(PDF) PERFORMANCE DICPLACEMENT BASED DESIGN ANALYSIS: A CONTRIBUTION TO THE DIAGNOSIS OF MONUMENTS’ MECHANICAL HISTORY

Archaeological Research in the Digital Age Proceedings of the 1st Conference on Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Greek Chapter (CAA-GR) Rethymno, Crete, 6-8 March 2014 Edited by Constantinos Papadopoulos, Eleftheria Paliou Angeliki Chrysanthi, Eleni Kotoula and Apostolos Sarris   Archaeological Research in the Digital Age Proceedings of the 1st Conference on Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Greek Chapter Rethymno, Crete, 6-8 March 2014 Edited by Constantinos Papadopoulos, Eleftheria Paliou, Angeliki Chrysanthi, Eleni Kotoula and Apostolos Sarris Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology – Greek Chapter CAA-GR   ISBN 978-618-81780-0-7 © Institute for Mediterranean Studies – Foundation of Research and Technology (IMS-FORTH) Rethymno, 2015 CONTENTS PREFACE VI SPATIOTEMPORAL MODELLING, GIS, QUANTITATIVE METHODS & REMOTE SENSING TREKKING AND TRACKING - GIS AND MINOAN LAND USE: BETWEEN LANDSCAPE AND COMPUTER SCREEN S. BECKMANN 2 ΕΦΑΡΜΟΣΜΕΝΗ ΓΕΩΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΙΚΗ ΚΑΙ ΓΕΩΟΠΤΙΚΟΠΟΙΣΗ ΣΤΗΝ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΑ. ΜΕΛΕΤΗ ΤΗΣ ΠΟΡΕΙΑΣ ΤΟΥ ΡΩΜΑΪΚΟΥ ΥΔΡΑΓΩΓΕΙΟΥ ΜΥΤΙΛΗΝΗΣ Α. ΠΑΠΑΚΩΝΣΤΑΝΤΙΝΟΥ, Ι. ΚΟΥΡΤΖΕΛΛΗΣ, Μ. ΠΑΠΠΑ, Γ. ΚΑΚΕΣ 10 ΑΝΑΖΗΤΗΣΗ ΟΔΙΚΩΝ ΔΙΚΤΥΩΝ ΕΠΙΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΑΣ ΚΑΤΑ ΤΗ ΝΕΟΛΙΘΙΚΗ ΠΕΡΙΟΔΟ ΣΤΗ ΝΑ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑ ΜΕΣΩ ΧΩΡΙΚΗΣ ΑΝΑΛΥΣΗΣ ΜΕ GIS Κ. ΒΟΥΖΑΞΑΚΗΣ 18 AN IMPROVED ALGORITHM FOR COST-SURFACE ALLOCATION ANALYSES: THE CASE- STUDY OF THE BRADANO VALLEY (BASILICATA, ITALY) D. ROUBIS, D. GNESI 28 ARCHAEOLOGICAL APPROACH TO LINEAR TRANSFORMATION OF SURFACES (KRIGING, ARCGIS GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYST) AND ITS POTENTIAL FOR EXPANDING ARCHAEOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION Ts. K. TSONEV 36 ENHANCING EXCAVATION ARCHIVES USING 3D SPATIAL TECHNOLOGIES M. KATSIANIS, S. TSIPIDIS, I. KALISPERAKIS 46 A REVIEW ON THE POTENTIAL USE OF CORONA IMAGES OF GREECE T. KALAYCI 55 QUALITATIVE DATA, HYPOTHESIS TESTING AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL NARRATIVES: WAS EVER A GREEK DARK AGE? S. C. MURRAY 64 SACRED TOPOGRAPHY IN IRON AGE CYPRUS: THE CASE OF VAVLA-KAPSALAES G. PAPANTONIOU, N. KYRIAKOU, A. SARRIS, M. IACOVOU 70 INVESTIGATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL MOUNDS WITH 3-D RESISTIVITY TOMOGRAPHY: THE CASE OF TOLTEC MOUND B, ARKANSAS, USA N. PAPADOPOULOS, K. KVAMME, J.J DAUPHINEE, J. LOCKHART, E. HORTON, T.MULVIHILL 76 LAND CHANGE IN CRETE: ANALYSIS AND PREDICTION USING CORINE LAND-COVER DATA AND IDRISI LAND CHANGE MODELER C.E. STANCIOFF, A. SARRIS 82 AN OPEN SOURCE GIS APPLICATION FOR THE STUDY OF SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN LATE ANTIQUE AND EARLY BYZANTINE CRETE E. TRIOLO, S. COSTA 92 3D PSEUDO GPR SECTIONS BASED ON NORMILISED DIFFERENCE VEGETATION INDEX VALUES: FUSION OF OPTICAL AND ACTIVE REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES AT THE VESZTO-MAGOR TELL, HUNGARY A. AGAPIOU, A. SARRIS, N. PAPADOPOULOS, D.D. ALEXAKIS, D.G. HADJIMITSIS 98 ΔΙΑΧΕΙΡΙΣΗ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΩΝ ΔΕΔΟΜΕΝΩΝ ΜΕ ΤΗ ΧΡΗΣΗ ΓΕΩΓΡΑΦΙΚΟΥ ΣΥΣΤΗΜΑΤΟΣ ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΙΩΝ: Η ΠΕΡΙΠΤΩΣΗ ΤΟΥ ΠΗΛΙΟΥ Δ. ΑΓΝΟΥΣΙΩΤΗΣ, Κ. ΒΟΥΖΑΞΑΚΗΣ 105 iii ΕΦΑΡΜΟΓΗ ΤΗΣ ΦΩΤΟΕΡΜΗΝΕΙΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΗΛΕΠΙΣΚΟΠΗΣΗΣ ΓΙΑ ΤΟΝ ΕΝΤΟΠΙΣΜΟ ΘΑΜΜΕΝΩΝ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΩΝ ΚΑΤΑΛΟΙΠΩΝ ΣΤΟ ΠΛΑΤΩΜΑ ΤΟΥ ΒΟΡΕΙΟΥ ΒΡΑΧΙΟΝΑ ΤΟΥ ΟΡΜΟΥ ΤΗΣ ΒΟΪΔΟΚΟΙΛΙΑΣ ΤΟΥ ΝΟΜΟΥ ΜΕΣΣΗΝΙΑΣ, ΠΕΛΟΠΟΝΝΗΣΟΥ, ΕΛΛΑΔΑΣ A. XPONH 111 RECORDING AND AUTOMATED METHODS FOR ASSISTING EXCAVATION AND LABORATORY WORK ADDITIVE ARCHAEOLOGY: THE SPIRIT OF VIRTUAL ARCHAEOLOGY