(PDF) The Pottery

Dosariyah Reinvestigating a Neolithic coastal community in eastern Arabia edited by Philipp Drechsler British Foundation for the Study of Arabia Monographs No. 19 Series editors: D. Kennet & St J. Simpson Dosariyah Reinvestigating a Neolithic coastal community in eastern Arabia edited by Philipp Drechsler British Foundation for the Study of Arabia Monographs No. 19 Series editors: D. Kennet & St J. Simpson Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Summertown Pavilion 18-24 Middle Way Summertown Oxford OX2 7LG www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978 1 78491 962 7 ISBN 978 1 78491 963 4 (e-Pdf) © Archaeopress and the authors 2018 Cover illustration: Trench E1 during excavation. Spring 2012. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. Printed in England by The Holywell Press, Oxford This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com Contents List of Contributors .................................................................................................................................................................. iii Abstract .........................................................................................................................................................................................v Zusammenfassung .................................................................................................................................................................... vi Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................................................ viii Preface ...........................................................................................................................................................................................x Chapter 1 The Site and its Context ........................................................................................................................................1 Philipp Drechsler Chapter 2 Geomorphology, Geoarcheology and Paleoenvironments .........................................................................21 Adrian G. Parker, Simon J. Armitage, Max Engel, Mike W. Morley, Ash Parton, Gareth W. Preston and Hannah Russ Chapter 3 Defining the Archeological Setting: the Dosariyah Survey...............................................................................................................................................................56 Shumon T. Hussain and Felix Levenson Chapter 4 Geophysical Survey .............................................................................................................................................134 Martin Posselt Chapter 5 Archeological Surface Collections and Excavations ..................................................................................144 Philipp Drechsler Chapter 6 Dating Dosariyah .................................................................................................................................................172 Philipp Drechsler Chapter 7 The Pottery ..........................................................................................................................................................183 Christine Kainert Chapter 8 Geochemical Analysis of Putative Local and Ubaid Ceramics from Dosariyah ..................................199 Peter Magee and Steven Karacic Chapter 9 Reworked Pottery ...............................................................................................................................................209 Christine Kainert and Philipp Drechsler Chapter 10 Fired Clay Objects .............................................................................................................................................219 Christine Kainert Chapter 11 Lithic Industry ...................................................................................................................................................227 Philipp Drechsler Chapter 12 Variability of Arrowhead Shapes .................................................................................................................291 Philipp Drechsler Chapter 13 Hematite Objects and the Use of Red Pigments .......................................................................................302 Philipp Drechsler, Christoph Berthold and Christine Kainert Chapter 14 Bone Industry.....................................................................................................................................................310 Philipp Drechsler Chapter 15 Personal Adornment ........................................................................................................................................319 Philipp Drechsler Chapter 16 Bitumen Objects ................................................................................................................................................332 Philipp Drechsler Chapter 17 Chemical Composition of Bitumen ...............................................................................................................342 Thomas Van de Velde Chapter 18 Plaster Morphology ..........................................................................................................................................350 Philipp Drechsler i Chapter 19 Morphological and Geochemical Analysis of Plaster Samples .............................................................358 Susan M. Mentzer, Markus Seil, Hilmar Adler, Thomas Chassé, Bertrand Ligouis, Christoph Berthold and Christopher E. Miller Chapter 20 Faunal Remains and Subsistence Strategies .............................................................................................384 Margarethe Uerpmann and Hans-Peter Uerpmann Chapter 21 Isotopic Analyses of Cattle Teeth .................................................................................................................423 Corina Knipper and Michael Maus Chapter 22 Archeomalacology of Dosariyah: Diversity, Taphonomy and Distribution of Gastropods and Bivalves .......................................................................................................................................................436 James H. Nebelsick, Philipp Drechsler and Paolo G. Albano Chapter 23 Exploitation of the Marine Snail Hexaplex kuesterianus..........................................................................455 Georg Häussler, James H. Nebelsick and Philipp Drechsler Conclusions ...............................................................................................................................................................................462 Philipp Drechsler Epilogue .....................................................................................................................................................................................471 References.................................................................................................................................................................................473 ii List of Contributors Hilmar Adler Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Division of Condensed Matter, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany Paolo G. Albano Department of Paleontology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Simon Armitage Department of Geography, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK; SSF Centre for Early Sapiens Behavior (SapienCe), University of Bergen, Norway Christoph Berthold Applied Mineralogy, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Competence Centre Archeometry, Baden-Württemberg (CCA-BW), Germany Thomas Chassé Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Division of Condensed Matter, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany Philipp Drechsler Institute of Pre- & Protohistory and Medieval Archeology, Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany Max Engel Institute of Geography, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany Georg Häussler Institute of Pre- & Protohistory and Medieval Archeology, Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; ArchaeoTask GdR, Engen-Welschingen, Germany Shumon Hussein Department of World Archeology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands Christine Kainert Institute of Ancient Near Eastern Archeology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany Steven Karacic Department of Classics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA Corina Knipper Curt Engelhorn Centre Archeometry gGmbH, Mannheim, Germany Felix Levenson Institute of Ancient Near Eastern Archeology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany Bertrand Ligouis Institute for Archeological Sciences, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany Peter Magee Department of Classical and Near Eastern Archeology, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, PA, USA Michael Maus Department of Applied and Analytical Paleontology, Institute of Geosciences, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany iii Susan M. Mentzer Institute for Archeological Sciences, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Competence Centre Archeometry, Baden-Württemberg (CCA-BW), Germany; The School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA Christopher E. Miller Institute for Archeological Sciences, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment, Frankfurt a. M. and Tübingen, Germany Mike W. Morley Centre for Archaeological Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia James Nebelsick Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany Adrian G. Parker Human Origins and Palaeoenvironments Research Group, Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK Ash Parton Human Origins and Palaeoenvironments Research Group, Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK; Mansfield College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Martin Posselt Posselt & Zickgraf GdR, Mühltal/Traisa, Germany Gareth W. Preston Human Origins and Palaeoenvironments Research Group, Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, UK Hannah Russ Northern Archaeological Associates, Barnard Castle, County Durham, UK; Faculty of Humanities and Performing Arts, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, Ceredigion, UK Markus Seil Institute for Archeological Sciences, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany Hans-Peter Uerpmann Institute of Pre- & Protohistory and Medieval Archeology, Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany Margarethe Uerpmann Institute of Pre- & Protohistory and Medieval Archeology, Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany Thomas Van de Velde Department of Archeology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium iv Abstract Re-investigations at Dosariyah, located in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia, took place between 2010 and 2014. They were carried out by the joint German-Saudi Dosariyah Archeological Research Project (DARP). During excavations at different parts of the shallow hill that forms the site, a wealth of material remains was found within almost three metres of anthropogenic deposits. Both radiocarbon dates and comparative studies of artefacts securely date the occupation to the first centuries of the fifth millennium BC. Investigations at the site were supplemented by geomorphological studies and an archeological survey. The spectrum of material remains excavated at Dosariyah shows unique characteristics. The lithic industry is technologically- and typologically-rooted in the local Arabian Middle Neolithic. Reminiscent of the Arabian Bifacial Tradition (ABT) are bifacially-shaped winged and stemmed arrowheads and bifacial foliates. The poorly-developed primary production is oriented towards the manufacture of flakes although natural pieces of shatter were often used as tool blanks. Production waste proves flint-knapping activities at the site. Likewise, most personal adornment was manufactured in the local tradition. In contrast, large amounts of Black-on-Buff pottery find their closest parallels at Ubaid period settlements in southern Mesopotamia. Other elements of material culture that originate in this cultural sphere are fired-clay objects, shaped bitumen and obsidian artefacts. The absence of related production waste, however, qualifies these objects as imports. Unexplained remains the origin of the Coarse Ware. While evidence for local production at Dosariyah itself is absent, the incised decoration found on one single Coarse Ware vessel is clearly distinct from decorative styles known from southern Mesopotamia. The mechanisms behind the distribution of foreign materials along the Arabian Gulf coast are still poorly understood. The assumption that Arabian societies were less developed in comparison to societies in Mesopotamia led to the unjustifiable view that foreign traders coming from the upper Gulf were responsible for the appearance of foreign objects in the central Gulf area and beyond. However, the exploitation of marine resources always played a major role for local populations settled along the coasts of the Arabian peninsula. Further, the spectrum of fish remains discovered at Dosariyah includes species that demonstrate the capability for off-shore fishing, while excavations failed to unearth convincing evidence for the presence of Mesopotamian seafarers. It is therefore the central proposition of this book that the local societies living along the shores of the Arabian Gulf coast played an active role in the acquisition of Ubaid pottery and other objects. In addition to the hunting of a broad spectrum of wild animals and the herding of sheep, goat and cattle, fishing and the gathering of shellfish formed the basis of the diet of the population settled at Dosariyah. Such a broad subsistence base can serve as a protection against environmental crisis, but it also helps to satisfy higher demands for food during short periods of time. As indications for fluctuating occupation densities were likewise observed during excavations, gatherings from time to time of larger groups of people at Dosariyah are plausible. A predominance of imported objects, considered as ‘exotic items’, can therewith be understood as integral components of rituals that were part of these gatherings. Based on the material evidence from Dosariyah, such collective social events were embedded in everyday life during the fifth millennium BC. v Zusammenfassung Zwischen 2010 und 2014 wurden in Dosariyah, einer an der Küste des Arabischen Golfes in der Eastern Province in Saudi-Arabien gelegenen Fundstelle, neue Forschungen durch das deutsch-saudische Dosariyah Archeological Research Project (DARP) durchgeführt. Während der Ausgrabungen konnte in unterschiedlichen Bereichen der Fundstelle ein breites Spektrum an Funden innerhalb einer bis zu drei Meter mächtigen stratigraphischen Abfolge anthropogener Sedimente dokumentiert werden. Das Alter der Besiedlung wurde sowohl radiometrisch als auch durch vergleichende Artefaktstudien in die ersten Jahrhunderte des 5. Jahrtausends v. Chr. datiert. Ergänzt wurden die Ausgrabungen durch lokale geomorphologische Untersuchungen und einen archäologischen Survey. Das Spektrum der materiellen Hinterlassenschaften in Dosariyah weist eine Reihe von Besonderheiten auf. Technologische und typologische Charakteristika des Steinartefaktinventars finden ihre Parallelen im Arabischen Mittelneolithikum. Insbesondere bifazial geschlagene, gestielte und geflügelte Pfeilspitzen sowie bifaziale Blattspitzen assoziieren das Inventar mit der Arabian Bifacial Tradition. Die auf die Herstellung von Abschlägen ausgerichtete Grundformproduktion ist wenig elaboriert, gleichzeitig finden als Ausgangsform für Werkzeuge häufig natürliche Silex-Trümmer Verwendung. Präparationsabschläge und Kerne geben deutliche Hinweise auf die lokale Herstellung von Steinartefakten an der Fundstelle. Auch Muschel- und