INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN : 2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR – 4.527; IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 VOLUME 6, ISSUE 7(8), JULY 2017 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT THROUGH RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS: CASE STUDIES OF MYSURU DISTRICT, KARNATAKA D. Shivalinga J.S. Chandrashekar Department of Studies and Research in Correspondence author: Mob: +91 Environmental Science, Karnataka State 9663061978, Off: +91 821 2500071 Open University, Mukthagangothri, Email:
[email protected]Mysore– 570 006, Karnataka, India Abstract: The aim of the present study is to analyze the achievements of the programs that lead to sustainable development in rural villages of Mysore district. Tribes were economically benefited with selling Melia dubia and some acacia species to tobacco growers and leasing of Mango orchard. They adopted intercrop cultivation during rainy seasons like red gram, ragi and horse gram. It helped in improving the soil fertility and crop productivity. Tribes were also involved in sheep and cow rearing activities and getting income. With the financial support of 75% from NABARD and 25 % from the participant’s involvements like labour etc conserved soil and water through Trench Cum Bund, Boulder Bund, Waste Weirs, Silt Application, Land cleaning, Deep Ploughing, Digging of Pits and other activities. The 165 landless tribal families are supported under the project livelihood activities like Dairy farming, sheep & goat rearing, vermicompost unit & Petty Business, are being taken up to improve economic status of poor tribal families in Mysuru Taluk. Apart from the project implementation, convergence activities are supported by state & central Govt. Line departments with corporate sectors for Village infrastructure & community developments. Agri-Horti-Forestry development at this region improved the socio-economic conditions of tribes in the region and is one of the best method for sustainable development. Keywords: Rural development; Tribes; Agri-horti-forestry program; Socioeconomic improvement; Sustainable development. INTRODUCTION Environment is not only the sum of physical and biological things that constantly interact with each other. It is much more than this. It also includes the socio, cultural and economic patterns of human community and habits of people in different parts of the world. An accurate analysis of the environment must always consider the impact of human beings and their culture on all the surrounding elements and the natural resources. The term of natural resources includes “all resources” that exist in natural state and all systems that are or can be useful to the man in the actual technological, economical and social circumstances (Flavin, 2002). Natural resources are basically land, water, air, minerals etc. Their use / exploitation has far exceeded their natural replenishment rates. Industrialization and various other developmental processes have added to the problem by enhancing pollution and global temperature and today the very future of mother earth is at stake. The most important resources affected are water, land and air. While planned development of resources brings in prosperity, the indiscriminate exploitation of nature leads to destruction of environment and degradation of resources. www.ijmer.in 80 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN : 2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR – 4.527; IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 VOLUME 6, ISSUE 7(8), JULY 2017 Thus, the sustainable development approach is necessary for integration of the country’s quest for economic development with its environmental concerns. Sustainability is the process suggested to improve the quality of human life within the limitations of the global environment. It involves solutions for improving human welfare that does not result in degrading the environment or impinging on the well-being of other people. In this context, the basic concepts of sustainable development involved in earth’s carrying capacity interconnections among economy, society and environment, and maintaining a fair distribution of resources and opportunity among the people. In India, depleted soils are threatening rural farmer’s livelihoods and a more sustainable way of managing a growing population requires innovations in land use management that increase soil fertility and productivity to sustain biodiversity, ecosystems and human lives. India has been described as a melting pot of races and tribes. India has the second largest concentration of tribal population in the world next to Africa. In India, approximately there are about 698 Scheduled Tribes who constitute 8.5 per cent of the nation’s population as 2001 censes (2011 tribal population statistics not available). Tribal population have specialized characteristics which are different from others. They are simple people with exotic customs, traditions and practices. For centuries they lived a life of geographical isolation. In India primitive