REPRINTED G. BEALE, P. REILLY 120 PHOTOGRAMMETRY AS A TOOL FOR ARCHITECTURAL ANALYSIS: THE DIGITAL ARCHITECTURE PROJECT AT OLYMPIA P. SAPIRSTEIN 129 THE STATISTICAL IMPLICATIONS OF RECORDING CONTINUOUS VARIABLES USING ORDINAL SCALES IN BIOARCHAEOLICAL STUDIES E. NIKITA 140 PERFORMANCE DISPLACEMENT BASED DESIGN ANALYSIS: A CONTRIBUTION TO THE DIAGNOSIS OF MONUMENTS’ MECHANICAL HISTORY D. EGGLEZOS, D. MOULLOU 145 METHODS AND ALGORITHMS FOR THE AUTOMATIC IDENTIFICATION OF WRITER OF ANCIENT DOCUMENTS M. PANAGOPOULOS, P. ROUSOPOULOS, D. ARABAJIS, F. GIANNOPOULOS, S. ZANNOS, E. KALFA, C. PAPAODYSSEUS 153 CULTURAL HERITAGE AND THE PUBLIC: APPLICATIONS, MULTIMEDIA AND THE WEB 2.0 ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΟ ΚΑΙ ΧΡΗΣΗ ΠΟΛΥΜΕΣΙΚΩΝ ΕΦΑΡΜΟΓΩΝ ΣΤΟ «ΑΘΑΝΑΣΑΚΕΙΟ» ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΟ ΜΟΥΣΕΙΟ ΒΟΛΟΥ Α. ΚΑΛΟΓΙΑΝΝΗ, Κ. ΒΟΥΖΑΞΑΚΗΣ 160 THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SPACE VIA VISITOR MOVEMENT AND INTERACTION. A HYBRID COMPUTATIONAL APPROACH A. CHRYSANTHI, G. CARIDAKIS 168 ΑΞΙΟΠΟΙΩΝΤΑΣ ΤΗΝ ΕΥΦΥΙΑ ΤΟΥ ΠΛΗΘΟΥΣ: CROWDSOURCING ΕΦΑΡΜΟΓΕΣ ΣΤΗΝ ΠΟΛΙΤΙΣΤΙΚΗ ΚΛΗΡΟΝΟΜΙΑ Σ. ΣΥΛΑΙΟΥ, E. ΛΑΓΟΥΔΗ 176 3D MODELLING, VISUALISATION AND SIMULATIONS BREAKING POTS – SIMULATING DESIGN FAILURES OF TRANSPORT AMPHORAE BY USING THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD (FEM) A. HEIN, V. KILIKOGLOU 184 Η ΤΡΙΣΔΙΑΣΤΑΤΗ ΑΝΑΠΑΡΑΣΤΑΣΗ ΤΟΥ ΨΕΥΔΟΔΙΠΤΕΡΟΥ ΙΩΝΙΚΟΥ ΝΑΟΥ ΤΟΥ ΜΕΣΣΟΥ ΣΤΗ ΛΕΣΒΟ ΩΣ ΕΡΓΑΛΕΙΟ ΜΕΛΕΤΗΣ ΑΡΧΙΤΕΚΤΟΝΙΚΩΝ/ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΩΝ ΔΕΔΟΜΕΝΩΝ ΣΕ ΨΗΦΙΑΚΟ ΠΕΡΙΒΑΛΛΟΝ Ι. ΚΟΥΡΤΖΕΛΛΗΣ, Ε. ΧΡΙΣΤΟΔΟΥΛΟΥ 188 3D MODELLING AND NAVIGATION TOOLS FOR THE DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF THE ACROPOLIS RESTORATION SERVICE G. PAPADAKIS, S. KOUROUPIS, M. KATSIANIS, Y. ALEXOPOULOS 197 CULTURAL HERITAGE/ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCE INFRASTRUCTURES, MANAGEMENT AND RISK ASSESSMENT USING WEBGL TO DESIGN AN INTERACTIVE 3D PLATFORM FOR THE MAIN MONUMENTS iv OF CRETE P. PARTHENIOS, K. MANIA, S. YIANNOUDES, A. OIKONOMOU, F. MALLOUCHOU, L. RAGIA, N. PATSAVOS, A. CHRISTAKI, P. KOTSARINIS, M. DIMITRIOU 206 DEVELOPMENT OF A CULTURAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM-IMPLEMENTATION TO THE ANCIENT ATHENIAN AGORA S. HATZITHOMA-PANAGIOTOU, A. GEORGOPOULOS, S. TAPINAKI 213 INTEGRATING ENVIRONMENTAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA FOR RESEARCH AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PURPOSES: A GIS-BASED GEO- ARCHAEOLOGICAL ARCHIVE FOR URBAN CONTEXTS WITH COMPLEX STRATIFICATION E. FARINETTI 220 ENDANGERED CRETAN LANDSCAPES: USING DIGITAL APPLICATIONS AND GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION FOR THE RECORDING AND MONITORING OF RECENT LANDSCAPE TRANSFORMATION IN SOUTHEAST CRETE K. CHALIKIAS, G. CANTORO 225 v 1st CAA GR Conference Rethymno, Crete, Greece 2014 __________________________________________________________________________________________________ PERFORMANCE DICPLACEMENT BASED DESIGN ANALYSIS: A CONTRIBUTION TO THE DIAGNOSIS OF MONUMENTS’ MECHANICAL HISTORY D. EGGLEZOS1 AND D. MOULLOU2 1 Independent Researcher, Civil Engineer, PhD, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Greece

2 Archaeologist, PhD, Directorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities, Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports, Athens, Greece Περίληψη/ Abstract Η παρούσα εργασία παρουσιάζει μέσα από μια σειρά μελετών περιπτώσεων μια μεθοδολογία ανάγνωσης της μηχανικής ιστορίας μνημείων, η οποία στηρίζεται στην εφαρμογή αναλύσεων με όρους επιτελεστικότητας (performance displacement based analyses: PDBD). Οι αναλύσεις αυτές αποτελούν σήμερα την πλέον ενδεδειγμένη φιλοσοφία προσομοίωσης της πραγματικότητας στον τομέα της ανάλυσης κτιριακών (ή και άλλων) δομών. Στον τομέα της διερεύνησης των μνημειακών δομών, η εφαρμογή τους δίνει