Scheibenperlen, welche als persönlicher Schmuck interpretiert werden, zeigen deutliche Bezüge zum Arabischen Neolithikum. Demgegenüber steht die Herkunft großer Mengen von bemalter Black-on-Buff Keramik, welche sowohl in Gefäßform und Verzierung als auch in der chemischen Zusammensetzung des Tons große Ähnlichkeit mit zeitgleichen Tongefäßen der Ubaid-Kultur Südmesopotamiens aufweist. Andere Aspekte materieller Kultur, welche ebenfalls mit Funden aus Mesopotamien assoziiert werden können, sind Ton- und Bitumenobjekte sowie Obsidianartefakte. Da in Dosariyah Hinweise auf ihre lokale Herstellung fehlen, muss bei diesen Objekten von Importen ausgegangen werden. Ungeklärt dagegen bleibt der Ursprung der sogenannten Coarse-Ware, welche in Dosariyah mit einem Anteil von ungefähr 20 Prozent gefunden wird. Während auch hier Hinweise für eine lokale Herstellung der Keramik an der Fundstelle fehlen, unterscheidet sich das eingeritzte Dekor eines einzelnen Coarse-Ware Gefäßes sehr deutlich von allen aus Mesopotamien bekannten Verzierungsstilen. Bis heute können diejenigen kulturellen und sozialen Mechanismen, welche hinter der Verbreitung importierter Objekte entlang der Küste des Arabischen Golfes liegen, noch nicht vollständig nachvollzogen werden. Die Vermutung, dass Arabische Gesellschaften während des Neolithikums im Vergleich zu den Gesellschaften Mesopotamiens nur wenig entwickelt waren, führte lange Zeit zu der unbegründeten Annahme, dass nur Seefahrer aus Mesopotamien für die Verbreitung der Importe im zentralen Golf verantwortlich sein könnten. Forschungen an Küstensiedlungen auf der Arabischen Halbinsel konnten hingegen nachweisen, dass insbesondere die Nutzung mariner Ressourcen eine große Rolle für die lokalen Gesellschaften spielte. Der Nachweis von Fischknochen von Meeresfischen in Dosariyah, welche ausschließlich jenseits der Küste zu finden sind, belegt die Befahrung des offenen Meeres. Demgegenüber gelang es in Dosariyah nicht, die Anwesenheit von Personen aus Mesopotamien eindeutig zu belegen. Als Konsequenz wird im vorliegenden Buch argumentiert, dass nicht mesopotamischen Seefahrern, sondern den Vertretern lokaler Gesellschaften, welche an den Küsten des Arabischen Golfes lebten, eine zentrale Rolle bei der Erlangung und Verbreitung der Ubaid-Keramik und anderer Importe zukam. Zusätzlich zur Fischerei sowie dem Sammeln von Muscheln, stellte die Jagd auf ein breites Spektrum von Wildtieren sowie die Haltung von Ziegen, Schafen und Rindern einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Ernährung der Einwohner von Dosariyah dar. Eine derartig breite Subsistenzbasis kann als Schutz und Risikominimierung unter schwierigen Umweltbedingungen verstanden werden. Gleichzeitig hilft sie jedoch auch, einen kurzzeitig erhöhten Bedarf an Nahrung zu decken. Da während der Ausgrabungen an der Fundstelle deutliche Hinweise auf eine unterschiedliche Intensität der Besiedlung dokumentiert werden konnten, sind zeitlich begrenzte Zusammenkünfte größerer Bevölkerungsgruppen in Dosariyah denkbar. Die große Zahl importierter Gegenstände, welche als 'exotische Objekte' angesehen werden, können damit als zentrale Komponenten von Ritualen verstanden werden, die Bestandteile dieser Zusammenkünfte waren. Basierend auf den aktuellen Erkenntnissen aus den Forschungen in Dosariyah fanden derartige gemeinschaftliche soziale Ereignisse eingebettet in das tägliche Leben in einer Küstensiedlung des 5.Jt. v. Chr. statt. vi ‫ال ُملخص‬ ‫بحث جديدٌ خالل الفترة بين عامي ‪ 2010‬و‪ 2014‬م ضمن إطار مشروع البحث األثري األلماني السعودي (‪ )DARP‬في الدّوسرية وهي منطقة أثرية‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫أُجري‬ ‫تقع على شاطئ الخليج العربي في المنطقة الشرقية من المملكة العربية السعودية‪ .‬أمكن خالل أعمال التنقيب توثيق تسلسل طبقي للترسبات والبقايا البشرية‬ ‫والعثور على مجموعة واسعة من اللّقى في أماكن مختلفة من هذه المنطقة األثرية على عمق يتراوح من من متر إلى ثالثة أمتار‪ .‬تم تأريخ اإلستيطان في‬ ‫القرون األولى من األلف الخامس قبل الميالد باإلعتماد على المواد المشعة وعلى دراسة تعتمد على مقارنة القطع األثرية‪ ،‬هذا وقد استكملت أعمال التنقيب‬ ‫بتطبيق دراسة جيومورفولوجية محليّة ومسح أثري‪.‬‬ ‫تمتلك اآلثار المادية التي عُثر عليها في الدوسرية العديد من السمات الخاصة‪ ،‬وقد أظهر جرد القطع األثرية الحجرية خصائصا ً تقنية وطبولوجية متشابهة‬ ‫مع مثيالتها من العصر الحجري الوسيط في المنطقة العربية‪ ،‬مثل العثور على نصل حجري محفور لرأس سهم له جناحين وكذلك أنصال لها شكل ورقة‬ ‫الشجر المسنّنة التي أوحت جميعها بتقليد صناعة النّصل العربي‪.‬كانت أشكال المادة الخام األساسية المستخدمة في اإلنتاج غير متطورة‪ ،‬وبنفس الوقت لوحظ‬ ‫استخدام كسرات السليكس الطبيعية كمادة خام لصناعة أدوات العمل‪ .‬تعطي األجزاء المشغولة والحبوب التي عُثر عليها مؤشرات واضحة على االنتاج‬ ‫المحلي لقطع الحجر ضمن المنطقة األثرية‪ ،‬وكذلك المحار والصدف وقطع اللؤلؤ التي كانت على األغلب تستخدم كحلي زينة شخصية تملك دالئل واضحة‬ ‫على العصر الحجري الحديث في المنطقة العربية‪.‬‬ ‫ومن ناحية أخرى يعود أصل عدد كبير جدا ً من رسومات الفخار ‪ -‬المرسومة باللون األسود على خلفية من اللون البنّي المصفر‪ -‬إلى ثقافة عصر العُبيد التي‬ ‫كانت منتشرة جنوبي بالد الرافدين نظرا ً لوجود تشابه بأشكال الجرار أو التزيينات أو عن طريق تشابه المكونات الكيميائية للصلصال المستخدم‪ .‬كذلك األمر‬ ‫صلصال والقير وكذلك حجر السبج‪ ،‬و لعدم توفر الدّليل الكافي في الدّوسرية‬‫فقد عُثر على مواد أخرى توحي بلُقى من بالد الرافدين بعضها مصنوعة من ال ّ‬ ‫على أنّها منتجات محلية فيعتقد باستيرادهم من مناطق أخرى‪.‬‬ ‫أما أصل المنتجات الف ّخارية الخشنة والتي عُثر عليها في الدّوسرية بنسبة ‪ 20%‬تقريبا ً بقي غير معروفاً‪ ،‬وعلى الرغم من عدم توافر دالئل على اإلنتاج‬ ‫المحلي للف ّخار هنا فإن الفرق واضح بين المنتجات المزينة بالتحزيز والقطع المزينة من بالد الرافدين‪.‬‬ ‫ال يمكن حتى اليوم فهم اآللية الثقافية واإلجتماعية التي تقف خلف انتشار استيراد العناصر على طول ساحل الخليج العربي‪ .‬هذا ويعتقد أن المجتمعات‬ ‫كاف بالمقارنة مع بالد الرافدين‪ ،‬مما قاد إلى أن البحّارة من بالد الرافدين فقط هم من كانوا‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫العربية خالل العصر الحجري الحديث لم تكن متطورة بشكل‬ ‫مسؤولين عن التوريد إلى وسط الخليج‪ ،‬وعلى العكس من ذلك فقد أظهرت البحوث المتعلقة بالمستوطنات الساحلية في شبه الجزيرة العربية أن الموارد‬ ‫البحرية كانت تلعب دورا ً رئيسيا ً في حياة السكان المحليين‪ .‬كما أن العثور على عظام األسماك البحرية في الدّوسرية والتي ال يمكن العثور عليها إال في‬ ‫الجانب اآلخر من السّاحل‪ ،‬لهو دلي ٌل آخر على استكشاف البحر والوصول إلى هناك‪ ،‬وفي المقابل لم يتسنى إثبات تواجد واضح ألشخاص من بالد الرافدين‬ ‫الرئيسي الستيراد ونشر ف ّخار عصر العُبيد وغيرها من الواردات لم يكن لبحارة بالد الرافدين‬ ‫في الدّوسرية‪ ،‬وكنتيجة لذلك يبرهن هذا الكتاب أن الدّور ّ‬ ‫وانّما قام به مندوبين من سكان محليين مقيمين على ساحل الخليج العربي‪.‬‬ ‫صيد وجمع المحّار‪ ،‬ويعدّ ذلك من‬ ‫هذا وقد ساهمت تربية الماعز واألعنام والبقر بشكل رئيسي في تأمين المواد الغذائية لشعب الدّوسرية باإلضافة إلى ال ّ‬ ‫عوامل اإلكتفاء الذّاتي التي تؤ ّمن الحماية وتقلّل من المخاطر أثناء الظروف البيئية القاسية‪ ،‬وفي نفس الوقت تساعد على تغطية الحاجات المتزايدة بشكل‬ ‫مفاجئ على مدى قصير‪ ،‬وبما أنّه أمكن توثيق أدلّة هامة اثناء التنقيبات تثبت إمكانية وجود كثافة استيطانية فقد قاد ذلك إلى التفكير بتجمعات بشرية كبيرة‬ ‫بأوقات متقاربة في الدّوسرية يمكن أن يعود إليها عدد كبير من األشياء المستوردة على أنها «عناصر غريبة نادرة» استخدمت في ممارسة طقوس محددة‪.‬‬ ‫استنادا ً إلى نتائج البحوث الحالية في الدّوسرية فقد كانت هناك فعاليات اجتماعية مشتركة تنتمي إلى الحياة اليومية في مستوطنة ساحلية تعود إلى األلف‬ ‫الخامس قبل الميالد‪.‬‬ ‫‪vii‬‬ Acknowledgements The Dosariyah Archeological Research Project (DARP) and the results presented in this monograph could not have been achieved without the collaboration of institutions, colleagues, students and friends. DARP was established as a joint archeological research project between the Saudi Commission of Tourism and National Heritage (SCTH) and the University of Tübingen. Financial support for the project was kindly provided by the German Research Foundation (DFG), research grants DR824/1-1 and DR824/1-2, the University of Tübingen (Förderung für Nachwuchswissenschaftler) and SCTH. Additional institutional support came from the German Embassy in Riyadh. Hans-Peter Uerpmann, Margarethe Uerpmann (University of Tübingen), Ricardo Eichmann (German Archeological Institute) and Abdulhamid M. al-Hashash (Dammam Archeological Museum) were crucial for the success of the project. While Margarethe and Hans-Peter Uerpmann provided help and advice during the whole process of research and funding application, fieldwork and the study and interpretation of finds, Ricardo Eichmann initially opened the door for my work in Saudi Arabia. Abdulhamid al-Hashash welcomed me with great openness in Dammam. Without his enthusiasm in the field of archeology, work at Dosariyah would not have been possible at all. The research application for reinvestigations at Dosariyah was well received by the scientific research committee of the Saudi Commission for Tourism and Antiquities (SCTA), now the Saudi Commission for Tourism and National Heritage (SCTH). I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Ali I. al-Ghabban, Vice-President of SCTH and Supervisor of the Custodian’s Project for Caring of Kingdom’s Cultural Heritage for his ongoing interest and support of the project. My special thanks to Daifallah al-Thali, Khalid M. Escoubi, Abdulaziz S. al-Ghazzi and Jamal S. Omar, Directors for Survey and Excavation during different stages of the project for their great help and unequalled cooperation. In addition, I would like to thank sincerely Abdullah H. Masry, whom I met in Riyadh in 2012. He kindly allowed me to study and copy all his field notes and photographs from his investigations at Dosaryiah that remained in his private library. I was very impressed by the accuracy and thoroughness of his documentation. During the planning phase of the project I benefited from the broad expertise of Nicholas Conard (University of Tübingen), Mirko Nowak (University of Bern), Peter Jablonka (University of Tübingen) and Simone Riehl (University of Tübingen). Collaborating researchers from the outset of the project were Canan Çakırlar (University of Groningen), Katleen Deckers (University of Tübingen), Corina Knipper (CEZ Mannheim), Simone Riehl (University of Tübingen) and Hans-Peter Uerpmann (University of Tübingen). Additional colleagues became more deeply involved as the data and research questions grew: Christoph Berthold (University of Tübingen), Shumon Hussein (University of Leiden), Christine Kainert (Free University of Berlin), Felix Levenson (Free University of Berlin), Peter Magee (Bryn Mawr College), Susan Mentzer (University of Tübingen), James Nebelsick (University of Tübingen), Adrian Parker (Oxford Brookes University), Martin Posselt (Posselt and Zickgraf GbR), Margarethe Uerpmann (University of Tübingen) and Thomas van de Velde (Ghent University). I would like to thank them all for their efforts in answering the many questions resulting from the fieldwork at Dosariyah as well as their encouragement and professionalism. Over the whole course of the project, Susan Pollock (Free University of Berlin) and Rob Carter (UCLQ) have closely followed the research at Dosariyah and I would like to thank them very much for all their thought-provoking input. The fieldwork at Dosariyah would not have been possible without the kind support from colleagues working at Dammam Archeological Museum. In particular I would like to thank Azzhr al-Toobi and Hassan Hamdoun for their willingness to participate in the fieldwork. I very much appreciated their true enthusiasm in the field. During my first stay at Dammam Archeological Museum in 2008 I was introduced to Mahmoud al-Hijri who became a trusted friend during subsequent field campaigns. Finally, I have to thank Nabil al-Shaikh. His serenity was of great help especially during the more hectic phases of fieldwork. My grateful thanks also to all students and postgraduates who participated in the field campaigns between 2010 and 2013: Sirwan Ali, Gregor Bader, Julian Bega, Chris Britsch, Frank Brodbeck, Andrej Girod, Tobias Helms, Simon Herdt, Michael Herles, Georg Häussler, Benni Höpfer, Shumon Hussein, Christine Kainert, Felix Levenson, Stefan Piefel, Mathias Probst, Martin Riesenberg and Alexander Städler. It must have been hard for them to stay close together in the outskirts of Jubail in a fancy hotel for weeks, but I hope that they were able to take home something beyond profession: life experience. viii The quality of the individual chapters of the final book was considerably improved by reviewers who were not directly involved in the Dosariyah Archeological Research Project. I fully acknowledge the detailed comments and suggestions of Rob Carter, Rémy Crassard, Susanne Lindauer, Alicia Ventresca Miller, Leah Minc, Kris Poduska, Susan Pollock, Seth Priestman and Vince Van Thienen. Of course, all remaining errors are solely my and the authors’ responsibilities. My special thanks go to the BFSA Monograph Series editors St John Simpson and Derek Kennet. Their thorough assistance and verve safely guided me during the publication process. Lastly, I would like to thank Barbara and Anna. They not only tolerated my frequent absences from home during various field seasons and additional periods in Saudi Arabia, but too many times also accepted my distractions from everyday life during the different phases of the project. Philipp Drechsler May, 2018 ix Preface The present monograph on reinvestigations at Dosariyah follows two research objectives. First, it outlines the results of fieldwork at this site and its immediate surroundings in the Eastern Province of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and comprehensively documents the range of material culture found during the archeological surveys and excavations. The time span of occupation is closely dated by an extensive series of radiocarbon dates and artefactual analyses which securely place the Neolithic settlement into the first half of the fifth millennium BC. The finds from Dosariyah presented in this book also serve as an important benchmark for less well-dated archeological contexts in eastern Arabia and therefore represent a substantial basis for future research in the region. Second, this monograph challenges several basic axioms of archeological research in the Arabian Gulf.1 For decades, the proverbial ‘seafaring merchants of Ur’ — or people from southern Mesopotamia in general — were seen as the driving force behind the distribution of Ubaid pottery and other ‘foreign’ elements of material culture in the Arabian Gulf during the fifth millennium BC. Dosariyah has the distinction of being the site with the highest number of imports, both in terms of counts and diversity of finds, but the presence of southern Mesopotamian people here, or at any other site in this region, remains unproven. Instead arguments are presented which suggest that an indigenous Arabian Neolithic population living along the shores of the central Gulf played an active role in the acquisition of goods from southern Mesopotamia. Being familiar with the exploitation of marine resources from the open sea, these people living at Dosariyah and other contemporaneous settlements along the shores of the Arabian Gulf were plausibly the agents that determined the (re)distribution of material elements of southern Mesopotamian material culture in the central Gulf. Moreover, aspects of environmental conditions, everyday life and material culture are also presented. The first part of the monograph introduces the site and its immediate surroundings. Chapter 1 reveals the history of research and contextualizes Dosariyah in terms of its environment and archeology. A more detailed analysis of the site’s environmental history and its change through time is presented in Chapter 2. Geomorphological and paleoenvironmental studies focus especially on the fluctuating sea level of the Arabian Gulf during the Holocene, but also consider the development of wide sabkha flats that form a prominent feature in the landscape around Dosariyah. The Dosariyah survey, covering the direct