tribes have lived for thousands of years in forests and hills without any type of contacts with centers of civilization. There is a need for integrating them into the main stream of the society as rightful members, failing which, the ethnic division would persist and deepen, which is dangerous for the very existence of human sanity and human beings. These odd tribes of India present a mosaic of diversified social, cultural and psychological systems and patterns. Their economy is largely simple, self-sufficient, unstructured and non-specialized. The level of tribal economy is quite uneven. On the one extreme, there are tribal communities who are extremely backward and at food-gathering and hunting stage and at the other extreme, there 3 are tribal communities which have become undistinguishable from the rest of the population. This paper presents a few basic concepts of sustainability and its application in natural resource use and development in tribal villages of Karnataka with case studies. The study of Agroforestry System under Tribal Development Fund (National Banking for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) at Harohalli, Mysuru Taluk and District, and also to study environmentally sound Tribal Development programs under Council for Advancement of People Action and Rural Technologies (CAPART) at R.G. Hundi and Elichekatte Hadi, H.D. Kote Taluk, Mysuru District. MATERIALS AND METHODS The data was collected by interacting with tribal families and inputs provided to tribal families in Heggadadevanakote in Mysore taluk, District by GOK/NGOs, to uplift on socio-economic development through conservation of biodiversity. The technologies transferred to convert their lands as productive, from poverty to prosperity. Observation on asset created, number of flora increased in their lands have been studied to understand the sustainability. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Wadi (CAPART) programme in H.D. Kote Taluk Wadi is a Gujarathi word, means Orchard which was successfully implemented by BAIF in early 1985 under the assistance CAPART. The main activities of the programs are www.ijmer.in 81 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN : 2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR – 4.527; IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 VOLUME 6, ISSUE 7(8), JULY 2017 natural resource management through their land development, create a self-employment through socio- economic development, skills upgradation, reduce dependency on forest and migration, Agri/Horti/Forestry development etc. Total 850 families are covered from 1993-2001 under this program. CAPART was formed by amalgamating two agencies the 'Council for Advancement of Rural Technology' (CART) and People's Action for Development India (PADI). CAPART is an autonomous body registered under the Societies Registration Act 1860, and is functioning under the aegis of the Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India. Today, this agency is a major promoter of rural development in India, assisting over 12,000 voluntary organizations across the country in implementing a wide range of development initiatives. Table 1: Economic analysis of biodiversity (before and after the programme) Sl. Name of the Tree species Before 1990 After NO. Of Market NO. 2005 species value. Increased Rs. Ps 1 Melia dubia 18 18 1,50000/- 2 Subabul 45 45 2,00000/- 3 Terminalia tomantosa 8 8 25,000/- 4 Acacia auriculiformis 36 36 2,00000/- 5 Pongamia pinneta 01 14 13 25,000/- 6 Dalbergia sisso 5 5 80,000/- 7 Cassia siamea 40 40 10,000/- 8 Acacia nilotica 05 55 54 2,00000/- 9 Other species(local) 35 20 20 1,50000/- 10 Bamboo 02 25,000/- 11 Bambex ceba 01 10,000/- 12 Dalbergia latifolia 02 50,000/- 13 Tamarind O1 02 02 5000/- 14 Coffee 02 1000/- 15 Pepper 04 1000/- 16 Wild Edible tubers 01 --------- 17 Emblica afficinalis 04 04 -------- 18 Teak 26 26 200000/- 19 Neem 15 15 100000/- 20 Zizipus zizuba 01 21 Albegia lebek. 02 02 20000/- 22 Mango 41 41 40000/- 23 Ragi 5quintol 25,000/- 24 Maize 10quintol 25 Cashew 02 02 1000/- Total Assets & Biodiversity 55 337 337 15,18000/- Case Study of Smt. Puttamma Smt. Puttamma w/o Mara of Elachi Katte tribal colony in H. D. Kote Taluk. Both husband and wife were bonded labours in the non-tribal family of same village. Because they were struggling to earn their bread along with two children, the family was leased their two acres of land to non-tribal family to meet the basic needs for their children during this situation Puttamma found in the village meeting called Wadi programme and www.ijmer.in 82 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN : 2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR – 4.527; IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 VOLUME 6, ISSUE 7(8), JULY 2017 she took a part as participant, both decided to withdraw the leased land & to develop as per the project team technical guidance. Now her land is having 1500 forest species and 80 Mango & other horticulture trees. Puttamma took a chance to dispose the forestry trees like Melia dubia and some Acacia sp. to