τη δυνατότητα υπολογισμού μετακινήσεων και καταστάσεων λειτουργικότητας, αλλά και σχεδιασμού κατάλληλων μέτρων προστασίας υπό οποιοδήποτε σενάριο καταπόνησης. Η αξιοποίησή της μεθόδου ανάλυσης με κριτήρια επιτελεστικότητας σε συνδυασμό με δεδομένα από σύγχρονες μεθόδους γεωμετρικής τεκμηρίωσης (σε αλληλεπίδραση με το φυσικό περιβάλλον στο οποίο το μνημείο εντάσσεται) και με ενδελεχή διερεύνηση των ιστορικών συνθηκών που ευθύνονται για την υφιστάμενη κατάστασή της, καθιστά δυνατή την ερμηνεία της παθολογίας του μνημείου ως δομής εν συνόλω και –εφόσον τα αρχαιολογικά/ιστορικά στοιχεία το επιτρέπουν– της σύνδεσης της παθολογίας με συγκεκριμένο ιστορικό συμβάν ή συμβάντα. This paper illustrates a methodology of understanding the mechanical history of monuments, based on the application of performance displacement based analyses (PDBD), through a series of case studies. These analyses are currently the most appropriate approach for the realistic simulation of building (or other) structures. As far as the monumental structures are concerned, the method gives the opportunity for calculation of permanent displacements and functional states and the design of protective measures under any loading scenario. The utilization of performance analyses based on data from contemporary methods of geometric documentation and data from a thorough investigation of the historical circumstances responsible for the monument’s current state, allows the interpretation of the pathology of the monument as a whole structure, and– if the necessary archaeological/historical data exist – the relation of the pathology with particular historical event(s). Keywords: Cultural Heritage, monuments, historic preservation, performance displacement based design analysis, non-catastrophic, interdisciplinary Introduction b. complex/complicated laboratory devices guided by computing and recording systems of high accuracy, The last fifteen years in the field of protection of which now allow for experiments in ‘physical’ scale cultural heritage and particularly the investigation (seismic simulators, centrifuges etc.). Moreover, and protection of monumental structures are dynamic phenomena in which the dependence on the characterized by a technological step which time parameter is critical benefit from the capabilities leverages the scientific "achievements" of other of computer systems. disciplines such as computer science, surveyor engineering, civil engineering and so on. During this c. computational/software codes solving complex period the following have been developed and problems (with the development of constitutive laws disseminated: describing the behaviour of materials under complex loads) with numerical methods in a user-friendly a. very powerful computational tools at an affordable environment, which – in combination with the high cost to be accessible by any researcher and or scholar computational speed – allow for high accuracy simulation of the examined cases/ problems compared with the physical reality. EGGLEZOS & MOULLOU 145 1st CAA GR Conference Rethymno, Crete, Greece 2014 __________________________________________________________________________________________________ These developments in interaction allow the terms of performance allows (besides the checking continuous improvement of solving methods (e.g. the the static adequacy and the design of appropriate ‘physical’ scale experiments allow the optimal measures for their protection) the interpretation of calibration of parameters used in computational their pathology as a whole structure and – if relevant codes and the improvement of constitutive laws for archaeological and/or historical data exist – the the mechanical behaviour of the materials) and also correlation with the event(s) to cause the structural the deeper understanding of the observed natural damages. In short, this method enables