and repeat the initiation outside the city. The propagation was words after Holy Prophet. kept so secret that often even Muslims did now knew among themselves of each Open invitation towards Islām other’s conversion. Though Muslims In the fourth year of prophethood Holy tried to keep his/her belief secret, Prophet (ṣallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) was anyhow when ever a whiff of Islām ordained by Allāh the Majestic: reached Quraishites, they would just [15:95] So declare openly that thou art laugh the news away as a joke, and commanded to convey and turn aside thought that it was Muḥammad from those who ascribe partners to Allāh. (ṣallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam)’s some [15:96] We will, certainly, suffice thee childish prank. They never heeded it for against those who mock some time. [15:97] Who set up another Allāh with Allāh, but soon shall they come to know. Conversion protocol Then Holy Prophet (ṣallallāhu ‘alaihi wa A person convinced of the truth of the sallam) was ordained to reach out for his message would decide to be converting to relatives: Islām, he would come to Holy Prophet [26:215] And warn thy nearest (ṣallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) and request kinsmen, him to take him in Islām. Holy Prophet [26:216] And lower thy wing of mercy (ṣallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) would first to the believers who follow thee. explain to him what Islām meant, and [26:217] Then if they disobey thee, say, ask him if he understood what he was ‘I repudiate all connection with what you going to do. Taking his answer in do.’ Page 8 ·©¿öZ - Al-Nahl Q1Q2/2007 [26:218] And put thy trust in the Mighty, the Merciful, [26:219] Who sees thee when thou standest in Prayer, [26:220] And Who sees thy movements among those who prostrate themselves before Allāh. [26:221] He is indeed the All-Hearing, the All-Knowing. In response to this ordination, Holy Prophet (ṣallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) climbed the Ṣafā Hill and called Draping of Ka‘bah in progress Quraishites tribes loudly by their names to gather. When all had gathered, he Again, after few days, Holy Prophet addressed them, “O Quraish! If I tell you invited his relatives again. He addressed that a large army is almost prepared to them, “O sons of ‘Abdul-Muṭṭalib! Look I attack you from behind this hill, would have brought to you a good thing that you believe me?” Though it was an nobody had ever brought to his tribe. If impossibility, but they unanimously you act upon my teachings, you will get cried out, “Yes, we would believe in you, best of your life and religion. Now tell me because we have found you trustworthy who of you will help me.” All of them and honest in your sayings.” kept silent, only from one corner, a thin Then Holy Prophet (ṣallallāhu ‘alaihi bony boy of ten years rose up to answer. wa sallam) announced, “Then listen! I With tears flowing from his eyes, he tell you that Allāh’s punishment is declared in his boyish determined voice, drawing nearer. Believe in Allāh, and “Though I am the weakest and smallest protect yourself from the punishment.” of all of you, I will go with Muḥammad Instead of heeding the warning, (ṣallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam).” It was Quraishites laughed at the Holy Prophet. young ‘Alī who spoke so boldly. Holy His uncle Abū Lahab mockingly Prophet (ṣallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) told remarked, “Muḥammad! Woe to you, you the gathering, “If you are not prepared to called us to say this?” All of them went listen to me, then listen to this innocent away jesting and joking. child.” Instead of taking depth of the After some days Holy Prophet directed advice, the audiences laughed. Abū ‘Alī to invite sons of ‘Abdul-Muṭṭalib in a Lahab addressed his elder brother Abū banquet. More or less 40 of his close Ṭālib, “Now Muḥammad (ṣallallāhu relatives gathered. After the banquet ‘alaihi wa sallam) orders you to follow Holy Prophet (ṣallallāhu ‘alaihi wa your son and take advice from him.” As sallam) stood to speak, but Abū Lahab usual all of them went away joking and uttered some heinous words that jesting at the weakness of Islām and Holy scattered the guests away without Prophet (ṣallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam). hearing Prophet of Allāh. Q1Q2/2007 ·©¿öZ - Al-Nahl Page 9 Dār Arqam—First Islāmic center money by letting peoples worship idols A center was established outside they had kept in Ka‘bah on payment of Mecca, where Muslims would gather to fee, during pilgrim days. So they could offer their Prayers, and think and discuss not bear to hear anything against them, about for future propagation of Islām, which may dilute their reverence. Ka‘bah silently and fearlessly. For this purpose which father Prophet Abraham (‘alaihis- house of a newly convert Muslim Al- salām) built to worship one Allāh, now Arqam ibn Abī al-Arqam was selected, which had been converted into a because it was situated at a safe distance depositary of scores of different types from the city, at the foot of Ṣafā Hill. and makes of gods. By believing in one Here Muslims would gather to offer Allāh, they were to refuse huge annual Prayers, and to it seekers of truth would income, which they used to distribute converge. In Mecca the house was known among themselves. as Dārul-Akram, while in Islāmic history Believing in Allāh also entailed them to as “Dārul-Islām,” (House of Islām). Holy observe common human values like: Prophet (ṣallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) feeding the poor, being honest, giving used this center for three years, until women their rights, respecting parents conversion of ‘Umar bin Al-Khaṭṭāb and other relatives, spreading goodness, (raḍiyallāhu ‘anhu), that strengthened abstaining from evil. Quraishites rejected Muslims and encouraged them to start the message of Allāh, it required change propagation of Islām openly, and they in their way of life. They feared if they started praying in Ka‘bah. would feed poor, they would have to give away some of their wealth. If they Antagonistic Quraishites recognize rights of women, they could no Quraishite had been observing silently longer use and misuse them as they had rising rate of conversion to Islām with been doing. No, the idea of obeying the some concern. But when gradually Prophet of Allāh required more sacrifice people started talking about the new than they were willing to give. religion in streets and gatherings, they Religion is always against bad customs got worried, lest Islām may spread in which are current in society. Mecca and in its surroundings, and pose Naturally, it is against vested interests a threat to their supremacy. of corrupt people who through their Why Quraishites opposed Islām? Did corruption and ill deeds and Islām taught some thing bad or nasty? intimidations control society. Prophet The answer is big “No.” There were (ṣallallāhu ‘alaihi wa sallam) calls them several reasons based on their mean to Allāh, justice and equality, abolishing nature to oppose a religion who taught bullying, threatening and assaulting the them to refrain from evil practices: poor. It called for a society free of Quraishites were staunch idol trickery, cheating and all types of worshippers. They did not love their malpractices. Islām boosted morality and idols because of spirituality. It was much goodness, and lifted the down trodden. for monitory gains, since they would earn Prophet’s mission was in flagrant Page 10 ·©¿öZ - Al-Nahl Q1Q2/2007 opposition to the interests of the elders strictly prohibited. in the society. They did every thing in Quraishites were highly influential and their power to discourage Prophet. As is wealthy people in Meccan society. described in Holy Qur’ān: Though Holy Prophet was one of them, [36:31] Alas for my servants! there since childhood he kept himself aloof comes not a Messenger to them but they from malpractices current in Quraishite mock at him. society. For his living, he would take Habits and customs of Arabs were merchandise of other’s to Syria and other deplorable, womanization, drinking, places. He was neither influential nor murder, were their routine daily wealthy; he would earn his living by the practices, which Islām never approved. sweat of his eyes brows. High ranking They regard it to be interference in their were not prepared to obey him, no personal matters. Quraishites were matter how plausible his teachings were. acknowledged idol worshippers, Islām Quraishite were subdivided in tribes, being strictly monotheistic, declared intertribal rivalries and enmities were idols and their worshipers to fuel the hell always brewing among them. Particularly fire, which infuriated them and they Banū Umayyah and Banū Makhzūm stood zestfully together to oppose Islām. strongly opposed Banū Hāshim, Holy Quraishites were habitual sinners, Prophet’s tribe. They thought converting adulterers, drinkers, fight mongers, to Islām would strengthen Banū Hāshim, murderers, and looters, they practiced that they were not prepared to allow, it almost all conceivable vices. Islām was why these two tribes were sworn opposed all these practices and stood to enemies of Islām, and were leader of overhaul the society. It was hard for opponents. Quraishites to change from easy life to hard way that Islām demanded. Since a Strategic handling of Islām by Muslim needs to live honestly, lead life of Quraishites spirituality, austerity and truthfulness, Quraishites differ in opinion from each becoming mild, meek and humble, other how to handle Islām: avoiding quarrels, stealing, cheating and i. First were the relatively cool-minded molesting. elders. They wanted to solve the problem Quraishite were proud, claming to be in a gentle way, by negotiation and specially created. They needed to keep persuasion. They were not prepared to slavery alive in society to serve them in obey a young man, and allow destruction day-to-day life, so that they could live in of their ancestral religion by an upstart. easy way. But Islām teaches equality, ii. Second category were of relatively demolishes cult of high and low, creating younger, who were in favor of using force worldwide brotherliness. Abolition of and intimidation. slavery was death blow to Quraishite iii. Third category, were of those who exploiter society. were almost mad in opposition—very In pretence to their false honor they malicious. They followed no code of would kill their girl child, which Islām conduct. They wanted to eradicate Islām Q1Q2/2007 ·©¿öZ - Al-Nahl Page 11 by hock or crock employing every He calls us filthy, thoughtless and conceivable wicked method. This group followers of Satan. He not only calls us was dominant among Quraishites. and our idols the fuel of hell-fire, he even However, they all contributed in their calls our forefathers thoughtless people. way in the opposition drive against We cannot bear such insults any longer. Muslims, increasing in intensity day by If you are not taking off your protection day, leaving heart rendering stories of from your nephew, then we are atrocities committed against individual powerless to control our anger. We will Muslims, which continued unabated till fight you and your nephew until one of Hijrah. us is destroyed.” This time tone of delegate was so Maneuvering of Quraishites harsh, that Abū Ṭālib sensed danger. He Quraishite met time and on, to met Holy Prophet and besieged him, “O seriously think how to tackle the problem my nephew! You have grown up in my facing them. Moderates who favored lap, since your childhood you are under negotiations approached Abū Ṭālib in my protection. Your sayings hurt your their effort to dissuade him either to take tribe; they are infuriated and much off his protecting hand from his nephew agitated. I sense great danger, lest they or persuade him to call off his mission. kill or harm you and me. You call their A delegation of prominent Quraishites elders fools, and despicable. You declare visited Abū Ṭālib and conveyed to him, them and their venerated idols to fuel “You are honored elder of our nation. We hell fire! For your goodness I advise you have come with a request to stop your to hold your tongue and abstain from nephew to propagate the new religion, or saying such instigating things. Neither you should withdraw your support. Leave me nor you have the power to fight him to us to decide among us.” Abū Ṭālib them.” spoke to them politely and soothed out Holy Prophet realized that aging Abū their anxiety. They left cool headed. Ṭālib was breaking under pressure of Quraishites and his worldly support was Quraishite’s second delegation giving way. Holy Prophet maintained his Islām was drawing more and more composure and calmly replied, “Uncle, it people into its fold. Daily hard words is not that I am calling them names, were being used for idol worshippers and these are facts revealed to me, I only their idols, which they were to fuel hell convey them. I am ordained by Allāh to fire; it put the Quraishite on a hot plate. explain their wrongs, and guide and put They could not bear these words any them on right path. If I loose my life in longer. doing so, I accept death happily. I cannot Soon a second Quraishites delegate, be scared to prevent doing my work by comprising of relatively radical aliments, threats and intimidations. Moreover, met Abū Ṭālib and protested, “Now the uncle, if you feel weak and are tortured problem created by your nephew is by their threats, you may take away your touching the last bounds of our patience. protective support. But I will not stop in Page 12 ·©¿öZ - Al-Nahl Q1Q2/2007 communicating Allāh’s message to them. What a marvelous solution you have By Allāh, if they place sun in my right come with! By Allāh it will never hand and moon in the left, I will not happen.” refrain from carrying on my ordained Quraishite spokesman, Muṭ‘im: “Well, duty. I will continue my mission until I then Abū Ṭālib! Your tribe has tried to am successful or I am killed in the establish in every respect upon you, and effort.” so far they have refrained from any When Holy Prophet was speaking, his brawl, but you appear not to accept any face lit up with rays of truth, as soon he of their offers.” completed his oration he stood up to Abū Ṭālib said, “You are doing leave. Abū Ṭālib called him back; as he injustice to me, and Muṭ‘im, I see you are turned back he saw his tear filled eyes. instigating your tribe treacherously Abū Ṭālib hardly controlled his against me and my nephew. Well, if your sentiments, chokingly said, “Okay, intentions are so, what can I say? Do nephew! Go, continue your work. Till I whatever you like.” live and have strength in me, I will stand with you.” Quraishite’s hard decision Having been unsuccessful so far in Third Quraishite delegate getting breakthrough in their Quraishites had so far not have been negotiations with Abū Ṭālib, Quraishites able to dissuade Holy Prophet from his decided to adopt another strategy, before mission, nor have been successful in putting their dirty hand directly on Holy persuading Abū Ṭālib to withdraw his Prophet. They decided that each tribe support for Holy Prophet. This time they should pressurize converts from them by came with a novel solution in their boycotting, beating, disgracing and minds. They took a young man ‘Umarah looting, until they return to their bin Valīd with them. Presenting him to forefathers’ religion. They thought they Abū Ṭālib, they said, “Take this young will be able to break Muslims which will man in place of Muḥammad, do dishearten and deter Holy Prophet, and whatever you like with him, declare him his religion will die its own death. If it your son, etc. In return hand over failed to dishearten Holy Prophet, Muḥammad to us. He has started a member of his own tribe will deal with mischief in our forefathers’ religion, and him as they would like. When Abū Ṭālib has created hatred unrest among us. came to know Quraishite’s decision, to Accept this young man in ransom, and counter it, he called a meeting of Banū allow us do with Muḥammad whatever Hāshim and Banū Muṭṭalib. He we like.” discussed with them current state of Abū Ṭālib replied, “What a marvelous affair, and told them, “Enmity of our solution and justice! I take your son, opponent tribes has now surfaced nurture him, feed him, and give him openly. It now has become a matter of other necessities of life, in return hand honor and prestige for us to protect over my son to you that you may kill him! Muḥammad.” Except Abū Lahab, who Q1Q2/2007 ·©¿öZ - Al-Nahl Page 13 was almost blind in enmity of Prophet, Zubair Bin Al-Awwām, a young man all agreed to the suggestion. Quraishite’s from tribe Asad. His cruel uncle would decision infused fire in Mecca. Since wrap a mat around him and blow smoke terrorizing Muslims was now a tribal in his nose. Zubair would bear all this matter, it though controlled intertribal saying, “I have accepted the truth, how rifts, but it started an era of hard times can I relinquish it for falsehood and for individual Muslims, who bore ignorance?” courageously and whole heartedly the Sa‘īd Bin Zaid, brother-in-law of horrific treatments which wicked and ‘Umar, a respected person of Banū ‘Adī stone-hearted Quraishites could think of. tribe. When ‘Umar (yet not Muslim) They stood firm in their faith. Hard times came to knew of his conversion, he threw continued till Hijrah to Yathrib. him down, rode his chest, was nearly to cut his throat. During the struggle ‘Umar Hard times for Muslims injured his sister. Finding her covered Instances of cruelty to Muslims with blood, mounted down shamefully. recorded in history are surely fewer than He was so impressed by the courage of actually happened. However, to recount Sa‘īd and his wife that he went straight to a few to give an idea how hard were those be converted to Islām. days on early Muslims, and how ‘Abdullāh Bin Mas‘ūd was from Tribe courageous each of them stood by their Hudhail, once he was beaten so badly in allegiance to their creator. They suffered the courtyard of Ka‘bah, that he bled all all types of physical, moral, mental and over. social hardships. None of them is known Abū Dharr Ghifārī was beaten by to have conceded to the demand of Quraishites so severely that he fell down Quraishites. Holy Prophet carried the on ground, they could have killed him, burden of all that was happening, he was ‘Abbās Bin ‘Abdul-Muṭṭalib saved him worried; he prayed, wept and supplicated from his tormentors saying, “Don’t you before Allāh for the deliverance of know he is from Banū Ghifār tribe, who Muslims from cruel hands of live at the root to Syria. If his tribe knew Quraishites. When somebody would of this incidence, they will block way of complain, he would advise him to bear your trading caravans.” patiently. These are few examples of converts Ḥaḍrat ‘Uthmān (raḍiyallāhu ‘anhu) who belonged to respected Quraishite was from Banī Umayyah; he was nearing tribes. But what happened to the slaves middle age and was a rich person. His and weak converts without any tribal uncle Ḥakam Bin Abī Ās would tie him prominence is so horrific, sufficient to with rope and beat him until he himself raise one’s hair. There was no one to was tired. ‘Uthmān could easily have held protect them. Their tormentors invented his uncle’s hand and prevented him, but each time new ways to torment them, as he bore the cruelty without uttering a evil as their evil minds would possibly word against his tormentor, since it was conceive. the advice of his master. Bilāl Bin Rabāḥ, an Abyssinian slave Page 14 ·©¿öZ - Al-Nahl Q1Q2/2007 belonged to Umayyah Bin Khalaf. His stone-hearted master would wait until noon, when summer sun got bright and hot, and Meccan stony ground was almost red in midday sun. He would take Bilāl out, bare his body and throw him down on hot ground, he would lash him severely, until tired, and would say, “Pray to Lāt and ‘Uzzā, I will let you go.” But Bilāl would repeat, “Aḥad, Aḥad!” (Allāh is one, Allāh is one). Khalaf would place large hot stone at his chest repeating, “Pray to Lāt and ‘Uzzā for your redemption.” But he would repeat, Aḥad, The Black Stone (Al-Ḥajarul-Aswad) Aḥad!” Umayyah would fly in rage, would tie a rope around Bilāl’s neck and hand it over to the street urchins. They because of his business., had no tribal would drag Bilāl in stony streets of links in Mecca. He was freely beaten by Mecca, injuring his back, drenching his Quraishites, some times so intensely that body all over in blood. Bilāl was steadfast he would loose his senses. in saying, “Aḥad, Aḥad!” (Allāh is one, Khabbāb Bin Al-Arat was a freed slave, Allāh is one). Until one day Abū Bakr ironsmith by trade. Once Quraishites got paid handsome amount to secure Bilāl’s hold of him and threw him on red hot freedom (for more on Bilāl, see coals from his kiln, riding his chest, so Ahmadiyya Gazette, U.S., January 2007, that he may not turn his sides. The pp. 15-21). tormentors continued until coals cooled Lubīnah, a slave girl belonged to Banū down by fluid from his burns. Later ‘Adī tribe. ‘Umar (before converting to Khabbāb would show his burnt back, Islām) would beat her intensely, until which was all white with scars. Often tired, after taking breath he would Quraishite would not pay dues for resume beating. She would retort only by Khabbāb’s services. saying, “‘Umar, if you are not converted ‘Ammār, his son Yāsir and wife to Islām, Allāh would not let this tyranny Sumayyah were free from bondage, but of your go unpunished.” were poor. They were former slaves of Zanīrah was a slave girl of Banū Banī Makhzoom. This family of three was Makhzūm. Abū Jahl, her tormentor, beat target of intense atrocities committed by her so severely that she lost her sight. Quraishites. One shudders reading Abū Jahl would taunt, pointing to her details of their plight; however they eyes, “If Islām is a true religion, she got stood fast to their religion. Once when all it, and we are good to remain without it.” the three were being tormented, Holy Ṣuhaib Bin Sinān Rūmī, a former Prophet passed that way and observed slave, now a free man, and well off, their plight, he could not bear the Q1Q2/2007 ·©¿öZ - Al-Nahl Page 15 horrible sight, he addressed them sufferings from the hands of Quraishites, tenderly, “O family of Yāsir! Endure in but Holy Prophet forbade them to raise patience; Allāh has prepared for you a their hand in defense. It is the beauty of palace in paradise for bearing these Islām: complete submission and hardships in this world.” Old man Yāsir surrender to the will of Allāh! soon succumbed to the punishment. While Abū Jahl struck Sumayyah, his Personal afflictions of Holy Prophet wife, with a spear at her thigh, which Though Banū Hāshim and Banū pierced to reach her private parts, killing Muṭṭalib had willy-nilly conceded to her at the spot, in great agony. ‘Abdul-Muṭṭalib’s call to help protect Now ‘Ammār was the only one left out Holy Prophet, enmity of some soon of this poor family. He had witnessed surfaced. Prophet’s uncles Abū Jahl and horrible punishment which his parents Abū Lahab pulled themselves out of the received and met their death, it bond of their tribe and took charge of weakened him, he was terrified. His opposition to Prophet’s mission. Nobody tormentors would punish the helpless dared to put hand on Holy Prophet boy, saying, “Until you disown openly. However, miscreants playing in Muḥammad, we will continue to punish wicked hands of Abū Jahl and Abū Lahab you.” After all ‘Ammār was a human would not let go a chance to disgrace the being, because of human weakness, he Prophet. Holy Prophet would never was broken. He momentarily conceded headed afflictions to his person, however, to tormentor’s demand, and was he would grieve on the sufferings of released. He rushed to the presence of Muslims, and for their salvation he Holy Prophet, weeping and repenting. would pray and supplicate to Allāh Holy Prophet compassionately asked, Almighty. It was a great torment and “‘Ammār! What is the matter with you?” matter of great personal concern to him ‘Ammār, crying, “O messenger of to see poor weak Muslims being tortured Allāh! Alas, I am ruined, they tormented ruthlessly. He could do nothing but pray me so severely that fearing death I and supplicate before Allāh for their uttered some words against you.” relief and salvation. He would meet the Holy Prophet: “Now, how you find afflicted and advised them to tolerate your heart?” hardships calmly and patiently, seeking ‘Ammār: “O messenger of Allāh! My strength through prayers and heart is still held firmly in believing in supplication from Allāh the Almighty. you, as it was ever, and is full of love for Prophet’s uncles Abū Lahab and Abū Allāh and his messenger.” Jahl being his staunch enemies, they Holy Prophet: “If it is so then it is instigated other factions of Quraishites to okay. Allāh will forgive your slip.” threaten Banū Hāshim and Banū Belief in Allāh the Almighty Muṭṭalib to take away their protection strengthened hearts of Muslims since from Prophet, or prepare to face the they feared only Him. They could easily consequences. Though they had not been have defended and avenged their successful to do any substantial harm, Page 16 ·©¿öZ - Al-Nahl Q1Q2/2007 they were constantly hatching plans after plan to oppose Prophet without exposing themselves in public. During Ḥajj (pilgrim) days, the opponents started planning to devise ways to deter them from nearing and hearing the Prophet, since they knew that Prophet’s teachings touch and attract pure hearts. However, Quraishites met at Walīd Bin Mughīrah’s house to hatch out a plan. It was an open discussion, some of the suggestions were: To propagate among pilgrims not to The Black Stone (Al-Ḥajarul-Aswad) listen to Prophet, because he is a soothsayer, a magician, a wizard, an about the Prophet and propagate in astrologer, insane, a poet. public. Prophet’s neighbors pelted stones As most of these allegations were hard and threw filth in his home; they spread for them to prove in Prophet’s person thorns in front of his door. When they and in his teachings, they were dropped knew that the Prophet had been annoyed one by one. To preserve their credibility by their misbehavior; they would laugh and nobility, they never wanted to say and jeer at him. Once someone threw a anything which they could not prove. At stinky filthy thing in Prophet’s house, last it was agreed to propagate among Prophet himself carried it out Ḥajj congregation that Muḥammad is a admonishing, “O sons of Manāf! Is it the magician, his magic separates son from way you treat your neighbors?” But it all father, brother from brother, husband fell on deaf ears. from wife. Whosoever listens to him Meanwhile, Quraishite decided to call carries germs of separation and disunity. Prophet Mudhammam (infamous, They propagated this idea so widely, that despicable) instead of Muḥammad (the during pilgrimage, it was at that tips of praised one, loved one). They were not every Quraishite’s tongue, old and young. ashamed for a second, that the person It created a dangerous reaction among whom up to recently they venerated and Arabian tribes against Holy Prophet. praised for his honesty and truthfulness, Quraishites never stopped there; they now they called him by infamous names. instigated Meccan street urchins and When it came to the knowledge of other reckless people to create trouble for Prophet, he smiled and remarked, “My Muslims and Holy Prophet during name is Muḥammad, the one who is pilgrimage. For that the miscreants praised and loved, how at the same time would jeer and laugh at Holy Prophet I could be infamous and despicable? See when he would pass through the streets. how Allāh has protected me in my They would concoct heinous stories name.” Q1Q2/2007 ·©¿öZ - Al-Nahl Page 17 Once Prophet was praying near pulled himself up, his face turned red, he Ka‘bah, ‘Uqbah Bin Abī Mu‘aiṭ suddenly replied, “See! People before you were went mad. He put a cloth around treated more harshly, their flesh was Prophet’s neck and wrung, Prophet was scraped from their bones with teeth of almost choked. When Abū Bakr heard of iron combs, but it never deterred them this, he rushed in and protected the from their faith. There were also peoples Prophet, pushing away ‘Uqbah, before you, whose bodies were sawed to addressing Quraishites who were sitting split in two halves; this treatment never looking on, “Do you kill a man because slipped them from their faith. Soon time he says Allāh is my provider?” is coming when Allāh’s will be done! A At another occasion, when Prophet camel rider will travel from Ṣan‘ā was preaching and announcing unity