tobacco growers and earned Rs. 1.5 lakhs, and Rs. 50,000/- from mangoes harvest for two years. This has been improved her socio-economic condition and made possible from her daughter’s marriage and her medical bills. Now this family is self-sufficient in production of fuelwood and food crops, formerly they were dependent on forest to collect fuel wood and miner forest products for their livelihood. The local leaders have supported her to contest Grama Panchayat election and elected as Grama Panchayat member in Kenchanalli. There are around 850 cases which benefited with WADI (CAPART) program in this area. Table 2: Achievement of water conservation through Wadi program Sl Physical Physical Components Impact No Target Achievements Ground Water filling to Tankers water & supply for Mango availability plants in summer Community planned season for 800 wadi’s 1 4 No Bore Wells places 32000 Mango plants Digging of 4 Sustainable growing of community Mango plants Bore wells 800 units Storage of water water Two times watering for storage wadi Water Storage tanks(1200 2 Cement Ring 800 units ltrs) Sustainable water Tank constructed management for wadi’s each wadi in planned places Provided 5 Water supply from bore water supply wells & tanks tankers with Supply to water for Water Supply Trolley – 3 5 No wadi wise cement ring Tanker 4500 ltrs tanks capacity Maintenance by VPC & CLC Tribal Development Fund (NABARD) program in Mysore Taluk: TDF is also same as WADI programme for overall development of tribes for both land holding and landless including primitive and non-primitive tribal families in Mysore taluk under the assistance NABARD. Total 800 families were covered from 2011-2015. www.ijmer.in 83 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN : 2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR – 4.527; IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 VOLUME 6, ISSUE 7(8), JULY 2017 The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (Nabard), which recently increased the corpus of its Tribal Development Fund (TDF) to Rs 600 crore, has launched six projects for the integrated development of tribals in Karnataka. Nabard has launched its popular ‘Wadi’ (means garden) programme, a tree-based farming system, in six places in the state at Pavagada in Tumkur district, Gundlupet in Chamarajanagar district, Bagepalli in Chikballapur district, H.D. Kote in Mysore district, Challakere in Chitradurga district and Raichur. Nabard will spend Rs 18.7 crore on implementation of this programme, said Venkatesh Tagat, chief general manager, Nabard. The main objective of the programme is to achieve sustainable development of the poorest of the tribal families through a combination of interventions. As part of this programme, we will provide financial grant to 1,000 tribal families in each of the six places for six years. We will monitor it to see that by end of the programme the tribal families start earning their livelihood. The agriculture credit organisation had started the TDF with a corpus of Rs 50 crore in 2004 to uplift the tribal population, which constitutes 8 per cent of the national population. The integrated tribal development projects through the ‘Wadi’ approach were first launched in Gujarat with a sponsorship from KfW of Germany and later extended to parts of Maharashtra. Wadi is a combination of fruit crops suitable to the area, with forestry species on the periphery of the land holdings. Two or more tree crops are selected in the ‘Wadi’ model to minimise biological and marketing risks. While the fruit plants generate income after 4-5 years, the forestry species provide a fence and also act as a shelter belt. Under the tribal development programme, Nabard has so far released Rs 3.87 crore. A major work that has been taken up is in the Pavagada area, where tribal families have been assisted to plant 30,000 mango saplings over 860 acres. The tribals will also be encouraged to use modern fertilizer and seeds for agriculture activities apart from planting trees. The projects under TDF will be implemented through community-based organisations or non-government organisations that have sound managerial and financial capabilities and that are registered and are working in the project area. The tribals will also be encouraged to take up plantation of cashew, sapota, aonla along with multi-purpose fast growing forestry species in their areas. Other interventions include income generation activities for landless, women development, micro enterprises development for landless families and, health and drudgery reduction among others. Case Study of Sri Chamundeshwari Mango Growers Federation® in Mysore Taluk: The TDF was Implemented by Indian Rural Integrated Development Society (IRIDS). The selected villages are remote, most backward & scattered all over 5 to 10 km radius, the 90 % of tribal families living at Soligara colony, Gumachanahalli, Marballi, Arasanakere, Harohalli and Chuncharayana Hundi of Jayapura Hobli, belongs to Mysore Taluk, Mysore District. The identified project area lands are undulated red rocky, degraded soil and