the phenomena. Besides, the improvement of knowledge understanding of the engineering/mechanical history on the behaviour of materials leads to development of the monument (Egglezos & Moullou 2011). of laboratory techniques for a more sophisticated simulation of the reality (e.g. the recording of extra/ 1. Aims and objectives additional magnitudes which are important for the correct description of the test problem). At the same The scope of this paper is to present a methodology time, the widespread use of compatible scientific which contributes to the diagnosis and the products enables interaction between all involved understanding of the mechanical history of standing disciplines. monuments. Furthermore, the utilization of methods which offer a The objectives of the method are: fast recording of measuring data with high precision (e.g. topographic high precision measurements, photogrammetric surveying and/ with three- -The investigation (and evaluation) of the causes that dimensional scanning, modern geophysical systems, led to the current state of the monument and the high accuracy instrumentation for the monitoring of examination of relevant hypotheses. displacements, deformations and imposed actions (pressure, seismic accelerations, etc. ) with optical -The interpretation of the historical events that have fibres) can provide accurate data for the geometry of caused the current situation and the completion of the the monument and its response under characteristic monument’s history. actions (earthquake, precipitation and so on). Thus, in a non-destructive manner, valuable information for -The non-destructive evaluation of the mechanical the material properties of the monument is gathered parameters of the materials of the monument. and local destruction with traditional sampling is avoided. In this way high accuracy simulation of the -The verification of historical sources relating to monumental structure is achieved (geometry - events that have influenced the monumental materials - actions) and realistic analyses to assess structure. the current situation and stabilization measures for the monument are enabled (Egglezos 2010). -The design of stabilisation/protection measures based on the accurate simulation of the monument’s All these developments lead to a new philosophy for structure. a realistic simulation: a transition from the force based classical approach of the ‘static’ design (forces 2. Methodology and moments equilibrium, i.e. ‘on-off’ situations), to the analyses in terms of the structure’s performance The method in summary comprises the following (PDBD: performance displacement based design) steps: that is the calculation of the structure’s response and functional states in terms of displacement (geometric state) (Priestley et al. 2007). -Geometric documentation of the monument’s structure in relation to the above steps combining all available data (archaeological – architectural – In the field of investigation and protection of surveying/photogrammetric – geophysical) monumental structures, the application of the new philosophy in structural analyses (PDBD) combined with user friendly and powerful computational tools -Identification of characteristic (known) historical and modern technologies allows for the easy phases (construction - loading) of the monument, for modelling of monuments in interaction with the organising the corresponding computational steps natural environment in which they are established. (based on archaeological – historical-architectural This is especially true for the monumental structures data). of ancient Greece, characterized by discrete structure (‘dry masonry’ structural systems) for which was not -Assignment of proper values in the mechanical possible until recently to simulate accurately. parameters of the structural materials and selection of constitutive laws for the