of (Yemen) to Ḥaḍramaut (Southern Allāh, Quraishite gathered around him. Arabian Coast), fearlessly, except fearing They were wrathful and noisy, so much Allāh. But you are in hurry and getting so that his voice became inaudible. impatient.” Ḥārith Bin Abī Hālah (son of Khadījah), At another occasion ‘Abdur-Raḥmān when heard the scuffle, he rushed to Bin ‘Auf and other companions came to protect the Prophet; somebody from the meet Holy Prophet. ‘Abdur-Raḥmān crowd attacked him with a sword and asked Holy Prophet, “O Prophet of Allāh! killed him at the spot. When we were idol-worshipers we were most honored and respected in Mecca, Patience, Patience, Patience nobody dared to look at us with evil eye. It became harder and harder for But now as Muslims we have become Muslims to stay in Mecca. Holy Prophet despicable, vulnerable, week, defenseless never cared for his personal difficulties, and downtrodden. We suffer atrocities however, he was much worried and in from the hands of the meanest of the pain for the plight of Muslims, especially society. So, O Prophet of Allāh! Please, the weaker ones. He knew that nations allow us to defend ourselves.” have to pass through tough tests to Holy Prophet: “Allāh orders me to emerge stronger. He would advise observe forbearance, so I cannot allow Muslims to persevere with patience, he you to fight against oppressors. Bear it would narrate plight of that befell to the and preserve patience.” followers of previous prophets, how they were tortured and tormented and at the Ḥamzah Bin ‘Abdul-Muṭṭalib joins end they emerged victorious. Muslims Once Holy Prophet was reclining So far poor and weak in Meccan against wall of Ka‘bah surrounded by a society had joined Holy Prophet. None of party of Muslims. Some one asked, “O them, except Abū Bakr, had some Prophet of Allāh! We are suffering a very influence among Quraishites. In the sixth harsh treatment from the hands of year of prophethood an elite from Quraishites, why don’t you pray for the Quraishites came into the fold of Islām to punishment of our tormentors?” Prophet strengthen Muslims. Page 18 ·©¿öZ - Al-Nahl Q1Q2/2007 Ḥamzah Bin ‘Abdul- Muṭṭalib, Holy Prophet’s uncle had a powerful sturdy personality. He was known for his velour, strength and nobility. He was a great hunter. He would leave home early in the morning, with bow and arrows, and set out for hunting in the wild. He would return in the evening, would go round Ka‘bah, and spend some time with his Quraishite friends gossiping in the courtyard of Ka‘bah before Ka‘bah at night going home. He had a soft corner for Holy Prophet in his heart and was dropped. loved him, but he was still among idol When Ḥamzah returned home, he worshipper. started thinking the words he uttered in One evening when Ḥamzah came furry, “I am on the religion of home, a maid told him, “Haven’t you Muḥammad,” pounded in his head and heard today Abū Jahl in his furry has resounded in his ears. He wondered what called names and used filthy tongue for to do now. He was man of honor, at last your nephew Muḥammad, who kept he decided to relinquish idol worship and quiet, not returning his abuses.” Hearing accept Islām. He headed straight to Dār this, Ḥamzah flew in rage. It instigated Arqam and joined Muslims. With his his sense of family honor. He went joining the Muslims, the Muslims were straight to Ka‘bah, went round it and greatly strengthened. headed straight to the group where Abū Jahl was sitting. He struck him on head ‘Umar Bin Al-Khaṭṭāb follows with bow saying, “I hear today you Hardly few days had passed after the abused Muḥammad, hear I am on his conversion of Ḥamzah that Allāh granted religion from now on, what he says, I also another joy to Muslims. say. If you have any courage, now speak ‘Umar Bin Al-Khaṭṭāb was well known to me!” Abū Jahl’s friends rose up to for strength of his character, morality defend him. It was nearly to start a fight, and nobility. He was well known staunch when Abū Jahl, impressed by Ḥamzah’s antagonist to Muslims. Some time courage, stopped them saying, “Ḥamzah blinded by his enmity, he would treat speaks the truth. Today I really over weak and poor Muslims wrathfully. Now stepped with Muḥammad.” The matter he was almost loosing patient with Q1Q2/2007 ·©¿öZ - Al-Nahl Page 19 Muslims. Until one day he decided to cooled down and asked, “Well, show me settle the account once for all by killing what you were reading from.” Holy Prophet. He took his unsheathed Fāṭimah: “I would not show it, lest you sword and went out in fury in search of destroy it.” Holy Prophet. ‘Umar: “No, no, show it to me. I will When he was looking here and there definitely return it to you.” for Holy Prophet, some one alarmed by Fāṭimah: “But you are unclean. You his get up, asked him, “‘Umar! Where are need to clean yourself before touching you heading, with bare sword in hand?” Qur’ān, first take bath, and then I will ‘Umar: “I am looking for Muḥammad, show it to you.” to settle the problem once for all.” After ‘Umar had taken his bath, Some one: “After killing Muḥammad Fāṭimah took the leaves of the Qur’ān will you be able to bear the wrath of Banū and placed them before him. These were ‘Abdi Manāf? First take care of your own the opening verses from Chapter “Ṭā house. Your sister Fāṭimah and brother- Hā:” in-law have become Muslims.” [20:1] In the name of Allāh, the Infuriated by the news, ‘Umar at once Gracious, the Merciful. turned towards his sister’s house. As he [20:2] Ṭā Hā neared it, he heard Khabbāb Bin Al Arat [20:3] We have not sent down the reciting verses from Holy Qur’ān in a Qur’ān to thee that thou shouldst be melodious voice. It confirmed the news distressed; he just heard, he banged the door open. [20:4] But as a reminder to him who Meanwhile, hearing noise at the door, fears Allāh; Fāṭimah hid the pages of Holy Qur’ān. [20:5] And a revelation from Him Who ‘Umar shouted, “I hear you have left created the earth and the high heavens. religion of your forefathers?” Saying this, [20:6] He is the Gracious Allāh Who he jumped at his brother-in-law, threw has settled Himself firmly on the throne. him on the ground, straddled him, was [20:7] To Him belongs whatsoever is about to stab him with sword. Fāṭimah in the heavens and whatsoever is in the went forward to protect her husband and earth, and whatsoever is between them, was injured in the scuffle. and whatsoever is beneath the moist sub- Fāṭimah shouted daringly, “Yes, yes soil. ‘Umar! We have converted to Islām, do [20:8] And if thou speakest aloud, He whatever you can, we are never to hears it and also if thou speakest in a low revert!” voice, For He knows the secret thoughts Though ‘Umar was hard hearted, but of man and what is yet more hidden. under hardness there loomed love and [20:9] Allāh—there is no Allāh but He. compassion that sparkled out as he heard His are the most beautiful names. his sister’s courageous declaration, and [20:10] And has the story of Moses looked at her. Lo! She was covered all come to thee? over with blood, because of cut on her Continuing through the text, when he hand. The scene horrified ‘Umar, he reached the following verses: Page 20 ·©¿öZ - Al-Nahl Q1Q2/2007 [20:15] ‘Verily , I am Allāh; there is no come to embrace Islām!” Allāh but I, so worship Me alone and Holy Prophet jubilantly cried out observe Prayer for my remembrance; “Allāhu Akbar” (Allāh is the greatest!), [20:16] Surely, the Hour is coming and followed by the Muslims, their I am going to manifest it, that every soul thunderous voices echoed through the may be recompensed for its labors. valleys of Mecca announcing greatness of Suddenly Umar’s sleeping conscious Allāh. woke up. He could not help declaring: ‘Umar was in prime of his life, 33 years “What a wonderful and sacred text!” of age, he had well built body with When Khabbāb (who was hiding) majestic appearance. He was daring and heard these words, he jumped out, and courageous person and was chieftain of thanked Allāh Almighty loudly saying, “It his tribe Banū ‘Adī. His tribe acted as is all the result of prayers of Allāh’s Quraishite’s emissary to strike truce prophet. By Allāh, it is only yesterday among warring tribes, and collecting that I heard Holy Prophet praying, “O ransom money. When he embraced Allāh! Grant to Islām either ‘Umar Ibn Al Islām; total number of Muslims was -Khaṭṭāb or ‘Amr Bin Hishām (Abū about forty. His conversion strengthened Jahl).” ‘Umar was growing impatient Muslims so that they started offering every minute to meet Holy Prophet. He Prayers in open in the courtyard of requested Khabbāb, “Lead me quickly to Ka‘bah. Muḥammad.” He was so out of his wits ‘Umar’s conversion agitated that he still held his unsheathed sword. Quraishites. They surrounded ‘Umar’s Holy Prophet was staying in Dār house. ‘Umar came out to face them, Arqam. ‘Umar almost flew toward the arguments and counter arguments place and knocked forcefully at the door. followed. Some had nearly attacked When companions saw ‘Umar standing ‘Umar, but strong and resolute stance of with unsheathed sword through the slits ‘Umar Bin Al-Khaṭṭāb kept them at bay. in the door panes, they were reluctant to Siege of ‘Umar’s house continued until open the door. Meccan chieftain ‘Aṣ Bin Vā’il came to Holy Prophet: “Open the door.” intervene saying, “What is the matter, Ḥamzah: “Open the door. If he comes what is the matter?” Some one replied, with good intentions, well and good, “‘Umar has changed his religion.” otherwise I will cut his head with his own ‘Āṣ Bin Vā’il took control of delicate sword.” situation saying, “Ok, even then there is The door was opened. ‘Umar entered. no need of making fuss. I grant ‘Umar Holy Prophet went forward to greet him. my protection.” His declaration calmed He caught ‘Umar by the corner of his the situation, people thinned out one by shirt, gave a strong pull and said, one. “‘Umar! What are your intentions? Why ‘Umar, because of ‘Āṣ’s protection lived you have come here? By Allāh, I see you peacefully for some time. However, are not shaped for the hell.” ‘Umar’s self respect and velour did not ‘Umar: “O Prophet of Allāh, I have tolerate long to live under an umbrella. Q1Q2/2007 ·©¿öZ - Al-Nahl Page 21 He soon met ‘Āṣ and told him that he ancestors and respected gods? We pulls himself out of his protection. Later, wonder what we should do with you. ‘Umar bore frequent beatings in the Here are our offers, choose as you like: streets of Mecca, with honor, without If you are doing all this so as to amass lowering eyes before anyone. Soon his money and grow rich, then we are ready son ‘Abdullāh Bin ‘Umar, who was yet a to give all the riches you want. That will child, followed him to embrace Islām. He make you the richest person in Arabia. later grew into one of the top most If you need respect, we are ready to learned persons. acclaim you our leader. If you want to become king, we are Quraishites lure Holy Prophet ready to declare you our king. Quraishite had watched conversion of If all this fuss is because of some Ḥamzah and ‘Umar with despair, raising ailment you are suffering from, or you their concern about Islām many folds. are under some evil spell, we can get you Alarmed by the situation, they intensified treated and bear the expenses, their consultations with each other, to whatsoever. find ways and means to contain Islām If you are after some beautiful girl, we from spreading any further. They sent can search one for you throughout ‘Utbah Bin Rabī‘ah, a good negotiator, as Arabia, and present her to you.” their emissary to persuade Holy Prophet Holy Prophet heard all offers quietly, to stop propagation of Islām. But ‘Utbah when they had finished, he addressed returned rather impressed by Holy them: Prophet, which alarmed the Quraishites, “O party of Quraishite! I need none of the most. that which you have offered. I am not ill At last they decided to talk directly to or under some evil spell. I am but a Holy Prophet. All Quraishite elders messenger of Allāh, with a message to gathered in the courtyard of Ka‘bah and you. My heart is filled with sympathy for sent for Holy Prophet, with the message, you. If you negate the message, then I “Come, elders of your tribe want to talk will wait for the decree of my Allāh to to you.” Holy Prophet, who was always in happen.” the look out for such chances to address Quraishites: “It means, Muḥammad, elders together, and deliver message of you do not accept our offers. Ok, if you Islām, came readily. want to make us believe in your After customary exchange of prophethood, you know our country is s a l u t a t i o ns , Quraishite began, waterless and treeless, is littered with “Muḥammad! See, because of you, we are countless dry stony deserts and rocks. partitioned and enmities among us are Nothing could be seen for miles around growing. You are trying to interfere in except innumerable sand dunes. If you the religion of our forefathers and calling are messenger of Allāh, ask Him to them and our gods by names, and say change Arabia into a land like Syria and that they will fuel the hell fire. What else Iraq, with flowing streams and rivers, greater damage can you render to our with fertile fields and waving crops. If Page 22 ·©¿öZ - Al-Nahl Q1Q2/2007 you do all this, we will happily be convinced of your prophethood.” Holy Prophet: “Listen, as I have said, I am just a messenger of Allāh, with a duty to lead you to right path, and let you know what is good and what is bad for you. I tell you, if you will accept Allāh’s message, then surely He will reward you with lands that you are wishing for.” Quraishites: “Well, if it is also not possible, let us see an angle descend on you from heaven, and see you have magnificent palaces to live in, and stood up flowing in rage and declared, “O see you possess heaps of gold and silver. the party of Quraishites! You see how But we see none of it is provided to you, insolently Muḥammad has turned down rather you move about in bazaars as we all of your offers. I tell you, he will never do, looking for your sustenance. Then refrain from his mischief. From now on, what is that special with you, that may by Allāh, I will not rest until I crush his convince us that you are messenger of head. I do not care what Banū ‘Abdi Allāh?” Manāf will do with me afterward.” None Holy Prophet: “I never claimed to have of Banū Hāshim and Banū Muṭṭalib was that which you have just said. I am a present in the gathering, except Abū Jahl humble messenger of Allāh. Yes, as I and Abū Lahab. have told you, and I repeat, if you will Quraishite supported him in unison, believe in me, you will definitely be “We have no objection. You are free to do rewarded in good in this world and the whatever you like with Muḥammad.” hereafter.” Quraishites laughed and mocked, Dignified Prophet “Then bring the punishment upon us Holy Prophet was surrounded by blood that you promise, let a part of sky fall on thirsty enemies, who had tyrannical us. Let us see an army of angles descend designs against him, always looking for a from heaven and gather around you.” chance to bodily harm him. But Allāh the They declared, “By Allāh, from now on Almighty protected him from any harm either you will live or we.” Holy Prophet from their hands, as had been promised left them with a heavy heart. in Holy Qur’ān: Hardly Holy Prophet had left, Abū Jahl [5:68] O Messenger! convey to the Q1Q2/2007 ·©¿öZ - Al-Nahl Page 23 people what has been revealed to thee and brought the money, promptly from thy Lord; and if thou do it not, thou handed it over to Arāshah. Arāshah has not conveyed His Message. And thanked Holy Prophet for his help. He Allāh will protect thee from men. Surely went back to the Quraishites to thank Allāh guides not the disbelieving people. them for directing him to Holy Prophet. Having boasted “…I will not rest until I The Quraishites were dumfounded and crush his head….,” next morning Abū looked at each other in amazement. Jahl stood in the way lifting a heavy rock They asked the man who was sent to in his hands that Holy Prophet took follow Arāshah, “What happened.” every morning to pray in the Ka‘bah. As He narrated: “By Allāh, I have Holy Prophet passed, Abū Jahl was so witnessed a strange happening. When impressed by Prophet’s dignity that he Muḥammad knocked at the door, Abū Al could not move from his place. -Ḥakam came out, seeing Muḥammad, At another occasion Abū Jahl bought he acted as if he was a lifeless robot. As some camels from a visiting camel trader soon Muḥammad told him to pay what named Arāshah. Knowing he had no he owed, he promptly paid the amount support in Mecca, Abū Jahl refused to without saying anything.” pay the agreed price. The man was new Soon Abū Jahl came to join the party. to the place; he had nobody to turn for Eeverybody turned to him, “Abū Al- help. He sought help from Quraishite Ḥakam! What happened to you that you elders, who were gossiping in the got so terrified at the sight of courtyard of Ka‘bah. They thought of a Muḥammad?” mischief. They told Arāshah to seek help Abū Al-Ḥakam: “By Allāh! I saw a from Muḥammad Bin ‘Abdullāh, and furious camel on Muḥammad’s side; I sent a man to follow him to note what was so scared, I thought, if I hesitated, it happens. Arāshah went round asking will crush my bones?” people for the where about of Holy Prophet. Quraishite’s strange solution Arāshah met Holy Prophet, related his for patch-up story and requested him for help to Frustrated Quraishites constantly recover payment from Abū Jahl. Holy worked to safeguard their interests in the Prophet instantly went to help him. He wake of curbs which Islām imposed on knocked at Abū Jahl’s door. Abū Jahl their vested interests. They were came out, was stunned to find himself constantly giving serious thought to the face to face with Holy Prophet, and problem. stared at his face in amazement. In such a frenzy, some prominent Holy Prophet: “This man says you owe Quraishites, Walīd Bin Mughīrah, ‘Aṣ Bin some money to him, he is a traveler, why Vā’il and Umayyah Bin Khalaf discussed don’t you pay him?” the problem and went to meet Holy Abū Jahl’s face changed color, and Prophet. said, “Muḥammad, just wait! I will bring Quraishites: “Muḥammad! Differences the money.” He went inside the house, among us are growing to the extent that Page 24 ·©¿öZ - Al-Nahl Q1Q2/2007 our national unity is at a stake. Can’t something be done for reconciliation?” Holy Prophet: “How?” Q u r a i s h i te s : “Main difference between you and us is the way of worship. We have a solution. We can reciprocate each other in our worship. When you worship your Allāh, include our’s also, we will include your’s in our worship. One benefit of this arrangement will be that whosoever of us is at right path, will benefit the other.” Holy Prophet smiled and said, “Just think how it is going to desperate, because of their repeated happen. Having belief in one Allāh, how I failures with Holy Prophet. can worship your so many gods in whom First they failed to pursue Abū Ṭālib to I don’t believe; how you can worship my withdraw his protection. one Allāh, in whom you don’t believe, Then they failed to separate Banū while worshiping your so many gods.” ‘Abdi Manāf from Holy Prophet. The party returned dumbfounded. So far, their atrocities could not deter To this affect Chapter Al-Kāfirūn was even a single Muslims from his faith. revealed: Conversion of Ḥamzah and ‘Umar [109:1] In the name of Allah, the made them realize that though most of Gracious, the Merciful. their leaders were against Islām, they [109:2] Say, ‘O ye disbelievers! were highly vulnerable to fall in its lap, [109:3] ‘I worship not as you worship, due to its rationality and appeal to [109:4] ‘Nor do you worship as I reason. worship. They failed to pursue King Najāshi to [109:5] ‘Nor do I worship those that banish Muslims from his protection in you worship, Abyssinia. [109:6] ‘Nor do you worship Him Their several parleys with Holy Whom I worship. Prophet had ended in failure. [109:7] ‘For you your religion, and for One after another failures made me my religion. Quraishites desperate. At last they resolved to sever all ties with the Holy Quraishites intensify their opposition Prophet and his protecting tribe, Banū The Quraishite were highly ignited and Hāshim. They decided to confine all of Q1Q2/2007 ·©¿öZ - Al-Nahl Page 25 them in a place so as to destroy them, some men of Banī Hāshim took turn to and impose social and economic guard the Prophet at night. Abū Ṭālib sanctions on them was always moving the Prophet’s bed In the seventh year of prophethood, from one place to another to keep its Quraishites signed a declaration with the location secret. So, days and months following understandings: passed by, the besieged were in perfect Nobody in future would strike isolation. They suffered from the pains of relationship with Banū Hāshim and hunger and deprivation. During Banū Muṭṭalib. pilgrimage the besieged would go out Nothing will be sold to them, nor and buy food and clothes. Quraishite bought from them. tyrants would buy all kinds of food, etc., Nobody will be allowed to pass to prevent the besieged from buying it. anything edible to them. During trying bitter time in the valley, Nobody will maintain any tie with Abū Ṭālib stood by Holy Prophet as solid them. as rock. He was a fearless, resolute elder, This ban will remain in place until loved his nephew more than his sons. Banū Hāshim and Banū Muṭṭalib take One night, sensing danger, Abū Ṭālib away their protection and support for woke up Holy Prophet and told his son Muḥammad and hand him over to ‘Alī to sleep in Prophet’s bed. He took Quraishites, so that they may do Holy Prophet to a safer place to sleep. whatever they like with him. The valley was a sort of an open sky The declaration was written and signed prison, the outlets were guarded by by forty leaders of Quraishites, and was Quraishites, not allowing anybody to displayed at the wall of Ka‘bah as an enter or leave. History records hair important national document. raising accounts of the hardships endured by the besieged; one can’t help A hard test but marvel at their courage and strength. With such strong measures against Sometimes food was so scarce that they ‘Abd Manāf, Quraishites expected Abū were obliged to eat leaves of trees, grass Ṭālib to surrender. Sensing grave danger and anything that came in their hand. to the person of Holy Prophet, Abū Ṭālib Sa‘d Bin Abī Waqqās, one of the took his tribe and Muslims in the besieged, later narrated, “One night I was protection of a valley between two hills. very hungry, my foot touched something The valley belonged to him and was soft, because of darkness I couldn’t tell known as Shi‘b Abī-Ṭālib. He knew nook what it was, I just put it in my mouth and and corner of it. He closed all the swallowed it, (thinking it a piece of openings from where enemies might pass date).” At another occasion he found a through to harm Muslims in the piece of dry leather, he washed it and darkness of the night. Thus, two main roasted it and ate it. When hungry Meccan tribes along with Muslims were children cried for food, the Quraishite practically severed from the society. guards would laugh and rejoice loudly at Abū Ṭālib, his brother Ḥamzah, and their plight. Page 26 ·©¿öZ - Al-Nahl Q1Q2/2007 However, out in the city common man never shared Quraishite’s enmity against the besieged; they disapproved from the very beginning of the Quraishite’s decision of segregation. They could not do anything but grumble. Some daring ones would occasionally sneak in the valley, carrying food for their besieged relatives, when caught punishment would not deter them. The awful siege lasted for almost three years, however, during Ḥajj days, when there is general amnesty around to Prophet’s signal split in two halves. Ka‘bah. Muslims would go out in the city, Both halves moving against each other meeting their relatives and doing their across the sky, after some time full moon chores, buying edibles, etc. was restored. This unbelievable miracle While Muslims were boldly bearing the strengthened belief of Muslims and left brunt of the atrocities, Allāh Almighty non believers in wonder and desperation. soothed their bleeding hearts by wondrous miracles and tidings of future Freedom from siege victories. Three years of hardships in the valley could not deter Muslims from their Miracle of the splitting of the moon belief, however, each day that passed of It was a refreshing evening after a very three years hanged heavy on Quraishites’ hot day; Holy Prophet was out in the conscious outside. Their concerted valley with a party of believers and non- resolve gradually started weakening. believers. Non-believers asked Holy Now mostly they were looking for an Prophet to show them some miracle. At excuse to call off the siege, Allāh that time full moon was shining in the Almighty soon provided one. clear blue sky, lighting the valley. One fine morning, Holy Prophet woke As they stood facing moon, marveling up happy, visited his uncle Abū Ṭālib and at its beauty, Holy Prophet, after a short said, “My Allāh, this night, has told me pause, suddenly raised his index finger that the paper on which Quraishite’s towards the moon, moved it across the declaration against us was written, is shining moon as if cutting it into right hanging in Ka‘bah has been consumed by and left halves. Lo! The moon according termites, except the name of “Allāh” Q1Q2/2007 ·©¿öZ - Al-Nahl Page 27 nothing is left readable. the document and tore it in several Abū Ṭālib’s heart was filled with belief; pieces. Abū Jahl and his few supporters he hurried to Darun-Nadwah, at the looked on dumbfounded. Ka‘bah, where the Quraishi leaders sat. The Quraishites took their arms and Seeing Abū-Ṭālib coming, they got up headed for the valley. All the besieged respectfully. They expected that he had came out protected by rescuer’s swords. come to surrender and accept his defeat. The siege ended in 10th year of However, their expectations dashed to prophethood. ground when Abū Ṭālib proceeded, “How long your cruel pact against us would stand? This morning my nephew has told A year of grief me that Allāh has effaced the writings of Three years of perpetual rigors in the the document except His name, “Allāh.” desolate valley hanged heavy on the Go and bring out the document. Let us health of companions in general. see how far my nephew is correct.” However, especially elderly were Abū Jahl: “And, if he proves to be a mortally affected by malnutrition, lack of liar?” rest, heat, dryness and other hardships Abū Ṭālib with confidence and belief, sustained in the intensity of summer and “I’ll hand over my nephew to you.” winter, without any protection against Abū Jahl: “Okay.” forces of nature. It made them vulnerable When the document was brought, its and weak. Despite their deteriorated writings were found to have been effaced, health, they bore happily the rigors with as conveyed by Abū Ṭālib. It was almost determination. However, soon after rendered unreadable except the word freedom, their strength succumbed. “Allāh.” All the Quraishites were Holy Prophet sustained two great dumbfounded. losses soon after deliverance from the At last someone of the Quraishites valley. First his loving and faithful wife, picked up the courage and spoke out, “O Khadījah, then loving and caring uncle, the Quraishites! Is it reasonable that we Abū Ṭālib, died one after the other. These are enjoying life, and our brothers are were great losses to Holy Prophet within bearing hardships down in the valley? a year. Holy Prophet named the 10th This agreement has been cruel from the year of prophethood as ‘Āmul-Ḥuzn very beginning, and we were against it, (year of grief). now time has come to discard it.” The Abū Ṭālib Bin ‘Abdul-Muṭṭalib, Holy speaker was supported by several voices, Prophet’s uncle, took up Prophet’s except Abū Jahl who countered saying, guardianship, after the death of his “No, no, this decision is still valid and grandfather, ‘Abdul-Muṭṭalib. Abū Ṭālib stands, nobody can abrogate it.” kept his promise he made at the Somebody replied, “No, now it stands deathbed of his father regarding young null and void. Even when it was written Muḥammad (ṣallallāhu ‘alaihi wa we never supported it.” As hot discussion sallam), in letter and spirit. He protected was continuing, Muṭ‘im Bin ‘Adī grabbed Holy Prophet against high odds, Page 28 ·©¿öZ - Al-Nahl Q1Q2/2007 throughout his life. Abū Ṭālib was more than uncle to the Prophet. He would often say, “When I look at Muḥammad, he reminds me of my lovely brother ‘Abdullāh,” (father of Holy Prophet). Abū Ṭālib would guard Holy Prophet when he was resting. He would keep changing position of Prophet’s bed, lest enemies may know his location