vicinity of the site, is outlined in Chapter  3. It takes a diachronic perspective and considers human activities in the wider surroundings from the Neolithic to modern times. Geophysical surveys carried out at Dosariyah are presented in Chapter 4. Although not successful in detecting architectural remains, these investigations clearly suggest the presence of anthropogenic accumulations beyond the central fenced area of the site. Chapter 5 introduces the archeological methodology and excavation techniques, interprets the distribution of finds collected from the surface of the site prior to excavations and describes the excavated stratigraphy and deposits. Chapter  6 completes this first part of the monograph and compiles all radiometric and archeological data which help to date the occupation at Dosariyah. The second part of the monograph focuses on the varied material culture recovered from the excavation. Most prominent are finds of thousands of sherds of (partly painted) Ubaid pottery, deriving from vessels imported from southern Mesopotamia. Supplemented by coarse ware of unknown origin, the pottery assemblage from Dosariyah, presented in Chapter 7, is the largest excavated in the Arabian Gulf so far. Geochemical analyses of selected pieces of pottery are discussed in Chapter 8. Chapters 9 and 10 describe objects that also fall into the realms of ceramics: reworked pottery and fired clay objects. The spectrum of artefacts made from stone, bone and shell are presented in subsequent Chapters 11 to 15. The lithic industry outlined in Chapter  11 provides conclusive evidence for the presence of indigenous Arabian populations inhabiting Dosariyah, while a foreign, probably Mesopotamian lithic technology is exclusively restricted to artifacts made from imported raw material. A morphometric study of arrowhead shapes, presented in Chapter  12, convincingly documents the morphological homogeneity of arrowheads and suggests occupation by a single, culturally homogeneous, group of people. A group of ground- stone artifacts rarely observed in Neolithic contexts in eastern Arabia are objects made from hematite discussed in Chapter 13. While this generally represents a suitable raw material for stone tools, the blood red color that can be obtained from ground hematite might have been used for decorative or ceremonial purposes as well. A rich bone 1 I am fully aware of the political dispute about the naming of the Persian — or Arabian, depending on one’s point of view — Gulf. According to international organizations including the United Nations and the International Hydrographic Organization and historical sources, the term Persian Gulf is generally preferred. The use of this name, however, would be rejected by the majority of our colleagues from Saudi Arabia. Having taken advantage of their invitation to carry out research in Saudi Arabia and therefore feeling personally committed, I have decided to follow the tradition of archeologists working in the Arabian Peninsula and term the waters ‘Arabian Gulf ’. x industry described in Chapter 14 represents a little-known aspect of Middle Neolithic material culture in Arabia. Repeated finds of production waste prove the on-site production of bone tools while a restricted spectrum of bone tool types suggests a considerable degree of tool standardization. Important indicators for the cultural affiliation of the people settling at Dosariyah are pieces of personal adornment which are presented in Chapter 15. Chapters 16 to 19 consider two unusual groups of artefacts: bitumen objects and pieces of plaster. Detailed morphological studies and a broad range of analytical methods have been employed to analyze their origin and use at Dosariyah. Chapters 20 to 23 focus on subsistence strategies. The analysis of the zooarcheological assemblage (Chapter 20) allows detailed insights into both the terrestrial and marine component of everyday diet. It emphasizes the broad spectrum of exploited animals which include both domesticated and wild species. Additional isotopic analyses of cattle teeth (Chapter  21) help to understand patterns of animal husbandry and mobility. These studies are supplemented by analyses of marine shell (Chapters 22 and 23) which highlight the importance of this particular marine resource for the inhabitants of the site. Finally, the concluding Chapter  24 subsumes the results from individual studies with the aim of drawing a comprehensive — though fragmentary — picture of the community living at Dosariyah during the first half of the fifth millennium BC. xi xii Chapter 7 The Pottery Christine Kainert 1 Introduction Overall, I documented 6028 sherds from eight excavated trenches, 5171 of which originate from stratified This chapter is a summary report on statistical aspects contexts. Another 844 pieces were collected from of the pottery documented at Dosariyah; it gives an collapsed profiles and the remaining 13 sherds collected overview of the material and illustrates its potential for from the overburden from one of the excavated trenches further analyses in order to present a clear picture of in the northern area of the site (trenches N2 or N3). The the pottery database that was generated (Table 7.1). latter two represent a biased and unsystematic sample due to the fact that the collection of pottery occurred The analysis and interpretation of the surface rather sporadically and was not systematic: these are collection, which contains a total of 6025 sherds therefore considered as an addition to the chronological collected in the spring and fall of 2010, are excluded and typological analysis of form and decoration but are from this chapter as a short summary of the basic excluded from further statistical analyses. information is provided in Chapter 1; also excluded from this chapter is Abdullah Masry’s 1972 collection Every artifact, including all the pottery discussed here, (presently stored in the National Museum in Riyadh). encountered during the course of excavation was In the fall of 2012, the Saudi Commission for Tourism piece-plotted. In the case of the pottery this includes and National Heritage (SCTH) provided the opportunity all pieces > 2 cm. Despite the absence of clear contexts to re-evaluate this assemblage. During a five-day visit such as architectural remains or other installations, in the museum’s archive, I was able to document 2733 this form of recording allows a detailed sherd-by- ceramic sherds, although it appears that only part of sherd analysis and interpretation of the assemblage the original assemblage is accessible and an unknown recovered from the site. Corresponding to this in- quantity originating from Masry’s work remains depth field documentation it was decided to document unexamined. every fragment separately. To this purpose, I created a Microsoft Access database, which gave the opportunity Table 7.1. Sherd count of all documented pottery sherds to record a variety of (identifiable) characteristics of recovered from the site which form the basis for further data each piece, including weight, thickness, diameter, fabric, analysis. form, color, general remarks, etc. Moreover, refitting studies were carried out and this was considered DARP Excavation, piece-plotted 5171 especially useful since the entire assemblage is highly DARP Excavation, from collapsed profiles 844 fragmented with only a handful of preserved complete DARP Excavation, collected from overburden 13 profiles and without any complete or near-complete DARP Systematic Surface Survey 6025 vessels. DARP Surface, unsystematically collected 245 Masry’s Collection, partly re-examined 2733 3 Classification of Macroscopic Wares Burkholder’s Collection, partly re-examined 379 In fall 2011, I was able to examine the first part of Total 15410 the pottery. At this point, the goal was to establish a preliminary macroscopic classification of present 2 Methodology wares obtained from excavation. For this purpose, the material excavated in trench S1 was chosen. With The data presented here were collected during five a count of 238 sherds from well-stratified contexts, field seasons between spring 2010 and spring 2012 and the collection seemed suitable for this task. Over the documented during four stays in Jubail and Dammam course of the following three seasons, the classification between fall 2011 and fall 2013. The documentation was continuously refined, finally leading to the was carried out in the Dammam Regional Museum, in identification of five main ware groups divided into 16 the Gulf Flower Hotel in Dammam and in the al-Farhan different sub-ware groups for all 6028 fragments from Hotel in Jubail. excavated contexts. Due to the exclusion of sherds collected from collapsed profiles and the overburden, only 5171 piece-plotted sherds are included in the 183 Dosariyah following statistical evaluations (Table 7.2), unless heterogeneous. Overall, seven different subgroups were otherwise stated. distinguished although the transition between each is not well defined. A common characteristic is reddish to The differentiation of main wares and sub-wares is brownish color, sometimes with a very dark brownish primarily based on the description of the sherd fabrics. to blackish core. The subgroups mainly differ in terms The main criteria for this were temper and texture.1 of presence/absence, quantity and size of organic and Additionally, in order to provide a comprehensive mineral inclusions. Most common are wares 1a–d that description of main wares and sub-wares, color, surface account for 92.6% of the piece-plotted CW collection. treatment and decoration were added. Much less common but still clearly distinguishable from other subgroups are wares 1e–g which make up The most common type of pottery in Dosariyah is the remaining 7.4%. Black-on-Buff Ware (BoBW) which accounts for 81.7% (N  =  4223) of the piece-plotted assemblage. A total of Coarse Ware is identical with what was first identified four subgroups were defined, which basically differ and described by Burkholder in 1968.5 She listed seven from each other in terms of presence/absence, quantity sites in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia where she and size of organic and mineral inclusions. These four was able to document this particular type of ware.6 subgroups reflect the high degree of homogeneity of Here, Coarse Ware exclusively occurs in combination the Black-on-Buff Ware, which is in clear contrast to with Black-on-Buff Ware, which functions as a relative the much smaller Coarse Ware (CW) assemblage that chronological marker due to its striking formal shows a considerably higher macroscopic diversity. characteristics. The rather simple appearance and Although the color of Black-on-Buff Ware is usually, as unspecific characteristics of Coarse Ware, however, the name suggests, some form of buff, the actual range do not allow it to be closely dated when found out of varies from light reddish or light brownish to different context or without any other indicative markers such nuances of green. This type of pottery is widely known as BoBW or Middle Neolithic flint artifacts. Sites only in the southern regions of Mesopotamia (here also with Coarse Ware have not yet been identified. referred to as Ubaid Ware) and southwestern Iran (here also referred to as Susiana Ware within the Susiana A third type of main ware has been entitled Coarse Plain in Khuzestan or Bakun Ware in Fars). Mineral Ware (CMW). Its proportion only amounts to 0.5% (N  =  26) of the whole excavated and piece- Since its first identification in the Eastern Province of plotted ceramic assemblage. Owing to its rather rough Saudi Arabia by Grace Burkholder in 1968,2 this type appearance and a predominance of simple vessel of pottery has now been identified unambiguously forms (which are identifiable only in a very few cases), in at least 38 sites in Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar and the it cannot be completely excluded that it actually United Arab Emirates (Figure 1.9).3 Chemical studies represents a form of Coarse Ware. One clear difference conducted in 19774 with sherds of BoBW as well as of from CW, however, is the large amount of coarse-sized CW from Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and Qatar supported mineral inclusions. Although only represented by 26 the assumption that the origin of the analyzed sherds, three subgroups have been defined which show BoBW material is located somewhere in southern the heterogeneity of this kind of pottery. Subgroup 3c Mesopotamia. Further chemical analyses conducted by has been associated with just one sherd which comes Peter Magee in 2011 with 34 BoBW samples and nine from a collapsed profile in area E1. CW samples from Dosariyah confirmed those results (see Chapter 8). That study also substantiates the A fourth main ware group which was defined for a presumption that the chemical composition of BoBW handful of potsherds is characterized by remains of and CW differs drastically, strongly indicating that small but macroscopically visible bone fragments the origin of the clays used for manufacture should be within the fabric; this group has therefore been termed sought in separate regions. Soft Bone Tempered Ware (SBTW). It accounts for less than 0.1% (N = 3) of the piece-plotted sherds. Totaling about 17.8% (N = 918), the Coarse Ware (CW) represents the second largest group of the excavated The fifth main ware is the rarest with a percentage of and piece-plotted assemblage and is also the most less than 0.1% (N = 1) and is termed Organic Buff Ware (OBW). The single sherd looks very similar to Black- 1 The criteria for the definition of wares are based on Schneider et al. on-Buff Ware at first sight as it has a buff color with 1989 but were adjusted to fit the conditions of the pottery recovered remains of dark monochrome painted decoration, yet from the site. it possesses a high amount of organic temper and no 2 Burkholder and Golding 1971; Burkholder 1972; Bibby 1980. 3 Roaf 1976; Oates J. 1978; Haerinck 1991; Hermansen 1993; Jasim visible mineral inclusions. The macroscopic fabric is 1996; Uerpmann M. and Uerpmann H.-P. 1996; Masry 1997; Beech 2005; Beech et al. 2005; Charpentier and Méry 2008; Carter 2010b; al- Naimi et al. 2011; Smogorzewska 2013; 2016; Drechsler 2014. 5 Burkholder 1972. 4 Oates J. et al. 1977; Roaf and Galbraith 1994. 6 Potts 1990: 59–61. 