modelling of their behaviour The analyses of monuments with discrete structure in (role of civil engineer). EGGLEZOS & MOULLOU 146 1st CAA GR Conference Rethymno, Crete, Greece 2014 __________________________________________________________________________________________________ -Investigation of significant loading actions that have been acted on the monument (archaeological - historical – architectural- seismological data). -Information of the surrounding environment of the monument (geological - geotechnical, geophysical data). -Back analyses (PBDB) in stages, based on the above information for the interpretation of the current state of the monument (or a historical phase) and calibration - evaluation of the modelling. Figure 1 North Acropolis Wall. The area of interest. -Design of protection measures, based on the verified View from the North. (from previous steps) proper modelling, if needed. Available data/technologies used: 3. Case studies -Architectural-Archaeological data for the historic 3.a North Acropolis Circuit Wall (5th century BCE) building phases of the North Circuit Wall (Korres 2002). The case concerns the interpretation of a serious structural failure observed in an area of the Acropolis -Historical Seismicity of the Acropolis area region North Circuit Wall (Fig. 1, 2). The failure occurred, (Egglezos & Moullou 2011). according to the available historical and archaeological evidence, at the end of the 18th or -Geological data of the major archaeological site beginning of the 19th century and it includes a) the (Koukis & Andronopoulos 1976). collapse of the upper part of the Wall in the area examined (the crown of the Wall that had been constructed of architectural members of the -Photogrammetric recording (Mavromati & Moullou entablature of the Old Temple of Athena), b) 2009). significant outward lean from the vertical (7 cm) of the remaining lower part (the part beneath the crown -Historical testimonies from reliable gravures that collapsed), c) rotation of approximately 1 o d) (Egglezos & Moullou 2011). systematic cracking of the outward face of the wall (Egglezos & Moullou, 2011). Figure 2 North Acropolis Wall. The area of interest. View from SE. EGGLEZOS & MOULLOU 147 1st CAA GR Conference Rethymno, Crete, Greece 2014 __________________________________________________________________________________________________ -Architectural-Archaeological data for the historic building phases of the South Circuit Wall (Korres 2004). Δ=8cm -Historical Seismicity of the Acropolis area region (Egglezos & Moullou 2011). -Geological data of the major archaeological site Koukis & Andronopoulos 1976. -Photogrammetric recording (Moullou & Mavrommati 2007, Mavromati & Moullou 2009). Figure 3 Interpretation of the damages -Historical testimonies from characteristic historical loading and/or interventions on the Acropolis area -Geotechnical data from the Acropolis area (Egglezos et. al. 2013). (Egglezos et. al. 2013). -Geotechnical data from the Acropolis area -2-D PDBD staged analyses for the assessment of (Egglezos et. al. 2013). reasonable historical loading scenarios (Egglezos & Moullou 2011). -Measurements from the instrumentation systems installed in the SE area of the circuit wall (high Results from the application of the method: accuracy topographic recordings, optical fibre sensors array for strain, thermal and pressure -Interpretation and time establishment of the recording) (Egglezos 2010). overturning of embedded architectural members (cornices of the ancient Parthenon) in part of the -2-D PDBD staged analyses for the assessment of North Wall (due to the 18th century strong earthquake reasonable historical loading scenarios (Egglezos from the Oropos area (Fig. 3) 2014). 