and attack in darkness of night. He blocked all secret passages leading into the valley so as to protect Prophet from also, do not give him trouble, rather help sudden attack from outsiders. He was all him, it is better for you.” Soon after Abū devoted to the protection of Holy Ṭālib died. Prophet. Prophet in turn reciprocated in Like Abū Ṭālib, Khadījah, daughter of the same terms with love and devotion, Khuwailid, wife of Holy Prophet, stood as he would have loved his father, would with him for fifteen most trying years. always turn to him for counsel. She gave all that belonged to her to her When Abū Ṭālib was at his death bed, husband. She stood with him in thick Holy Prophet would visit him regularly. and thin. She never doubted him. She Once when he was visiting him, Abū Jahl was the first to acknowledge his and other infidels were also there. Abū prophethood. She had seen him receiving Ṭālib addressed them, “O the group of revelation from Allāh, and helped him Quraishites! You are honored Allāh’s overcome his anxiety. Prophet was creation. I advise you to treat bestowed with children by her. Both Muḥammad kindly after I am gone, husband and wife loved each other. because he is a man of high morals. He is Naturally, Holy Prophet was deeply honored among Arabs because of his grieved at her death. Whenever she was truthfulness and goodness. To speak mentioned, Holy Prophet’s eyes were truth, he has brought us a message, filled with tears in grief, and he would though we do not accept it with our praise her, saying, “Khadījah was the tongues but our hearts accept it. I have best women of her time.” Whenever an stood with Muḥammad throughout my animal was slaughtered in the house, a life, and have protected him in hardship portion of it was always sent to her and happiness; if I am allowed to live friends. Once Hālah, sister of Khadījah, longer I will continue to do the same. visited Prophet’s house and asked for And, O Quraish! It is my advise to you entry. Holy Prophet hurriedly stood up Q1Q2/2007 ·©¿öZ - Al-Nahl Page 29 saying, “The voice is like that of Prophet. When Holy Prophet would start Khadījah, it appears her sister Hālah has preaching, they would start making noise come.” During the war of Badr, Holy and say, “Do not listen to this man, he Prophet’s son-in-law, Abū Al-‘Ās was has turned away from religion of his imprisoned. His wife Zainab (Holy forefathers, now he wants to change Prophet’s daughter) sent her necklace as yours.” When listeners would see that ransom to get him freed. The necklace Prophet’s own relatives oppose him, they was given to her in her dowry by her late would refuse to hear him. mother, Khadījah. When Holy Prophet An interesting episode depicts the fear, saw the necklace, he remembered desperation and restlessness of Khadījah. His eyes welled up with tears. Quraishites. Ṭufail Bin ‘Amr, an honored He said to the companions, “If you like, chieftain of tribe Daus, who was also a return this Khadījah’s memorial necklace renowned poet, visited Mecca. Meccan to her daughter.” Khadījah died at an age feared he might fall prey to the Prophet. of 65 years. They warned him from the imminent danger, telling him, “You have come in Tablīgh—the propagation of Islām Mecca at a time when a miscreant has Holy Prophet never let go any chance created great commotion and split in the to spread message of Islām, in and city. He has separated son from father, outside Mecca. Not disgusted by brother from brother, and wife from Quraishite response, never disheartened husband. We fear, because of your by the antagonistic reaction of his literary taste, you may fall in his trap audiences, nothing deterred him from enchanted by his words. We warn you his duty. Nature took its own course, not to listen to his words.” Ṭufail got when one from a tribe accepted Prophet’s frightened because of the horrible picture call, he would spread the message in his they painted. He plugged his ears with tribe, and thus message percolated cotton, lest he may hear enchanter’s usually wining over conversions. Abū voice and fall into his trap. Dharr Ghifārī’s conversion triggered Early in the morning, Ṭufail went in conversions in his tribe. The migrants to Ka‘bah. He asked people about Abyssinia, won conversions there, while Muḥammad (ṣallallāhu ‘alaihi wa Abū Mūsā Ash‘arī carried Islām to far sallam). Somebody told him about the away Yemen. Prophet, who was praying in a corner. He Holy Prophet turned his attention to stood there observing him, liked his the tribes in the surroundings of Mecca, changing postures. He went slowly especially during Ḥajj days. He was towards him. Though his ears were sometimes accompanied by Abū Bakr, plugged, still he could hear slightly what ‘Alī or Zaid Bin Ḥārith. Equally Prophet was reciting. He thought, “May determined were the Quraishites to carry my mother loose me (a kind of curse), I on their mission of mischief. Holy am a sane man. I can distinguish right Prophet’s real uncles, Abū Lahab and from wrong. There is no harm if I hear Abū Jahl, would usually follow the what he is saying.” He pulled out the Page 30 ·©¿öZ - Al-Nahl Q1Q2/2007 plugs and sat to hear what Holy Prophet was reciting. When Holy Prophet had finished praying, he followed him. On the way, he requested Holy Prophet to recite more from what he was reciting in his Prayer. Prophet recited more verses and preached him about oneness of Allāh. Ṭufail was highly impressed and was instantaneously converted to Islām. Ṭufail: “O messenger of Allāh! I enjoy high place in my tribe, people eagerly hear me. Pray that they are guided to Prophet preached them about oneness of Islām through me.” Holy Prophet prayed Allāh, and persuaded them to support for him and allowed him to leave. Islām. Buhairah Bin Firās, one of the Back home, Ṭufail preached his father tribe men told his companions, “By and wife, they were converted. However, Allāh, if this man comes under my his tribe flatly refused to listen to him, control, I can win over whole of the and started opposing him. Arabia.” Ṭufail again visited Holy Prophet and Then he asked Holy Prophet, “If you said, “O Messenger of Allāh! My tribe has overpower your opponents with our help, opposed me, and is increasing in will there be a part for us in your opposition day by day. Curse them.” Holy kingdom or not?” Prophet raised his hands and prayed, “O Holy Prophet replied, “Kingdom is in my Allāh! Guide people of Daus.” Holy Allāh’s hand, He gives it to whom He Prophet advised Ṭufail, “Go to your tribe likes.” and continue preaching softly and Buhairah Bin Firās: “How strange, we compassionately.” Later at the time of will fight Arabs, and kingdom falls in Battle of Khaiber, the whole Daus tribe others’ hand! Go away, we don’t need was converted and they immigrated to you.” Such disheartening remarks would Medina. Renowned companion Abū not deter Holy Prophet from his mission. Huraira belonged to the Daus tribe. Holy Prophet did his best to convey the Holy Prophet, on his preaching message of Allāh. He did everything in mission, visited tribe Banū ‘Āmir Bin his power to win over, but all was Ṣa‘ṣa‘ah. Fortunately he was not followed negated. How strange, nobody was by any of the Quraishites, this time. Holy prepared to listen to a man; whose Q1Q2/2007 ·©¿öZ - Al-Nahl Page 31 believers when afterward were given leave from here, since nobody is worldly kingdoms, on mere mentioning prepared to listen to you.” He instigated of their name would put the strongest of street urchins to follow Holy Prophet, them to shudder. Strange are the ways of who followed the Prophet, making noise, Allāh Almighty! chanting slogans and pelting stones at Holy Prophet carried on his duty even him. Prophet’s body bled all over. They when he was besieged in the valley. At followed Holy Prophet to about three first he concentrated only on the miles, taunting, jeering and pelting Quraish, later he switched over to other stones. Whenever Holy Prophet tried to tribes also. Days of Ḥajj provided great rest, volley of stones would intensify. At opportunity to impart the message. Holy about three miles from the city, there was Prophet would visit places where a grove belonging to two Meccan pilgrims would stay around Mecca, like chieftains ‘Utbah and Shaibah. By the ‘Ukāẓ, Majannah (or Mijannah) and Dhul time cruel street urchins were tired and -Majār. He would go from tent to tent turned back. Holy Prophet rested under a introducing Islām to the occupants. tree, and prayed, “O my Allāh! I complain only to thee of Mission to Ṭā’if weakness of my strength, weakness of my Ṭā’if, a renowned city, about 40 miles decision, and my powerlessness to in the southeast of Mecca, was populated defend myself against people. O my by Banū Thaqīf tribe. The City was of the Allāh! You are most compassionate, and size of Mecca, mostly wealthy and protector of week and helpless, you are powerful people lived there. Most of my sustainer. I pray to thee to take me them had blood relations with under your protection. You are remover Quraishites. Most of the oases lying of darkness of hearts, and reward men between Mecca and Ṭā’if were owned by with good in this world and hereafter.” Meccan chieftains. As soon as the Holy Prophet finished Holy Prophet and Zaid Bin Ḥārith his prayer, there came the angle of visited Ṭā’if on a Tablīgh mission. There mountains and asked, “Allāh the they stayed for ten days, meeting Almighty has sent me. If you say, I may prominent people of the city, one after move the side hills on Ṭā’if city so to the other. Invariably Prophet’s message crush its inhabitants in between.” was negated and jeered upon. In the last, Holy Prophet: “No, no, don’t do it. I Prophet met principal person of the city, hope Allāh will create out of them the ‘Abd Yālīl, who flatly refused to listen to people who will worship one Allāh.” him, and mockingly replied to his At that time both ‘Utbah and Shaibah invitation to join Islām by saying, “If you were in the grove. They had been are true, I have no courage to talk to you, observing the plight of Holy Prophet. and if you are a liar, then there is no use Under family bond or some other to talk to you.” Fearing that youth of the consideration, they sent their Christian city may be impressed by Holy Prophet, slave ‘Addās with some grapes arranged he warned, “It will be better that you in a tray for the Holy Prophet. Page 32 ·©¿öZ - Al-Nahl Q1Q2/2007 Holy Prophet accepted the gift and escorting Holy Prophet, he was curious. asked ‘Addās, “From where you are, and He went forward and asked Muṭ‘im, “Is what is your religion?” Muḥammad in your protection, or have ‘Addās: “I am from Nineveh. I am a you converted to him.” Christian.” Muṭ‘im replied, “I am just a protector, Holy Prophet: “That Nineveh where not follower.” Allāh’s righteous man Yūnus Bin Matta Abū Jahl: “Then there is no harm.” (Jonah) lived?” ‘Addās: “Yes, but how come you know Journey to heaven— about Jonah?” glad tidings for the future Holy Prophet: “He was my brother; he This year was really a year of grief. was apostle of Allāh, as I am.” Holy Prophet was depressed and Holy Prophet introduced Islām to him, dejected, his beloved wife Khadījah, a that impressed him. ‘Addās could not source of comfort and support, was dead; help to control himself. He went forward his uncle Abū Ṭālib, his “second father,” and kissed Holy Prophet’s hands. ‘Utbah a pillar of strength who defended him and Shaibah were making note of the against the vicious attacks of his actions of their slave. When ‘Addās enemies, was not alive anymore; his returned, they asked him, “What mission to Ṭā’if had been unsuccessful, happened to you that you went to kiss rather humiliating, he was pelted with hands of that man. Be warned, he will rocks until he bled. His invitation to destroy your religion, despite your Quraishites toward Islām was turned religion is better than his.” down in hateful and humiliating Holy Prophet rested there for some retaliation. It was truly a Year of Sorrow time; then he reached Nakhlah, a town for Holy Prophet. With this background close to Mecca, he stayed there for few in mind, one night Holy Prophet prayed days, then he reached Ḥirā hill. He and supplicated intensely in Ka‘bah, feared, apparent failure in Ṭā’if, may seeking mercy and help from his Creator. embolden Meccans against him. Holy When tired he laid down to rest in the Prophet sent word for Muṭ‘im Bin ‘Adi, “I middle of the night. want to enter Mecca, can you help me in Allāh Almighty who ordained him, this matter.” Though Muṭ‘im was a soothed Prophet’s fears and concerns by staunch nonbeliever, but was noble at giving him glad tidings for future heart, to refuse help Holy Prophet was victories in his dreams and visions. But it against his nature. He took his sons and was a special night, as Prophet lay relatives (all armed) with him and stayed between sleep and awakening (his eyes near Ka‘bah, and sent words to Holy were closed but he was conscious), Mi‘rāj Prophet to enter the city. Holy Prophet (ascendance to heaven) vision took place, entered the city, went round the Ka‘bah as is described in Holy Qur’ān: and entered his house, escorted by [53:9] Then the Prophet drew near to Muṭ‘im and his relatives. In the way, Abū Allāh; then Allāh leaned down towards Jahl saw Muṭ‘im and his relative him. Q1Q2/2007 ·©¿öZ - Al-Nahl Page 33 [53:10] So that He became, as it were, Jerusalem, where he met prophets of the one chord to two bows, or closer still. past, he led them in prayer. Holy Prophet [53:11] Then Allāh revealed to His was given news of great future victories. servant that which He revealed. Then he was flown back to Ka‘bah, where [53:12] The heart of the Prophet lied his sleeping/awakening condition was not in seeing what he saw? gone and he regained full consciousness. [53:13] Will you, then, dispute with The vision is mentioned in Holy Qur’ān him about what he saw? in following words: [53:14] And, certainly, he saw him a [17:2] Glory be to Him Who carried second time; His servant by night from the Sacred [53:15] Near the farthest lote tree; Mosque to the Distant Mosque, the [53:16] Near which is the Garden of environs of which We have blessed, that Eternal abode. We might show him some of Our Signs. [53:17] This was when that, which Surely, He alone is the All-Hearing, the covers, covered the lote-tree. All-Seeing. [53:18] The eye deviated not, nor did it So, Allāh Almighty comforted and wander. pacified Holy Prophet’s sorrowful heart. [53:19] Surely, he saw the greatest of His audience with Allāh the Almighty the Signs of his Lord. expressed approval of his efforts by In the vision, Gabriel came to Holy which he was propagating Islām and Prophet, lifted him and carried him to facing the antagonistic forces. While the Zamzam fountain, where Gabriel cut journey to Aqṣā Mosque gave great opened Prophet’s chest, took out his tidings of future victories, when his heart, washed it with crystal clear water followers will overpower anti-Islāmic from the fountain, filled the chest with forces in Mecca and around. belief and wisdom and closed it back. However, when Meccans came to know Then Gabriel took the Prophet and about these miraculous journeys, they ascended into the sky. Where in the way had hard time in believing, even a Prophet met several past prophets: number of Muslims had their faith Adam, Jesus, John, Joseph, Aaron, shaken, as they could not understand Moses, and Abraham. They greeted him, how both events could have taken place exchanging words or two with him, until in one night. However, true believers Holy Prophet ascended to a point in were strengthened in their faith. heaven where no human had ever Prophet's trusted companion, Abū Bakr treaded before. Prophet was in the very didn’t flinch in belief of truth of the presence of Allāh, the Almighty! Prophet journeys, so Holy Prophet gave him the was given great tidings of the future title "aṣ-Ṣiddīq" (the truthful one). victories, and five daily Prayers were ordained. Days of great tension In the second vision, same night Holy During Prophet’s era, there were three Prophet was taken on a spiritual journey great empires surrounding Arabia: “Isra” from Ka‘bah to Aqṣā mosque in Sassanid Iranian Empire in the east, Page 34 ·©¿öZ - Al-Nahl Q1Q2/2007 Byzantine Roman Empire in the next page]. Sassanids were fire northwest, and African Abyssinian worshippers, Romans were idol Empire in the southwest [see box on the worshipers while African Abyssinians Continent of Africa runs parallel to the western coast of Arabia, separated by narrow Red Sea. Ḥabshah (Abyssinia) lies in the Horn of Africa, the only country in Africa with an unbroken sovereignty, and is one of the oldest continuous nations in the world, known as “the cradle of mankind.” During the time of the Holy Prophet, it was ruled by king Aṣḥamah (or Ṣaḥmah) whose title was Najāshī. He was a just and powerful ruler. Q1Q2/2007 ·©¿öZ - Al-Nahl Page 35 were mostly Christian. presents. With the passage of time, Quraishites They bribed the courtiers to get early intensified their prosecution. One day audience with the king and presented Holy Prophet, pointed to southwest, gifts to him reviving their friendship. advised Muslims to migrate to Ḥabshah ‘Amr Bin Al-‘Ās: “O King, may you live (Abyssinia) saying, “Ruler of Ḥabshah, long! A band of foolish people have left Najāshi, is a kind and just ruler, nobody religion of their forefather by inventing a is persecuted in his kingdom for his new religion of their own, which is religion” [see box]. First batch of eleven against your religion also. They have men and four women prepared to created restlessness in our country. Now migrate to Ḥabshah. The preparations some of them have escaped into your were kept secret, and were made mostly country to create disturbance here also. in the darkness of night. We request you to banish then from your By chance ‘Umar met a party, whose land and send them with us so that we household articles were packed and may punish them.” loaded on camels. ‘Umar inquired from a Bribed courtiers readily approved woman, “Where are you going?” Quraishite’s statement. However, Women: “We are going to another Najāshī, a noble sagacious ruler, replied, land, because you treat us cruelly here.” “The people from your land have come ‘Umar: “Allāh be with you.” As soon under my protection, I cannot decide the party reached coastal port Sha‘ībah, until I hear their point of view.” luckily a ship was ready to leave for Muslim immigrants were summoned Ḥabshah. When Quraishites learnt of in the court. their flight, they sent a party to follow Najāshī: “What is the matter between and bring them back. When pursuers you and the Quraishites? Tell me what reached the coast, the emigrants had new religion you have invented?” long embarked. Ja‘far Bin Abī Ṭālib spoke on behalf of Muslims. “O King! We were ignorant Muslims in king Najāshī’s court people. We worshiped idols, ate from Muslims heaved a sigh of relief on dead animals. We did every thing that reaching the `calm and openness of was bad and infamous. We never Ḥabshah. Back home, news of Muslim’s respected rights of our relatives and smooth life in Ḥabshah was a constant neighbors. We quarreled with each other, source of concern for Quraishites, they never helped poor and orphans, rather could not digest it for long. They decided we exploited them, eating from their to send an envoy in Najāshī’s court to belongings as ours. We were in pitiable seek extradition of Muslims. Valuable condition morally as well as worldly, presents and gifts were prepared for the until Allāh took mercy on us, sent His king and his courtiers. ‘Amr Bin Al-‘Ās messenger, whom from beginning we and ‘Abdullāh Bin Rabī‘ah, both arch knew as noble, trustworthy and honest enemies of Muslims who claimed man. He taught us to worship one Allāh, friendship with King Najāshī, carried the abstain from idol worship, speak truth, Page 36 ·©¿öZ - Al-Nahl Q1Q2/2007 be honest and pay respect to relatives the blessings of the House of Jacob. And and neighbors. He forbade us to commit make him, my Lord, well-pleasing to adultery, doing and thinking evil, telling Thee.’ lie, eating from wealth of orphans, [19:8] Allāh said, ‘O Zachariah, We snatching belongings of others. He give thee glad tidings of a son whose forbade us from unlawful killings. He name shall be Yahya. We have not called taught us to worship one Allāh, pay dues any one before him by that name.’ to his creation. We followed him, [19:9] He said, ‘My Lord, how shall I believed in his words. But for these good have a son when my wife is barren, and I changes in our character and deeds, our have reached the extreme limit of old nation turned against us. They put us in age?’ great hardships, committed atrocities [19:10] The angel bearing the against us to prevent us from professing revelation said, ‘So shall it be.’ But thy our religion. We are compelled to leave Lord says, ‘It is easy for ME, and indeed I our country, and now we have taken created thee before, when thou wast shelter in your country. O King! We nothing.’ expect that we will not be persecuted in As Ja‘far recited, tears flooded your reign and territory, and you will do Najāshī’s eyes, he remained bowed in justice with us.” reverence. When Ja‘far had finished, he King Najāshī was impressed by this regained composure and declared discourse. chokingly, “By Allāh, these verses and King Najāshī: “Well, read to me the verses from our lord Jesus, appear to message which is revealed to you.” stem from a common source of light.” Ja‘far recited melodiously following King returned the presents and told verses from Chapter Al-Maryam: Quraishite envoy, “Go away. I shall not [19:1] In the name of Allāh, the send these people with you.” Gracious, the Merciful. Cunning Quraishite envoys were not to [19:2] Kāf Hā Yā ‘Ain Ṣād. be disappointed so easily. In the evening [19:3] This is an account of the mercy they collided with court priests. Next of thy Lord shown to His servant morning ‘Amr again got access in the Zachariah, court and tried to touch Najāshī’s faith, [19:4] When he called upon his Lord in “Sire, do you know what they believe a low voice. about your prophet Jesus?” [19:5] He said, ‘My Lord, my bones King Najāshī again sent for Muslims. have indeed become feeble and my head Naturally Muslims were worried; is all aflame with hoariness but never, my perhaps ‘Amr may succeed this time, Lord, have I been unblessed in my prayer since Muslims do not believe Jesus to be to Thee; the son of Allāh. However, Muslims were [19:6] ‘And I fear my relations after not prepared to desist saying right thing me, and my wife is barren. So grant me even when in great danger. from Thyself a successor, King Najāshī to Muslims: “What is [19:7] ‘To be my heir and the heir of your belief about Lord Jesus?” Q1Q2/2007 ·©¿öZ - Al-Nahl Page 37 Ja‘far: “O King! We believe Jesus a tightened their horrendous grip on man, not son of Allāh, but his prophet, defenseless Muslims. Abū Bakr, a noble born by Allāh’s words revealed to hearted man, tired of Quraishite’s day-to Maryam.” -day intrigues, decided to migrate King Najāshī bent down and picked a somewhere he could worship his Allāh piece of straw. Showing it to the courtiers freely. With that intention in mind, he declared: “By Allāh, what you have said left Mecca and traveled southward. In about Lord Jesus, I do not consider him the way he met Ibn Al-Daghinah, greater than this piece of straw from it.” chieftain of tribe Qārah. Court priests protested against king’s Ibn Al-Daghinah: “Abū Bakr! Where remarks. King ignored their protest. are you headed to?” Quraishite envoy left empty handed. Abū Bakr: “My nation has banished me While emigrants were living in peace from my homeland. I have decided to go in Ḥabshah, the notorious Quraishite away somewhere in the vast world of mind was constantly hatching and Allāh, where I can worship my Sustainer concocting false rumors to put Muslims freely.” in trouble. They floated a false rumor Ibn Al-Daghinah: “A man like you that the Holy Prophet had patched should not leave Mecca by himself, nor differences with Quraishites in Mecca, people should banish him… Come on, I and so it was not necessary for the take you in my protection. Turn back, immigrants now to stay in Ḥabshah, far and worship your Sustainer in Mecca, as away from their motherland. Few of the freely as you like.” Abū Bakr retuned to immigrants fell into the trap. However, Mecca, where Ibn Al-Daghinah chastised on their way back, they came to know Quraishites by saying, “You are that the news was a Quraishite trick. Few banishing a person of noble qualities turned back, while others continued. from your city?” They secretly entered Mecca in the Abū Bakr built a small mosque in the darkness of the night seeking protection courtyard of his house, where he would from their relatives. Number of Muslims pray and recite Holy Qur’ān loudly. Since in Ḥabshah continued to rise, because he was very soft hearted, tears would they continued to slip one by one. At one flow from his eyes during recitation. time their number rose above hundred, Women and children in the including eighteen women. Some neighborhood, upon hearing his returned to Mecca before Prophet’s recitation, and seeing flow of tears from migration to Yathrib. While most of the his eyes, were quite impressed. They migrants stayed on till the time when would talk about it frequently in their Holy Prophet was returning to Medina homes. Quraishites told Ibn Al-Daghinah after the fall of Khaibar. to prevent Abū Bakr from reciting in loud voice as it affected their women and Abū Bakr prepares to migrate children. Abū Bakr refused to Infuriated by failure to recover discontinue his norm, and told Ibn Al- migrants from Ḥabshah, Quraishite Daghinah that he pull himself out of his Page 38 ·©¿öZ - Al-Nahl Q1Q2/2007 protection. Quraishites unleashed all Prophet would daringly predict failures, types of hardships on Abū Bakr, but he defeats, and deaths of opponents, and stood firmly as a solid rock. great future victories. Quraishites would Abū Bakr later sought permission from laugh and jeer, make fun of Holy Prophet the Holy Prophet to migrate from Mecca. and converts because of these unlikely Holy Prophet told him to wait; he may be predictions. However, Allāh in Heaven the second when Allāh permits to soon realized these predictions; days of migrate. Abū Baker was jubilant on this victories of Islām were drawing near. prophecy. All of a sudden, the wall of hatred that surrounded Muslims in Mecca soon Flood-gates opened started giving way. The river of kindness, Holy Prophet vigilantly propagated the compassion, and godliness started message of Islām, day and night. At first flowing towards Yathrib, a town about he concentrated his attention on his 250 miles north of Mecca, the Promised relative Quraishites under divine Land, shown to Prophet in his dream. bidding: The city of the Prophet started readying [26:215] And warn thy nearest itself to welcome Islām, from where rays kinsmen, of light were destined to sparkle across [26:216] And lower thy wing of mercy the world! to the believers who follow thee. Quraishite response was disgusting. Islām spreads in the north He gradually increased his sphere and If one chooses to remain in darkness in included tribes in the surroundings of bright daylight, he may do so by shutting Mecca. He would particularly take his eyes, but he cannot command sun advantage of Ḥajj (pilgrimage) rays to stop coming and lighting the co ng r e ga t i o n s . He w as o f t en world around. This exactly was the case accompanied either of Abū Bakr, ‘Alī or with Quraishites. Rays of Islām flooded Zaid Bin Ḥārith, on Tablīgh trips. Holy Mecca and its surroundings, but the so- Prophet’s uncles Abū Lahab and Abū called elders chose to remain in Jahl would usually follow the prophet, darkness. Allāh’s promise to spread deterring people from hearing him; Islām far and wide was still awaited by despite such severe opposition new Muslims to be realized. However, Holy converts continuously trickled into the Prophet and Muslims were praying and fold of Islām. supplicating to hasten the victory of However, the conversion rate was too Islām that Allāh promised: slow, but that never disheartened Holy [110:3] And thou seest men entering the Prophet. He would complain and ask for religion of Allāh in troops. help only from his Allāh, in morning, in Certainly, Allāh, the All Hearer and All the depth of day, in evening and in the Knowing, drew victory of Islām nearer. depth of night. Allāh would talk, console and comfort him day and night, Historic background of Yathrib promising great victories in the future. Before we march further with