wastelands. We have selected totally 965 tribal families, 800 acres for Wadi, 165 Landless Tribal families. Each family has assisted to 1 acre of land for wadi Orchard. www.ijmer.in 84 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN : 2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR – 4.527; IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 VOLUME 6, ISSUE 7(8), JULY 2017 Table 3: Capacity Building for rural people under NABARD TDF Project at Mysuru Taluk Sl Physical Components Physical Achievements Impact No Target 1 Orientation 2 no One day nabard Sharing and Exposure orientation to pia staff experience/technology visit members project aims & adoption to pia staff objectives, roles & members responsibilities Tdf model project Exposure visit to gujarath concept interaction to state nabard model project farmers at valsad Skill improved with capacity building to pia staff members. 2 Grama 12 no Village wise conducted 12 Unity of villagers Sabha gramasabhas about tdf Project implement & project aims & objectives transparency maintained Mobilization of contribution Community participation 3 Orientation - 2 no 2 days orientation to pri Pri members to PRI elected members about participated in tdf members project aims & objectives project tdf Documentation supported Convergence activity supported to villages 4 Formation of 50 no Formation of 50pgs in six 20 acres surrounding Participatory villages involving 800 wadi area Group (PG) farmers coordination to pg members Group wise involved to wadi activities 5 Exposure 4 nos Selected farmers batch Experience-sharing Visit wise conducted 04 Technology adoption exposure visit to nursery to mango inter crop and mango growers area cultivation system to at srinivasapura taluk, farmers kolar district Skill improved with capacity building to farmers Identified quality mango saplings 6 Formation of 6 no Village wise formation of Project maintained by VPC (vpc)06 no’s with training vpc & capacity building Wadi water management by vpc www.ijmer.in 85 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN : 2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR – 4.527; IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 VOLUME 6, ISSUE 7(8), JULY 2017 Support to convergence activities 8 Women SHGs 40 no 40 women shg training & Improved ig activities training strengthen like dairy farming, Book keeping sheep rearing, vermin leadership development compost units, Linkage with banks tailoring training Loan rotation systems Unity of villagers Loan repayment system involved women members in wadi activities 9 Formation of 2 no Sri chamundeswari mango Wadi farmers Mango growers federation, at membership with Grower’s s.colony. shareholdings to Federation- Sri valmiki maharshi mango growers CLC mango growers federation, federations at marballi. Mango yielding season mango fruits grading, transporting & marketing through the federation Sustainable development of agro forestry activities with ongoing maintenance by federation 10 Convergence 6 villages Govt line departments and Benefit to roads, Activities – corporate sectors, schemes drainage drinking mobilization awareness water borewells, training to pg’s, vpc, clc housing, toilets, members in 6 villages school buildings, soil covered & water conservation activities etc. Table 4: Soil & Water Conservation Activities at TDF Project Mysore Taluk Sl. Physical Physical Components Impact No Target Achievements Soil testing Report recommendations 20 farmers Maintenance 1 Soil Testing 20 No land soil Maintenance of NPK testing Priority to Organic farming Improve of PH value Support to Tools asset to tribal families Tools & Easily maintained soil work Distribution Equipments Use to labour work 2 800 No’s of Tools like Arrow bar, Bondly, mumty etc. www.ijmer.in 86 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN : 2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR – 4.527; IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 VOLUME 6, ISSUE 7(8), JULY 2017 Land cleaning 800 Acre land Grass & jungle clearance Land planning for Rock stone shifting 3 800 Acre Preparation wadi orchard Boundary Marking farming Deep Ploughing, Wadi Planning Increased Soil & water conservation Improving Ground water level 63500 63500 cmt in - Protection of fertile soil Trench Cum cmt 800 acres in Enriched to Agro Forestry 4 Bund (TCB) in -800 planned places with Fodder acres TCB formed Providing Labour employment –Total -12801 man days to tribal families Reducing of Migration of Tribal families Avoiding Fertile Soil Erosion Increased Soil & water conservation Construction 3167 cmt Recharging of ponds & open 5 of Boulder 3167 cmt constructed in wells Bund planned places Providing employment to skilled labours-Total Man days – 2888. Avoiding Fertile Soil Erosion Increased Soil & water 415 No Construction 415 No conservation 6 constructed in of Waste Weir Providing employment to planned places skilled labours-Total Man days – 826 . Fertile soil treat to wadi land Improve of soil fertility 2500 cmt Enhancing of water storage fertile soil Silt capacity 7 2500 cmt shifting