184 Christine Kainert: The Pottery therefore clearly different, justifying its definition as a sherd count as well as their general appearance, it seems separate ware. plausible that CMW and SBTW both represent forms of individual and local products which were manufactured The occurrence of Coarse Mineral Ware, Soft Bone either at the site or close by and according to need. Tempered Ware, and Organic Buff Ware at Dosariyah Due to some shared characteristics with Coarse Ware, alongside the Black-on-Buff Ware and Coarse Ware both are considered as belonging to the extended (which together constitute the vast majority of the family of Coarse Ware. In contrast, the origin of OBW collection), signals the former heterogeneity of the is more puzzling. Some formal similarities, namely site’s pottery, even though those three wares only occur the use of a dark monochrome paint, make an origin in tiny quantities. None of these three other wares has in Mesopotamia or adjacent regions the most likely yet been identified at other contemporary sites in the possibility; the high amount of organic temper and Gulf. This is not surprising since, based on the very low lack of visible mineral inclusions are a strong contrast Table 7.2. List of all macroscopically defined main ware groups and sub-ware groups and their respective sherd count and percentage of the piece-plotted collection. Name Code Description This handmade and very coarse chaff-tempered ware shows no visible mineral inclusions. The numerous chaff inclusions (medium to coarse size in medium to high quantities) are clearly visible in the form of relatively large elongated N = 179 1a or rounded pores. The texture is hard to slightly porous. The inner and outer (3.4 %) surfaces usually appear in reddish to brownish color with a dark grayish to dark brownish core. The characteristics of this handmade ware correspond to 1a. But mineral inclusions (fine to coarse size in low to medium quantities) in the form of N = 231 1b small angular creamish to reddish to darkish inclusions are visible as well. The (4.5 %) texture is hard to slightly porous. The inner and outer surfaces usually appear in reddish to brownish color with a dark grayish to dark brownish core. Compared to Ware 1a/b this handmade ware is a relatively fine chaff-tem- pered ware without any visible mineral inclusions. The chaff inclusions (fine to medium size in low to medium quantities) are quite small and in very N = 180 1c low cases hardly visible. The texture is hard to very hard and, in some cases, (3.5 %) slightly porous. The inner and outer surface usually appears in reddish to Coarse Ware, brownish color with a usually dark grayish to dark brownish core. CW The characteristics of this handmade ware correspond to 1c. But mineral inclusions (fine to medium size in low to medium quantities) in the form of angular lightish to grayish inclusions are visible as well. The texture is me- N = 260 1d dium to hard and in some cases slightly porous. The inner and outer surface (5.0 %) usually appears in reddish to brownish color with a usually dark grayish to dark brownish core. The characteristics of this handmade ware correspond to 1c. But inclusions of reddish clay lumps (medium to coarse size in low to medium quantities) are N = 14 1e visible as well. The texture is hard and the color appears relatively homogene- (0.3 %) ous in light brownish to creamy. The characteristics of this handmade ware correspond to 1a. But inclusions of white lime (medium to coarse size in medium quantities) are visible as well. N = 15 1f The texture is rather tight. The color appears reddish-brown on the inner and (0.3 %) outer surface with a dark grayish core. This handmade ware shows only very low fine inclusions of chaff temper and N = 39 1g no mineral temper. The texture is hard and the color appears relatively homo- (0.8 %) geneous from light reddish brown to light creamish brown. This partly handmade, partly slow-wheel-made and mineral-tempered ware (medium to coarse size in medium quantities) shows no visible chaff inclu- Black-on-Buff sions. The abundant angular mineral inclusions occur in reddish to buffish to N = 662 (Standard) Ware, 2a darkish color. The texture is hard and quite compact. The color ranges from (12.8 %) BoBW light creamy to buffish to light reddish to greenish. Only some pieces of this ware show remains of a monochrome dark painting as well as of traces bur- nishing or polishing. 185 Dosariyah Name Code Description This partly handmade, partly slow-wheel-made ware shows a fine mineral temper (fine to medium size in low to medium quantities) and no visible chaff inclusions. The minerals are partly angular and partly rounded in shape. The N = 1451 2b texture is hard and the color ranges from light creamy to buffish to light red- (28.1 %) Black-on-Buff dish to light greenish. Numerous fragments show remains of a monochrome (Fine) Ware, dark painting as well as traces of burnishing or polishing. BoBW The characteristics of this ware correspond to 2b. But chaff inclusions (fine to medium size in low to medium quantities) are visible as well. The texture is N = 1923 2c hard and the color ranges from light creamy to buffish to light reddish to light (37.1 %) greenish. Numerous fragments show remains of a monochrome dark painting as well as traces of burnishing or polishing. This partly handmade, partly slow-wheel-made ware shows no signs of any Black-on-Buff visible mineral or chaff inclusions. The texture is hard and the color ranges N = 187 (Eggshell) Ware, 2d from light creamy to light greenish. Most of the fragments show remains of a (3.6 %) BoBW monochrome dark painting as well as traces of burnishing or polishing. This handmade and coarse tempered ware shows a lot of rounded yellowish white to light gray mineral inclusions (medium to coarse size in medium to N = 10 3a high quantities). Chaff temper occurs as well (fine to medium size in low to (0.2 %) medium quantities). The texture is very porous and the sherds appear light yellowish in color. This handmade and coarse tempered ware shows a lot of rounded light gray- Coarse Mineral Ware, ish mineral inclusions (coarse size in high quantities). Abundant chaff temper N = 16 3b CMW (fine to medium size in medium quantities) occurs as well. The texture is (0.3 %) slightly porous and the sherds appear pinkish in color. This handmade and coarse tempered ware shows a lot of rounded slightly translucent mineral inclusions (fine to coarse size in medium to high quan- only from 3c tities). Some chaff temper occurs as well (fine size in low to medium quanti- collapsed ties). The texture is hard fired but slightly porous and the sherds appear light profiles grayish to bluish in color. This partly handmade, partly slow-wheel-made ware shows mineral inclusions (fine size in low to medium quantities) and chaff inclusions (fine to medium Soft Bone Tempered size in low to medium quantities). Furthermore, pieces of bone (medium sized N = 3 Ware, 4 in low quantities) occur as temper. The texture is soft and slightly porous, and (> 0.1 %) SBTW the sherds appear light yellowish in color. One of the sherds bears remains of a monochrome dark painting. This partly handmade, partly slow-wheel made ware shows a high amount of Organic Buff Ware chaff inclusions (medium to coarse size in medium quantities) and no visible N = 1 5 OBW mineral inclusions. The texture is hard fired and the sherds appear yellowish– (> 0.1 %) buff in color. One of the sherds bears remains of a monochrome dark painting. to commonly known BoBW, but it seems reasonable to southern Mesopotamia based on the comparison of assume that OBW is a variant of BoBW. specific forms and motifs.7 In addition, a study of the geochemical composition of potsherds in 1977 revealed 3.1. Black-on-Buff Ware (BoBW) that some of the clay from tested fragments from Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and Qatar originated somewhere in This type of pottery was widely distributed over much southern Mesopotamia.8 of the Near East during the sixth, fifth and early fourth millennia BC, a fact which adds a multitude of facets The great majority of Black-on-Buff Ware documented to the study of single assemblages. Shared similarities at Dosariyah is likely to fit into this scheme. The results include the use of monochrome dark paint on a usually of the analysis of 34 BoBW sherds from trench S1 match buff surface as well as aspects of the manufacturing the supposition of a Mesopotamian origin (see Chapter process. Based on formal characteristics such as vessel 8). An examination of the range of painted motifs on form, shape and painted motifs, Black-on-Buff Ware is all recovered pieces, however, suggests a more diverse commonly classified into different regional variants provenance which includes present-day Iran. such as Ubaid Ware, Susiana Ware or Bakun Ware. Similar pottery found on the Arabian Peninsula was initially referred to as Ubaid pottery imported from 7 Burkholder 1972; Oates J. 1976; 1978; Bibby 1980. 8 Oates J. et al. 1977; Roaf and Galbraith 1994. 186 Christine Kainert: The Pottery Figure 7.1. Rim fragments of open bowls from Dosariyah, Ware 2d (a DOS2012-27297; b DOS2012-22721) (drawings: C. Kainert). A total of 4223 sherds (81.7% of the excavated and piece- number of excavated sites in Mesopotamia including plotted assemblage) can be assigned to Black-on-Buff Abu Shahrain/Eridu and Tell el-Oueili.10 Ware. This shows a rather homogeneous distribution across the site with slightly higher percentages Of the piece-plotted assemblage of BoBW, 19.3% could in the northern and eastern part of the site and a be assigned either to an open or a closed vessel form; of comparatively lower percentage in the south. Most those assigned, a clear majority (66.2%) belongs to open vessel fragments belong to the macroscopic sub-ware vessels. These numbers however, must not be equated groups 2b and 2c, group 2a with a higher proportion with the proportions of open and closed vessels present of coarser temper has been identified less frequently. at the site as the rim of an open bowl is likely to break The scarcest yet most distinct type is ware 2d. It is into more fragments than the rim of a closed jar and characterized by the absence of macroscopically visible forthcoming statistical analysis will provide more organic or mineral inclusions. Moreover, this type detailed data on this topic. The broad range of vessel shows very thin walls continuously from top to bottom forms strongly suggests that their functions appeared of the vessel. Within Mesopotamia this is commonly to be quite versatile, both within daily utilitarian and referred to as Eggshell Ware ever since Lloyd and Safar commensal activities ranging from the storage and first described this type as ‘bowls of almost egg-shell transport of goods in closed jars to the processing, fragility’.9 Interestingly, this type of pottery seems to display and consumption of goods and foods in open be linked to a simple open vessel form with a mostly bowls. rounded base (Figure 7.1) which could be identified at Dosariyah throughout all excavated layers in The fragmented state of the pottery from Dosariyah, as varying quantities and with differences only in the well as the absence of more or less completely preserved height and diameter of the vessels. Almost no sherd vessels, require a formal typology of fragments assigned to ware 2d lacks remains of paint. Hence, it which focuses on details rather than on, for example, can be assumed that all Eggshell Ware vessels showed complete vessel shapes. The spectrum of rim forms is some form of painted decoration consisting of simple much more heterogeneous than initially suspected. geometric motifs, mostly close to the rim or close In a few cases, specific rims were identified, which in to the bottom. Comparable vessels are known from a combination with remains of painted decoration can function as a distinct chronological marker and may 9 Lloyd and Safar 1948: 123; see also Oates J. 1960: 36. 10 Safar et al. 1981; Lebeau 1991. 187 Dosariyah Figure 7.2. Rim fragments of closed jars with a split rim from Dosariyah (a DOS2012-30247.2; b DOS2012-25732; c DOS2011-26626) (drawings: C. Kainert). also refer to certain inter-regional relations. A good The presence of secondary perforations clearly shows example is a slightly globular jar with a distinctive that at least some vessels were considered valuable split rim, whose inner rim has a series of evenly placed enough for someone to try to mend them. This could holes (Figure 7.2). This specific type of jar has been mean that an adequate supply, especially of BoBW, continuously attested for the levels XVIII to VIII of was not constant. As a result, the pots that were in the the Temple Sounding at Abu Shahrain/Eridu and is current possession of the inhabitants were cherished therefore referred to as a rare connecting link between and repaired for as long as possible as it was not known phases from late Ubaid 1 to Ubaid 3. Lloyd and Safar if or when new vessels would arrive. Another possibility further point to the decoration of those jars from the is that the vessels were considered a valuable item in upper levels, stating that the quality of paint is typical general, regardless of supply, and were thus treated of Ubaid 2 but the painted design resembles more what with great care, although in this case one might expect is known from Ubaid 3.11 more than just five perforated fragments of CW within the piece-plotted collection, unless there was either In contrast to the rim assemblage at Dosariyah, a considerable difference in valuing vessels of BoBW the spectrum of base forms identified could not be and CW, or vessels made of CW simply did not break less diverse. Evidence of base rings is completely as easily as those made of BoBW. Furthermore, a small lacking, although attested from contemporaneous number of micro-borers suitable for drilling small holes Mesopotamian and Iranian sites.12 Instead, all base into pottery was documented at the site, suggesting fragments documented at Dosariyah belong to flat or that this task was carried out at Dosariyah.13 Perforated rounded bottoms which can only be differentiated fragments appear throughout the excavated sequence on the basis of the transition angle to the vessel wall in varying quantities and were found in the north, where preserved. This made it especially difficult to east and south of the site. This suggests that the task distinguish them from body fragments, which is why of mending broken vessels was not an unusual one but the actual percentage of base fragments at Dosariyah something which was done fairly regularly. is very low. Indeed, it is very likely that an unknown number of base fragments were documented as More than 17% of the piece-plotted BoBW fragments body fragments owing to their close morphological show remains of a dark monochrome paint on the resemblance. exterior and sometimes on the interior as well. The color of the paint ranges from dark reddish or brownish An interesting aspect noted during the process of to blackish and sometimes even slightly bluish, and documentation of the pottery is the appearance of the thicker the pigment, the darker it appeared. secondary perforations which represent attempts The reddish/brownish color visible on some of the at mending broken pots. Of the piece-plotted BoBW painted sherds can be explained by the presence of a assemblage, more than 2% show traces of such repairs. certain amount of hematite, which was a component 11 Lloyd and Safar 1948: 124; see also Oates J. 1960: 37–38. 12 Safar et al. 1981; Alizadeh 2006; 2008. 13 Kainert and Drechsler 2014. 188 Christine Kainert: The Pottery Figure 7.3. Distribution of Coarse Ware in the Gulf. Shoreline reconstruction for the upper Gulf between c.5300–4550 BC; after Pournelle 2003: 123, fig. 44 (cartography: P. Drechsler). of the mixture used to paint the vessels.14 The range a common phenomenon in the central Gulf region with of painted motifs is dominated by simple geometric at least ten further sites identified in Saudi Arabia (Sites designs, for example horizontal running straight lines, 2, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16, 22, 29, 34,15 Ain as-Sayh),16 one site wavy and zigzag lines, and rows of triangles, dots, bows in Qatar (al-Da’asa)17 and another in the United Arab or grid patterns. Horizontal lines often appear alone, Emirates (Jazirat al Hamra 4).18 Hitherto, no detailed but in some cases two or more patterns were combined studies of Coarse Ware have been carried out at any into more complex motifs. A very few stylized floral of these sites, mainly because of the small number depictions were identified and most likely resemble of potsherds but also due to the absence of a copious leaves in a radial arrangement. The great majority of stratified collection which would have allowed such an open vessels were painted close to the rim. In contrast, analysis. Recent research in the Kuwait Bay region has closed jars unsurprisingly show paint remains on the considerably extended the distribution of Coarse Ware exterior, invariably along the neck and shoulder areas. and helped broaden our knowledge on this matter as the excavations at H3/As-Sabiyah and Bahra 1/As- 3.2. Coarse Ware (CW) Sabiyah present the first stratified and comprehensively analyzed ceramic collections with Coarse Ware of Coarse Ware occurs at Dosariyah alongside Black-on- Neolithic sites in the upper Gulf.19 Consequently, Buff Ware from the beginning of occupation onward. The simultaneous existence of both types appears to be 15 Potts 1990: 59–61; Masry 1997. 