3.b South Acropolis Wall (5th century BCE) Results from the application of the method: One of the severe failures of the wall concerns the -Interpretation of the observed significant permanent permanent displacement of the crown observed in the displacement of the south wall in the area about the area located in the middle of the South Circuit Wall, middle of the Parthenon, due to the combined practically parallel to the Parthenon’s south side. The successive action of earthquake and strong rainfall reported drift is c. 1m in the area about the section S7 (Fig. 5) (Egglezos 2014). (Korres 2004) and c. 0.50m in the area about section S6 (Acropolis Restoration Service Internal Report). -Calculation of mechanical properties of the structural geomaterials based on measurements of Available data/technologies used: instrumented monitoring systems (Egglezos et al. 2013). Figure 4 South Acropolis Wall. View from South EGGLEZOS & MOULLOU 148 1st CAA GR Conference Rethymno, Crete, Greece 2014 __________________________________________________________________________________________________ -Geotechnical data from the recent investigation (Egglezos 2012). -Topographic recording of characteristic areas of the Great Retaining Wall (2nd Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities). -2-D PDBD analyses for the assessment of reasonable historical loading scenarios (Egglezos 2012). Figure 5 South Acropolis Wall section. Interpretation of the permanent displacement of the front part of the Wall (1.20m calculated Vs 1.00m measured) 3.c The ‘Great Retaining Wall’ at the Amphiareion of Oropos (late 5th century BCE / beginning of 4th century BCE) The wall’s main structural problems comprise rotation and displacement, fractures of the stone blocks as well as loss of mass due to environmental effects. (Fig. 6). The scope of this analysis was to interpret the permanent displacements in an area about the middle of the retaining wall. In this area, according to topographic measurements the front face of the wall presents a rotation and a differential drift between the crown and the bottom equal to 20cm. Figure 7 The “Great Retaining Wall” at the Amphiareion of Oropos section. Interpretation of the permanent displacement of the front part of the Wall (20.4cm calculated Vs 20cm measured) Results from the application of the method: -Determination of the causes that led to the current deformed geometry of the monument: mainly strong earthquake action (Fig.7) (Egglezos 2012). 3.d The Retaining Wall of the Treasures at the Figure 6 The “Great Retaining Wall” at the archaeological site of Olympia (4th century BCE) Amphiareion of Oropos. The wall’s main structural problems comprise Available data/technologies used: rotation and displacement, fractures of the stone blocks as well as partial collapse (of the upper part), due to soil thrust and environmental effects (Fig. 8). -Architectural-Archaeological data for the historic The scope of this analysis was to interpret the building phases of the monument (Petrakos 1968, permanent displacements and rotations in an area 1992). about the middle of the retaining wall. In this area, according to topographic measurements the front -Historical Seismology of the Oropos region face of the wall presents a rotation and a differential (Papazachos 2002). drift between the crown and the bottom equal to 45cm. -Geological data of the major archaeological site (Michopoulos 2006). EGGLEZOS & MOULLOU 149 1st CAA GR Conference Rethymno, Crete, Greece 2014 __________________________________________________________________________________________________ Available data/technologies used: -Architectural-Archaeological data for the historical building phases of the monument (Hermann 1999). -Historical Seismology of the Olympia region (Mariolakos 2002). -Geological data of the major archaeological site (Mariolakos 2002). -Geotechnical data from the recent investigation (Egglezos 2013a). -Topographic recording of the retaining wall (7 th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities). Figure 9 The Retaining Wall of the Treasures at the archaeological site of Olympia section. Interpretation -2-D PDBD analyses for the assessment of of the permanent displacement of the front part of the reasonable loading scenarios (Egglezos 2013b). Wall (50cm calculated Vs 45cm measured). 