to 400 Application Water utilization for Mango acres wadi plants area Providing employment. Total Man days – 857. Per acre 40 pits x 800 acres=32000 digging of pits 800acres Increase income of farmers covered - each Treatment of Organic wadi 40 No’s manure Digging of 8 800 acres digging of pits Well versed routing of Pits in wadi Mango saplings planned(1x1x1 Conservation of Soil & water mtrs) Providing labour employment. Total Man days – 7040 to tribal families. www.ijmer.in 87 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN : 2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR – 4.527; IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 VOLUME 6, ISSUE 7(8), JULY 2017 Table 5: Agro-Horticulture-Forestry farming (WADI)s Sl. Physic Physical N Components al Impact Achievements o Target Improving of soil Provide to Green fertility 800 Manure, Farm Manure & Increasing in NPK 1 Filling of pits acres Vermin compost- for 800 Control of disease acres covered Water & soil conservation 32000 Mango Saplings Quality of grafting purchased (Variety- Mango saplings Alphonso & Rasapuri) Well growth of Mango ( from IIHR– Certified plants 32000 Nurseries approach & More survival, less 2 Mango Plantation plants softwood graft) mortality 2 years old Mango Saplings planted in each Wadi 40 plants –800 acres covered Protection of wadi area border from wind 132000 plants Silver, and cattle Teak, Neem 165 saplings Fodder, Timber & Forestry 132000 planted in each Wadi and 3 Fuel will be available Plantation plants addition forest plants Availability of Green seeds support to farmers manure Improving in environment Table 6: Input procurement at TDF project, Mysore Taluk, Mysore District. Sl Physical Physical Components Impact No Target Achievements Provided Hemata, Increasing of fodder Subabul grass Dairy development 1 Grass seeds 800 acres seeds farming on Green manure bunds Support to rainy Increasing in yield season crops Red Green Manure Intercrop 2 800 acres Gram, Horse gram Additional income cultivation and Ragi seeds Seeds maintenance ongoing Support to Nutrition for tribal Organic Farming – vegetable seeds & families 3 Vegetables and 10 acres manure Health for children Green Additional income Vermin -Compost 800 farmers Organic farming Mango 4 Production 800 no’s trained under plants Training vermin compost Reduction of chemicals www.ijmer.in 88 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN : 2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR – 4.527; IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 VOLUME 6, ISSUE 7(8), JULY 2017 training Support Bio Disease control Pesticides, Neem Well growth of Mango Oil, Vermin wash, plants 5 Farm Mechanism 800 acres Trico derma, Methyl Parathion Dust Powder for 800 acres Table 7: Livelihood Support for Landless Families: Sl Components Physical Physical Impact No Target Achievements 165 families trained under Village wise Dairy Dairy farming conducted 6 1 Farming 6 nos Skill improved for cow training Training rearing to tribal landless programmes families Model dairy farming Each batch 50 methods interaction to members 2 tribal families Batches covered 2 Exposure Visit 2 nos Adoption of technologies Exposure visit to for fodder farming & Dairy Dairy Farming farming Study Tour Sharing & experience Per day each cow 16 litres milk production/litre cost- 26 Rs × 16-Rs.416 Each tribal family get Rs.416 income per day Each cow 16 litres milk/day E 70 cows =1120 HF cows support litre × Rs.26 = Total Cow rearing to 70 tribal income/day = 29120.00 3 70 No (HF) landless families in Each cow gave birth 2 calfs 4 villages – total 140 calf enhanced Milk yield enhanced Migration controlled in landless tribal families providing employment Providing cow dung Manure to additional income We support 6 nos 1 year old sheeps per family Sheeps unit After 2 years 12 sheeps support to 60 Sheep and increased 4 60 No tribal landless Goat Rearing Each sheep average weight families in 4 20kgs × Rs.400/kg villages =Rs.8000 × 18 sheeps = 144000 www.ijmer.in 89 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN : 2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR – 4.527; IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 VOLUME 6, ISSUE 7(8), JULY 2017 providing employment Providing sheep Manure to additional income We support 20 nos 1 year HF Calf support to old HF-calf /each family Hybrid – HF – 20 tribal landless 5 20 No After 2 years get milk Calf Rearing families in 4 production and additional villages cows increased 20 units x 2 tonnes vermin compost production/ each Unit Vermin Compost 20 units × 2tonnes = 40 Vermin unit support to 20 tonnes × Rs.6000/each Compost 6 20 No tribal landless tonne=2,40,000 benefited Production families in 4 Each family get benefit Unit villages Rs.12000/ Improved organic manure Disease control to agriculture crops Per day Petty Business Petty business income Rs.450 x 30 support to 15 days=13500 7 Petty Business 15 No tribal landless Providing Local families in 4 employment villages Daily needy materials locally available Table 8: Year Wise Mango Yielding Chart (Expected Scenario): Each Each fruit Each Average Year Wise Total Sl. plants minim plants Market 40 plants/acre Mango Income No Mango um No.of Rate/per yield/kgs Plants Per acre Fruits K.gram Kgs Kg s 12.5Kg X 40plants 1 5 years 50 250 12.5 50 25000 = 500Kgs 18.75Kg X 2 6 years 75 250 18.75 50 40plants 37500 = 750 kgs 31.25KgsX40Plan 3 7 years 125 250 31.25 50 62500 ts = 1250Kgs 50Kgs X40 Plants 4 8 years 200 250 50 50 100000 = 2000 kgs 62.5Kgs X 5 9 years 250 250 62.5 50 40Plants = 125000 2500Kgs 87.5KgsX 6 10 years 350 250 87.5 50 40plants = 175000 3500Kgs IRIDS introduced the Wadi Orchard Development project with the orientations by Horticulture expert, exposure visits were arranged for selected tribal beneficiaries to www.ijmer.in 90 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN : 2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR – 4.527; IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 VOLUME 6, ISSUE 7(8), JULY 2017 NABARD supported well established WADI Project, at VALSAD District, Gujarat State. IRIDS have implemented TDF Project with the aims and objectives of Agro-Horti-forestry as an integrated farming system for the sustainable manner of tribes in the post project scenario. IRIDS is functioning in 800 acres of such land with the strategy of baseline survey, Project Personnel interaction, village wise conducted Gramasabha, Training & capacity building for CBOs, formation of Participatory Groups (PG) & Village Planning committees (VPC). Formation of Mango Growers Federations. With the financial support of 75% from NABARD and 25 % is from the participants contributions, like labour or kinds, the main activities Soil & Water Conservation works, such as Trench Cum Bund, Boulder Bund, Waste Weirs, Silt Application, Land cleaning, Deep Ploughing, Digging of Pits, IIHR certified Nursery Garden for selecting of 32,000 Nos of good quality Mango saplings, Planting of 30 Alphanso, 10 Rasapuri Mango for Each wadi, live hedge fencing, 165 Nos of various species of forestry plants in an acre of wadi. The agriculture universities have introduced varieties of seeds like Red Gram, Cotton, Ragi, Horse gram, vegetables are farming between the proper space in Orchard as inter-crop cultivation under sustainable agriculture practice system and beneficiaries are got additional income. Water Resource Development activities like community Bore wells, water storage cement ring tanks, supply of water through Tanker during the summer season to 800 acres of wadi. The 165 landless tribal families are supported under the project livelihood activities like Dairy farming, sheep & goat rearing, vermicompost unit & Petty Business, are being taken up to improve economic status of poor tribal families. Apart from the project implementation, convergence activities are supported by state & central Govt. Line departments with corporate sectors for Village infrastructure & community developments. In the past five years successfully implemented. www.ijmer.in 91 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ISSN : 2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR – 4.527; IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 VOLUME 6, ISSUE 7(8), JULY 2017 CONCLUSIONS Assistance under TDF is provided for developing tribal dominated areas through the Wadi concept. Support under TDF is available for integrated tribal development and the projects are expected to ensure sustainable livelihood opportunities for tribal families, increased agriculture / horticulture productivity and ecological sustainability. Apart from livelihood interventions, the TDF project has other components like training and capacity building, processing and marketing, micro enterprises for women / landless, community health improvement, women empowerment, building community organizations etc. Overall impact of Tribal Development Programme resulted in stable Livelihoods, reduction in distress and migration, improved quality of life, increased capacity and participation of women in development process, creation of entrepreneurship and vibrant people’s organizations. This programme has ensured women empowerment, food security, healthcare, education for children and prevented migration. It has addressed the twin problems of poverty induced migration and environmental degradation and has evolved as a replicable model for conservation of bio-diversity while enhancing rural prosperity. After the programme implementation, socioeconomic status has been increased under these projects. REFERENCES Dhyani, S. K. and Handa, A. K., 2013. Agroforestry in India and its potential for ecosystem services. In Agroforestry Systems in India: Livelihood Security and Ecosystem Services (eds Dagar, J. C. et al.), Advances in Agroforestry 10: 345–366. Flavin C., 2002 – Starea lumii (The world state), Edit. Tehnică , Bucureşti, Romania. Shivalinga, D. 2015. Sustainable Natural Resource Management through Agri-Horti- Forestry Development: Case Studies of Mysore District, Karnataka. M.Sc. Dissertation submitted to Department of Environmental Science, Karnataka State Open University. www.ijmer.in 92