14 Many thanks to Christoph Berthold from the University of 16 McClure and al-Shaikh 1993. Tübingen for the analysis of the paint remains of some selected 17 de Cardi 1986. sherds from Dosariyah. See Simpson 1997 for similar findings from 18 Vogt 1994. Mesopotamia. 19 Carter and Crawford 2010a; Smogorzewska 2013. 189 Dosariyah only those assemblages provide a suitable basis for comparison of the pottery from Dosariyah. From the excavated and piece-plotted assemblage from Dosariyah, a total of 918 pieces (17.8%) can be assigned to Coarse Ware with the highest percentages in the southern part of the site. The high number of identified macroscopic subware groups suggests an unstandardized preparation process of the clay and this underlines the assumption that the manufacture of Coarse Ware vessels was an individual task which was carried out according to necessity.20 These vessels were made by hand and although for the majority of fragments, it is not possible to determine exactly how they were made, some sherds show evidence of the use of either coiling or slab-building, both commonly used techniques. Of all 154 piece-plotted CW base fragments, 23 pieces (14.9%) show impressions of circular plaited mats on the outer surface. This suggests that some pots were made on such a surface and its texture was accidentally impressed on the undersides during manufacture, either during forming or during drying prior to firing, although it cannot be totally excluded that these impressions were left on purpose for reasons of style. The texture of the Coarse Ware fragments is mostly porous and friable and suggests a rather low firing temperature, probably in an open bonfire. This was previously observed in relation to the Coarse Ware assemblage recovered from H3/As-Sabiyah.21 Despite the diverse range of macroscopic wares, the range of vessel forms is relatively limited. Most common are simple open bowls with a diameter in the range of 8 to 29  cm and with straight or slightly rounded walls, although several variations have been attested as well. Other fragments derive from closed pots and jars, and some pieces belong to small cup-like shapes (Figure 7.4). The presence of numerous knobs suggests the need for secure transportation, which might indicate the handling of heated or heavy vessels. Their possible use as cooking pots has been discussed before,22 but there was insufficient evidence of charring which might prove this as all of the the sherds were too Figure 7.4. Fragments of Coarse Ware from Dosariyah friable and fragmented. Apart from this suspected (but (a DOS2012-19801; b DOS2012-15629; unproven) function, the predominance of open forms c DOS2012-23541+23542+23543; and generally thick walls seem well suited to common d DOS2010-2863+2864+2865+2866+2867+2868+2872) domestic tasks like the temporary storage, processing drawings: C. Kainert). or even display of goods. Furthermore, the smaller cup- like vessels found in trench E1 might have been used as drinking vessels. One fragment from trench S2 belongs The Coarse Ware from Dosariyah shows no signs of to a flat plate-like vessel that, as a part of commensal painted decoration. Only two rejoined rim fragments of activities, might have been suitable for the display or a small cup-like shape from trench E1 show a complex the consumption of food or other goods. geometric incised decoration on the outer surface (DOS2011-21696+22069; Figure 7.5).23 The horizontal and diagonal running lines were incised while the clay 20 Carter 2010b: 36. 21 Carter 2010b. 22 Carter 2010b: 33. 23 Kainert and Drechsler 2014: 220. 190 Christine Kainert: The Pottery Figure 7.5. Incised Coarse Ware from Trench E1 (DOS2012-21696+22069) (photograph: B. Kiepenheuer-Drechsler). was still wet and cover the whole preserved surface. So At present, the value of diagnostic Coarse Ware pieces far, no comparable pieces are known from other sites as a chronological marker is minimal. When found in the Gulf region. What could be considered a form on the surface without other Neolithic remains, it of decoration are small flat knobs with a diameter of is almost impossible to ascertain a clear connection c.1  cm which were applied to the exterior of several to the Neolithic period since the simplicity of vessel fragments found in the east of the site and belong to forms plus the absence of decoration do not allow an cup-like vessels. Even though these might have had a unambiguous distinction from similar Coarse Ware practical function like securing the grip of the cup, they fragments of later periods. might also have been applied for decorative purposes. Table 7.3. Sherd count of all excavated and piece-plotted (in brackets) pottery sherds from each trench and each field season from 2010 until 2012. An additional 13 sherds from the overburden are excluded here. Spring Spring Spring Fall 2010 Fall 2011 Total 2010 2011 2012 N1 261 (211) - - - - 261 (211) N2 - - - 117 (71) - 117 (71) N3 - - - - 1755 (1380) 1755 (1380) E1 225 (217) - - - - 225 (217) E1.1 - - - - 1763 (1520) 1763 (1520) E1.2 - - - - 505 (438) 505 (438) E2 - - 9 (9) - - 9 (9) S1 238 (189) - - - - 238 (189) S2 - 291 (287) 703 (701) - - 994 (988) S3 - 148 (148) - - - 148 (148) Total 724 (617) 439 (435) 712 (710) 117 (71) 4023 (3338) 6015 (5171) 191 Dosariyah Table 7.4. Stratigraphic units of trench N1 with a sherd count of piece-plotted sherds for each main ware group. Pieces that originate from collapsed profiles are excluded from this table. BoBW CW CMW BTW OBW Total N1-I 82 16 - - - 98 N1-II 23 4 - - - 27 N1-III 18 2 - - - 20 N1-IV 59 7 - - - 66 Total 182 29 - - - 211 BoBW CW N1-I Stratigraphic Unit N1-II N1-III N1-IV 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Figure 7.6. Stratigraphic units of trench N1 with percentages of piece-plotted sherds for each main ware group. 4 The Excavated Collection Trench N2 Over the course of two years from spring 2010 until Trench N2 measured 8  x  8  m and was excavated to a spring 2012, five field seasons were conducted with a depth of 2.95  m. In total, 117 sherds of pottery were total of eight trenches excavated (Table 7.3). While recovered from this trench within approximately the extension of the trenches E1, S1, S3 and N1 was 53.5 m3 of excavated sediment, with 71 of them being kept small in order to investigate the stratigraphic piece-plotted. All sherds (and all artifacts in general) sequence at different parts of the site, trenches S2, N2, were discovered in the first four spits, with the first N3 and E1 covered larger areas and were extended to being virtually free of finds (Table 7.5, Figure 7.6). identify intra-site spatial patterns and specific zones of activity within the settlement. As explained in Four macroscopic main ware groups have been identified Chapter 5, all trenches were excavated in single spits. here, with CMW and OBW being represented by just one Afterwards, stratigraphic units were defined based on sherd each. Due to the low count of recovered pottery common characteristics of the individual sediment in this trench, clear trends within their stratigraphic layers observed in the profiles. Accordingly, these dispersion can barely be determined. The overall low units correspond more or less to the natural process count of finds suggests a minimal utilization of that part of sedimentation and represent the units for further of the site or severe post-depositional displacements. analysis, description and interpretation. Trench N3 4.1 The trenches In trench N3, 1753 pottery sherds were documented Trench N1 within 76.3  m3 of excavated sediment, spread over six stratigraphic units with 1380 of them being piece- Trench N1 measured 3  x  2  m and was excavated to a plotted. Three different types of main ware groups depth of 1.7 m. A total of 261 sherds were documented were identified here, with CMW being represented by here within 9.5 m3 of excavated sediment, with 211 of just two fragments. The vast majority (87.5%) of sherds them found in situ and therefore being piece-plotted were assigned to BoBW, while 12.4% of the piece- (Table 7.4). The material from this trench appears plotted sherds belong to CW (Table 7.6, Figure 7.8). A rather homogeneous with only two macroscopic main clear trend is discernable for the vertical distribution of wares present. In total, 86.3% belong to Black-on-Buff both, CW and BoBW: from the lowest to the uppermost Ware and 13.7% to Coarse Ware with a decreasing unit the percentage of CW constantly decreases with proportion of BoBW following the stratigraphy upwards only a minimal increase in stratigraphic unit N3-I, (Figure 7.6). representing the deflation horizon. 192 Christine Kainert: The Pottery Table 7.5. Stratigraphic units of trench N2 with a sherd count of piece-plotted sherds for each main ware group. Pieces that originate from collapsed profiles are excluded from this table. BoBW CW CMW BTW OBW Total N2-I - - - - - - N2-II 34 11 1 - - 46 N2-III 11 1 - - - 12 N2-IV 10 2 - - 1 13 Total 55 14 1 - 1 71 BoBW CW CMW OBW N2-I Stratigraphic Unit N2-II N2-III N2-IV 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Figure 7.7. Stratigraphic units of trench N2 with percentages of piece-plotted sherds for each main ware group. Trench E1 (E1/E1.1/E1.2) excavation, the whole trench measured 8  x  10  m and reached a depth of 3.3 m below the surface, with a total Trench E1 was first excavated in spring 2010 and of 93.3 m3 of excavated sediment. An additional sondage subsequently extended in spring 2012. At the end of the down to a total depth of 3.7 m below the surface proofed Table 7.6. Stratigraphic units of trench N3 with a sherd count of piece-plotted sherds for each main ware group. Pieces that originate from collapsed profiles are excluded from this table. BoBW CW CMW BTW OBW Total N3-I 108 7 - - - 115 N3-II 267 16 - - - 283 N3-III 73 9 - - - 82 N3-IV 664 111 2 - - 777 N3-V 92 23 - - - 115 N3-VI 3 5 - - - 8 Total 1207 171 2 - - 1380 BoBW CW CMW N3-I Stratigraphic Unit N3-II N3-III N3-IV N3-V N3-VI 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Figure 7.8. Stratigraphic units of trench N3 with percentages of piece-plotted sherds for each main ware group. 193 Dosariyah Table 7.7. Stratigraphic units of trench E1 with a sherd count of piece-plotted sherds for each main ware group. Pieces that originate from collapsed profiles are excluded from this table. BoBW CW CMW BTW OBW Total E1-I 78 24 1 - - 103 E1-II 287 170 7 - - 464 E1-III 1097 100 10 3 - 1210 E1-IV 289 22 4 - - 315 E1-V 27 17 - - - 44 E1-VI 20 1 - - - 21 E1-VII 16 2 - - - 18 Total 1814 336 22 3 - 2175 BoBW CW CMW BTW E1-I E1-II Stratigraphic Unit E1-III E1-IV E1-V E1-VI E1-VII 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Figure 7.9. Stratigraphic units of trench E1 with percentages of piece-plotted sherds for each main ware group. to be free of artifacts. Although trenches E1, E1.1 and A total of 83.4% was assigned to BoBW and 15.5% of E1.2 were excavated and documented separately, the the assemblage belongs to CW. A minority of 1.1% following description of the recovered pottery includes belongs to CMW and BTW (Table 7.7, Figure 7.9). the documented material from all three sub-trenches The fifth main ware group SBTW was identified in E1 and is just labeled E1. Altogether, 2506 sherds were as well, but only for sherds from collapsed profiles, removed from the area with 2175 of them being piece- which is the reason why SBTW is excluded from further plotted in situ. They were assigned to four different main statistical evaluation presented here. The stratigraphic ware groups and represent the most heterogeneous distribution shows no clear trends over time but varies collection from a trench at the site. in relation to the percentage of the main wares. In particular, frequency shifts between CW and BoBW Table 7.8. Stratigraphic units of trench E2 with sherd count of piece-plotted sherds for each main ware group. Pieces that originate from collapsed profiles are excluded from this table. BoBW CW CMW BTW OBW Total E2-I 4 5 - - - 9 BoBW CW Stratigraphic Unit E2-I 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Figure 7.10. Stratigraphic units of trench E2 with percentages of piece-plotted sherds for each main ware group. 194 Christine Kainert: The Pottery are clear: after a decrease of the CW-percentage from Trench S1 stratigraphic unit E1-VII to E1-VI, it suddenly increases to almost 40% in unit E1-V and then rapidly decreases Trench S1, measuring 2 x 2 m, was excavated to a depth again in unit E1-IV from where it starts to increase of 1.1 m below the surface, where the natural soil was again up to unit E1-II, and finally to decrease in unit E1- reached. Overall, 238 sherds were documented from a I. The minor proportions of CMW and BTW only appear total of 7.5  m3 of excavated sediment, with 189 being in the upper four stratigraphic units E1-I to E1-IV in a piece plotted. Before the actual documentation process more or less steady proportion. of the pottery began in the fall of 2011, 43 pieces had already been removed in spring 2010 for chemical Trench E2 analyses (see Chapter 8). For those sherds, only basic characteristics were documented while a more detailed Trench E2 was excavated to a depth of 1.75 m below study was not possible. the surface and represents the trench with the lowest number of recovered artifacts. Within 7.0  m3 of In total, 65.6% belong to BoBW while the remaining excavated sediment, only nine pottery sherds were pieces with a percentage of 34.4% of the recovered documented and piece-plotted here. They were found assemblage can be assigned to CW (Table 7.9, Figure within the upper part of the stratigraphic sequence 7.11). In the lowest stratigraphic unit S1-V, the amount (Table 7.8, Figure 7.10). Due to the homogeneity of of CW accounts for almost 50% but its proportion the sediments, stratigraphic units could not be further decreases rapidly towards the upper part of the differentiated. All identified artifacts come from the stratigraphic sequence. uppermost part of the stratigraphic sequence E2-I that represents a deflation and trampling horizon (see Trench S2 Chapter 5). Trench S2 measured 8  x  4  m in the upper part and Besides the fact that five of the nine documented sherds 8 x 3 m in the lower part. It was excavated to a depth belong to CW and four to BoBW, the small assemblage of 1.7 m, resulting in 46.4 m3 of excavated sediment. A does not provide much more information since all were total of 994 sherds were documented with 988 of them non-diagnostic and no vessel forms could be identified. being piece-plotted. Despite the comparatively high number of documented sherds, the material itself is rather homogeneous with Table 7.9. Stratigraphic units of trench S1 with sherd count of piece-plotted sherds for each main ware group. Pieces that originate from collapsed profiles are excluded from this table. BoBW CW CMW BTW OBW Total S1-I 22 1 - - - 23 S1-II 18 2 - - - 20 S1-III 23 4 - - - 27 S1-IV 53 57 - - - 110 S1-V 8 1 - - - 9 Total 124 65 - - - 189 Figure 7.11. Stratigraphic units of trench S1 with percentages of piece-plotted sherds for each main ware group. 