3.e The columns of the Opisthodomos of the Parthenon (5th century BCE) This project concerned a) the in-situ trial load tests, which were carried out on the four, out of six, columns of the Parthenon western side, the Opisthodomos, during the recent restoration project (2001–2004) and b) the analytical assessment of their structural response (including foundation) based on the obtained experimental data (Egglezos & Toumbakari 2011). Available data/technologies used: Figure 8 The Retaining Wall of the Treasures at the -In situ test device for the application of horizontal archaeological site of Olympia. force on the capitals of the Opisthodomos columns (Toumbakari 2007) Results from the application of the method: -Architectural drawings of the Parthenon’s -Identification of the potential causes (mainly strong Opisthodomos columns (Orlandos 1976–1978). rainfall action) for the deformation of the Wall (Fig. 9). This result is consistent to the observed sliding of -Geometric data for the Parthenon’s Poros the retained slope. The sliding is also attributed to Foundation (Cavvadias & Kawerau 1907, Bundgaard rainfall. 1974, 1976). -Evaluation of the ancient design and correlation to -Results of the testing project (Toumbakari 2007). the archaeological testimonies for structural repairing interventions. -3-D geostructural analyses on the columns with discrete and finite element modelling (Fig.10) (Egglezos & Toumbakari 2011). Results from the application of the method: Contribution to the proper modelling of the columns of the Parthenon for the interpretation of their response under physical scale testing (application of controlled horizontal force in the capital of the columns). EGGLEZOS & MOULLOU 150 1st CAA GR Conference Rethymno, Crete, Greece 2014 __________________________________________________________________________________________________ Conclusion Cavvadias, P. & Kawerau G. 1907. Die Ausgrabung der Akropolis vom Jahre 1885 bis zum Jahre 1890. The reliability of the method is verified, based on the Athens: The Archaeological Society at Athens. results of the case studies mentioned above. It appears that the method, in principle, can be used in Egglezos, D. 2010. The use of modern technological all monumental structures built with dry masonry in applications for restoring the Circuit Walls of the order to a) assess the existing condition b) design Acropolis. The Acropolis Restoration News 10: 53– appropriate protection measures and c) to perform a 57. realistic assessment of the response of the monument under any scenario stress. In particular, the described Egglezos, D 2012. ‘Αποτίμηση γεωσεισμικών method can be a powerful tool for evaluating existing μετακινήσεων του Μεγάλου Αναλήμματος στο historical/archaeological data and supplementing Αμφιαράειο Ωρωπού – Πρόταση αντιμετώπισης’, In existing information on the history of a monument, Proceedings of the 3rd National Restoration contributing to its historical and archaeological Conference (ETEPAM), CD-ROM. Athens 2012. documentation. Egglezos, D. 2013a. Γεωτεχνική διερεύνηση για τη διαπίστωση των γεωτεχνικών συνθηκών του Κρονίου λόφου και του Ιερού της Δήμητρας Χαμύνης. Study presented to the 7th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities. Egglezos, D. 2013b Στατική μελέτη των διατάξεων αντιστήριξης Α. στο ανάλημμα του Κρονίου λόφου και Β. στο ιερό της Δήμητρας Χαμύνης. Γεωτεχνικοί υπολογισμοί. Study presented to the 7th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities. 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