Islām, Q1Q2/2007 ·©¿öZ - Al-Nahl Page 39 let us look in the north of Mecca. The become stronger by believing in him.” first main landmark, that comes in our In the 11th year of prophethood, as way, is the city of Yathrib (24.28◦ N, usual, Holy Prophet was going around 39.36◦ E), situated in west of Ḥijāz the camping places of pilgrims. At region, in western Saudi Arabia (see ‘Aqabah hill, some distance from Mecca, map). he met a group of six men belonging to Originally, the oasis of Yathrib was Banū Khazraj from Yathrib. As Holy inhabited by three Jewish tribes, Banū Prophet passed them, he asked them, Qainuqa‘, Banū Quraiẓah and Banū “Can you please give me some time to Naḍīr. Later two Arab tribes from Yemen talk to you?” Banū Aus and Banū Khazraj immigrated. Men from Yathrib: “Yes, yes. What do The immigrants served Jews for some you want to say?” time, later revolted and became Holy Prophet sat among them and independent, eventually snatching conveyed the message of Islām to them. control of the city. Later, due to covert He recited verses from Holy Qur’ān, and designs of Jews, Banū Aus and Banū invited them to join him. Khazraj turned hostile to each other, and They consulted each other, “He is fought a long war that extended over 120 likely to be the same prophet, whom years. Banū Naḍīr and Banū Quraiẓah Jews are waiting. It is a good chance for sided with Aus, while Banū Qainuqa‘ us; we must hurry up to accept him, lest with Khazraj. Their bloodiest war was Jews take advantage.” They learnt more Battle of Bu‘āth, which was inconclusive. from Prophet about Islām and were Abdullāh Ibn Ubayy Salūl, a Khazraj readily converted to Islām. Holy Prophet chief, refused to take part in the battle, it gave them text of the Holy Qur’ān so far earned him reputation of equity and revealed. Before leaving for home they peacefulness, and consequently he informed Holy Prophet, “Our intertribal started eyeing kingship of Yathrib. quarrels have weakened us. Enmities The Jews were superior to idol have separated us from each other. We worshippers in knowledge and wealth. will spread message of Islām in Yathrib The Arabs were impressed by their as soon we get there. Perhaps Islām may knowledge, so much so that an issueless act as binding force to join us together.” Arab would usually pledge to give his When back home, they preached first born to Jews. Aus and Khazraj got Islām. Because of their efforts, soon some knowledge of Jewish revealed Islām was the talk of the town. books because of their terms with them. They knew that Jews were waiting for a First pledge at ‘Aqabah prophet. Often they would boast, “It is Next year twelve people from Yathrib the time of the promised prophet. As met Holy Prophet at ‘Aqabah, five were soon he comes, we will join him to of the last year’s converts. As soon they destroy idol worshippers, and drive them saw Prophet, they came anxiously to out of Mecca. The prophet would meet him with love and reverence. The establish a large kingdom, and we will visitors described political situation in Page 40 ·©¿öZ - Al-Nahl Q1Q2/2007 Yathrib in detail, and renewed their conscious that despite their utmost effort pledge at the hand of the Prophet and message of Islām was spreading so fast. swore allegiance to Islām and Holy Prophet. After pilgrimage, while bidding Second pledge at ‘Aqabah them farewell, Holy Prophet advised Next year (13th year of prophethood), them, “If you would stand firmly on your several hundred people from Aus and oath of allegiance, you will be rewarded Khazraj tribes visited Mecca for with paradise. However, if you falter, pilgrimage. Several were already your fate will be in the hand of Allāh. He Muslims, while majority were new will do whatever He pleases with you.” comers. They met the Holy Prophet in They requested the Prophet to provide the darkness of night in ‘Aqabah valley. them a teacher, who would teach them Holy Prophet joined them accompanied Qur’ān and preach Islām to the infidels. by his uncle ‘Abbās. Those gathered were Muṣ‘ab Bin ‘Umair was sent with them as 70 in number. their teacher. ‘Abbās addressed them, “O the people Muslims in Yathrib enjoyed freedom to of Khazraj! Muḥammad is respected and move about and do business. Later, Holy honored member of his family. His Prophet conveyed his message to Muṣ‘ab family has protected him since, through to lead collective Jum‘ah Prayer. People thick and thin, have stood with him in witnessed prophecy of people joining every danger. Now Muḥammad wants to Islām in troops upon troops when whole leave his homeland and go with you. If of Aus and Khazraj tribes were converted you want to take him with you, you to Islām, in a day, subsequently followed would have to be careful to protect him by other tribes. It strengthened Muslims from every danger, and face his every in their faith, as this had been predicted enemy. If you are ready to bear this by Allāh The Majestic in Chapter Al- responsibility, then promise in clear Naṣr: terms, otherwise refuse outright. It is [110:1] In the name of Allāh, the always better to talk in clear terms.” Gracious, the Merciful. Al-Barā Bin Ma‘rūr, an elderly [110:2] When the help of Allāh comes respected man: “‘Abbās! We have heard and the Victory, you. We need to hear something from the [110:3] And thou seest men entering Holy Prophet himself to explain what the religion of Allāh in troops, responsibility he wants to put on our [110:4] Glorify thy Lord with His shoulders.” praise and seek His forgiveness. Surely Holy Prophet recited few verses from He is Oft-returning with mercy. Holy Qur’ān, and explained briefly the However, in Mecca, this year was very message of Islām. While explaining hard on Muslims, Quraishites knowing man’s duties to Allāh and to his fellow that Islām was spreading by leaps and human beings, he said, “For myself I only bounds in Yathrib, had grown more and ask you to promise to protect me as you more frustrated, wrathful and severe in would protect your relatives and dear their treatment. It hanged heavy on their ones when it would be needed.” Q1Q2/2007 ·©¿öZ - Al-Nahl Page 41 Al-Barā bent forward in reverence and Holy Prophet. Next morning, Quraishite took Holy Prophet’s hand and said, “O chieftains met Yathribians and asked Apostle of Allāh! We swear in the name what had been going on between them. of Allāh who has sent you with truth, we Since most of the visitors were idol will protect you as we protect our lives. worshipers, and were not included in the Nothing will deter us, from our resolve, pledge, their leader Ubayy Bin Abī Salul as we have been raised under the shades denied outright to have any secret of swords.” meeting with Muslims. However, Abul-Hāshim (another Yathribian): Quraishites remained skeptical. Later, “O, Prophet of Allāh! We have long they did their best to capture returning standing friendly terms with Jews which Yathribians, but they were unsuccessful. will be severed when we will side with you. We fear, when Allāh will give you Immigration to Yathrib power, naturally you would like to return Some time ago, Holy Prophet was to your homeland leaving us behind at shown a land with orchards and the mercy of our enemies.” fountains, in a dream, which was thought Holy Prophet smiled: “No, no. It will to be somewhere in Najd, destined for never happen. Your blood will be my migration. However, with the spreading blood, your friends will be my friends, of Islām in Yathrib, it proved to be the and your enemies will be my enemies.” place shown in dream. ‘Abbās Bin ‘Ubādah Anṣārī looked After second pledge of ‘Aqabah, the back at his men and asked, “Do you Holy Prophet advised Muslims to understand what this undertaking migrate to Yathrib. In few days most of means? We must now be prepared for the Muslims one by one left for Yathrib, any eventuality and for every sacrifice.” except few slaves, who stayed behind. All present answered, “Yes, yes. We Meanwhile Abū Bakr had sought understand. But O Prophet of Allāh! Prophet’s permission for migration, but What we will get in return?” Holy Prophet did not allow him, saying, Holy Prophet: “You will get Allāh’s “Perhaps Allāh will give you a companion pleasure, which is the greatest reward of to accompany you.” Similarly, Ṣuhaib His rewards.” was also eager to accompany the They reiterated, “Ok, we agree. O Prophet. His intentions somehow leaked Apostle of Allāh! Give us your hand.” out to Quraishites. They put strict Holy Prophet extended his hand. All surveillance on his movements. Later, held it. So, the second ‘Aqabah pledge somehow he escaped to Medina. was made. Holy Prophet appointed The Yathribians welcoming the twelve proctors from among present for migrants were now called the supervision of their tribal affairs, and “Ansar” (helpers). They welcomed they were answerable to the Prophet. Meccan immigrants, “Muhājirīn,” in Somehow Quraishites grew suspicious their homes, taking care of their that something had been going on boarding and lodging. They set example secretly between Yathribians and the for Muslims to come as how to treat Page 42 ·©¿öZ - Al-Nahl Q1Q2/2007 guests and take care of all of their needs. collectively. Apparently the plan was ingenious and well thought of, the time Evil designs of Quraish was ripe and manpower available. It was By this time, Quraishite mind was unanimously agreed upon. almost completely baffled, since each of While Allāh the Almighty and the their ill move was reverted on them. Due Protector, informed Holy Prophet of to perpetual failures, they were almost their evil designs, and to counter it, He out of their minds. Had their spiritual advised Prophet, as described in eyes been opened, each of their failures following verse of Chapter Al-Anfāl: was sufficient to open their hearts for [8:31] And remember when the Islām. disbelievers devised plans against thee Now the concentration of Muslims in that they might put thee in confinement Yathrib was like a bombshell which or slay thee or expel thee. And they exploded in each individual Quraishite planned and Allāh also planned, and heart. They knew Holy Prophet was Allāh is the Best of planners. going to win. Their satanic minds started As the miscreants dispersed, to carry weaving a permanent solution to the out their heinous plan secretly, Allāh the problem. They knew almost all Muslims Almighty allowed the Prophet to migrate, had left for Yathrib, and Holy Prophet forbidding him to spend that night in was almost alone in Mecca. They knew Mecca. that the Prophet was not as vulnerable Holy Prophet met Abū Bakr in the before as he was then. They wanted to noon, and told him that he had been grab the opportunity to put an end to the allowed to migrate. Abū Bakr could not problem once and for all. help controlling flow of tears of joy. They This evil design in mind, about one planned what to do, and decided to hundred of them gathered in their spend that night in a cave in Thaur hill, national assembly hall Dārun-Nadvah for about three miles south of Mecca. Time consultations. Several suggestions were of escape to the hill was agreed upon. put forward, which were discarded one Abū Bakr was to meet Prophet at a place by one, for one reason or another, until out of the town, after dusk. Abū Bakr had they had most wicked agreement. They already readied two camels for the were to prepare an assaulting squad of journey to the hill. young men, one from each tribe, By dusk, enemies started gathering entrusted with the duty to collectively one by one, at a secret point close to attack the Holy Prophet. They thought, Prophet’s house. While in the house Holy in this way the responsibility of the Prophet told ‘Alī to stay behind for safe killing will not rest at one tribe. Later, if return of the deposits and consignments needed, they will collectively confront entrusted to the Holy Prophet (peace and Banū ‘Abdi Manāf, who would not dare blessings of Allah be on him) to their to fight with all of them to avenge the owners. He told him to sleep in his bed killing. Whatever ransom would be and not to fear as he would not be decided, they easily would pay harmed. As Alī lay in the bed, Holy Q1Q2/2007 ·©¿öZ - Al-Nahl Page 43 Prophet covered him with a red sheet. the challenge. In their frenzy, Quraishite Night had already fallen; soon it was elders themselves followed the trail; they going to be dark all around. The enemies climbed to the mouth of the cave, where could be seen standing at a distance from their guide stopped, declaring, “Lead the door of Prophet’s house. They were in ends here, either Muḥammad is in this easy mood. Holy Prophet, shrouded in a cave or he is lifted into the sky.” It was sheet of cloth, passed out in front of their decided that someone go inside. eyes, and disappeared in the streets. The However, somebody remarked, “Cave is enemies were gossiping unaware of what not inhabited and it is very dangerous to was happening around them. Holy go in its darkness. We have never seen Prophet hurried across the streets. Soon anybody entering or leaving it for years.” he was out of the town. Abū Bakr met Moreover, they noticed spiderweb across him, and they rode south towards the the mouth of the cave, and a bird sitting Thaur hill. The climb to the cave was on its egg on one side of the entrance to difficult; however, they made to it before the cave. They argued, had the fugitives dawn. Abū Bakr went in the cave, swept been inside the cave, cobweb and bird’s it, smoothed the way into it, and eggs would have been broken. requested Prophet to enter. Quraishites could not help but return Back home, the enemies that had empty handed. surrounded Prophet’s house, would peep Enemy’s feet were clearly seen, and into the house, time after time, seeing conversation heard, from inside the cave. that Prophet’s bed was occupied, settled Abū Bakr alarmingly whispered, “O satisfied. It was Prophet’s habit to leave Prophet of Allāh! They are so close, if house for Prayer much before dawn. The they bend their heads slightly, they can enemies gotten vary of the siege, waited easily see us.” till dawn, then rushed in with spears in Prophet whispered back, “Don’t fear, hands, ready to pierce the body of the Allāh is with us!” After a pause, Prophet sleeper. As soon they removed the red added, “Why you fear for the two, when cover, their disappointment was worth third of them is Allāh.” seeing when they found Alī sleeping in the bed instead. They could not digest En route to Yathrib their despair; they gave beating to Alī Prophet and Abū Bakr stayed in the asking him for the whereabouts of the cave for three days. ‘Abdullāh, Abū Prophet. Getting no lead from him, they Bakr’s son would collect information, went straight to Abū Bakr’s house. while going around the city all day long, Finding him also absent, they made a returning at dusk with food and water. brief show there. He would communicate the information In despair, Quraishites announced a to the Holy Prophet, while Abū Bakr’s reward of 100 camels, a premier prize, servant ‘Āmir Bin Fuhairah, would graze for anyone who would bring Prophet sheep all day long, and return with milk dead or alive. It was quite a sizeable and food in the evening. reward. Several of the stalwarts took up By the third day, most of the Page 44 ·©¿öZ - Al-Nahl Q1Q2/2007 Quraishite enthusiasm had died down. figures far away moving northward along Abū Bakr had already arranged for two the seashore, I guess they were camels and a guide to lead them during Muḥammad and his party.” I their journey to Yathrib. At dusk, the immediately understood his guess was Holy Prophet and Abū Bakr, climbed right. However, to try to my luck solo, I down the hill and mounted the camels. told him, “The party you are talking Turning toward Mecca, Holy Prophet about had just passed us. I know who sadly said, “O the city of Mecca! You are they are.” dear to me than all places on earth, but “Afterwards I went into my house and your inhabitants do not allow me to live told my servant to prepare my horse, here.” It was 12th September, 622 A.D., telling him that I was going on a long when the Holy Prophet embarked on the journey. I took spear and other journey, starting the Hijrah Islāmic necessities with me and galloped off in calendar. pursuit of the party along the sea coast. Instead of traveling straight towards As I closed in, I recognized that they Medinah to the North, our travelers were Muḥammad and Abū Bakr. All of a (Holy Prophet Muḥammad, peace be on sudden my horse stumbled down after him, and Abū Bakr, may Allah be pleased hitting a stone. I hurriedly stood up and with him) went westward to the sea, and took omen with my arrows. The omen then turned northward along sea coast was against my intentions. However, I towards Yathrib. They traveled resumed my pursuit because of enmity to continuously for the whole night till noon Islām and temptation to win the reward. next day. As the day got hot, Abū Bakr When I closed in again, I could hear looked for a place to give rest to the Muḥammad’s recitation. I noticed Prophet. Abū Bakr swept the ground Muḥammad never looked back, except under the shade of a rock. Holy Prophet Abū Bakr who would repeatedly look lay down and slept for some time, back at me fearing I may harm resuming the journey in the afternoon. Muḥammad. My horse again stumbled. Abū Bakr would look back time to time This time horse’s legs sunk deep in the fearing pursuit. At last he saw a horse sand. I and the horse could not pull them rider following them. Abū Bakr anxiously out, however, at last the horse pulled told the Holy Prophet, “O Prophet of itself out with great difficulty. I again Allāh! Someone is coming in our took omen, again the result was against pursuit.” Holy Prophet replied calmly, me, and I decided to call off my mission. “Don’t be afraid, Allāh is with us.” I called Abū Bakr in peace, they stopped, The pursuer was Surāqah Bin Mālik, and I joined them. From what so far had who later related his story as follows. passed with me, I concluded that luck “We received the news that Quraishites was with Muḥammad, and he will be had announced a reward for the capture victorious at the end. I offered some of the Holy Prophet, brought by a money to them, which they refused to messenger. Later the messengers came to take. Abū Bakr forbade me to tell me and whispered to me, “I saw some anybody about meeting them. I had a Q1Q2/2007 ·©¿öZ - Al-Nahl Page 45 strong conviction that some day the Holy the passers-by presented gift of white Prophet will overpower his opponents. I gowns to both of them. When someone requested him, “Please, give me some asked Abū Bakr who his companion was. undertaking of peace, in writing, which I He replied, “He guides me to the right may present at the time when you would path.” Mostly they would understand assume seat of power.” Holy Prophet told that Abū Bakr had hired a guide; ‘Āmir Bin Fuhairah to write a note for however Abū Bakr’s meaning were me. Ammar promptly did so on a piece of deeper than what they thought. skin.” As Surāqah turned back to leave, Holy The end of migration journey Prophet addressed him: News of Holy Prophet’s departure Surāqah! How would you feel when from Mecca had reached Yathrib. People you will wear the bracelets of Kisra?” were anxiously waiting for his safe Surāqah in amazement, “Kisra, the son of arrival. They would go out daily in Hurmuz, the emperor of Iran?” anticipation of welcoming him. People Holy Prophet: “Yes!” Surāqah’s eyes would climb roofs and trees, all eyes were wide open in amazement at the fixed at the way coming from Mecca. answer. They would stay long outside, returning After Surāqah had left, the Holy when sun burnt hot at heads. At last, on Prophet resumed his journey. On the way 20th September 622, the Holy Prophet they met several caravans carrying goods neared Yathrib, after eight long days of from Syria. Most of these people were journey. It was almost midday. People acquainted with Abū Bakr as they often had left their observing perches. crossed each other on this route. One of However, a Jew was working at a Author: Muhammad Sharif Khan (M. S. Khan in scientific publications). Born 11 August, 1939, dedicated life to serve Islam (waqf) in 1952. M.Sc. Zoology, 1963 (Gold Medal). Ph.D. 1996, Punjab University, Lahore, Pakistan. Lecturer Zoology, Ta‘līm-ul-Islām College, Rabwah, September, 1963. Retired Professor of Zoology, 1999. Research interest: Herpetology (amphibians and reptiles) of Pakistan. Publications: Over 250 scientific publications in National and International journals. Books: Three in Urdu, Two in English, one translated in German. New species described: Amphibians: 3; Lizards: 7; Snakes: 7; from Pakistan. E-mail:

. URL: muhammadskhan.wildlifeofpakistan.com Page 46 ·©¿öZ - Al-Nahl Q1Q2/2007 height, his eyes caught two figures in References: shining white cloths. He cried out, “O the Aḥmad, Mirzā Bashīr. Sīrat Khātaman- Arabs! There comes whom you were Nabiyyīn (Urdu). 1920 (Part I), 1931 waiting for.” As soon Muslims heard the (Part II), 1949 (Part III). voice, everyone rushed out of the city, Aḥmad, Mirzā Bashīr-ud-Dīn armed to welcome Holy Prophet. Maḥmūd. Debāchah Tafsīrul-Qur’ān - (Urdu). Written in 1948. Words of Wisdom Foreword by Sahibzadah M.M. Ahmad, Amir U.S.A. Words of Wisdom is a collection of sayings and Traditions of the Holy Prophet, Muḥammad, ”allallāhu ‘alaihi wasallam dealing with the daily life. It has been published by Majlis Ansarullah, U.S.A. Arabic text is given with English transliteration and Urdu and English translations. The book includes a discussion of types of ahadith, books of ahadith, and their compilers. Some important dates and events in the life of the Holy Prophet, Muḥammad, ”allallāhu ‘alaihi wasallam, have also been included. Outside covers are in color, two colors inside, size 7 in. x 8.5 in. on fine paper, softcover, 320 pages. Send $5/copy to Ansar Publications, Chaudhary Mushtaq Ahmad, 15000 Good Hope Rd, Silver Spring, MD 20905. Price includes shipping within the continental U.S. Ansar Chanda Literature The rate of Chanda Literature, for Ansarullah, has been set at $10.00 per year. Currently the cost of publishing Al-Nahl is being met out of other funds. This creates a burden on our other important activities. Members are therefore urged to please pay their share of the Chanda Literature as soon as possible. May Allāh enable us to fulfill our obligations in a timely manner. Āmīn. Letter to a Dear One Sir Muḥammad Zafrulla Khan English translation of his epic Urdu work by Shermeen Butt with foreword by M. M. Ahmad and introduction by Hadrat Mirza Bashir Ahmad, radiyallahu anhu. 110+ pages. $2 Q1Q2/2007 ·©¿öZ - Al-Nahl Page 47 Corridor to the left connects Ṣafā and Marwah hills adjacent to the Ka‘bah. Al-Nahl NONPROFIT Published by Majlis Ansarullah, U.S.A., ORGANIZATION An Auxiliary of The Ahmadiyya Movement in Islām, U.S.A. U.S. POSTAGE 15000 Good Hope Rd, Siver Spring MD 20905 PAID Printed at the Fazl-i-Umar Press. CHAUNCEY, OH Postmaster: Send address changes to PERMIT NO 2 P.O. Box 226, Chauncey, OH 45719 Page 52 ·©¿öZ - Al-Nahl Q1Q2/2007 OUR MASTER III (Part A) (may peace and blessings of Allah be on him) Life in Medina Dr. Muḥammad Sharif Khan, Philadelphia The first part of this series—from beginning to prophethood—was published in the 2006 issue 17/3 of Al-Nahl. The second part—from initiation of prophethood to immigration—was published in 2007 issue 18/1-2. Please look for the rest of the story in the next issues. and oases in the desert, providing camping INTRODUCTION grounds for the caravans. Arabian Peninsula in 6th century AD The Najd Region is a vast stretch of desert Geology, geography, and cultural fields of rolling sand dunes, interspersed by norms occasional outcrops of rocks. It was under Before we go into next phase of the life of shallow sea about 600 million years ago with the Holy Prophet Muhammad (peace and teeming sea life. Over millions of years, blessings of Allah be on him) and follow layers of mud and sand, including dead events occurring in the early Islamic history, bodies of animals and plants, were we need to have basic knowledge of the histo- compressed into sedimentary rock under geology and eco-sociology of the Arabian high temperature and pressure; their body Peninsula. fat decanted and is trapped in non-porous rocks as fossil fuel, vast subsoil oil reserves Geography and geology under Eastern Arabia, while bones turned The Arabian Peninsula lies in the south- into limestone rock. western corner of Asian continent. It is a Huge quantities of water lie trapped under rough rectangular stretch of 2,149,690 sq km sand since thousands of years. In the remote of land, disposed in north-south direction, past, the Arabian climate was much wetter lies between 14-30º N and 35-60º E. It is than today, water seeped through porous bordered by the Persian Gulf in East, the Red sedimentary rock and trapped by clay Sea in the West, and Arabian Sea in the impermeable rocks, now form huge South, and continues northward with the underground reservoirs or aquifers. Water is Middle East. The rocky western half of the either naturally released through faults peninsula lies in the Hijaz Region, while between rocks or flows out as natural eastern half comprises sandy plain of Najd fountains, and is drawn up by sinking wells. Region. In deserts, aquifers come naturally close to The rocks are a mix of sedimentary rock the surface supporting thick growths of and limestone, mostly the limestone has been vegetation of oasis. dissolved by acidic rain, leaving wide spaces forming caves supported by sedimentary Temperature and climate slabs. In the foothills, an array of Arabia lies in the tropics, with an overall interconnected narrow and wide valleys run average temperature 18° C (64° F), varying between hills, used as major means of from province to province. Local average vary communication in the Hijaz Region. There considerably from 24° C (75° F) in the West, are several ways and byways between any rising towards the southwest, reaches 28° C two places, meeting and separating at passes (82° F) in Jiddah and 30° C (86° F) in Jīzān. 18 - Al-Naḥl In the northwest, the average temperature is higher and life is very unpleasant. 