195 Dosariyah Table 7.10. Stratigraphic units of trench S2 with sherd count of piece-plotted sherds for each main ware group. Pieces that originate from collapsed profiles are excluded from this table. BoBW CW CMW BTW OBW Total S2-I 14 - - - - 14 S2-II 167 6 - - - 173 S2-III 237 91 - - - 328 S2-IV 299 174 - - - 473 Total 717 271 - - - 988 BoBW CW S2-I Stratigraphic Unit S2-II S2-III S2-IV 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Figure 7.12. Stratigraphic units of trench S2 with percentages of piece-plotted sherds for each main ware group. Table 7.11. Stratigraphic units of trench S3 with sherd count of piece-plotted sherds for each main ware group. Pieces that originate from collapsed profiles are excluded from this table. BoBW CW CMW BTW OBW Total S3-I 15 - 1 - - 16 S3-II 26 7 - - - 33 S3-III 56 7 - - - 63 S3-IV 22 13 - - - 35 S3-V 1 - - - - 1 Total 120 27 1 - - 148 Figure 7.13. Stratigraphic units of trench S3 with percentages of piece-plotted sherds for each main ware group. only two main ware groups being identified here. A Trench S3 proportion of 72.6% belong to BoBW and 27.4% belong to CW (Table 7.10, Figure 7.12). A clear trend is This trench measuring 2 x 2 m was excavated to a total detectable following the stratigraphy upward, with the depth of 1.5  m, with 4.9  m3 of sediment explored. A proportion of CW constantly decreasing and completely total of 148 pottery fragments were recovered, all of disappearing in the uppermost unit S2-I. which were piece-plotted. Three macroscopic main 196 Christine Kainert: The Pottery ware groups were identified here: 81.1% of the sherds assemblages are too small to confirm a reliable dating, were assigned to BoBW and 18.2% to CW, while CMW but Ubaid 5 has been tentatively suggested for their is represented by only one sherd from stratigraphic respective assemblages.32 unit S3-I, which makes up 0.7% of the whole collection (Table 7.11). The proportion of CW strongly decreases Based on a provisional examination of formal aspects from the lower unit S3-IV to the overlying unit S3-III of the pottery of Dosariyah, the dating basically fits but then slightly increases again in unit S3-II (Figure within the previously suggested time frame of Ubaid 3 7.13). to early Ubaid 4. Considering the 14C assays of the site (all from marine shell), this equates to an approximate 5 Chronological Aspects date range of 5100–4600 BC (see Chapter 6). There has been a broad consensus over the relative Nevertheless, two sherds from Dosariyah contradict this chronology of Black-on-Buff Ware pottery found along general dating of the site. One piece is a pendant made the southern coastline of the Gulf. No material is from a reworked painted potsherd (DOS2011-12573, known from the oldest phase (Ubaid 0), only very little see Chapters 11, 15) and the other is a small sherd material is associated with older (Ubaid 1 and 2) and (DOS2010-8141.1). Both were found in the southern area younger (Ubaid 5) phases, whereas the majority of sites of the site, the latter in a collapsed profile of trench S2. with pottery are assumed to date to the range of Ubaid Both pieces share the same type of decoration in dark 2/3, 3 and 4 phases.24 monochrome paint depicting a simple geometric motif with a later applied fine incised wavy or zigzag line. This Thus far, the earliest sites according to this framework specific type of decoration is described as diagnostic are Ain Qannas, Marawah 11/MR11, Umm al-Qaiwain 2/ of the early Ubaid 2 phase.33 An explanation for their UAQ2 and al-Ayram 6/AR6, and especially noteworthy is appearance within an apparently younger context the high-necked jar decorated with triangles, chevrons cannot be provided, yet perhaps this type of decoration and dotted lines found at MR11. Based on stylistic simply lasted longer than previously assumed. Another comparisons, a chronological classification anywhere possibility is that people took especial care of particular between the late Ubaid 1 and early Ubaid 3 is possible.25 vessels and these had extended curation lifespans. Such Noticeably, Ain Qannas is located inland in the central vessels might have gained a certain value over time and Gulf region in Saudi Arabia, while the other three are were therefore seen as high-value heirlooms or gifts. located along the lower region of the Gulf coast in the UAE. At Ain Qannas, a few sherds were discovered of a 6 Conclusions distinct bowl type with a dense grid pattern which is associated with Ubaid phase 2 but is also known from The pottery recovered from Dosariyah is quite the subsequent phase Ubaid 2/3.26 From a third site, remarkable in many aspects. To begin with, the UAQ2, a group of c.250 plain and painted fragments sheer number of 15,410 documented potsherds was collected which reportedly dates to the second from the surface, from excavated contexts as well as half of the sixth millennium BC based on stylistic from re-examined collections is exceptional. This is characteristics of the material as well as on 14C dates partly due to the fact that few other sites have been obtained from the same excavated level.27 The fourth properly excavated as yet and apart from the recently site, AR6, only had a single sherd reported from the investigated sites of H3/As-Sabiyah and Bahra 1/As- surface and its painted decoration was described as Sabiyah in Kuwait, all other pottery-yielding Neolithic characteristic for Ubaid 2.28 sites on the Arabian Peninsula have only yielded considerably smaller amount of sherds of no more than Pottery from other sites in the upper Gulf such as H3/ a few hundred at most. As-Sabiyah and Bahra 1/As-Sabiyah in Kuwait belongs mainly within Ubaid 2/3 and Ubaid 3.29 Dosariyah The lack of contexts such as architectural remains or and Abu Khamis in Saudi Arabia are both commonly installations make it much more difficult to extract associated with Ubaid 3 and 4,30 although Abu Khamis all the information necessary to fully understand the is considered to be slightly younger.31 At two sites, Ras variety of aspects that led to the deposition of pottery Abaruk (Qatar) and al-Markh (Bahrain), the recovered at the site. Nevertheless, with a stratigraphy of up to 3.3  m and excavated areas measuring up to 8  x  10  m, combined with an extensive approach of piece-plotting, 24 Frifelt 1989; Carter 2010b. the site and its pottery offer rare insights into a rarely 25 Beech et al. 2005: 46–47; Méry et al. 2016: 164. explored period, as well as the opportunity to follow 26 Masry 1997: 75; Oates J. 1976: 24–25. 27 Charpentier et al. 2012: 3; Méry and Charpentier 2013: 76. 28 Anon. 2001. 29 Masry 1997: 114; Carter 2010b: 63–64; Smogorzewska 2013: 548. 30 Oates J. 1976: 25; Carter 2010b. 32 Oates J. 1983: 255. 31 Oates J. 1976: 26. 33 Oates J. 1960: 35–36; Crawford 2010: 163. 197 Dosariyah the depositional sequence of the site throughout the of specialized craftsman or major workshops. The late sixth and early fifth millennia BC. predominance of simple open forms plus numerous large knobs for secure handling further supports the The fact that the eight excavated areas in the north, idea that the ware was manufactured primarily for east and south of the site show different stratigraphic daily utilitarian purposes. Nevertheless, the spectrum sequences makes it very difficult to understand details of recovered CW forms also includes small cups, hole- of the settlement dynamics as a whole. Of course, mouth jars and plates. At the same time, numerous comparative analysis can still be carried out but only fragments of BoBW represent a much more diverse the three southern trenches allow a matching of their set of open and closed vessel forms in different sizes. respective stratigraphic units and future analysis will This might represent a similarly diverse set of possible therefore focus on changes between each of the three functions but could also indicate certain social aspects investigated areas of the site. Three possibilities will be such as commensal activities. The relative dating of tested in this manner, namely that possible differences Dosariyah based on formal aspects of BoBW generally may be due to chronological, functional or social causes. fits into the already established phases of Ubaid 3 and This analysis will be carried out primarily based on a early Ubaid 4, and equals the absolute dating based detailed examination of the recorded characteristics on 14C assays within the time span of c.5100–4600 BC. of the collection such as shape or decoration. Aspects A forthcoming detailed analysis of vessel forms and regarding patterns of distribution will be considered as painted motifs will further lead to a more multifarious well. relative chronological analysis with comparisons to other contemporaneous sites in the Gulf as well as in In contrast to previous claims,34 it is now clear that the adjacent regions. percentages of two of the main ware groups account for 81.6% (BoBW) and 17.8% (CW). It remains unclear how Acknowledgements former investigations by Burkholder in 1968 and Masry in 1972 ended up with a percentage of CW in the range The detailed analysis and interpretation of the of 45–50%, particularly as the amount of documented Dosariyah pottery is the topic of my PhD thesis, which CW is nowhere as high either on the surface or in any of is planned as a succeeding volume to the Dosariyah the excavated trenches. publications. I would like to express my gratitude to the Saudi Commission for Tourism and National Heritage The heterogeneous fabric of CW stands in contrast to (SCTH), Ali al-Ghabban, Jamal Omar and Abdulhamid the rather homogeneous fabric of BoBW, suggesting al-Hashhash for their kind permission to study the a comparatively unsystematic approach to its pottery excavated in Dosariyah and to re-examine manufacture. It is therefore plausible that CW vessels the collection assembled by Masry in 1972 within the were more likely produced according to needs than as a facilities of the National Museum in Riyadh. I would stock. The heterogeneous appearance of CW might also also like to thank Susan Pollock and Philipp Drechsler represent a relatively high number of makers instead for their helpful comments on this chapter. 34 Frifelt 1989: 408; Masry 1997: 80–81. 198 References Adams, R. McC. 1981. Heartland of Cities: Surveys of Ancient Anderson-Gerfaud, P. 1983. L’utilisation de certain Settlement and Land Use on the Central Floodplain of the objets en céramique de Tell el’Oueili (Obeid 4): Euphrates. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. rapport préliminaire de sur les microtraces, in J.-L. Adams, R.M. and J.J. Nissen 1972. The Uruk Countryside. Huot (ed.) Larsa et ‘Oueili. Travaux de 1978-1981: 177– Chicago: Chicago University Press. 192. Paris: Editions Recherche sur les civilisations. Affonso, M.T.C and E. Pernicka 2001. Neolithic lime Andrefsky, W. (ed.) 2001. Lithic Debitage: Context, Form, plasters and pozzolanic reactions: Are they Meaning. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. occasional occurrences?, in R.M. Boehmer, J. Maran Andrefsky, W. 2005. Lithics. Macroscopic Approaches to and A.I. Ivanchik (eds.) Lux orientis: Archäologie Analysis. Second edition. Cambridge Manuals in zwischen Asien und Europa; Festschrift für Harald Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Hauptmann zum 65 Geburtstag: 9–13. Rhaden/Westf.: Press. Verlag Maria Leidorf. Anonymous 2001. ‘Ubaid pottery from Al Aryam, ADIAS Albano, P.G., A. Tomašových, M. Stachowitsch and Occasional Newsletter, Issue No. 3 of the 2001-2002 M. Zuschin 2016a. Taxonomic sufficiency in a Season, viewed 26 January 2018, <http://www. live–dead agreement study in a tropical setting. adias-uae.com/adiasnews5-01.html#ubaidaryam>. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 449: Anton, D. 1983. Modern eolian deposits of the Eastern 341–348. Province of Saudi Arabia, in M.E. Brookefield and Albano, P.G., N. Filippova, J. Steger, D.S. Kaufman, A. T.S. Ahlbrandt (eds.) Eolian Sediments and Processes: Tomašových, M. Stachowitsch and M. Zuschin 365–378. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers. 2016b. Oil platforms in the Persian (Arabian) Gulf: Anton, D. and P. Vincent 1986. Parabolic dunes of the Living and death assemblages reveal no effects. Jafurah Desert, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. Continental Shelf Research 121: 21–34. Journal of Arid Environments 11: 187–198. Albano, P.G., N. Filippova, J. Steger, H. Schmidbaur, Armitage, S.J. and R.M. Bailey 2005. The measured A. Tomašových, M. Stachowitsch and M. Zuschin dependence of laboratory beta dose rates on sample 2016c. Contamination patterns and molluscan and grain size. Radiation Measurements 39: 123–127. polychaetes assemblages in two Persian (Arabian) Armitage, S.J., S.A. Jasim, A.E. Marks, A.G. Parker, V.I. Gulf oilfields. Marine Ecology 37: 907–919. Usik and H.-P. Uerpmann 2011. The southern route Aldhouse-Green, S. and P. Pettit 1998. Paviland Cave: out of Africa: evidence for an early expansion of contextualising the ‘Red Lady’. Antiquity 72: 756–772. modern humans into Arabia. Science 331: 453–456. Algaze, G. 2001. The prehistory of imperialism: The case Arpin T.L. 2004. Micromorphological Analysis of of Uruk Period Mesopotamia, in M.S. Rothman (ed.) Four Early Neolithic Sites. Unpublished Ph.D. Uruk Mesopotamia and Its Neighbors: 27–83. Santa Fe: dissertation, Boston University. School of American Research Press. Al-Asfour, T. 1978. The Marine Terraces of the Bay of Alizadeh, A. 2006. The Origins of State Organizations in Kuwait, in W.C. Brice (ed.) The Environmental History Prehistoric Highland Fars, Southern Iran, Excavations of the Near and Middle East Since the Last Ice Age: 245– at Tall-e Bakun. Oriental Institute Publications 128. 254. London, New York, San Francisco: Academic Chicago: The University of Chicago. Press. Alizadeh, A. 2008. Chogha Mish II – The Development Al-Asfour, T.A. 1982. Changing sea-level along the north of a Prehistoric Regional Center in Lowland Susiana, coast of Kuwait Bay. London, New York: Kegan Paul Southwestern Iran. Final Report on the Last Six Seasons of International. Excavations, 1972–1978. Oriental Institute Publications Aston, E.R. 1985. A Brief Geology of Sir Bani Yas. Bulletin 130. Chicago: The University of Chicago. of the Emirates Natural History Group 27: 2–4. Alothman, A.O., M.S. Bos, R.M.S. Fernandes and M.E. Audouin, F. and H. Plisson 1982. Les ochres et leurs Ayhan 2014. Sea level rise in the north-western témoins au Paléolithique en France: Enquête et part of the Arabian Gulf. Journal of Geodynamics 81: expériences sur leur validité archéologique. Cahiers 105–110. du Centre de Recherches Préhistoriques 8: 33–80. Ambrose, S.H. 1993. Isotopic analysis of paleodiets: Bailey, G.N., K. Hardy and A. Camara (eds.) 2013. Shell methodological and interpretive considerations, in energy. Mollusc shells as coastal resources. Oxford and M.K. Sandford (ed.) Investigations of ancient human Oakville: Oxbow Books. tissue: 59–130. Langhorne, Pennsylvania: Gordon and Breach. 473 Dosariyah Balasse, M. 2003. Potential biases in sampling design of the 9th ICAZ Conference Durham 2002): 132–147. and interpretation of intra-tooth isotope analysis. Oxford: Oxbow Books. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 13: 3–10. Bar-Yosef, O. and D. Alon 1988. Nahal Hemar cave: The Balasse, M., S.H. Ambrose, A.B. Smith and T.D. Price excavations. Atiqot 18: 1–30. 2002. The seasonal mobility model for prehistoric Bar-Yosef Mayer, D.E. (ed.) 2005a. Archaeomalacology, herders in the south-western Cape of South Africa Molluscs in former environments of human behaviour assessed by isotopic analysis of sheep tooth enamel. (Proceedings of the 9th ICAZ Conference Durham Journal of Archaeological Science 29: 917–932. 2002). Oxford: Oxbow Books. Balasse, M., L. Boury, J. Ughetto-Monfrin and A. Tresset Bar-Yosef Mayer, D.E. 2005b. The Exploitation of Shells 2012. Stable isotope insights (δ 18O, δ 13C) into cattle as Beads in the Palaeolithic and Neolithic of the and sheep husbandry at Bercy (Paris, France, 4th Levant. Paléorient 31 (1): 176–185. millennium BC): birth seasonality and winter leaf Bar-Yosef Mayer, D.E., E. Spanier and E. Boaretto foddering. Environmental Archaeology 17: 29–44. 2006. The Glycymeris query along the coasts and Balasse, M., A. Bălăşescu, A. Janzen, J. Ughetto- shallow shelf of Israel, southeast Mediterranean. Monfrin, P. Mirea and R. Andreescu 2013. Early Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 233: herding at Măgura-Boldul lui Moş Ivănuş (early 134–148. sixth millennium BC, Romania): environments and Basedow, H. 1925. The Australian Aboriginal. Adelaide: seasonality from stable isotope analysis. European Preece and Sons. Journal of Archaeology 16: 221–246. Beauclair, R. de 2005. Seashells in the Desert. A study of Bar-Matthews, M., A. Ayalon, M. Gilmor, A. Matthews Personal Adornments from the Neolithic Graveyard and C.J. Hawkesworth 2003. Sea–land oxygen of al-Buhais 18, Sharjah, U.A.E. Unpublished M.A. isotopic relationships from planktonic foraminifera dissertation. Tübingen: Eberhard-Karls-Universität and speleothems in the Eastern Mediterranean Tübingen. region and their implication for paleorainfall during Beauclair, R. de. 2008. La parure funéraire de la nécropole interglacial intervals. Geochimica et Cosmochimica néolithique d’al-Buhais 18 (Émirats Arabes Unis), in Acta 67 (17): 3181–3199. M Bailly and H. Plisson (eds.) La valeur fonctionnelle Barta, P., L. Benedikova, M. Hajnalová, Z. Mikliková, T. des objets sépulcraux (Préhistoire Anthropologie Belanova and A.H. Shehab 2008. Al-Khidr on Failaka méditerranéennes 14): 39–52. Aix-en-Provence. Island: Preliminary results of the fieldwork at a Becker, A. 1993. Uruk: Kleinfunde I (Ausgrabungen in Dilmun culture settlement in Kuwait. Tüba-ar 11: Uruk-Warka 6). Mainz: Von Zabern. 121–134. Beech, M.J. 2002. Fishing in the ‘Ubaid: a Review of Fish- Barth, H.-J. 1998. Sebkhas als Ausdruck von bone Assemblages from Early Prehistoric Coastal Landschaftsdegradation im zentralen Küstentiefland Settlements in the Arabian Gulf. Journal of Oman der Ostprovinz Saudi-Arabiens (Regensburger Studies 12: 25–40. Geographische Schriften 29). Regensburg: Beech, M.J. 2004. In the Land of the Ichthyophagi: Modelling Selbstverlag des Instituts für Geographie der fish exploitation in the Arabian Gulf and Gulf of Oman from Universität Regensburg. the 5th millennium BC to the Late Islamic period (Abu Barth, H.-J. 1999. Desertification in the Eastern Province Dhabi Islands Archaeological Survey Monograph 1 – of Saudi Arabia. Journal of Arid Environments 43: 399– British Archaeological Reports International Series 410. S1217). Oxford: Archaeopress. Barth, H.-J. 2001. Characteristic of the wind regime north Beech, M.J. 2005. The Environment and Economy of an of Jubail, Saudi Arabia, based on high resolution Ubaid-related Settlement on Dalma Island, United data. Journal of Arid Environments 47: 387–402. Arab Emirates. Paléorient 31 (1): 97–101. Barth, H-J. 2002. The 1991 Gulf War Oil Spill – its ecological Beech, M.J. 2010. The animal and fish bones, in R. effects and recovery rates of intertidal ecosystems at the Carter and H. Crawford (eds.) Maritime Interactions Saudi Arabian Gulf coast – results of a 10-year monitoring in the Arabian Neolithic: Evidence from H3, As-Sabiyah, period. Wissenschaftliche Arbeit Im Rahmen des an Ubaid-related site in Kuwait (American School of Habilitationsverfahrens im Fach Geographie an Prehistoric Research Monograph Series). Leiden der Philosophischen Fakultät III der Universität and Boston: Brill. 129–161. Regensburg. Beech, M.J. and J. Elders 1999. An ‘Ubaid-related Barth, H.-J. and F. Steinkohl 2004. Origin of winter settlement on Dalma Island, Abu Dhabi Emirate, precipitation in the central coastal lowlands of Saudi United Arab Emirates. Bulletin of the Society of Arabian Arabia. Journal of Arid Environments 57: 101–115. Studies 4: 17–21. Baruch, I., M. Artzy, J. Heller, J. Balensi and M.D. Herrera Beech, M.J. and E. Glover 2005. The Environment and 2005. The mollusc fauna from the Late Bronze and Economy of an Ubaid-Related Settlement on Dalma Iron Age strata of Tell Abu Hawam, in D.E. Bar- Island, United Arab Emirates. Paléorient 31 (1): 97– Yosef Mayer (ed.) Archaeomalacology, Molluscs in 107. former environments of human behavior (Proceedings 474 References Beech, M.J. and H. Kallweit 1999. A Note on the (Papers on Archaeology from The Leiden Museum Archaeological and Environmental Remains from of Antiquities 9): 51–62. Turnhout: Brepols. Site JH57, a 5th–4th Millennium BC shell midden in Bernier, P., R. Dalongeville, B. Dupuis, B., and V. De Jazirat al-Hamra, Ra´s al-Khaimah. Tribulus 11 (1): Medwecki 1995. Holocene shoreline variations in 17–20. the Persian Gulf: example of the Umm al-Qowayn Beech, M.J. and E. Shepherd 2001. Archaeobotanical lagoon (UAE). Quaternary International 29: 95–103. evidence for early date consumption on Dalma Berthold, C., A. Bjeoumikhov and L. Brügemann Island, United Arab Emirates. Antiquity 75: 83–89. 2009. Fast XRD2 Microdiffraction with Focusing Beech, M.J., J. Elders and E. Shepherd 2000. Reconsidering X-Ray Microlenses. Particle and Particle Systems the ‘Ubaid of the Southern Gulf: new results from Characterization 26 (3): 107–111. excavations on Dalma Island, U.A.E. Proceedings of the Berthold, C., M. Keuper and K. Bente 2015. Dealing Seminar for Arabian Studies 30: 41–47. with antique objects: non destructive X-ray Beech, M.J., R. Cuttler, D. Moscrop, H Kallweit and microdiffraction coupled with µ-Raman J. Martin 2005. New evidence for the Neolithic spectroscopy and µ-X-ray fluorescence. Metalla, settlement of Marawah Island, Abu Dhabi, United Special issue 7: 24–26. Arab Emirates. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Biagi, P. 1994. A radiocarbon chronology for the Studies 35: 37–56. aceramic shell-middens of coastal Oman. Arabian Beech, M.J., H. Kallweit, R. Cuttler and W.Y. Al-Tikriti Archaeology and Epigraphy 5: 17–31. 2006. Neoltihic sites in Umm az-Zamul, SE desert Biagi, P. 2006. The shell-middens of the Arabian Sea and of Abu Dhabi, UAE. Bulletin of the Society for Arabian Persian Gulf: Maritime connections in the seventh Studies 11: 17–26. millennium BP? Adumatu 14: 7–16. Beech, M.J., K. Strutt, L. Blue, A.K. al-Kaabi, W.A. Omar, Biagi, P. and R. Nisbet 1989. Some aspects of the 1982- A.A. al-Haj El-Faki, A.R. Lingareddy and J. Martin 1985 excavations at the aceramic coastal settlement 2016. Ubaid-related sites of the southern Gulf of RH5 at Qurum (Muscat-Sultanate of Oman), in revisited: the Abu Dhabi Coastal Heritage Initiative. P.M. Costa and M. Tosi (eds.) Oman Studies (Serie Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 46: 9–24. Orientale Romana 63): 31–46. Rome: IsMEO. Benco, N.L. 1992. Manufacture and Use of Clay Sickles Biagi, P. and R. Nisbet 2006. The prehistoric fisher- from the Uruk Mound. Abu Salabikh, Iraq. Paléorient gatherers of the western coast of the Arabian Sea: a 18 (1): 119–134. case of seasonal sedentarization? World Archaeology Bentley, R.A. 2006. Strontium isotopes from the earth 38 (2): 220–238. to the archaeological skeleton: A review. Journal of Biagi, P., R. Maggi and R. Nisbet 1989. Excavations at Archaeological Method and Theory 13: 135–187. the aceramic coastal settlement of RH5 (Muscat, Berger, J.F., V. Charpentier, R. Crassard, C. Martin, G. Sultanate of Oman) 1983-5, in K. Frifelt and Davtian and J.A. López-Sáez 2013. The dynamics of P. Sorensen (eds.) South Asian Archaeology 1985 mangrove ecosystems, changes in sea level and the (Scandinavian Institute of Asian Studies Occasional strategies of Neolithic settlements along the coast Paper 4): 1–8. London: Curzon Press. of Oman (6000–3000 cal. BC). Journal of Archaeological Biagi, P., W. Torke, M. Tosi and H.-P. Uerpmann 1984. Science 40: 3087–3104. Qurum: a case study of coastal archaeology in Bergne, P. and L. Copeland 1976. Flint Artifacts from the Northern Oman. World Archaeology 16: 43–61. Buraimi Area. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Bialowarczuk, M. 2012. Bahra 1: preliminary Studies 6: 40–61. characteristic of the lithic industries, in A. Berna, F., A. Behar, R. Shahack-Gross, J. Berg, E. Szymczak (ed.) As-Sabbiya and Failaka Autumn 2011. Boaretto, A. Gilboa, I. Sharon, S. Shalev, S. Shilstein, Report on the Seventh Season of the Joint Kuwaiti – N. Yahalom-Mack and J.R. Zorn 2007. Sediments Polish Archaeological Investigations in Northern Kuwait: exposed to high temperatures: reconstructing Bahra 1, Ubaid Culture Related Settlement (3rd Season); pyrotechnological processes in Late Bronze and Iron Failaka Island – Al-Qusur Site (1st Season): 56–68. Polish Age Strata at Tel Dor (Israel). Journal of Archaeological Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology. University of Science 34 (3): 358–373. Warsaw. Bernbeck, R. 2008. An Archaeology of Multi-Sited Bibby, T.G. 1970. Looking for Dilmun. New York: Alfred A. Communities, in H. Barnard and W. Wendrich (eds.) Knopf. The Archaeology of Mobility. Old World and New World Bibby, T. G. 1973. Preliminary Survey in Eastern Arabia 1968. Nomadism: 43–77. Los Angeles: Costen Institute of Copenhagen: Jutland Archeol. Soc. Archaeology, UCLA. Bibby, T.G. 1980. Looking for Dilmun. Second edition. Bernbeck, R. 2013. Multisited and Modular Sites in the Middlesex: Penguin Books. Halaf Tradition, in O. Nieuwenhyse, R. Bernbeck, Bieliński, P. 2011. Ubaid period settlement on the Bahra P.M.M.G. Akkermanns and J. Rogasch (eds.) 1 site (SBH 38 and SBH 35). The second season of Interpreting the Late Neolithic of Upper Mesopotamia excavations, in A. Szymczak (ed.) As-Sabbiya Autumn 475 Dosariyah 2010 Report on the Fifth Season of Joint Kuwaiti – Polish Boivin, N. and D.Q. Fuller 2009. Shell Middens, Ships Archaeological Investigations in Northern Kuwait: 39– and Seeds: Exploring Coastal Subsistence, Maritime 60. Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology. Trade and the Dispersal of Domesticates in and University of Warsaw. Around the Ancient Arabian Peninsula. Journal World Bieliński, P. 2012. Bahra 1, an Ubaid-period settlement: Prehistory 22: 113–180. Architecture and overview, in A. Szymczak (ed.) Böke, H., Ö. Çizer, B. İpekoğlu, E. Uğurlu, K. Şerifaki and As-Sabbiya and Failaka Autumn 2011 Report on the G. Toprak 2008. Characteristics of lime produced Seventh Season of Joint Kuwaiti – Polish Archaeological from limestone containing diatoms. Construction and Investigations in Northern Kuwait: 8–22. Polish Centre Building Materials 22 (5): 866–874. of Mediterranean Archaeology. University of Bökönyi, S. 1967. The Prehistoric vertebrate fauna of Warsaw. Tal-i Iblis, Iran, in J.R. Caldwell (ed.) Investigations at Binford, L.R. 1968. Archaeological perspectives, in S.R. Tal-i Iblis (Illinois State Museum Preliminary Reports Binford and L.R. Binford (eds.) New Perspectives in 9): 309–317. Springfield: Illinois State Museum. Archeology: 5–32. Chicago: Aldine. Bookstein, F.L. 1989. Principal warps: thin-plate Binford, L.R. 1973. Interassemblage variability-the spline and the decomposition of deformations. Mousterian and the ‘functional’ argument, in C. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Renfrew (ed.) The Explanation of Culture Change: 227– Intelligence 11: 567–585. 254. London: Duckworth. Bookstein, F.L. 1991. Morphometric tools for landmark Binford, L.R. 1979. Organization and Formation data: geometry and biology. New York: Cambridge Processes: Looking at Curated Technologies. Journal University Press. of Anthropological Research 35 (3): 255–273. Bookstein, F.L., R.E. Strauss, J.M. Humphries, B. Chernoff, Binford, L.R. 1980. Willow smoke and dogs’ tails: hunter R.L. Elder and G.R. Smith 1982. A Comment Upon the gatherer settlement systems and archaeological site Uses of Fourier Methods in Systematics. Systematic formation. American Antiquity 45 (1): 4–20. Zoology 31 (1): 85–92. Binford, L.R. 1982. The archaeology of place. Journal of Bordes, F. 1961. Mousterian Cultures in France. Science Anthropological Archaeology 1: 5–31. 134: 803–810. Binford, L.R. 1983. Working at Archaeology. New York: Bordes, F. 1972. A Tale of Two Caves. New York: Harper Academic Press. and Row. Binford, L.R. 1989. Debating Archaeology. Studies in Bordes, F. 1973. On the chronology and contemporaneity archaeology. San Diego: Academic Press. of different palaeolithic cultures in France, in C. Binford, L.R. and S.R. Binford 1966. A preliminary Renfrew (ed.) The Explanation of Culture Change: 217- analysis of functional variability in the Mousterian 226. London: Duckworth. of the Levallois Facies. American Anthropologist 68: Bordes, F. 1978. Typological Variability in the 238–295. Mousterian Layers at Pech de l’Aze I, II, and IV. Blackith, R.E. and R.A. Reyment 1971. Multivariate Journal of Anthropological Research 34 (2): 181–193. morphometrics. London: Academic Press. Bordes, F. and D. de Sonneville-Bordes 1970. Blackman, M.J. 1984. Provenance studies of Middle The Significance of Variability in Paleolithic Eastern obsidian from sites in Highland Iran, in J.B. Assemblages. World Archaeology 2 (1): 61–73. Lambert (ed.) Archaeological Chemistry III (Advances Borel, A., R. Cornette and M. Baylac 2016. Stone Tool in Chemistry Series, No. 205): 19–50. Washington, Forms and Functions: A Morphometric Analysis DC: American Chemical Society. of Modern Humans’ Stone Tools from Song Terus Bocherens, H., D. Billiou, V. Charpentier and M. Cave (Java, Indonesia). Archaeometry. doi: 10.1111/ Mashkour 2000. Palaeoenvironmental and arcm.12264. archaeological implications of bone and tooth Borojevic, K., W.E. Steiner, R. Gerisch, C. Zazzaro and isotopic biogeochemistry (13C, 15N) in Southwestern C. Ward 2010. Pests in an ancient Egyptian harbor. Asia, in H. Buitenhuis, M. Mashkour and F. Poplin Journal of Archaeological Science 37 (10): 2449–2458. (eds.) Archaeozoology of the Near East IV (ARC 32, Vol. Borrego A.G., C.V. Araujo, A. Balke, B. Cardott, A.C. Cook, B): 104–115. Groningen: Centre for Archaeological P. David, D. Flores, M. Hámor Vidó, W. Hiltmann, W. Research and Consultancy. Kalkreuth, J. Koch, C.J. Kommeren, J. Kus, B. Ligouis, Boeda, E., J. Connan, D. Dessort, S. Muhesen, N. Mercier, M. Marques, J.G. Mendonca Filho, M. Misz, L. Oliveira, H. Valladas and N. Tisnerat 1996. Bitumen as a W. Pickel, K. Reimer, P. Ranasinghe, I. Suárez-Ruiz hafting material on Middle Palaeolithic artefacts. and A. Vieth 2006. Influence of particle and surface Nature 380: 336–338. quality on the vitrinite reflectance of dispersed Boeda, E., S. Bonilauri, J. Connan, D. Jarive, N. Mercier, organic matter: Comparative exercise using data M. Tobey, H. Valladas, H. al Sakhel and S. Muhesen from the qualifying system for reflectance analysis 2008. Middle Palaeolithic bitumen use at Umm el working group of ICCP. International Journal of Coal Tlel around 70 000 BP. Antiquity 82: 853–861. Geology 68: 151–170. 476 References Bosch, D. and E. Bosch 1989. Seashells of Southern Arabia. Çakırlar, C. and R. Becks 2009. Murex dye production Dubai: Motivate Publishing. at Troia: assessment of archaeomalacological data Bosch, D.T., S.P. Dance, R.G. Moolenbeek and P.G. Oliver from old and new excavations. Studia Troica 18: 87– 1995. Seashells of Eastern Arabia. Dubai: Motivate 103. Publishing. Callebaut, K., J. Elsen, K. van Balen and W. Viaene 2001. Boucharlat, R., E. Haerinck, C. Phillips and D.T. Potts Nineteenth century hydraulic restoration mortars 1991. Note on an Ubaid-pottery sites in the Emirate in the Saint Michael’s Church (Leuven, Belgium): of Umm al-Qaiwain. Arabian Archaeology and Natural hydraulic lime or cement? Cement and Epigraphy 2: 65–71. Concrete Research 31 (3): 397–403. Bou-Rabee, F. and E. VanMarcke 2001. Seismic Campbell Thompson, R. 1920. IV.—The British Museum vulnerability of Kuwait and other Arabian Gulf Excavations at Abu Shahrain in Mesopotamia in countries: information base and research needs. Soil 1918. Archaeologia 70: 101–144. Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 21: 181–186 Capo, R.C., B.W. Stewart and O.A. Chadwick 1998. Breniquet, C. 1987. Les petits objets de la fouille de Tell Strontium isotopes as tracers of ecosystem el’Oueili, in J.-L. Huot (ed.) Larsa (10e champagne, 1983) processes: theory and methods. Geoderma 82: 197– et ‘Oueili (4e champagne, 1983): 141–158. Paris: Editions 225. Recherche sur les Civilisations. Carannante, A. 2011. Purple-Dye Industry Shell Waste Breniquet, C. 1996. Les petits objets découverts à Tell el Recycling in Bronze Age Aegean? Stoves and Murex Oueili en 1987 et 1989 (Obeid 0, 1 et 2), in J.