22° C in Tabuk and 28° C in Medina (850 meters above the sea level). The central Culture provinces, surrounded by desert, have an Except for few coastal areas, Arabia mostly average of 21-25° C. Apart from remained cut off from rest of the world, topographical factors, because of little neither came under foreign nation nor tried rainfall, constantly shifting sand dunes, to invade any nation. There had been no temperature often exceeds 50° C, making life centralized control in Arabia, feudal lords extremely demanding for local plants and controlled affairs related to their tribes. The animals. Sparse, stunted, narrow leaved leadership was not inherited, one with thorny bushes provide perches and food for impressive personality and valor usually took several species of desert birds, mammals, the leadership. Tribes consisted of clans that and insects. Nomads heavily depend on had various branches and families. meager wild vegetation for food, building The Arab cultural habits were a result of material and medicines. inbreeding, except cities and trading centers Saudi Arabia is one of the driest countries where mixture of Arabic and surrounding in the world, with annual rainfall average is cultures existed. Basically Arabic way of less than 100 mm. During winter, climate is living was simple and ancient. Food principally determined by southern shift in consisted of dates, goat and camel milk. the wind patterns, bringing rain and cool Bread from grounded barley was mixed in weather. Other factors, such as latitude, meat curry and relished by rich. Roasted proximity to the sea and altitude, also affect meat was staple dish of rich. Usual dress was the climate. In the great southeastern sand simple, a sheet of cloth wrapped round the desert there is no rain for years. The waist, however, rich would wear shirts and highlands in the south are most rainier due cloaks. Usually, there were no regular houses, to the monsoon, rain may exceed 255 mm per but only small huts build on stone with walls year. Ta‘if, has pleasant temperate weather. plastered with clay, roofs supported by dry Summer temperatures reach 49° C (120° stems, thatched with dry leaves and grasses, F), while winter are cooler with an average and plastered by wet clay. Rich had double temperature of 23° C (74° F), falling below storied houses. There were no cots for freezing in the central and northern parts of sleeping, instead mats made from date leaves the country, and snow and ice sometimes were used, however, rich had wooden occur in the higher elevations in the south- benches for the purpose. west. In the areas with little ground cover, a The Arabs were divided in two distinct northwesterly wind blows most of the cultural classes: Al-Ḥāḍir ) ‫(الحا‬who lived summer months, especially in the eastern in cities, in permanent social group. They had part of the country, whipping up violent their own cultural habits. In city culture, sandstorms. Tropical winds cause monsoons people were interdependent on each other, in the west and southwest, during the with division of labor among them. The summer. In the south, tropical continental second division was Al-Badw )‫(البدو‬, winds blow particularly in winter, often Bedouins: truly wild people, with gypsy type accompanied by sandstorms. October and of roaming life, moving from place to place May are generally pleasant with cool nights carrying tents, cattle and families. Their and sunny days. Night temperatures in the movements were mainly concentrated to coastal areas may dip to 40° F. From April to locate water and greenery, where they would November, temperatures are considerably stay temporarily till water lasted. Bedouin Winter 2010 19 Arabic language was pure as compared to Arabs had high sense of honor. They would those living in cities. treat their guest honorably and protect his Usually, barter trade was a norm among interests with their life. They would Arabs, however, crudely minted silver and frequently boast of the high status of their gold coins were also current. Silver coins tribe and elders, while they treated slaves and included Dirham and Uqiyyah, one Uqiyyah servants very meanly. Arabs were intelligent was equal to 40 Dirhams; while gold coin was with good memory. They remembered and Dinar. Use of scale for weighing was rare, related exploits of their ancestors at special however, length of hand was used for occasions. measuring, approximately 1.5 feet. Common ailments Means of income Though Arabs were mostly healthy and There were three occupations in Arabia: strong with athletically built bodies because Agriculture was confined to small areas with of their rough and tough natural life style and regular rain fall and proximity of subsoil simple food and lot of exercise. However, dry water, as around Medina and Ta‘if. Second ecological conditions caused different heat occupation was pasturing, limited to related ailments, common were heatstroke, Bedouins, in wide stretches of grassland and constipation, eye sores, loss of sight, bushes. Third was trade, which was most jaundice, edema, kidney failure, skin boils, preferred occupation among Arabs. It was skin rashes, heat exhaustion, extreme fatigue, particularly common along coastal areas. muscle ache, fever, diarrhea, rapid pulse, Arabs were linked with trade since ancient nausea, vomiting, and failure of body control times, linking eastern and western nations of heat system, which some times lead to around Arabia. The Meccans were basically horrible symptoms including confusion, traders. agitation, hyperventilation, racing pulse, During Holy Prophet‘s time, Meccans lethargy, convulsions, and eventually loss of trading caravans regularly visited Syria in the consciousness. The body temperature would north and Yemen in the south, infrequently rise to extremely high levels, sometimes to other parts of Arabia, however, their main above 110 degrees Fahrenheit, damaging trading centre remained Syria. Most frequent major organs in the body. route taken for Syria was along Red Sea Nomadic Arabs were healthier because of coast, passing close to Yathrib. Usual articles their simple rigorous life style, living on milk of export were precious metals, beads, hides, and meat of camel and goat, barley bread, spices and essences, while grains, cloth, fruits from wild plants. They were seasoned articles used in war, wines and dry eatables to environmental fluctuations. They knew were imported. Trade festivals were held how to beat heat to avoid heat related around the year at different places afflictions, by using different herbs and trees throughout Arabia, and were heavily around them. attended. Ailments in relatively moist areas were different, like along coast and around Habits agricultural areas: Medina, Ta‘if, etc. Arabs were famous for their three vices: Ailments mostly were insect borne like Drinking, gambling and adultery. They would malaria, typhoid, measles, small pox, etc, boast of their extent of indulgence in these most of them were automatically cured after vices, especially poets would relate their some time. However, to get relief from exploits with fervor. severity of affliction, herbal medicines were 20 - Al-Naḥl used. Remedies were also imported from predominantly for religious purposes, neighboring countries, carried from place to however in Saudi Arabia it is also used in place by caravans. Epidemics of measles, commerce. small pox, and cattle diseases would spread over large areas, resulting in devastation of Women in Arabian culture the population. Bubonic plague was common Over all the position of women was not in coastal villages carried by rats from one good. Though women were allowed to choose city to the other by boats. husband, however, after marriage she was Wounded in wars and conflicts were powerless. However, intelligent women treated by herbs. Dressing for wounds was would not loose control on their husband. prepared by pieces of cloth soaked in Sexes were not segregated, women would different infusions to prevent infection and move about freely in the society. There was keep away flies. Bleeding was stopped by no limit on number of wives; everybody was stuffing wounds with ash from burnt wood, free to have as many wives as he liked. Son mat, cloth, etc. Some tribes specialists would would inherit women folk of his father‘s fix dislocated limbs, etc., drawing afflicted house, would marry his own mother, and two peoples from far and wide, having little or no sisters together, but such practice was not knowledge of human skeletal anatomy. prevalent in noble families. Divorce was quite There were no qualified doctors, only the common, a husband would divorce his wife elders would use their acquired knowledge whenever he would like, without dowry. In through generations to treat different some tribes, it was common to burry new diseases. Since Jews had knowledge of their born girls alive. scriptures, they would use cures mentioned Women with no male issue would not in their texts to treat common afflictions. inherit her husband‘s property. Brother of Because of their knowledge and wealth Jews her late husbands would take whole property, were generally respected in Arabic culture. leaving her and her daughters at the mercy of nature. Arab calendar Arabs based their calendar on moon Wars and defense phases, they kept track of moon for Intertribal wars were frequent. A conflict reckoning of years and months. Of the twelve would start at a flimsy pretext, and would go months of a year, first, seventh and last two on for years. More and more tribes would go months were thought to be sacred. During on joining both sides. Some times the war these months, fighting was banned. However, would draw so long that no one of the to free themselves of the restrictions of the fighters would remember its cause because Sacred Months, they would change the actual contestants had died long ago. position of the months [Nasī] according to Vendetta would continue until every body is their need [9:36]. fed up and tribes weakened by slaying and During prophet‘s time, lunar calendar was killing of able body men. Vengeance of dead retained and is now known as the Islamic was main feature in Arab culture, enmity calendar, where a year always consists of 12 would continue, even after the actual culprit lunar months. Lunar calendar is not linked to is killed. They would disfigure dead bodies by the seasons, and drifts each year by 11 or 12 mercilessly mutilating and cutting hands, days, and comes back to the position it had in feet, ears and nose, which were strung in relation to the solar year every 33 or 34 string and worn proudly as necklace. No Islamic years. Lunar reckoning is used regular army was maintained, tribesmen Winter 2010 21 Islamic calendar is based on lunar phases and thus about 11 days shorter than the solar calendar. For solar year 2007 following equivalence of Islamic lunar months existed: Islamic months Gregorian months Islamic months Gregorian months Muharram January/February Rajab July/August; Safar February/March Sha’ban August/September Rabi’ al-Awwal March/April Ramadan September/October Rabi’ al-Thani April/May Shawwal October/November Jumada al-Ula May/June Dhu al-Qa‘dah November/December Jumada Al-Thani June/July Dhu al-Hijjah December/January would stand up at the call of their leader. considered sign of bravery and valor. During Fighters were to manage themselves for food, army movement there was almost no clothing, rides and weapons. To meet their consideration of properties lying in the way, needs, they would loot and kill innocent looting and destroying every thing, women people and snatch their possessions. and children were pulled out of houses and Before going to war, Arabs would light slaughtered, leaving behind utter traditional sacred fire at a high place, and devastation. keep it alive, putting it off was a bad omen, Vengeance of murder played key role in and war was abandoned. Women would Arab culture. It was believed that the soul of accompany men in battlefield to encourage the murdered is embodied in an animal Ṣudā fighters with war songs, supplying them with (Hālah in some accounts), who flies around water and tending the wounded. crying for vengeance. Either the murderer or To begin with, warriors from both sides his close relative or member of his tribe was would challenge rivals for dual fight. Archers, killed in vengeance. Accepting blood money spear and stone throwers would defend an was also common, however, in taking blood invading army at a distance. In hand to hand money, monetary gain was not in fight, swords and knives were used. For consideration, but the humility and shame of protection, fighters wore coat of arms, held the payee. shields and wore helmets. A large army, a Harsh ecological conditions in Arabia composite of several tribes, was controlled by usually meant constant state of conflict a commander, with several sub-commanders between tribes, however, once a year they controlling their tribes. Mule, donkey, horse would declare truce and converge to Mecca and camel were used as rides. Cavalry formed for Hajj. It was the time when disputes were flanks, while foot soldiers composed main arbitrated, debts resolved, and trading was body of an army. Mostly camels were used done at large scale. This annual event gave for transportation of food and war different tribes a sense of common identity equipment, etc. They were slaughtered to which gave Mecca and Quraishites an supply meat and milk. extremely important status throughout the A challenging fighter would hamstrung his peninsula. horse, indicating his intention to die or win, In the fifth century AD, Quraish took blocking his retreating passage. It was control of Mecca. As they were skilled 22 - Al-Naḥl merchants, they were the richest and time of victory in wars, name of Hubal was controlled the economy of the city. In the proclaimed. Ka‗bah was main depository of sixth century, they joined the lucrative spice idols. During Hajj, idol worshippers from all trade as well, since battles in other parts of over Arabia converged to Ka‗bah to worship the world were causing trade routes to divert idol of their choice, which was included in from the dangerous sea routes to relatively Hajj rituals. more secure overland routes. Gradually Some tribes had converted to Christianity Mecca became a prominent trading center. and Judaism. While of the multitude of idol Camel caravans became a regular feature of worshippers, few sensible persons realized the town‘s economy. Nomadic tribes brought absurdity of giving godly status to pieces of leather, livestock, and metals which were rock. They were purely monotheistic and mined in the local mountains. Caravans then called themselves Ḥanīfī. They claimed to loaded up in Mecca, and carried goods to follow purely the teachings of Prophet cities in Syria and Iraq, so the goods from Abraham. However, mostly people turned to neighboring continents flowed through Christianity because it was revealed Mecca. From Africa and the Far East. monotheistic religion of the time. Zaid bin Through Syria came spices, leather, drugs, ‗Amr, Qis bin Sa‗idah, Uthman bin Ḥuwairith cloth, and slaves; and in return Mecca and Waraqah bin Naufal were well known of received money, weapons, cereals, and wine, them. Waraqah was a scholar of Torah, which were carried by returning pilgrims Psalms of David and Bible, and knew throughout Arabia. The Meccans signed interpretations of these books. He was also treaties with the Byzantines and the well versed in the prophecies of the past Bedouins, negotiated safe passage for messengers of Allah. Because of his caravans, which included water and pasture knowledge, Waraqah was respected among rights. These factors increased Mecca‘s Quraishites. Khadijah took the Holy Prophet, political power as well as established it as to him, after he received his first revelation, economically strong. Quraishites as Meccan to seek his advise and help. Waraqah heard leaders became center of a loose the story and attested by saying: confederation of client tribes. Meccan ―Muhammad, you are the luckiest person of influence was the primary binding force in your time. I congratulate you on your Arabia in the late sixth century. prophethood. You received the same angel that appeared to Moses, and the words he Religions and Beliefs spoke to you are the words from Allah‘s in the Sixth Century AD Arabia mouth. If I am alive the day when your Before the advent of Islam, most Arabs people will banish you from your land, I will followed a religion featuring worship of a certainly help you.‖ number of deities, including Hubal, Wadd, Al Waraqah and most of his group were dead -Lat, Manat, and ‗Uzza. Though idol before the Holy Prophet announced his worshippers were believers in God, they used messengership. The most prominent Arab idols as via media to reach God, however, Christian kingdoms were the Ghassanid and they got entangled so much in idol Lakhmids. Christianity was introduced in worshipping associated rituals that they lost Arabia long ago before Islam; several tribes sight of actual God. Every tribe had its were converted to it, Najran, in southwestern specific idol, they slaughtered animals before Arabia, was main centre of Christianity. Jews it. Idol Hubal was given highest status among originally came from Syria, converting host of idols, it was fixed in Ka‗bah. At the several Arab tribes to their religion. Main Winter 2010 23 Jewish center were Yathrib, Khaibar, and The Meccans were merchants by trade. Taimā. With the conversion of the Himyarite Their caravans carried merchandise to Syria, kings to Judaism in the late fourth century, Iraq and Egypt in the north, while in the the elites of other prominent Arab kingdom, south to Yemen and Hadhramaut. the Kindites, being Himyirite vassals, appear Prominent of the inhabitants of the city to have been converted (at least partly) to were Quraishites, because of custodianship of Judaism too. With the expansion of Islam, the Ka‗bah, they were respected throughout the majority of Arabs rapidly became Arabia, and had political leverage over other Muslims, and the pre-Islamic polytheistic compatriot groups. Their caravans were not traditions gradually disappeared. looted, rather they were provided safe passage to their destination. Qureshites Important cities handled most of the international trade with in the sixth century Arabia Asia, Europe, Africa and Middle East. There were few permanent human Ta‘if ) ‫(طا‬: An important ancient city in settlements in mid-sixth century AD, located the southwestern Hijaz, is situated at a in the mountainous Hejaz Region, around plateau 2,000 m high. It lies at 70 miles oases. southeast of Mecca, surrounded by vast Yathrib )‫(یث ب‬, Medina )‫(مدیىہ‬: Located in fertile plains, fed by streams from hills. It is central Hijaz, at a distance of 193 km from famous for its produce of grains (sorghum, the Red Sea, 338 km north from Mecca. wheat, rice), fruits (grapes, oranges, dates, Situated in two fertile lava plains, about ten apricots, pomegranates, lemons), and miles square, which are one of the most vegetables. fertile parts of the Hejaz Region. Surrounded In AD 619, the Holy Prophet visited the by high mountains, communications are city to deliver message of Allah to its maintained through valleys. In the centre inhabitants, who refused to listen and stoned there was a low outcrop of rock Mount Sal‗ the Prophet. ) ‫ )جبل ع‬and several smaller mountains. The The city had strong fortification, with high plains are fed by streams draining hills walls. Quarries of clay, gold and iron deposits around Medina, the plains extend extensively are scattered in the surrounding hills. towards south and are used as pastures and Khaibar ) ‫(خیب‬: An ancient fort situated 95 for cultivation of grains, which was main miles from Medina towards Syria. It has been occupation of Medinites. Agriculture a stronghold of Jews since ancient times. produce, including grains, dates and fruits, Jews had amassed silver and gold and stored were supplied to other parts of the country. grain and water. It was a rich city, Mecca )‫ (م ٌکہ‬: One of the most ancient cities surrounded by fertile plains, known for of Arabia, is situated 277 m above sea level, production of high quality dates. Grandeur of at 80 km from Red Sea coast. It is the fort could be estimated from the fact that surrounded by barren hills. No pasturage and it was composed of several forts within larger cultivation is possible around it. However, eight forts, packed by arsenal and stored food Mecca has been the wealthiest and the most stuff. important town of Hijaz Region since ancient Khaibar fell to Muslims in the seventh year times. Its water supply is through the of Hijra. Zamzam well system. Moreover, it is the site Tabuk )‫(تبوک‬: An ancient oasis city in the of the holiest shrine in Arabia, the Ka‗bah. It northwestern corner of Arabia, situated at an is situated at the crossroads of major caravan elevation of 771 m. It snowed there in winter routes coming from all sides. and it had mild temperatures in summer. In 24 - Al-Naḥl the sixth century, Tabuk formed Syrian mountains. The area is characteristic of its border town and was under the influence of arid climate. Raman Empire. In the ninth year of Hijra, The city is an ancient settlement around an the Holy Prophet with an army of 30,000 oasis, and an important trade center at the trekked 350 miles from Medina to Tabuk, ancient incense route. It was known by its with an intention to curb repeated reports of bead production industry, which were its amassing Roman forces at the border, main export. Here, mostly Assyria and the however, there was no encounter. Arab traders met. The city played an Taima )‫(تیماء‬: The city of Taima is located in important role in the expansion of Islam the northwest of the Arabian Peninsula in the towards the Levant. As late as the 11th Tabuk Province (27°37'30" N, 38°32'30" E, century, according to the historian Al-Bakri, 830 m above sea level). Taima is situated in a Taima was known as a wealthy place with a flat basin surrounded by several high large city wall. Author: Muhammad Sharif Khan (M. S. Khan in scientific publications). Born 11 August, 1939, dedicated life to serve Islam (waqf) in 1952. M.Sc. Zoology, 1963 (Gold Medal). Ph.D. 1996, Punjab University, Lahore, Pakistan. Lecturer Zoology, Ta‗līm-ul -Islām College, Rabwah, September, 1963. Retired Professor of Zoology, 1999. Research interest: Herpetology (amphibians and reptiles) of Pakistan. Publications: Over 250 scientific publications in National and International journals. Books: Three in Urdu, Two in English, one translated in German. New species described: Amphibians: 3; Lizards: 7; Snakes: 7; from Pakistan. E-mail:

. URL: muhammadskhan.wildlifeofpakistan.com Ṣalāt Poster in Color Arabic text, English transliteration and English translation are set in different colors for easy identification. Color pictures are included to identify different postures. This 18"x24" cardboard poster can be framed or displayed in mosques, homes, and in public buildings. $2 Ordering Information To order publications advertized in this issue, send check to Chaudhary Mushtaq Aḥmad, 15000 Good Hope Rd, Silver Spring, MD 20905 with your mailing address and phone number. Majlis Anṣārullāh U.S.A. will pay the postage within the continental U.S. Winter 2010 25 OUR MASTER III (may peace and blessings of Allah be on him) From immigration to the third year of migration Dr. Muḥammad Sharif Khan, Philadelphia The first part of this series—from beginning to prophethood—was published in the 2006 issue 17/3 of Al-Nahl. The second part—from initiation of prophethood to immigration—was published in 2007 issue 18/1-2. Rest of the story will be published in the next issues of Al-Nahl. outskirts of Medina, to meet companions First year of Hijrah )‫(ہجرت‬ who had come to greet him. There was no Prophet’s Arrival at Qubā )‫(قبا‬ seating arrangement, an ambiguity regarding 11 Rabi‘ al-Awwal the identity of the Holy Prophet occurred It was noon of the fateful day, when among companions who had not seen him suddenly whole city of Yathrib echoed with before. They took Abū Bakr as the Prophet the cries of Allahu Akbar )‫ (ہللا برتش‬Allah is since he had more gray hair, until a sheet of Greatest), as its inhabitants ran out cloth was stretched to provide shade over frantically with their weapons to greet their Prophet‟s seat facilitating his identity. the Holy Prophet Muhammad (peace and After having met people, the Holy Prophet blessings of Allah be on him) they had waited decided to stay temporarily in the town, for long to arrive in their city. He was about two miles from Medina city. He was arriving from Mecca after an arduous eight accommodated at the house of an Anṣāri day long continuous journey across burning (local person) Kulthūm Bin Al-Hidm ‫(رلثوم ةي‬, hot Arabian Desert. Every one was anxious to )‫ بلہذم‬since most of the Muhājirīn witness the august historic moment when (immigrants) from Mecca were also staying great prophesy of prophet‟s safe travel had in the town. just been fulfilled. Allah the Almighty had After three days of the Holy Prophet‟s given respite to Muslims after twelve long arrival in Qubā, „Alī arrived safely from years of hard sufferings from the tyrannical Mecca after completing the tasks entrusted to treatment of Meccans. It was really a great, him by the Prophet. great day for all Muslims to rejoice and thank Allah for His infinite Mercy and Compassion Moon Rises at Madinatun-Nabi for delivering them from tyrannical Meccans. (Yathrib) Those were the great moments, the chosen Enthusiasm and joy of populace was one on whom Allah‟s last message to unfathomable and unabated. Hearts and humanity was being revealed, to raise human souls of the people of Yathrib were full of status from lowest of his creation to the thanks and praise to the Almighty Allah who highest, at last was among them in flesh and fulfilled their heart‟s desire to host their blood. The Prophet came in a strange land beloved master in their city. Each family was where every body was ready to sacrifice his hilarious and desirous to have the honor to life for his sake, leaving behind his ungrateful welcome the Holy Prophet in their humble kith and kin, which were growing thirsty of house. Same desire was floating in every his blood. He left his homeland behind with house all over the city until the Holy Prophet heavy heart. announced that he would like to stay in the Holy Prophet had stayed at Qubā, in the city with Banū Najjār )‫ (ًداس‬, family of his 14 - Al-Naḥl maternal grandparent „Abdul-Muṭṭalib ‫(عتذ‬ swordsmanship along the procession route. )‫ بلوطلب‬. At last the procession reached the section After a stay of over ten days in Qubā, the of the city with houses of Banū Najjār. Every Prophet left for the inner city. It was an one in the tribe was out to greet their beloved auspicious Friday. He was accompanied by a master and relative. While girls of the tribe large party of Anṣār and Muhājirīn. From sang at the beat of drums: thence the city shed its old name Yathrib for “We are girls of Banū Najjār. Madīnatun-Nabī ( ‫ )هذیٌہ بلٌت‬city of the prophet How lucky we are, Muhammad, the or Madinah, commonly known as Medina prophet of Allah, is our guest!” today. The Prophet was riding his camel with Abū The lucky host Bakr behind. The procession moved slowly, Every family in Banū Najjār was eager to through the streets of the city. It stopped in have the honor to host the Prophet. They the way for Friday prayer services. The Holy would hold reigns of Prophet‟s camel as an Prophet delivered the sermon and led the invitation. The Holy Prophet acknowledging Prayer, and resumed his journey to the inner their enthusiasm and greetings saying, “Let city with dignity and harmony. No body was go of the reigns of the camel. It is being in hurry. Everybody was enjoying the guided. Wherever Allah wishes, it will sit by majestic company of their beloved master. itself.” Saying this, he would loosen the They were chanting prayers thanking Allah reigns of the camel. The camel moved slowly the Almighty for delivering His messenger forward until it sat down in an inhabited plot among them. of land, which belonged to two orphan As the procession passed through the children. The Holy Prophet, with prayers, streets, residents of each house presented alighted from the camel and inquired, themselves by respectfully standing outside “Whose house is nearest from here?” Abū of their door to welcome the honored guest. Ayyūb Anṣārī ( ‫ )بةو بیوا بً اس‬hurried forward The elders offered their homes saying, “O saying, “O Prophet of Allah! It is my house, it Prophet of Allah, this is my house. I present is my door! Please, honor me, come in.” our lives and wealth to you. We have every Holy Prophet: “Go and prepare some place thing to protect you. We implore you to for our stay.” honor us with your stay.” the Holy Prophet It was a two story house. Abū Ayyūb graciously thanked and prayed for them. The wanted the Prophet to occupy the upper procession slowly progressed through streets. story. But keeping in view difficulty of people Women and girls sang gleefully at roofs of who would come to meet him, the Holy houses at the beat of drums: Prophet chose to stay at the ground floor. “Full moon has arisen on us, Abū Ayyūb and his wife could not sleep that From the mountains of Wadā. night due to the thought that the Prophet was We are bound to thank our Allah staying under them. Moreover, a pitcher full For ever, for ever!” of water was accidentally broken, Abū Ayyūb While groups of small boys chanted used his quilt to dry water lest it trickle down slogans in the streets of Medina: to disturb the Holy guest. “Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be In the morning Abū Ayyūb implored the upon him) has come! Allah‟s prophet has Prophet to shift into the upper story. At first arrived!” the Prophet was reluctant. In view of Abū The Abyssinian slaves were no way behind. Ayyūb‟s insistence, he conceded to his They expressed their delight by the display of Spring 2010 15 request. The Holy Prophet stayed in the peace. house for seven months until Prophet‟s residence and mosque were ready. During his Weight of piety and cleanliness stay, Abū Ayyūb and several other After the arrival of the Holy Prophet in companions had the honor to serve food to Medina, project of the construction of Masjid the Prophet and his family. Nabawi (prophet‟s mosque) was initiated. The Holy Prophet selected the site where his Prophet’s engagements in Medina camel came to rest at his arrival. It was a sort The historic event of immigration from of wasteland, with few unattended date palm Mecca to Yathrib initiated third phase in the trees and some scattered ruins of huts. The life of the Holy Prophet, the phase which plot belonged to two orphan brothers. They paved the way of to establish sovereignty of offered the land free but the Holy Prophet Allah the Almighty and initiation of an era of paid them for the plot. calm, peace and prosperity in the world. The Holy Prophet laid the foundation of During ten years of stay in Medina, message the mosque with prayers, and took part in its of Allah radiated out of the Arabian construction as an ordinary laborer. The Peninsula to the corners of the world, construction took long time, as the walls were humanity was redeemed from the yolk of built with stone slabs and bricks filled customs, cultures and false gods. between pillars of date palm stems. The roof In Medina, the Prophet initiated the was supported by beams formed by date spadework to establish future Islamic State palm stems tied together, inside filled with by initiating the following: mud and date palm leaves. Beams were He started educating legions of people supported from underside by pillars made of entering the pail of Islam, the norms of date palm stems tied together. Against one of Islamic way of life, morals and worship. these pillars, the Holy Prophet would later He arranged for boarding and lodging of lean while delivering sermons, until a the new comers. wooden pulpit was made for that purpose. Construction work of Masjid Nabawi ( ‫هسدذ‬ The floor was unpaved, became muddy in ‫)ًتو‬, the prophet‟s mosque, was initiated to rains because of the water that dripped from provide Muslims a centre for offering the roof, causing problems for the scheduled prayers services and a place to worshippers. However, later it was paved by gather. pebbles. The mosque faced the Aqsa Mosque Adhān ( ‫ ) بربى‬was initiated to announce the ( ‫ )هسدذ بی‬in Jerusalem. However, in the scheduled prayer services and national second year of Hijra, the mosque was turned emergencies. to face Mecca. Initially the mosque was 10 Brotherhood ties were established between feet high, 105 feet long and 90 feet wide. It locals (Anṣār ‫ )بً اس‬and immigrants has seen continuous expansion over the (Muḥājirīn ‫) هہا خشیي‬. centuries according to the needs of growing Med ina P act —a jo int wo rk in g population and the growing number of understanding was reached and signed visitors. between different factions of the Medinite Prophet‟s residence was constructed society, Muslims, infidels, and Jews. adjacent to the mosque. It was just a simple Muslim‟s position in Medina was small room of 10-15 feet long. One of its consolidated, and their credibility was doors opened in the mosque. Similar established in the surrounding tribes, by separate rooms were constructed in the area signing pacts of mutual understanding and for the Prophet‟s wives. 16 - Al-Naḥl A thatched platform Ṣuffah ( ‫ ) صفہ‬was Holy Prophet listened to the words and erected in one corner of the mosque approved. The Holy prophet instructed him courtyard for the homeless immigrants to have Bilāl memorize the words: (Asḥāb al-Ṣuffah, Asḥābuṣ-Ṣuffah ( ‫بصحاا‬ ‫)بل فہ‬, the people of the shelf, stone bench, - - - platform. They remained day and night in the allāhu akbar - allāhu akbar - allāhu akbar - mosque, availing every opportunity to offer allāhu akbar prayer in congregation and hear the Holy Allah is the Greatest. Allah is the Greatest. Prophet‟s words and speeches. They prayed Allah is the Greatest. Allah is the Greatest. for day and night, reciting the Holy Qur‟ān and learning the ways of Islam from the prophet. They had no financial support, the ash-hadu allā ilāha illallāh - ash-hadu allā Holy Prophet personally took care of their ilāha illallāh needs. Whenever he had something in his I bear witness that there is none worthy of house, he shared it with them. Often the worship except Allah. I bear witness that Prophet himself remained hungry and fed there is none worthy of worship except Allah. them. Other Muslims also helped them in their needs. As city expanded, more job opportunities were created, able bodied Asḥābuṣ-Ṣuffah could be employed and were able to sustain themselves. In later days when central treasury, Bait al-Māl ( ‫) ةیت بلوا‬ ash-hadu anna muhammadarrasülullāh - ash was established, old and sick were paid -hadu anna muhammadarrasülullāh. stipends from the public treasury. I bear witness that Muhammad is the The mosque was also used for meetings of Messenger of Allah. I bear witness that officials and delegates coming from different Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah. parts of Arabia with the Holy Prophet. Consultations among companions were held, - and also the legal cases were heard and hayya „alaṣṣalā - hayya „alaṣṣalā orders issued. It was also used as the national Come to Prayer. Come to Prayer. guest house and to house prisoners of war held tied to its pillars. - hayya „alal-falāḥ - hayya „alal-falāḥ Initiation of Adhān ( ‫) اذان‬ Come to prosperity. Come to prosperity. There was no system to announce the time of scheduled prayer services. Usually people gathered by guessing the time based on - individual estimates. Suggestions of the use allāhu akbar allāhu akbar of drum, flute or ringing of bells to announce Allah is the Greatest. Allah is the Greatest. the time were turned down one by one. However, at „Umar‟s suggestion, the Holy Prophet appointed Bilāl to announce loudly: lā ilāha illallāh. “Time for Prayer, time for Prayer!” One There is none worthy of worship except morning Abdullāh Bin Zaid Anṣārī ( ‫عتذ ہللا ةي‬ Allah. ‫ )صیذ بً اس‬told the Prophet that he was taught When „Umar heard Bilāl calling people to particular words for Adhān in a dream. The Prayer with these words, he hurried to tell Spring 2010 17 the Prophet that he was also taught the same destitute. They left their possessions behind. words in a dream. Since that day, the gist of Anṣār treated them more than real brothers. Islamic teachings started to be proclaimed, The Holy Prophet strengthened the ties and announced five times a day from the further by striking brotherhood between rooftops and minarets of the mosques individual Muhājirs and Anṣār, based on throughout the world. their personal commonalities. The bondage brought them close to each other to take care Wisdom and intellect of each other‟s interests and rights. of the Holy Prophet One wonders at the Holy Prophet‟s civic Civic problems in Medina and militarily intelligent decisions that he After consolidating unity among Muslims, made to manage his survival among hoards the Holy Prophet turned his attention to of enemies in Medina. He had no experience bring coherence among different groups in to handle such affairs before coming to the Medinite society: Medina. The Holy Prophet spent his entire Muslims comprised Anṣār (native life in chaotic tribal Meccan society where he Muslims from Medina) and Muhājirīn had no power to set the things right. (immigrant Muslims from Mecca). However, after he established himself in Hypocrites (‫ )هٌافقیي‬mostly came from the Medina, he gradually took steps to mold the native Aus (‫ )بوط‬and Khazraj (‫ )خضسج‬tribes. events to lay firm foundations for a human Though they apparently were Muslims, friendly society, securing rights of every however, they always worked against Muslim individual, featuring future Islamic state. To interests. At certain occasions, their actions achieve his objective, he fought at a time at proved most dangerous, creating difficulties three fronts: safeguarding Medina from for Muslims. They continued relations with hoards of surrounding looters and murderers Jews and Meccans, hatching conspiracies who were always at the lookout to disrupt against the Holy Prophet and Muslims, coherence in the Medinite society. He strived however, professing by mouth as Muslims, so to bring order among different Medinite they were reckoned. groups. He coached and guided Muslims in Idolaters (‫)مشرک‬, remnants of Aus and the way of Islam in the light of the words of Khazraj tribes who continued with Idol Allah. He successfully raised a fellowship worship. In due course, they were all who sacrificed their lives and wealth at his converted to Islam. command, put him in commanding position Jews ( ‫) یہودی‬: The three Jewish tribes in in Medina. He took important decisions of Medina: Banū Qainuqā„ ( ‫) ةٌو ییٌقا‬, Banū lasting consequences, which within years Naḍīr ( ‫) ةٌو ًریش‬, and Banū Quraiṥah ( ‫ةٌو‬ propped Medina as the metropolis of Islamic ‫ ) یشیظہ‬were declared anti-Muslim as they empire, the only one in the whole of Arabia always schemed against Muslims with the with a central command. help of like minded forces inside Medina and outside. Meccans, especially, were their main Civic moves collaborators. Jews lived in well fortified Muslim brotherhood ( ‫) مواخات‬ strongholds (forts) a few miles outside With the arrival of Islam, population of Medina city. Medina consisted of local Muslims Anṣār and Arab Medinites were mostly agriculturists, immigrant Muslims. Anṣār helped their while Jews controlled commerce and trade. immigrant brethren by utilizing everything Meccan immigrants were mostly traders, they processed. Most of the immigrants were they broke Jewish monopoly in trade in 18 - Al-Naḥl Medinite society. Muslim’s defense intelligence Due to the absence of central command in Medina pact pre-Islam Arabia, there was no control on The Holy Prophet started to work on intertribal rivalries which created anarchy soothing out differences among multicultural throughout peninsula. Dacoits were on the and multidimensional Medinite society, and rampage, looting caravans, passengers, develop understanding to ensure lasting villages, killing and abducting, making life peace and order in the city. He convened a miserable and hard for common people. The meeting of leaders of different Medinite emergence of Medina as citadel of Islam, groups. Talking to them, he stressed need of started dissipating around the message of some understanding among them. After a orderliness, compassion, calm and peace, short discussion, a treaty was agreed upon, from tribe to tribe reaching unruly rustic known in history as Medina Pact (‫)هیثاق هذیٌہ‬. central Arabian nomad tribes and intriguing Main points of the pact were: Quraishites, winning over their hearts to  Muslims, Jews and others will live compassion and kindness. Such conversion together in mutual cooperation and was really a hard job, which the Holy Prophet sympathy. did under guidance from Allah.  Every group will be free to profess norms When allowed to defend against of its religion. aggression, Muslim stance towards  Life and property of citizens will be aggressors radically changed. Those who protected and respected by all groups, were advised to bear hardships in Mecca, except of those who commit crime and took up arms to defend themselves and pay commit aggression against others. in the same coin their tormentors. Now time  The Holy Prophet will be the custodian of had arrived when Allah the Almighty wanted the Pact, to whom all contentious issues to show His Might, and tell how He fulfills will be referred for decision. His promises by rewarding His loved ones for  Cases will be decided according to the their patience, and Quraishites were religious believes of the parties involved. punished for their wrongdoings: Permission to take up arms is  No group will embark at war without given to those against whom war is permission from the Holy Prophet. made, because they have been  In case of aggression against one group, wronged and Allah, indeed, has other groups will come together to fight power to help them. the aggressor under the directions of the Those who have been driven out Holy Prophet. from their homes unjustly, only  No help or asylum will be granted to any because they said, „Our Lord is Quraishite and their allies. Allah.‟ And if Allah had not repelled  All groups will cooperate to meet some people by means of others, expenses of collective operations. cloisters and churches and  No aggressor, sinner and miscreant will synagogues and mosques, wherein be spared from revenge and punishment. the name of Allah is oft remembered, The treaty put relations between different would surely have been destroyed. Medinite parties in order. A coherent And Allah will, surely, help him who governance was established in Medina under helps Him. Allah is, indeed, God-gifted guidance of the Holy Prophet. Powerful, Mighty— [22:40-41] And remember when you were a Spring 2010 19 few and deemed weak in the land, route, thus seeding hatred of Islam and were in fear lest people should potentially endangering Medina. snatch you away, but He sheltered o Caravans were always armed, in guise of you and strengthened you with His trade they could pose safety threat to help, and provided you with good Medina city. things that you might be thankful. o Quraishite economics was trade [8:27] dependent, and the proceeds of the Under Divine direction, the Holy Prophet caravans were mostly used in buying took effective defensive measures to thwart mercenaries, arms and other war outside and inside aggression. He equipments, destined to be used against consolidated Muslim strength by taking Muslims. It was wise to cut enemy‟s supply necessary steps. line, a move necessary to force Quraishites to come to the negotiation table. Securing the surroundings of Medina o The proceeds from caravans were spent in Islam was new to the region, The tribes promoting intrigues and war preparations around Medina had no knowledge of the new against Muslims. faith that had arrived in their neighborhood. Deeming it necessary to introduce Islam to Consolidation of defenses around them, lest they fall easy prey to enemy‟s Medina propaganda, the Holy Prophet traveled; Quraishites were unilaterally at state of meeting tribes, introducing Islam to them war with Muslims. They were consistently and signing peace treaties for mutual safety pondering, planning and maneuvering events and benefit. The Holy Prophet specifically around Mecca and Medina according to their concentrated on the tribes living along interests. They left no stone unturned to get Quraishite caravan route to Syria. Muslims wiped off from the surface of the earth. Therefore, Muslims constantly Set-up of an intelligence system reviewed their position against growing Small intelligence gathering groups were might of Meccans around them, and were organized in different areas to collect well conscious of the imminent danger. They information regarding movements of prayed and supplicated seeking help and Quraishites and their associate tribes and guidance from Allah. Presence of Allah‟s transmit it on to Medina. People converting Apostle among them was a great source of to Islam in different tribes performed this strength and relief for them. service. Meccans were continuously amassing wealth, collecting weapons, and getting Help groups support from more and more tribes all The spy groups also took care of and around. They were spreading false stories helped weak and poor Muslims stranded in about Islam. In addition to providing Mecca and elsewhere, trying to help them revenues, the caravans were source of migrate to Medina. Quraishite‟s strength and main propaganda machine. As is a normal known strategic Curbing activities of enemy’s caravans measure among combatant nations all over It was deemed necessary to block routes of the world, Muslims started blocking caravan Quraishite caravans, since the route passed routs. close to Medina, for several reasons: Islam is a religion of peace. It does not o Caravans would incite tribes falling in their allow handling belongings of people not at 20 - Al-Naḥl war. Once a party of Muslim fighters, hard either you withdraw your support to him, and pressed by hunger, slaughtered a few goats fight him out of Medina, or fight us. We will belonging to a nomad shepherded. They kill your men and take your women into our invited the Holy Prophet to partake from it. homes.” When the Prophet came to know that the „Abdullāh and his associates were already meat came from goats slaughtered without brooding over Muslims‟ enmity, expressed the permission of their owner, he became their solidarity with Meccans and readiness angry, admonished soldiers, turned over the to fight Muslims. When their combatant cooking pots, mixing their contents with soil activities were brought to the notice of the with his feet, saying, “It is a loot. Who Holy Prophet, he lost no time to warn them, allowed you to eat from it? It is equal to “Remember, fighting with me will be your eating from a dead animal,” and ordered to own loss. Your relatives from Aus and compensate the owner. Khazraj who are now Muslims will fight Moreover, Islam does not allow against you. You will be fighting with your destruction of belongings of peaceful people. own sons, brothers and fathers. Think It must clearly be borne in mind that yourself who will be in a loss.” blocking Quraishite‟s caravans was not to Prophet‟s timely warning reminded loot, rather it was a way of discouraging evil „Abdullāh and his associates losses they activities against Islam. suffered during war of Bu„āth (‫ )ةعاث‬a few While Meccans were making preparations years ago that weakened them as they killed for an imminent attack, Muslims were also each other‟s men for years. This timely not sitting idle. They were doing what was in warning kept the hypocrites at bay, and their power to defend themselves. Muslim apparently they stopped thinking to fight knew how to survive in ferocious Muslims. However, they continued with their surroundings. They must be at strong footing anti-Muslim intrigues. at home as well in its surroundings. Quraishite elite‟s occasional outbursts of wrath, anger and threats when they chanced Meccan’s intrigues to meet individual Muslims were sufficient to While the Holy Prophet was engaged to set put Muslims at their guard and remain alert the civic problems right in Medina and even when they had found safe haven in around it, the Meccans increased in hatred Medina. The enemy had repeatedly and malice which kept their hearts expressed its heinous desire to attack Medina smoldering. and crush Muslims at earliest opportunity. It had hardly been a while that the Holy Prophet reached Medina, Meccans started Second year of Hijra their intrigues by pursuing contacts mainly Arabs were known warriors. Because of the with „Abdullāh bin Ubayy ibn Salūl ( ‫عتذ ہللا ةي‬ absence of a central ruling authority, there ‫)بة بةي لو‬, a leader of Khazraj tribe, a well was reign of feudal lords, each having his known hypocrite. He had strong relations fighters and arrangements for the supply of with Meccans. At one time, he was thinking the combatant paraphernalia. Intertribal to get control of Medina as its main leader. wars started at patty issues continuing for However, the arrival of the Holy Prophet years on. Sides swelled up by the joining in of disrupted his whole scheme which enhanced more tribes, spreading the conflict to large him in enmity towards Islam. Quraishite sections of Arabia. threatened him, “You have given protection Meccans employed every tactic at their to our man, Muhammad. We swear by Allah, command and used the best of their abilities Spring 2010 21 to contain Muslims and settle question once o Quick moving contingents of soldiers were for all by threatening, committing atrocities, kept at hand, to move quick and cautiously intimidating, and unleashing every type of to take enemy in surprise. physical and mental punishment. They did Muslim expeditions are categorized by not hesitate murdering innocent Muslims in historians as: cold blood, loot and dishonor them until Ghazwah (ٍ‫)غضو‬: plural: Ghazawāt: Allah the Almighty took them to the safe Expedition led by the Holy Prophet himself, haven of Medina. Even there they lived under whether there was fighting or no fighting. fear of invasion. History records 29 total number of Ghazawāt Important highlights from the second year (Table 1). of Hijra are: Sariyyah (‫) َ ِشیہ‬, plural: Sarāyā: o Muslims were ordained to go to war in self Expedition led by a person appointed by the defense. Prophet, resulting in fighting or no fighting. o Muslims started developing defensive Over 63 Sarāyā have been recorded in the strategy against fear and anxiety that lifetime of prophet. always loomed at their head of expected o Change in the direction of Qiblah (‫ )یتلہ‬for enemy attack. worship took place. o They consolidated their strength by o Fasting during the month of Ramaḍān ( signing Peace Pacts with surrounding ‫ )سهراى‬made obligatory. tribes. o An intelligence gathering system was Anxious and fearful nights in Medina developed to collect information and keep Repeated Quraishite threats placed watch at suspicious movement around Muslims at their guard who lived under Medina. constant threat of Meccan attack. Despite all Table 1. Casulaties in battles. Number of Number of Number of Number of Encounter enemy force enemy perished Muslim force Muslims perished Badr 1,000 70 310 14 Uḥud 3,000 30 700 70 Muṣṭaliq 200 (?) 10 30(?) 1 Ditch 12,000 8 3,000 6 Khaibar 20,000 3 1,500 6 Mu„tah 100,000 ? 3,000 13 Mecca Meccans? 13 10,000 2 Ḥunain 12,000 70+ 600 6 Tā‟if ? ? 12,000 12 Tabūk - - 30,000 - Total fatalities 216 138 22 - Al-Naḥl their fears, Muslims had strong belief in ‫ )ًدذ‬who were wild and known ruthless Allah‟s help, and were ever ready to meet any fighters. Abū Sufyān worked hard and used challenge. They remained awaken and alert monies to muster their support. most of the night, being particularly o Quraishite used specifically the days of the conscious of their responsibility to protect Ḥajj (‫ )حح‬to create hatred in the hearts of the Holy Prophet who himself remained the people visiting Mecca at the occasion. awaken and advised others to remain o The mischievous Quraishite minds watchful in the hours of darkness. Muslims quickened their intrigues with the help of feared not because they were coward, rather the hypocrites and Jews to create civic they ensured not to be taken by surprise. problems in Medina. They took turns to stand guard at the Holy Knowing dangerous happenings going on Prophet‟s residence. A system was developed around them, Muslims remained in arms day for night-time watch. and night, ever ready to defend themselves. Once at midnight a loud noise awakened They would say to each other, “Let us see if Medinites. Everybody ran out armed. They we live until the day when we will sleep found the Holy Prophet coming from the peacefully, fearing nobody except Allah,” as is direction of noise riding an unsaddled horse portrayed in the Holy Qur‟ān in the following with sword hanging from his shoulder. The verse: Holy Prophet pacified the companions by [8:27] And remember when you saying, “I have checked, there is nothing to were a few and deemed weak in the worry about, there is nothing to worry land, and were in fear lest people about!” should snatch you away, but He To remain vigilant at day and night and to sheltered you and strengthened you remain ever ready to deal any eventuality was with His help, and provided you with the need of the day, and Muslims were very good things that you might be conscious of it. thankful. Chances of Muslim survival looked very Arab tribes join Quraishites bleak in the situation, and their days Having failed to contain spread of Islam, appeared to have been numbered in Medina. Quraishites changed their strategy. From Activities of anti Muslim forces continued now on they focused their energies to unabated. Moreover, in Medina there was no cultivate hatred about Muslims in different protective umbrella of Banū „Abd Manāf ( ‫ةٌو‬ tribes living across Arabia in general and ‫ )عتذ هٌا‬and Muslims were politically around Mecca and Medina in particular. To isolated. Anti-Muslim propaganda had meet their evil designs, they employed turned almost all surrounding Arab tribes different means: against them. While inside the city, a large o Quraishite trading caravans planted part of Aus and Khazraj tribes was still idol hatred among tribes falling on their route. worshippers, with doubtful loyalties. o Being the custodians of Ka„bah (‫)رعتہ‬, Hypocrites were a thorn in the bosom. Their Quraishites were revered all over Arabia. loyalty could not be trusted despite their lip They cashed their reverence by sending service, “We are with you.” When they met their emissaries to tribes in different parts enemies they said, “We are with you, we were of Arabia spreading hatred, and instigating just joking with Muslims.” The Holy Qur‟ān them to help Quraishites execute their bad portrays their game in the following words. intentions. Their target was especially the And when they meet those who central Arabian nomad barbarian of Najd ( believe, they say, „We believe;‟ but Spring 2010 23 when they are alone with their ring- o War was necessary to uphold freedom of leaders they say, „We are certainly religion. with you; We were only mocking.‟ o Wars were necessary to punish breach of Allah will punish their mockery trust, curtail atrocities and dangerous and will let them continue in their behavior. transgression, wandering blindly. o Wars were necessary to help the tribes [2:15-16] bound in mutual defense pacts. Jewish tribes, though bound by Medina Wars were fought to achieve multifarious Pact, could not be trusted since they were motives: defensive, punitive, political and maintaining close ties with Meccans. These restoring peace. inside problem groups were like arsenal dumps ready to catch fire any time, to disrupt Islamic code of conduct during war peace and tranquility of the city. The Holy Prophet firmly advised Muslim These were the most critical moments in commanders to follow a strict code of history. However, despite all this, Muslims conduct during wars. He reminded every took appropriate and effective precautionary commander as parting advice while sending and defensive measures. The problems him on an expedition. created to disrupt peace were resolved by The Holy Prophet usually preferred to talks and persuasions. embark on an expedition on Thursday Muslim population of Medina was morning. Before embarking, he prayed to numbered few hundred, most consisting of Allah for His help and Mercy. Expeditions weak and destitute, sometimes they had were planned in light of the gathered nothing to eat for days. The few able bodied intelligence. The informers were under strict were ill-equipped, without proper weapons to instruction not to disclose information in fight. This small band of believers stood to public. While embarking on an expedition, fight whole Arabia plus ferocious Quraishite the Holy Prophet did not disclose his numbering thousands, armed to the teeth destination. He often changed course several with latest weapons. It was a very unnatural times before reaching his target. When equation. The bleak scenario evaporated embarking on an important expedition the night time sleep of Medinites. Under these Holy Prophet would inform only few of his precarious conditions Muslims were chosen companions, who would work to ordained to fight in self defense. Strange are supply necessary equipment and make the ways of Allah, the Almighty: arrangements for safe passage. But those who knew for certain When out of the city, the Holy Prophet that they would one day meet Allah, inspected the army in detail before said, „How many a small party has proceeding. triumphed over a large party by Boys under fifteen were not allowed to Allah‟s command! And Allah is with participate in wars. Usually women the steadfast.‟ [2:250] accompanied Muslim army to help in cooking, nursing, and handing water to the Islam goes to war thirsty in the battlefield. If needed, women War in self defense was an imminent also take part in the fight with swords, necessity for Muslim survival in the wake of spears, arrows and pelting stones. Usually anti-Muslim forces rallying to uproot Islam: the Holy Prophet would take one of his wives o War was needed to deter enemy to with him while embarking on an expedition. maintain peace and tranquility. On receiving information of war 24 - Al-Naḥl preparation of enemy, the Holy Prophet with 11 engagements (Table 1), and directed preferred a preemptive strike to avert all out and supervised above 73 Sarāyā. war and bloodshed. The Muslim army would The data are recorded from authentic keep low profile while moving, keeping itself history books on early Islamic period. The as invisible as possible, mostly traveling at data reflect two things: gradual increase in night and undercover. number of able-bodied Muslims, and total The Holy Prophet advised commanders number of casualties in major wars fought before they embarked on an expedition: during that period. Small number of ● When facing the enemy, invite them to casualties (Muslims 138, infidels 216) depicts three things, if agreed to any one of them, fleeing opponents, not scared by might or withdraw from fight: better equipment of Muslims, rather due to ● Accept Islam, if feel unprotected then their fear and pride. migrate to Medina. ● Accept Muslim rule, abide by the law. Choice of battlefields ● Or, let fight decide. Muslims in Medina were always a target of The Holy Prophet further advised: aggression by infidels. They were always the ● Never cheat in acquisition of booty. first to initiate a conflict. They challenged ● Never be fraudulent in negotiations. Muslims by deploying their army and ● Never mutilate dead bodies. reaching the battlefield of their choice, where ● During the fight, spare children, women, they always occupied best part of it, leaving old and clergy from harm. inferior ground for Muslims. Enemy fortified ● While ruling a country, take steps to itself in Khaibar and Tā‟if. In Badr Valley, improve living standard of the subjects. infidels occupied the firm ground leaving ● Be kind and respectful to people, as Allah sandy half for Muslims. In Uḥud Valley, likes goodness and kindness. enemy camouflaged pitfalls which were ● Give good tidings to people, try to make excavated, in the part of the battlefield which them happy. was to be occupied by Muslim army. ● Do not behave in a way that may create Similarly, Ḥunain battlefield was the choice hatred in hearts. of Hawāzins, who manipulated it according ● Always create ease for people, never put to their cunning battle strategy. They built them in hardships. ambush here and there, erected stone walls Abū Bakr added to these instructions: along sides of the gorge to camouflage lines ● Do not interfere with clergy. of archers lying in wait for the enemy, ● Do not demolish places of worship. prepared ambuscades, fox holes, ● Do not cut fruiting trees. camouflaged artillery positions throughout ● Never destroy cities and villages. the valley to trap Muslims everywhere. Muslims, unaware of these manipulations, Strength of forces and number of fell into the traps. Similarly, battlefield at casualties in wars Mu„tah was not a choice of Muslims. In the second year of Hijra, the Holy However, despite all these shortcomings Prophet was ordained to defend against and enemy traps, Muslims survived and were aggression. He was 53 years of age. He fought victorious in all battlefields, by the Grace of first major battle (Badr) at 54 year of age and Allah the Almighty and the presence of His he was 61 at the last expedition, to Tabūk, in Messenger among them. the ninth year of Hijra. In a short span of The infidel armies were always several eight years, he commanded 29 Ghazawāt, times greater in number, were well equipped, Spring 2010 25 and stronger. Despite of having these escaped to join Muslims. They had been apparent advantage in battlefields and in prevented from migrating to Medina by the number, the infidels could not muster the enemy. confidence and faith that Muslims had, who despite their small number always emerged Sariyyah Ḥamzah Bin Abdul-Muṭṭalib victorious because of the presence of the Rabi‘ al-Awwal Messenger of Allah among them, and the In response to another report, the Holy Grace of the Almighty Allah was in their Prophet dispatched a party of thirty camel support! riders under the command of his uncle Inf i del‟ s su spi cio u s mo v em ent s Ḥamzah Bin Abdul-Muṭṭalib ( ‫حوضٍ ةي عتذ‬ threatening aggression around Medina ‫ )بلوطلب‬to Saif Al-Baḥr (‫ ) یف بلتحش‬in „Aiṣ (‫)عیص‬ initiated all 63+ Sarāyā (Table 2), which were region. As they reached the area, they found necessary to be attended to safeguard Meccan elder Abū Jahl waiting with an army Muslim survival. The Holy Prophet took of three hundred. Though enemy was ten every precaution to safeguard peaceful times in number, Hamzah decided to fight. Muslim community in Medina. Throughout When fight was about to break, an elder of the Prophet‟s life, Muslims never attacked the region interfered and stopped the fight. unless provoked. Ghazwah Buwāṭ Ghazwah Waddān Rabi‘ al-Thani Safar Shortly afterward, the Holy Prophet After having been ordained to fight received another report regarding Meccan aggression, the Holy Prophet embarked with movements. The Holy Prophet himself lead a a party of Muhājirīn and traveled southwest party of Muhājirīn and traveled up to the of Medina reaching a village Waddān (‫)ودّبى‬. village Buwāṭ (‫)ةوبط‬, however, Meccans were It was a stronghold of the tribe Banū Ḍamrah not traceable. (ٍ‫ضو َش‬ َ ‫)ةٌو‬. Parlays with the headman of the tribe resulted in signing of a pact of mutual Ghazwah ‘Ushairah interest, and to maintain close ties and help Jumādā al-‘Ula each other against outside aggression. Again, on a report of Meccan movements, the Holy Prophet embarked on this Sariyyah ‘Ubaidah Bin Al-Ḥārith bin Al expedition. After encircling the area several -Muṭṭalib times, the party reached coastal town Rabi‘ al-Awwal „Ushairah (ٍ‫)عشیش‬. There was no encounter. Unusual movements of Quraishites around The Holy prophet signed a pact of mutual Thaniyyah Al-Murrah (ٍ‫ )ثٌیہ بلوش‬were reported peace with tribe Banū Mudlij (‫)ةٌو هذلح‬, and by intelligence. The Holy Prophet sent a returned. party of sixty camel riders under the command of „Ubaidah Bin Al-Ḥārith bin Al- Sariyyah Sa‘d Bin Abi Waqqāṣ Muṭṭalib ( ‫)عتیذٍ ةي حاسث بلوطلت‬. At some Jumādā al-‘Ula distance, they found two hundred armed men Before turning back to Medina, the Holy in the command of „Ikrimah Bin Abū Jahl ( Prophet appointed Sa„d Bin Abi Waqqāṣ ( ‫عذ‬ ‫ )عکشهہ ةي بةو خہ‬waiting for them. Arrows were exchanged. Anticipating a Muslim ‫ )ةي بة ویا‬commander over eight men and reinforcement, the enemy lost heart and sent them to neighboring Kharrār village for an intelligence duty. retreated. However, two men of the enemy 26 - Al-Naḥl not accept the booty, prisoners were released promptly. However, one of the two prisoners, Kurz Bin Jabir’s attack Hakam Bin Kaisān (‫ )حکن ةي ریساى‬accepted Jumādā II Islam and refused to go back. Despite Muslims vigilance, diligence and Naturally, this incident infuriated up to date information of the happenings in Quraishites who were already standing on a the surroundings of Medina, cunning hot plate. Thus provoked, they seriously Meccans somehow found a slot to sneak into started preparing for a war. Muslim defenses. One of the Meccan chieftains, Kurz Bin Jabir Fihri ( ‫رشص ةي‬ ‫ )خاةشفہش‬took Muslims by surprise. He Ghazwah Badr attacked a meadow three miles from Medina Ramadan used by Muslims to graze their cattle. Jabir Ghazwah Badr (‫ )ةذس‬being the first regular escaped to Safwān with a heard of camels. war between Meccan infidels and Muslims, left for reaching mark in the Arabian history. Sariyyah ‘Abdullāh Bin Jahsh The war is called as Yaum Al-Furqān ( ‫یوم‬ Jumādā al-‘Ula ‫)بلفشیاى‬, day of decision between truth and Jabir‟s surprise attack alerted Muslims to falsehood. It was the day about which revise their surveillance strategy. They Meccans had repeatedly been warned by the decided to penetrate deep around Mecca to Holy Prophet while he was in Mecca. monitor enemy movements at close quarters. To generate necessary funds, Quraishites For the purpose, a party of eight Muhājirīn invested large money in a trading caravan to was sent, under the command of „Abdullāh Syria under the leadership of Abū Sufyān ( ‫بةو‬ Bin Jahsh ( ‫)عتذ ہللا ةي خح‬. Each of the eight ‫) فیاى‬. The proceeds of the caravan were was related to some Quraishite tribe so that dedicated for use in war with Muslims. The they may have an easy access in the city. The caravan was well protected by armed men. motive of the party was kept secret, even its News were that the caravan was returning members never knew for what they were from Syria, and was expected to pass close to being sent for. However, their leader was Medina. Passing of an armed caravan so given a sealed envelop, with the instructions close raised eyebrows in Medina. to open it when party had reached Nakhlah ( Abū Sufyān, fearing blockade, sent home a ‫ )ًخلہ‬Valley, two days distance from Medina. message for help, and changed his course. On opening the envelop, they were instructed Instead of passing close to Medina, he to stay in Nakhlah Valley and transmit diverted west and traveled along the sea necessary information. coast and reached Mecca safely. To foil detection, the members of the party Abū Sufyān‟s messenger, on reaching changed their guise by shaving their head Mecca, presented himself in a destitute and clothing style. By chance, two of the condition before public (as was habit with party were lost in the desert searching their Arabs) and started crying and wailing at the lost camels. Meanwhile a caravan of four top of his voice: “O Meccans, Muhammad Meccans stayed in the village for the night. and his followers are out to loot your Intelligence gathering party feared that they caravan, hurry up to protect it.” Naturally had been recognized. They attacked the people who had invested were disturbed with Meccans, killing one, capturing two while the the news and gathered in the Ka„bah. fourth one escaped. The party hurried home Quraishite elders took advantage of the with the captives. When Prophet came to occasion and delivered provocative speeches know of the incidence, he was angry and did against the Holy Prophet and Muslims and Spring 2010 27 called for mobilizing a strong army. Every armed fighters, 700 camels, 1000 horses and Meccan was enthusiastic to participate in the ample supply of war equipment. expedition. Those, who somehow could not join, sponsored another person. However, The Badr Valley two persons were not eager to participate: The Western Arabia is a hilly country, Abū Lahab (‫ )بةو لہب‬and Umayyah Bin Khalaf ( valleys and passes between hills are used as ‫)بهیہ ةي خلف‬. Their lack of interest was not in roads to travel around. Wider valleys are sympathy to Muslims, rather it was because used as caravan routes. There are several of fear of their own lives. Abū Lahab held ways and byways between any two places. back because his sister „Ātikah (‫ )عاتکہ‬dreamt The caravan route between Mecca, Badr and three days before about the destruction and Medina, had been changed several times loss of Quraishites. Umayyah Bin Khalaf during the lifetime of the Holy Prophet. (master and torturer of Bilāl) feared for his Badr Valley lies 60 miles south of Medina life as his killing had been foretold by the towards Mecca. It is more or less a Holy Prophet. Since staying back of these two rectangular plain, about five and half miles in well known persons could have disheartened length and four miles in width, stretched other people, Quraishites pressed them hard north-west to east-south direction. It is to join. At last Umayyah expressed his surrounded by high and low irregular willingness while Abū Lahab sponsored mountains. Roads from Mecca, Medina and another person in his place. Syria converge here from different directions. Parties of Quraishites visited neighboring Road to Medina bifurcates from Meccan- tribes around Mecca and were able to muster Syrian route to the east passing between the an army of more than 1,000 well armed hills. The northeastern half of the valley is fighters. Abū Jahl led the army, as its firm with clayey soil, while low lying south- commander, to pray in Ka‟bah: “O Allah! western half is sandy. It had a water well. The Whosoever of the two sides is at right path, Red Sea lies 5-8 miles to the west of the Badr and is noble and superior before you, help Valley. him; dishonor and debase the other.” Quraishite army left Mecca with pomp and Preparations in Medina fervor, as if on a trip for marry making. When news of approaching caravan of Abū Women danced and sang war inciting songs Sufyān reached Medina, the Holy Prophet at the beat of drums and flutes. Dozens of sent a party to investigate. While he was camels were slaughtered in the way to the waiting information from the party, news of feast for the warriors. As the army reached Meccan army came in. The Holy Prophet, to Juhfah (‫)خحفہ‬, a place between Mecca and preserve the morale of the Muslims, did not Badr, it received message from Abū Sufyān allow the news to become public. Most of the that he was safe home, and there was no need Muslims in Medina were under the for the army to proceed further. The message impression that they were going to block the made Quraishites double minded. Some way of Abū Sufyān‟s caravan. favored turning back, while other declared: So far Anṣār were not invited to participate “By Allah, we will surely go up to Badr, and in any expedition, thinking that they had there we will celebrate for three days, to undertaken the responsibility to protect the impress everybody in the country with our Prophet while he was in the premises of might.” Medina. The Meccan army reached the Valley of When the Holy Prophet called the Badr in twelve days, consisting 1000 well Companions to participate in the expedition, 28 - Al-Naḥl the Anṣār readily presented themselves. A well-known idolater warrior presented The Muslim army himself to join Muslims. The Holy Prophet When the Holy Prophet reviewed the refused his request thrice saying, “We do not Islamic army, it consisted of 310 ill-equipped want help from an idolater,” until he men of all ages, with 70 camels and two converted to Islam. horses. Only seven soldiers had proper As Muslims neared Badr Valley, the Holy armor. Other warfare supplies were meager Prophet announced details regarding the and few. Muslims took turns on the rides, expedition, and sought advice from including the Holy Prophet, who said, “I am a Companions. Some suggested turning back to better walker than all of you.” Medina, arguing that they were not yet fully When Muslims reached the Valley of Badr, equipped to face a full fledged army. The Meccans had already occupied higher ground majority of the Companions were in favor of with firm soil, Muslims had the only option fighting the enemy saying: “Our lives and to occupy low lying sandy half. Knowing that wealth belong to Allah and his messenger. Quraishite army included almost all We are ready in every field and in every way Quraishite ring leaders, the Holy Prophet to serve.” One of the companions, Miqdād remarked: “See, Mecca has laid down all of Bin „Amr (‫ )هقذبد ةي عوشو‬stood up and said: “O its loved ones before you.” Messenger of Allah! We are not like At the right side of the Muslim camp, a companions of Mosses who told him: „Go, canopy was erected for the Holy Prophet, you and your Allah fight, we are sitting here.‟ which was guarded by several companions. We are in your hand. Take us where ever you Abū Bakr and Sa„d Bin Mu„ādh stayed inside like. We will fight to your right, we will fight with the Holy Prophet. The Holy Prophet to your left, we will fight in front of you and prayed and supplicated for the whole night, at your back, and we will never turn back.” never resting for a moment, while those at The expressions of sentiments gladdened the guard duty took turns to rest. Holy Prophet. However, he wanted to know It rained that night. Muslims conserved how Anṣār felt. Sa„d Bin Mu„ādh (‫) عذ ةي هعار‬, water in pools. The rain made sandy soil firm head of the Aus tribe stood up and said: “O on Muslim side facilitating their easy Messenger of Allah! Perhaps you want to movements, while on Quraishite side it know our opinion. By Allah, now that we caused havoc. The silty soil became muddy have believed you a true prophet, and we and slippery making movements difficult. have given our hand in yours, you can take us Quraishites were impressed by the anywhere you like, we are with you. I swear confidence in Muslim army. Out of curiosity in the name Who sent you with truth, if you Quraishites sent a spy to access their will order us to jump in the sea with our number. He reported back: “O Quraishites! I horses, we will jump, not a person will falter. have seen camels in the Yathribean army Allah willing, you will find us steadfast in the carrying deaths at their backs.” The warning fight. We will satisfy you with our obedience started fresh discussion among infidel and sense of sacrifice.” The Holy Prophet was leaders, some of them were of the opinion: happy to hear what Mu„ādh pledged. The “Turn back, leaving Muhammad at his Holy Prophet then announced: “We are fate.” heading for Badr Valley where Quraishite “Just consider who are in his army, our army awaits us. Allah has promised us kith and kin. Fighting them is just spilling victory, and I see the spots where leaders of our own blood. Let us turn back.” Quraish will fall dead.” When Abū Jahl, their commander, heard these arguments, he was outraged and Spring 2010 29 disapproved the idea, and incited them to challengers Al-Aswad Ibn Abd Al-Asad Al- fight. Makhzūmī ( ‫)بال و د بةي عتذ بال ذ هخزوه‬, „Utbah It was Friday next day, Muslims offered Ibn Rabī„ah (‫)عتتہ بةي س ةیعہ‬, Shaibah Ibn Fajr prayers, the Holy Prophet delivered Rabī'ah (‫ )شیتہ بةي س ةیعہ‬and Al-Walid Ibn sermon on Jihād (striving against Shaibah (‫ )بلولیذ بةي شیتہ‬were killed. The oppression), and inspected lines and file of frustrated enemy rushed in for general fight. the army. Two men from Mecca asked The Holy Prophet withdrew in the canopy, permission to join Muslim army, telling and prayed to Allah the Almighty by Prophet, “We are Muslims. Quraishites spreading wide his hands: “O my Allah! blocked us to migrate to Medina. They Fulfill your promise! O my Master, if this allowed us to go with their army with a small band of Muslims is killed today, promise that we will not participate in the nobody will be left on the face of the earth to war. Since we did not promise willingly, worship you.” The Holy Prophet was praying allow us to join Muslim army.” in intense pain. He restlessly prayed and Holy Prophet: “Go and fulfill your implored Him for His help standing and promise. We seek help from Allah, and His prostrating before Him. The cloth on his help we trust.” shoulder fell again and again, Abū Bakr replaced it, saying: “O messenger of Allah! Battle of Badr My father and mother are sacrificed for you. 12-17 Ramadan Do not be anxious. Allah surely will fulfill His Hardly the Holy Prophet had finished promise.” inspecting the lines, there was a commotion When the two armies met in hand-to-hand in infidel army. It started advancing. fight, Abū Jahl prayed: “O Allah! Today Meanwhile, some from the enemy ranks destroy the party who severed relations and rushed to the well to quench thirst. started a new tradition in the religion.” Companions wanted to stop them but the Quraishite, armed to the teeth, attacked Holy Prophet forbade them to do so. It is poorly armed Muslims with all their might. unique beauty of Islam that, even in war, it Though Muslims were in destitute condition, treats its enemies compassionately and takes they had great faith in the Almighty Allah care of their human needs. and His messenger, their only support and The Holy Prophet gave last minute source of strength. instructions to the companions: “When Abdur-Rahman Bin „Auf ( ‫)عتذ بلشحواى ةي عو‬ infidels rush in, face them with arrows, relates: “As hand-to-hand fight started, I spears and stones, assuring not to miss your looked at my sides. I was disheartened to find aims. Use swords in hand to hand combat. two young Anṣār boys at my flanks. A fighter Remember, the infidel army may include fights courageously when flanked with strong people who have not come to fight willingly, fighters. I was just feeling unsafe when I got a nor they are against us in their heart, rather nudge at my right and heard the boy saying: they are forced into the fight. Moreover, „Uncle! Where is Abū Jahl who used to give there may be the persons who were nice to us trouble to the Prophet? I pledged to kill him during our perilous time in Mecca. Now it is or get killed in the effort.‟ I had yet not our turn to take care of them and treat them answered him that the boy at my left nudged nicely. When any of you overpowers such a me with the same request. As I looked for person, he should do his best not to harm Abū Jahl, he was fighting in the heart of the him.” enemy army flanked by his son Ikrimah ( In the challenge fights, Quraishite ‫ )عکشهہ‬and other well known warriors. I 30 - Al-Naḥl pointed towards him. Within a twinkle of the nightfall. The captured Quraishites were eye, both boys almost flew making their way presented to the Holy Prophet, who looking through the enemy lines towards Abū Jahl. at them remarked: “Had Muṭ„im Bin „Adī ( Within few moments, Abū Jahl was on the ‫ )هطعن ةي عذ‬been living today, and had ground bathed in blood and dust. Ikrimah recommended release of these prisoners, I attacked one of the boys from behind, cutting would have done so without demand of his right arm. Mu„ādh, with his dangling arm ransom.” Muṭ„im Bin „Adī, despite being a followed Ikrimah who hastened to escape. staunch idolater, was a compassionate and Mu„ādh pulled off his cut arm which was noble man. He tore to pieces the declaration hanging from his body by a string of skin. of boycott which had forced the Holy Prophet As fighting intensified, chances of Muslim and his Companions to be held in isolation at victory looked bleak because of enemy the Shi„b Abī Ṭālib (‫ )شعب بة طالب‬for three number and better equipment. However, the years. He had provided protection to the Holy Prophet was praying and supplicating, Holy Prophet when he returned from the begging and imploring Allah the Almighty for preaching mission to Ta‟if to enter Mecca. help. At last, after a long prostration, the Prophet‟s remark indicated how high he held Holy Prophet lifted his head from the ground Muṭ„im in gratitude, a distinctive feature of and came out of the tent declaring loudly: prophet‟s character that he never forgot to “Army of the infidels is sure to be defeated acknowledge good done to him. and will soon run away.” He took a handful of Of the prisoners, the prominent ones were: sand and threw it towards the infidels, saying ● Al-Naḍr Bin Al-Ḥārith (‫)بلٌرش ةي بلحاسث‬, a loudly: “May the enemy faces be distorted,” Quraishite leader and urged Muslims to attack. Muslims ● Suhail Bin „Amr (‫) ہی ةي عوشو‬, a Quraishite answered with a sudden concerted attack leader with a loud cry of “Allahu Akbar!” Suddenly, ● „Abbās Bin Abdul-Muṭṭalib ( ‫عتاط ةي عتذ‬ a strong gust of air blew towards enemy side ‫)بلوطلب‬, Prophet‟s uncle filling their eyes and mouths with sand. ● „Aqīl Bin Abī Ṭālib (‫)عقی ةي بة طالب‬, Fall of enemy‟s main leaders, sudden surge Prophet‟s cousin and Ali‟s real brother in the intensity of Muslim attack, and ● Abū al-„Āṣ Bin Rabī„ ( ‫ةي سةی‬ ‫)بةو بلعا‬, blinding sandy air, baffled the infidel army. It Prophet‟s son in law, husband of his could no longer stand the pressure and daughter Zainab (‫)صیٌب‬ started weakening, and fled, leaving behind According to Arab tradition, war prisoners dead and injured. Soon the valley was cleared were either killed or made slave for the rest of them. of their life. The Holy Prophet disliked this Muslim army captured 70 fleeing infidels, horrific custom. He consulted Companions. other 70 were counted killed, including Abū Bakr suggested: “Prisoners should be nearly all great Quraishite leaders. Umayyah released on payment of ransom. They are our Bin Khalaf (the tormentor of Bilāl) was relatives. In future, some of them may preparing to flee; Bilāl spotted him and killed sacrifice their lives in the cause of Islam.” him. Fourteen Muslims were counted Umar opposed the idea: “There must be no martyred while several lay injured. Articles of consideration of kinship when belief is in plunder were collected and sorted and consideration. They have proven by their captured secured. action that they are liable to be killed. I suggest that the Muslim relatives of the Arrangements for the prisoners prisoners kill them by their own hand.” The Muslim army returned home by Holy Prophet liked Abū Bakr‟s suggestion, Spring 2010 31 and decided: were loosened, and he ceased lamenting. The 1. Prisoners will be released on payment of Holy Prophet asked why „Abbas had stopped ransom. moaning. He was told of loosening of ropes. 2. Range of ransom money varied from one The Holy Prophet said, If you have loosened thousand to four thousand dirham, „Abbas, loose other prisoners also. He does depending on prisoner‟s monitory position. not have any special status. 3. Prisoners belonging to poor families, Zainab, the Holy Prophet‟s daughter, sent who could not pay, may be released free. her valuables to gain release of her husband 4. Prisoners who can read and write, and Abū Al-„Āṣ. The articles included a necklace could not pay, should teach ten children. gifted to her by her mother Khadija (may One of the prisoners, Suhail Bin „Amr ( ‫ہی‬ Allah be pleases with her). When the Holy ‫)ةي عوشو‬, a well known Quraishite leader, Prophet saw the necklace, it refreshed known for his impressive oratory, used to memories of his deceased wife, welling up his lecture to infuse poison against the Holy eyes. He asked the companions, “If you Prophet in the hearts of his listeners. Umar agree, return this necklace to Zainab.” They suggested: “His front teeth be extracted to returned all articles deposited by her with the prevent him from lecturing anymore.” The release of Abū Al-„Āṣ. Holy Prophet did not like the idea and told The remaining prisoners were distributed Umar: “What do you know about future? He among companions with the standing may stand at a commendable position in instructions to treat them kindly and religion one day.” According to the prophecy, compassionately. Muslims provided them Suhail accepted Islam at the fall of Mecca. wheat loaves while relying themselves on His speeches at the time of the demise of the dates. They were provided rides while captors Prophet helped strengthen hearts of walked on foot. aggrieved companions. In the line of captives, there was also Aftermath of Badr Prophet‟s uncle, „Abbās Bin Abdul-Muṭṭalib ( Victory at Badr consolidated Muslim ‫)عتاط ةي عتذ بلوطلب‬. Anṣār wanted him to go position in Arabia as an important rising free, saying, “He is our nephew.” He had power that shocked all antagonistic forces to played key role during second Bai„at at their roots. The surrounding Arab tribes were Aqabah (Aqabah accord), and had taken impressed, Muslim morale was boosted up. guarantee from Anṣār for the safety of the Bad hopes of hypocrites and Jews were Prophet in Medina. The Prophet loved him dashed to ground. Number of idolaters in and he loved the Prophet, yet the Prophet Medina dwindled fast as they converted to decided, “Abbas will be released only when Islam, soon idolatry was rooted out from he pays his ransom.” Medina. The impressed Jews grew more jealous and concerned and started thinking Compassionate treatment of prisoners and planning against the Muslims. The prisoners were kept in the Prophet‟s Victory at Badr was miraculous. An ill- Mosque tied with ropes to the pillars. equipped Muslim army of 310 or so Because of tightened ropes, „Abbas and individuals emerged victorious over an army others groaned and moaned. Their peril of 1,000 strong well-equipped Meccan army made the Holy Prophet uneasy. He in very uncertain circumstances and against recognized „Abbas‟s voice and could not sleep high odds. It was an event foretold in the at night. When Anṣār came to know of Holy Qur‟ān as Yaum al-Furqān (‫)یوم بلفشیاى‬, Prophet‟s uneasiness, ropes around „Abbas the day of distinguishing right from wrong. 32 - Al-Naḥl The participating Companions are anything special. Arrogance and hatred remembered as Companions of Badr. They pushes him in the depth of abyss. enjoyed special status, respect and treatment Throughout Meccan life, the Holy Prophet in Muslim social setup of that time. had been predicting victory of Islam. Meccan Quraishite defeat was foretold while mocked and jeered at him, challenged him to Prophet was still in Mecca, chapter 54 [Al- bring down the punishment that he was Qamar], verses 46-49: promising. As events gradually unfolded, The hosts shall soon be routed and despite all hurdles and difficulties, Allah the shall turn their backs in flight. Almighty rescued Muslims from the clutches Aye, the Hour is their promised of blood-thirsty Meccans and disgraced the time; and the Hour will be most Meccans in Badr battlefield, where they lay calamitous for them and most bitter. dead as predicted. However, Quraishites Surely, the guilty are in manifest arrogantly posed as if nothing had happened. error and suffer from madness. Allah paralyzed their brains, blinded their On the day when they will be eyes and they could not see the events dragged into the Fire on their faces, unfolding in front of their eyes, as is said in it will be said to them, „Taste ye the the Holy Qur‟ān: touch of Hell.‟ Allah has set a seal on their hearts This history making victory was designed and their ears, and over their eyes is centuries ago as stated in the Bible, and had a covering; and for them is a grievous great historical and religious significance. It chastisement. [2:8] is said in Isaiah, chapter 21, verse 13-17, As time passed, these arrogant people under the title The burden upon Arabia: either accepted the reality or met their fate in In the forest in Arabia shall ye battlefields. lodge, O ye traveling companies of Dedanites. The inhabitants of the Post-Badr intrigues land of Tema brought water to him Defeat at Badr broke the backbone of that was thirsty; they were ready Quraishite leadership and demoralized them. with their bread for him that fled. Now prominent was Abū Sufyān, who vowed For they fled from the swords, from that he would not rest, nor oil his hair and the drawn sword, and from the bent sleep with his wife, until he had avenged bow and from the grievousness of those killed in Badr. war. For thus hath the Lord said unto Defeat increased his blindness to the me: “Within a year, according to the factual world, to achieve his evil designs his years of a hireling, all the glory of wicked mind worked and he decided to Kedar shall fail. And the residue of concentrate on the tribes living farther in the the number of archers, the mighty central Arabian wilderness of Najd. The men of the children of Kedar, shall central Arabian barbarian tribes were be diminished. For the LORD God of acknowledged fighters, ruthless looters and Israel hath spoken it.” utterly uncivilized. Abū Sufyān and his associates visited the region and instigated the tribes, bought mercenaries to fight Irony of human nature against Islam. Sometimes one wonders at human nature Knowing treacherous nature of Abū that how hard-hearted a man can become. Sufyān, Muslims kept vigilant surveillance of He turns blind eye intentionally to the events surroundings around Medina, monitoring occurring around him, pretending not seeing Abū Sufyān‟s activities in Najd region. Spring 2010 33 However, Abū Sufyān and the barbarian regarding Muslim activities. tribes of Najd, not daring to face Muslims in On his way back, Abū Sufyān and his party an open confrontation, decided to weaken invaded a meadow used by Muslims to graze and demoralize Muslims by adopting cat and their cattle. Though he could not find any mouse tactics. They decided to play tricks. animal there, his men murdered mercilessly They made mock war-like movements two men working there and set fire to some periodically to draw Muslims out in the date palm trees and huts. Thus satisfied, Abū wilderness and dissipated when Muslims Sufyān thought he had fulfilled his vow of arrived. Following Badr, a series of such avenging the dead at Badr, and escaped. mock troop movements were made by the When the Holy Prophet learned of the enemy, Muslims never wanted to give the incident, he followed him with a band of enemy a chance, they responded. Thereby Companions. To lighten burden, the fleeing impressing upon enemy that they were ever enemy threw away sacks of grounded barley vigilant. from its ration supply, that gives name to this expedition, Sawīq, that is, ground barley. Ghazwah Qarqarah Dhul-Hijjah Ghazwah Banū Qainuqa‘ ( ‫)بنو ققنعا‬ Soon after Badr, according to an Muharram/ Safar intelligence report, two of the central Arabian The Medinite citizens were bound by the tribes, Banū Sulaim (‫ )ةٌو لین‬and Banū Medina Pact to safeguard each other‟s Ghatfān (‫ )ةٌو غطفاى‬were amassing their forces interests and help to maintain communal near Qarqarah (ٍ‫ )یشیش‬village to invade peace and tranquility in the city, and to stand Medina. The Holy Prophet, with a band of together in case of aggression. Companions, hastened to the area. When Initially, Jews appeared to observe the they reached the village, after an arduous agreement; however, as soon Muslims journey of several days, the enemy established themselves, Jews started showing disappeared in nearby hills. However, a signs of restlessness, and started defying the heard of camels belonging to the enemy was conditions of the the Pact: found grazing that Muslim army rounded up. 1. They b etrayed Muslims by communicating secretly with Abū Sufyān, Ghazwah Sawīq (‫)سویق‬ known arch enemy of Muslims, and gave him Jumādā al-Thani information regarding Muslim defenses. After about three month of Badr, Abū 2. They tried repeatedly to create hatred Sufyān with two hundred fighters went round among different sections of Muslim society. Najd region and emerged close to Medina. Once a mixed party of Aus and Khazraj tribes Somehow, he managed to dodge and avoid were sitting together and gossiping. A party detection. He left his men in a secluded place of Jews happened to join them. During and sneaked into Medina city in the darkness conversation on different topics, a Jew of the night. He knocked at the door of floated remarks about battle of Bu„āth Huyayy Bin Akhtab (‫)حی ةي بخطب‬, head of the (fought some years ago, between Aus and Jewish tribe Banū Nadir, and sought his help. Khazraj killing scores of people on both But Huyayy refused to entertain him, sides). Remarks freshened wounds in the respecting Medina Pact. Then he knocked at minds of both sides. A plethora of the door of another Jewish leader. Sallām Bin accusations and counter accusations opened Mishkam (‫ ) الم ةي هشکن‬who welcomed him, up between the two Muslim sections. Swords entertained him, and gave him information were almost nearly drawn on both sides, and a bloody war appeared imminent. 34 - Al-Naḥl However, some one hurried to report the regret and begging for forgiveness, Jews incidence to the Holy Prophet, who hurried repeated threats and said haughtily, “Do not to the scene with a party of Muhājirīn. The be proud of your gains in Badr. When you Holy Prophet admonished both sides saying, will fight us, you will know what fighters are “You are still adopting methods of period of like.” ignorance while I am among you. You forget Because of Jews‟ continued intimidation to thank Allah for His blessing of Islam that and haughtiness, it was decided to deal with made you brothers.” The Holy Prophet‟s the problem once for all. The Holy Prophet admonition jolted both sides. They readily with a party of companions headed for forts gave up their differences and hugged each of Banū Qainuqā, giving them last chance to other repenting with tearful eyes. excuse, but the Jews chose to fight, and 3. After Badr, Jews started rolling cutting fortified themselves. Muslims lay in siege for remarks on Muslims, saying, “Defeating fifteen days, which evaporated Jew‟s Quraishites is not some thing great. When haughtiness. At last they conceded to open you will fight us, you will know what a fight the gates and delivered themselves in the is.” Especially main Jewish tribe, Banū hands of Muslims on condition that no Jew Qainuqā, started mischief openly, will be killed and they will be given free challenging and threatening Muslims in the passage to leave Medina with their families streets. However, Muslims mostly remained and belongings. The Holy Prophet agreed to aloof and turned blind eye to their these conditions, and delegated „Ubādah Bin intimidations under instructions of the Holy Ṣāmit (‫ )عتادٍ ةي صاهت‬to arrange and manage Prophet. Jews‟ safe departure to Syria or wherever To boost interfaith relations, people they choose to go. bought household items from each other‟s According to the Jewish law, treason is to shops. Once a Muslim woman went to buy be punished by capital punishment, killing all some household needs from the shop of a men except women and children: Jew. Some Jews where sitting in the shop. “If they refuse to make peace and They started teasing her. The mischievous they engage you in battle, lay siege to shopkeeper secretly attached her trouser with that city. When the LORD your God a hook. When she was leaving the shop, her delivers it into your hand, put to the trousers slid down, baring her body. The sword all the men in it. As for the Jews laughed and jeered at her nakedness. women, the children, the livestock The women screamed and cried for help. By and everything else in the city, you chance a Muslim young man was present may take these as plunder for close by, he hurried to help, and there was a yourselves. And you may use the fight. The shopkeeper was killed in the plunder the LORD your God gives scuffle. Later Jews attacked the rescuer and y o u f r o m y o u r killed him, When the news of the murders enemies” (Deuteronomy 20:12-14). spread, both sides were furious. Almost a war However, the Holy Prophet was extremely was about to start. generous. He pardoned Jews out of The Holy Prophet met elders of Banū compassion, ignoring to apply the Jewish law Qainuqā and reminded them the conditions strictly. laid down in the treaty. He warned then, “It Banū Qainuqā migrated to Syria where is not a correct way to live together according they stayed in the outskirts Later they all to the agreement. Beware of your mischief in succumbed to an epidemic. future. Fear Allah!” Instead of expressing Spring 2010 35 Third year of Hijra The Holy Prophet embarked with a party Ghazwa Dhu-Amarr of Companions. The enemy dared not to face Rabi' al-Awwal Muslims and disappeared. Muslims rested It was reported that two tribes from Najd, for few days in the area and turned back. Banū Tha„labah (‫ )ةٌو ثعلتہ‬and Banū Muḥārib ( Repeated concentration of forces of Banū ‫ )ةٌو هحاسا‬were gathering their forces near Sulaim and Banū Ghatafān threatening Dhu Amarr village in preparation to invade invasion indicated how thirsty these enemies Medina. The Holy Prophet embarked with were of the blood of Muslims. Quraishite had 450 Companions, however Dhu Amarr brain-washed them and implanted Muslim village was found empty. The enemy had enmity in their hearts. If Muslims had no taken to nearby hills. Muslim army returned support from the Almighty Allah, they would home after staying for three days at the site. not have survived for a second among bloodhounds surrounding them, who were Sariyyah Zaid Bin Ḥārithah to Qarad looking for a chance to get them unaware. Jumādā II Meccan trading caravans to north usually Ghazwah Uḥud—A jolt to Muslims used coastal route passing close to Medina, Shawwal however, since now the tribes falling along Defeat at Badr was a great setback to the route were affiliated to Muslim, Meccans Meccan efforts to wipe out Muslims from the started using route that passed through Najd face of the earth. They vowed not to sit in Region to Iraq. It was lined by Quraish-allied peace until death of their elders in Badr had tribes, like Sulaim and Ghatafān who were been avenged. To achieve that end they did sworn Muslim enemies. everything possible to tease, demoralize and Intelligence reported that a Meccan inflict injury to Muslims. caravan was coming along Najd route. ● They quickened efforts to collaborate with Medinites were skeptical about the nature of Hypocrites in Medina instigating them to the said trading caravan. However, it was disrupt unity among different Muslim thought necessary to stop enemy trading sections by concocting and floating false activities to bring it to its knees. rumors. The contingent under Zaid Bin Ḥārithah ( ● They started colleting information ‫ )صیذ ةي حاسثہ‬moved quickly and secretly regarding Muslim defenses and supply intercepting the caravan near Qarad (‫ )یشد‬in routes through implanting spies from Jews Najd region. Baffled by sudden attack, the and Hypocrites. enemy took to its heels leaving all that it had ● Quraishite mustered forces by using behind. The Muslim contingent returned money from rustic central Arabian tribes home successfully. to inflict injury to Muslim interests. ● They started spreading false rumors about Ghazwah Buḥrān rifts among Muslim tribes. Rabi' al-Awwal ● Quraishites started hectically preparing for Some time after Dhuu Amarr expedition, a decisive war with Muslims by amassing Muslims received information that Banū monies and arsenal. Sulaim were gathering in large number near ● They kept raiding meadows used by village Buḥrān (‫)ةحشبى‬. A contingent from Muslims to graze their cattle. Mecca had also joined them. They were ● They killed and punished Muslims planning to mount a surprise attack on ruthlessly wherever encountered. Medina. Meccan actions were dangerously 36 - Al-Naḥl provocative and source of concern for early next morning, AD 31 March 624, it Muslims. Had the Muslims not been so reached Uḥud Valley. At that point, „Abdullāh cautious and alert, Meccans could have bin Ubayy ibn Salūl, head of the hypocrites, achieved their objectives of destruction of marched off with his three hundred men, at a Muslims long ago. It was perpetual guidance flimsy excuse, “Since my suggestion to fight and support from Allah the Almighty that the enemy staying in the city has not been kept Muslims watchful to ensure their accepted, so I withdraw.” Despite persuasion survival. he refused to change his decision. Now the Under instructions from the Holy Prophet, Muslim army consisted of 700 men, less than „Abbas Bin Abdul-Muttalib kept Muslims one fourth of the Quraishite army. aware of the activities of the Quraishites in Mecca. „Abbas reported that a large army was Uḥud battlefield being prepared to leave for Medina shortly. The Uḥud mountain lies at three miles north of Medina, stretching across 4-5 km in The Meccan army east-west direction, it swells in the middle to An army of 3,000 strong embarked from enclose a semi circular spacious valley which Mecca under the command of Abū Sufyān. opens widely towards south. A transversely The army included renowned fighters from placed mountain the Mount Rumat (hill of most of the Arab tribes, seven hundred the archers) extends across to narrow down soldiers were in coat of arm, with 200 horses, the opening. A seasonal waterway Wādī 3000 camels, and a large quantity of fighting Qanāt, runs along south of the Mount Rumat gear. Hindah (ٍ‫)ہٌذ‬, Abū Sufyān‟s wife, and (‫ )سوهات‬draining rain water into the Red Sea several prominent Quraishites were (Fig. 3). accompanying the army. Drums, war songs and music was continuously played to support the fighters. Ghazwah Uḥud The Meccan army circumvallated Medina 6 Shawwal and camped near Uḥud Hill, about three On reaching the Uḥud Valley, the Holy miles north of Medina. The Uḥud Valley was Prophet surveyed the valley and decided to under Medina jurisdiction. It consisted of camp in the south-western part of it. He pastures and date palm groves used for particularly made a note of a narrow pass grazing cattle. Meccans played havoc in the between eastern flank of the valley and pastures by looting and destroying them. Mount Rumat, from where Muslims could be attacked from behind. The Holy Prophet Preparations in Medina specifically appointed fifty archers in On receiving the news of the arrival of the command of „Abdullāh Bin Jubair ( ‫عتذ ہللا ةي‬ Meccan army, the Holy Prophet ordered ‫)ختیش‬, a valiant Companion, and instructed census of Muslim population in Medina. It them repeatedly to remain on guard, never to came to 1500. Some companions started leave it unguarded at any cost. The Holy boasting that with that number they need not Prophet wore double coat of arm and an iron worry any more. It was decided to fight the helmet. enemy outside Medina. As both forces faced each other, in When the Holy Prophet embarked in challenge fight, Hamzah Bin Abdul Muttalib defense wearing double coat of arms and an killed Uthman Bin Abi Talha (‫)عثواى ةي بة طلحہ‬, iron helmet. About halfway from Uḥud „Ali Bin Abū Talib killed Talha Bin Abi Talha Valley, Muslim army camped for the night, and Sa„d Bin Abi Waqqas ( ‫) عذ ةي بة ویا‬ Spring 2010 37 killed Abū Sa„d Bin Abi Talha. Three arrogant that a stone hit Prophet‟s face, injuring his lip boastful Quraishite warriors were disposed and breaking his front teeth. A second stone off in quick succession giving Muslims moral injured his forehead, a third one hit side of victory over infidels. the helmet bending its blades to pierce At last, the frustrated enemy rushed in and prophet‟s cheek. The rush of the enemy was hand to hand fight started. Soon weakening unabated like sea waves. It was putting in the enemy ranks was perceptible, and their forward full strength to wipeout remaining lines started breaking. Their four flag bearers Muslim strongholds. Meanwhile, an infidel fell one after the other, some sections of their warrior, Ibn Qami‟ah (‫ ) بكِ أق ئه‬rushed in, lines took to heels, and Muslim fighters making his way between the Companions started collecting booty. surrounding the Prophet, and swiftly gave a When the guards stationed at the Mount blow with his sword at Prophet‟s side. The Rumat saw enemy fleeing, they sought double coat of arm protected the Prophet permission from their commander to leave from injury. However under the impact of the for the battleground. The commander forceful push, the Holy Prophet fell down. refused, and reminded them of Prophet‟s Seeing the Prophet falling, Ibn Qami‟ah strict instructions. However, most of the proclaimed, “I have killed Muhammad, I guard, defiling the orders of their have killed Muhammad!,” and left the scene commander, left for the battlefield. Only jubilantly. „Ali was close to the Prophet, he „Abdullāh and five of his soldiers were left lifted him in his arms and found he was fine guarding the pass. except that he was loosing blood rapidly from his wounds. Meanwhile, companions rushed Resurgence of enemy force around the Prophet, thanking Allah the Fleeing Meccan cavalry commander, Almighty that he was safe. Khalid Bin Walid (‫)خالذ ةي ولیذ‬, noticed the However, enemy‟s call, “We have killed unguarded pass from far off. He knew it was Muhammad,” further added to the his chance. He collected his cavalry and uncertainty of Muslims who were away in the galloped to the pass from behind the Mount battlefield. The news divided Muslim fighters Rumat, killing remaining guards at the pass, into three groups. A few fled on hearing of and rushed to attack unaware Muslims from the martyrdom of the Prophet thinking that rear. Sudden surge in enemy force panicked to go on fighting was useless. Those dejected Muslims. However, the Muslims realized by the news, lost heart to fight on, and sat at what had happened. They regrouped and one side of the battleground, by hanging their retaliated. The enemy played a trick. head in grief. The third group disregarded someone called, “O Yathribians, you are what was going on around and continued being attacked from your sides.” Muslims fighting the enemy of Allah and the Prophet. started fighting their own men but soon Soon the news of the well-being of the realized the mistake. Holy Prophet was known all around, which Companions were hectically gathering encouraged the second group to join their around the Holy Prophet, fending off enemy fighting brethren with reinvigorated attack, as he was the main target. The enemy, strength. At this stage, the battlefield then resorted to archery and stone pelting. presented a gruesome picture of life and Heavy enemy assault was pushing Muslim death. Blinding sparkle of swords, volley of defenders back and forth around the stones and spears, deafening cries of the Prophet. At times only a few defenders were wounded were heart rending. The ground left around the Prophet. It was at such a time was striven with bodies of dead and wounded 38 - Al-Naḥl and the soil was reddened with blood. With the grace of Allah he is alive and well. As the news of the Prophet‟s well-being He is hearing you!” Abū Sufyān muttered to spread out, scattered Muslim fighters surged himself, “It means Ibn Qami‟ah lied to me around him. The Holy Prophet, surrounded since I consider you more truthful than him.” with Companions, slowly ascended into the Abū Sufyān then said, “Fight is like a safety of a cave in the hill where his wounds bucket, some time it goes up some times it were washed and dressed. He was loosing goes down. Take this day as reprisal for Badr. blood rapidly from his wounds. Fatimah ( Next year, in these days, we will meet again ‫)فاطوہ‬, Prophet‟s daughter, stuffed ash from a at Badr.” The Companions called back: burnt piece of mat into the wounds that “Promised!” After claims and counter claims, promptly stopped the flow of blood. A group Abū Sufyān descended and soon Quraishites of Quraishite followed Muslims to the cave left for Mecca. pelting rocks but were quickly fended off. Earlier, when the news of the Prophet‟s Scenario of Uḥud Battleground death spread, and fighting slackened, the Thirty Quraishites were counted dead enemy started looking for its wounded and while seventy Muslims were martyred. The dead. Disfiguring bodies of Muslim soldiers Holy Prophet took a tour of the battlefield. to satiate their wrath, Abū Sufyān looked Seventy dead bodies of Muslims lay bathed in frantically for the body of the Prophet. blood. The Holy Prophet stopped by each Frustrated in his search, he came with a band praying with tears in his eyes. He was much of soldiers near the cave to which Muslims grieved at the mutilation and disfiguring of had withdrawn, and called out, “O Muslims! the bodies of Muslim soldiers, especially the Is Muhammad among you?” The Holy body of his uncle, Hamzah, was savagely Prophet said, “Do not answer him.” Abū mutilated and disfigured. His liver had been Sufyān, “Are Abū Bakr and „Umar among taken out and eaten by Abū Sufyān‟s wife, you!” Muslims kept quite. Abū Sufyān, Hindah. Ears and nose of most of the receiving no answer, cried out jubilantly, “All martyred were severed and strung in these people are killed, if they were alive they necklaces which barbarian Meccans wore as would have answered.” Abū Sufyān cried out: they retreated in triumph. If one goes into “O Hubal! You are great!” Companions kept the historic details of the gruesome scene quite. The Holy Prophet was perturbed at the presented by the battlefield, he can well exaltation of the name of an idol and said, imagine how barbaric and wrathful “Why do you not reply?” Companions said, Quraishites were towards Muslims! “O Messenger of Allah, how to reply?” The Martyrs were buried together in two Holy Prophet directed, “Say, „Greatness and graves. Muslim army returned home by grandeur is for Allah only.‟” Abū Sufyān nightfall. Weeping and wailing aloud for replied, “Uzza is with us, Uzza is not with martyrs was forbidden, rather aggrieved you!” The Holy Prophet told companions to families were advised to be patient and pray reply, “What is Uzza, Allah is our helper, you for the mercy of Allah on their loved ones. have no helper!” At this, „Umar could no longer control himself and called back: “O Post-Uḥud events Enemy of Allah! You are a liar! We all are It still baffles historians to understand, alive, well and safe. Allah will disgrace you by why despite Quraishites having almost a our hand.” Abū Sufyān, recognizing Umar‟s victory in the battle, decided to head for voice, called out: “Umar, tell the truth. Is Mecca so hurriedly? Rather they should have Muhammad alive?” Umar said, “Yes, yes! taken advantage of the weak moments of Spring 2010 39 Muslims and attack Medina—their allies, turn back and attack Medina. hypocrites and Jews, were already there—to When the Holy Prophet learned about the welcome and help to finish the job. It appears debate among them, he decided to go after that under divine design, plus shock received them himself. He called only the Uḥud at Badr, the Quraishite could not muster participants to embark with him. All Uḥud enough courage to think on these lines. Even participants, healthy or injured (with dressed their apparent victory at Uḥud could not up wounds), zealously accompanied their boost their morale. Allah the Almighty put master. They camped for night in Ḥamrā‟ul- fear in their heart and they could not face Asad after a journey of eight miles. The Holy Muslims so soon in their stronghold. Prophet ordered Companions to light up fires And We shall cast terror into the at as many points as possible. Soon whole of hearts of those who disbelieved Ḥamrā‟ul-Asad plain was lit up by five because they associate partners with hundred lights. Allah, for which He has sent down no Meanwhile, an infidel Ma‟abad (‫)هعتذ‬, an authority. Their abode is the Fire; elder of the tribe Khuza„ah (‫)خضبعہ‬, happened and evil is the habitation of the to pass that way. He availed the opportunity wrongdoers. [3:152] to meet the Holy Prophet and to sympathize Though Quraishite had left but Muslims for the martyrs of Uḥud. On his way home, were skeptical of their intentions. To he found Quraishite army camped and safeguard against any eventuality and to preparing to leave for Medina to launch an become doubly sure, the Holy Prophet attack on the city. Ma„bad met Abū Sufyān, designated a group of seventy men under the and warned him, “What are you doing! I have command of Ali, to follow the Quraishites to just left Muslim army in Ḥamrā‟ul-Asad. I monitor their movements. The Holy Prophet have not seen such a magnificent army. instructed the party to note, “If Quraishites Every Muslim soldier is furious because of rode camels rather than horses, it may defeat in Uḥud. They are so charged that they indicate they are heading for Mecca. If they will burn you alive.” Abū Sufyān and his rode horses which may indicate they were colleagues were so disheartened by Ma„bad‟s looking to attack Medina. As soon Quraishite warning that they changed their mind and turn towards Medina, inform me. This time hurriedly left for Mecca. When the Holy we will punish them harder.” Soon Ali Prophet learned that Quraishites had finally returned with the news that the enemy was departed, he thanked Allah the Almighty heading for Mecca. saying: “It is the might of Allah Almighty that is impressed on the hearts of the infidels.” Ghazwah Ḥamrā’ul-Asad Muslim army stayed in Ḥamrā‟ul-Asad for Rabi‘ al-Awwal three days before returning to Medina. The night following Uḥud was very hard in Medina. Despite Ali‟s report that the Post-Uḥud skirmishes Quraishites were heading for Mecca, Post-Uḥud period was precarious and Muslims were still skeptical of their motives dangerous for Muslims since during this because of their treacherous record in past. period most of the Muslim fighters were They were apprehensive that in darkness of under treatment for their injuries sustained night Quraishites may turn back and attack in Uḥud, and that the myth of the Medina. In the morning, reports came in that invincibility of the Muslims had been Meccan stopped on the way and were divided shattered. Most of the Arabian tribes, who in opinion as to whether head for Mecca or to started fearing Muslims, turned their 40 - Al-Naḥl affiliations to Quraishites. It appeared as if surprise attack. the whole of the Arabia had stood-up against Chain of events occurring in the fourth Muslims. Being conscious of rapid changes year of Hijra proved that Muslim fears were occurring around them, Muslims had become not unfounded. ever vigilant and determined to face any Editor‟s note: We have tried to search and spell the proper names as correctly as possible depending upon the limited sources available to us. There is often difference among translations in printed and online sources. Please let us know if you find any discrepancy. Author: Muhammad Sharif Khan (M. S. Khan in scientific publications). Born 11 August, 1939, dedicated life to serve Islam (waqf) in 1952. M.Sc. Zoology, 1963 (Gold Medal). Ph.D. 1996, Punjab University, Lahore, Pakistan. Lecturer Zoology, Ta„līm-ul- Islām College, Rabwah, September, 1963. Retired Professor of Zoology, 1999. Research interest: Herpetology (amphibians and reptiles) of Pakistan. Publications: Over 250 scientific publications in National and International journals. Books: Three in Urdu, Two in English, one translated in German. New species described: Amphibians: 3; Lizards: 7; Snakes: 7; from Pakistan. E outlook. comURL: -mail:

. muhammadskhan.wildlifeofpakistan.com Watch MTA (Muslim Television Aḥmadiyya) on the Internet www.alislam.org/mta—or—http://www.mta.tv. Listen or Watch Live Broadcasts. Friday Sermons (Live and Archived) Ṣalāt Poster in Color Arabic text, English transliteration and English translation are set in different colors for easy identification. Color pictures are included to identify different postures. This 18"x24" cardboard poster can be framed or displayed in mosques, homes, and in public buildings. $2 If you are not receiving Al-Naḥl… If you are a member of Majlis Anṣārullāh, U.S.A., and not receiving free copies of Anṣār newsletter and the Al-Naḥl, please contact your local or national Tajnīd official to make sure that your address data is correct and that you are listed as a member of Majlis Anṣārullāh. Spring 2010 41