-L. Huot Shells at Minoan Monastiraki (Crete, Greece), in C. (ed.) Oueili. Travaux de 1987 et 1989: 151–162. Paris: Çakirlar (ed.) Archaeomalacology Revisited: Non-dietary Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations. use of molluscs in archaeological settings: 9–18. Oxford: Breniquet, C. 1996. Apercu de la céramique découverte Oxbow Books. à Tell el Oueili en 1987 et 1989 (Obeid 0, 1 et 2), in Cardillo, M. 2010. Some Applications of Geometric J.-L. Huot (ed.) Oueili. Travaux de 1987 et 1989: 163–200. Morphometrics to Archaeology, in A.M.T. Elewa Paris: Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations. (ed.) Morphometrics for Nonmorphometricians (Lecture Brown, G.M. 1991. Embedded and Direct Lithic Resource Notes in Earth Sciences 124): 325–341. Berlin and Procurement Strategies on Anderson Mesa. Kiva 56 Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. (4): 359–384. Cardillo, M. and J. Charlin 2009. Tendencias observadas en la Brown, W.A.B., P.V. Christofferson, M. Massler and M.B. variabilidad de los raspadores de norte y sur de Patagonia. Weiss 1960. Postnatal tooth development in cattle. Explorando las interrelaciones entre forma, tamaño e American Journal of Veterinary Research 21: 7–34. historia de vida. Arqueometría Latinoamericana 2do. Burdon, D.J. 1977. Flow of fossil groundwater. Quarterly Congreso Argentino y 1ro Latinoamericano. Vol. 2: Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 10 (2): 351–359. Buenos Aires. 97–124. Carter, R.A. 2002. Ubaid-period boat remains from As- Burkholder, G. 1972. Ubaid Sites and Pottery in Saudi Sabiyah: excavations by the British Archaeological Arabia. Archaeology 25 (4): 264–269. Expedition to Kuwait. Proceedings of the Seminar for Burkholder, G. 1984. An Arabian Collection: Artifacts from Arabian Studies 32: 13–30. the Eastern Province. GB Publications: Boulder City. Carter, R.A. 2005. The history and prehistory of pearling Burkholder, G. and M. Golding 1971. Appendix A. Surface in the Persian Gulf. Journal of the Economic and Social Survey of al-Ubaid Sites in Eastern Province, in H. History of the Orient 48: 139–209. Field (ed.) Contributions to the Anthropology of Saudi Carter, R.A. 2006. Boat remains and maritime trade in Arabia (Field Research Projects 59): 50–55. Miami. the Persian Gulf during the sixth and fifth millennia Burningham, N. 1994. Notes on the watercraft of Thanh BC. Antiquity 80 (307): 52–63. Hoa province, northern Vietnam. International Carter, R.A. 2010a. Stratigraphy and Architecture, in R. Journal of Nautical Archaeology 23 (3): 229–238. Carter and H. Crawford (eds.) Maritime Interactions Bustin R.M. and Y. Guo 1999. Abrupt changes (jumps) in the Arabian Neolithic: Evidence from H3, As-Sabiyah, in reflectance values and chemical compositions an Ubaid-related site in Kuwait (American School of artificial charcoals and inertinite in coals. of Prehistoric Research Monograph Series): 9–32. International Journal of Coal Geology 38: 237–260. Leiden and Boston: Brill. Çakırlar, C. 2009a. Mollusk Shells in Troia, Yenibademli, and Carter, R.A. 2010b. Pottery from H3, in R. Carter and H. Ulucak. British Archaeological Reports, International Crawford (eds.) Maritime Interactions in the Arabian Series 2051. Oxford: Archaeopress. Neolithic: Evidence from H3, As-Sabiyah, an Ubaid- Çakırlar, C. 2009b. To the shore back and again: related site in Kuwait (American School of Prehistoric archaeomalacology of Troia. Studia Troica 18: 59–86. Research Monograph Series): 33–65. Leiden and Çakırlar, C. (ed.) 2011. Archaeomalacology Revisited: Boston: Brill. Non-dietary use of molluscs in Archaeological Settings. Carter, R.A. 2010c. Appendix IV. Radiocarbon dates from Oxford: Oxbow Books. H3, As-Sabiyah and Ubaid-related Neolithic Sites in 477 Dosariyah the Gulf, in R. Carter and H. Crawford (eds.) Maritime lime plasters. Construction and Building Materials 20 Interactions in the Arabian Neolithic: Evidence from H3, (10): 849–857. As-Sabiyah, an Ubaid-related site in Kuwait (American Chapman, R.W. 1978. Geomorphology, in S.S. Al-Sayari School of Prehistoric Research Monograph Series): and J.G. Zötl (eds.) Quaternary Period in Saudi Arabia: 291–295. Leiden and Boston: Brill. 19–30. Vienna: Springer. Carter, R.A. 2010d. Boat-Related Finds, in R. Carter and Charola, A.E. and F.M. Henriques 2000. Hydraulicity H. Crawford (eds.) Maritime Interactions in the Arabian in lime mortars revisited. Historic mortars: Neolithic: Evidence from H3, As-Sabiyah, an Ubaid- characteristics and tests, in Proceedings of a RILEM related site in Kuwait (American School of Prehistoric international workshop, University of Paisley, 1999 Research Monograph Series): 89–104. Leiden and (RILEM 7): 95–104. Boston: Brill. Charpentier, V. 1996. Archaeology of the Erythraean Carter, R.A. 2011. Ceramics of the Qatar National Museum. Sea: Craft specialization and resource optimizations Oxford: Oxford Brookes University Press. as part of the coastal economy on eastern coastlands Carter, R.A. 2012. Sea of Pearls: Arabia, Persia, and the of Oman during the 4th and 3rd millennia BC, in G.E. Industry that Shaped the Gulf. London: Arabian Afanasév, S. Cleuziou, J.-R. Lukacs and M. Tosi (eds.) Publishing Ltd. The prehistory of Asia and Oceania (Colloquia 16, Forlil, Carter, R.A. 2012. Watercraft, in D.T. Potts (ed.) A UISPP): 181–192. Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East: Charpentier, V. 2002. Archéologie de la côte des 347–372. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. Ichtyophages: coquilles, squales et cétacés du site Carter, R.A. and H. Crawford 2001. The Kuwait/British IVe–IIIe millénaires de Ra’s al-Jinz, in S. Cleuziou, M. Archaeological Expedition to As-Sabiyah: Report on Tosi and J. Zarins (eds.) Essays on the late Prehistory the second season’s work. Iraq 63: 1–20. of the Arabian Peninsula (Serie Orientale 93): 73–99. Carter, R.A. and H. Crawford 2003. The Kuwait-British Rome: IsMEO. archaeological expedition to As-Sabiyah: report on Charpentier, V. 2003. From the Gulf to Hadramawt: the fourth season’s work. Iraq 65: 77–90. Fluting and Plunging Processes in Arabia, in D.T. Carter, R.A. and H. Crawford (eds.) 2010a. Maritime Potts, H. al-Nabooda and P. Hellyer (eds.) First Interactions in the Arabian Neolithic: Evidence from H3, International Conference on Emirates Archaeology: 66– As-Sabiyah, an Ubaid-related site in Kuwait. American 71. London: Trident Press. School of Prehistoric Research Monograph Series. Charpentier, V. 2004. Trihedral points: a new facet to Leiden and Boston: Brill. the ‘Arabian Bifacial Tradition’. Proceedings of the Carter, R.A. and H. Crawford 2010b. Conclusions, in R. Seminar for Arabian Studies 34: 53–66. Carter and H. Crawford (eds.) Maritime Interactions Charpentier, V. 2008. Hunter-gatherers of the ‘empty in the Arabian Neolithic: Evidence from H3, As-Sabiyah, quarter of the early Holocene’ to the last Neolithic an Ubaid-related site in Kuwait (American School of societies: chronology of the late prehistory of Prehistoric Research Monograph Series): 203–212. south-eastern Arabia (8000–3100 BC). Proceedings of Leiden and Boston: Brill. the Seminar for Arabian Studies 38: 93–116. Carter, R.A. and G. Philip 2010. Deconstructing the Charpentier, V. and R. Crassard 2013. Back to Fassad … Ubaid, in R.A. Carter and G. Philip (eds.) Beyond and the PPNB controversy. Questioning a Levantine the Ubaid. Transformation and Integration in the Late origin for Arabian Early Holocene projectile points Prehistoric Societies of the Middle East (Studies in technology. Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 24: Ancient Oriental Civilisation): 1–22. Chicago: The 28–36. Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Charpentier, V. and M.-L. Inizan 2002. Diagnostic Cartwright, C. and E. Glover 2002. Ra´s al-Hadd: Evidence on Fluting in the Old World: The Neolithic Reconstructing the Coastal Environment in the 3rd Projectile Points of Arabia. Lithic Technology 27 (1): Millennium BC and later. Journal of Oman Studies 12: 39–46. 41–53. Charpentier, V. and S. Méry 2008. A Neolithic settlement Cavulli, F., E. Cristiani and S. Scaruffi 2009. Techno- near the Strait of Hormuz: Akab Island, United Arab functional analysis at the fishing settlement of KHB- Emirates. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 1 (Ra’s al-Khabbah, Ja’alan, Sultanate of Oman). 38: 117–136. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 39: 73–80. Charpentier, V., M. Cremaschi and F. Demnard 1997. Cerling, T.E. and J.M. Harris 1999. Carbon isotope Une campagne archéologique sur un site côtier du fractionation between diet and bioapatite in Ja’alan: Al-Haddah (BJD-1) et sa culture matérielle ungulate mammals and implications for ecological (Sultanat d’Oman). Proceedings of the Seminar for and paleoecological studies. Oecologia 120: 347–363. Arabian Studies 27: 99–111. Černý, R., A. Kunca, V. Tydlitát, J. Drchalová and P. Charpentier, V., P. Marquis and E. Pellé 2003. La Rovnaníková 2006. Effect of pozzolanic admixtures nécropole et les derniers horizons Ve millénaire du on mechanical, thermal and hygric properties of site du Gorbat al-Mahar (Suwayah, SWY-1, Sultanat 478 References d’Oman): premier résultats. Proceedings of the Seminar Kuwait (American School of Prehistoric Research for Arabian Studies 33: 11–19. Monograph Series): 261–287. Leiden and Boston: Charpentier, V., C.S. Phillips and S. Méry 2012. Pearl Brill. fishing in the ancient world: 7500 BP. Arabian Connan, J. 2012. Le bitume dans l’Antiquité. Arles: Editions Archaeology and Epigraphy 23: 1–6. Errances. Charpentier, V., S.M. Phillips and C. Phillips 2004. Des Connan, J. and R. Carter 2007. A geochemical study of coquillages… outillages des ichtophages? Mise en bituminous mixtures from Failaka and Umm an- évidence d’industries sur Veneridae, du Néolithique Namel (Kuwait), from the Early Dilmun to the Early à l’âge du Fer (Yémen, Oman, E.A.U.). Arabian Islamic period. Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 18: Archaeology and Epigraphy 15: 1–10. 139–181. Charpentier, V., D. Angelucci, S. Méry and J.-F. Saliège Connan, J. and O. Deschesne 1996. Le bitume à Suse – 2000. Autour de la mangrove morte de Suwayh, Collection du Musée du Louvre, Paris et Pau. Coédition l’habitat VIe–Ve millénaires de Suwayh SWY-11, Elf Aquitaine-Réunion des Musées nationaux. Sultanat d’Oman. Proceedings of the Seminar for Connan, J. and Y. Nishiaki 2003. The bituminous mixtures Arabian Studies 30: 69–85. of Tell Kosak Shamali on the Upper Euphrates Charpentier, V., S. Méry, E. Fortini and E. Pellé 2009. ‘Un (Syria) from the early Ubaid to the post Ubaid: chef est un requin qui voyage par terre’: fonctions composition of mixtures and origin of bitumen, in Y. et statuts des armatures de projectile en dent de Nishiaki and T. Matsutani (eds.) Tell Kosak Shamali – Carcharhinus leucas et aiguillon caudal de raie the archaeological investigations on the Upper Euphrates, dans l’Arabie des VIe–IIIe millénaires av. notre ère. Syria, Volume II: Chalcolithic technology and subsistence: Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 20: 9–17. 283-306. Tokyo: The University Museum and the Cherry, J.F., C. Gamble and S. Shennan (eds.) 1978. University of Tokyo. Sampling in Contemporary British Archaeology (British Connan, J. and J. Oates in preparation. The bitumen of Archaeological Reports British Series 50). Oxford: Tell Brak from the Middle Uruk (c.3500 BC) to Late Archaeopress. Bronze age (c.1280 BC): origin and trade routes, in Chu, V., L. Regev, S. Weiner and E. Boaretto 2008. J. Oates, D. Oates, G. Emberling and H. McDonald Differentiating between anthropogenic calcite (eds.) Excavations at Tell Brak 3. The Prehistoric Periods. in plaster, ash and natural calcite using infrared Cambridge: McDonald Institute Monograph. spectroscopy: implications in archaeology. Journal of Connan, J. and T. van de Velde 2010. An overview of Archaeological Science 35 (4): 905–911. bitumen trade in the Near East from the Neolithic Claassen, C. 1998. Shells. Cambridge Manuals in Archaeology. (c.8000 BC) to the early Islamic period. Arabian Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Archaeology and Epigraphy 21: 1–19. Cleuziou, S. and M. Tosi 1994. Black Boats of Magan – Connan, J., C. Breniquet and J.L. Huot 1996. Les objets Some thoughts on Bronze Age water transport in bituminés de Tell el Oueili. Des témoins de la Oman and beyond from the impressed bitumen slabs diversité des réseaux d’échanges commerciaux of Ra’s al-Junayz, in A. Parpola and P. Koskikalio de l’Obei 0 à l’Uruk récent, in J.L. Huot (ed.) Oueili (eds.) South Asian Archaeology 1993, vol. II: 745–761. – Travaux de 1987 et 1989: 413–430. Paris: Éditions Suomalainen Tiedakatemia. Recherche sur les Civilisations. Cleuziou, S. and M. Tosi 1998. Hommes, climats et Connan, J., R.A. Carter, H. Crawford, M. Tobey, A. Charrie- environnements dans la péninsule arabique à Duhaut, D. Jarvie, P. Albrecht and K.K. Norman 2005. l’Holocène. Paléorient 23 (2): 121–135. A comparative geochemical study of bituminous Cleuziou, S. and M. Tosi 2000. Ra’s al-Jinz and the boat remains from H3, As-Sabiyah (Kuwait), and prehistoric cultures of the Ja’alan. Journal of Oman RJ-2, Ra’s al-Jinz (Oman). Arabian Archaeology and Studies 11: 19–74. Epigraphy 16: 21–66. Cleuziou, S., M. Tosi and J. Zarins 2002. Introduction, Conyers, L.B. and D. Goodman 1997. Ground-penetrating in S. Cleuziou, M. Tosi and J. Zarins (eds.) Essays radar. An introduction for archaeologists. Walnut Creek, on the Late Prehistory of the Arabian Peninsula (Serie Lanham, New York, Oxford: Altamira Press. Orientale Roma 93): 9–27. Rome: IsMEO. Coon, C.S. 1943. Southern Arabia: a Problem for the Conard, N.J., M. Soressi, J.E. Parkington, S. Wurz and Future. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American R. Yates 2004. A Unified Lithic Taxonomy Based Archaeology and Ethnology 20: 187–220. on Patterns of Core Reduction. South African Copeland, L. and P. Bergne 1976. Flint artefacts from Archaeological Bulletin 59 (179): 13–17. the Buraimi area, Eastern Arabia and their relations Connan, J. 2010. Appendix II: Technical Report on the with the Near Eastern post-Paleolithic. Proceedings Comparative, Compositional, and Isotopic Analyses of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 6: 40–61. of the H3 Bitumen, in R. Carter and H. Crawford Coppa A., R. Macchiarelli, S. Salvatori and G. Santini (eds.) Maritime Interactions in the Arabian Neolithic: 1985. The Prehistoric Graveyard of Ra’s al-Hamra Evidence from H3, As-Sabiyah, an Ubaid-related site in (RH 5). Journal of Oman Studies 8 (1): 97–102. 479 Dosariyah Courty, M.A., P. Goldberg and R. Macphail 1989. Soils Defense Mapping Agency 1982. Topographic Map: Jubayl and Micromorphology in Archaeology. Cambridge: Al Barri 1:50,000. Edition 3-DMA, Series K763, Sheet Cambridge University Press. 5943. Washington, DC. Cox, J., M. Searle and R. Pedersen 1999. The petrogenesis Delougaz, P., H.J. Kantor and A. Alizadeh (eds.) 1996. of leucogranitic dykes intruding the northern Semail Chogha Mish Volume I. The First Five Seasons of ophiolite, United Arab Emirates: field relationships, Excavations 1961–1971. Part 1: Text (Oriental Institute geochemistry and Sr/Nd isotope systematics. Publications 101). Chicago: The University of Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 137: 267–287. Chicago. Crassard, R. 2008. La Préhistoire du Yémen. Diffusions et De Weerdt, K. and H. Justnes 2015. The effect of sea diversités locales, à travers l’étude d’industries lithiques water on the phase assemblage of hydrated cement du Hadramawt (British Archaeological Reports paste. Cement and Concrete Composites 55: 215–222. International Series 1842). Oxford: Archaeopress. De Weerdt, K., H. Justnes and M.R. Geiker 2014. Changes Crassard, R. and P. Drechsler 2013. Towards new in the phase assemblage of concrete exposed to sea paradigms: multiple pathways for the Arabian water. Cement and Concrete Composites 47: 53–63. Neolithic. Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 24: 3–8. De Winter, N.J., M. Sinnesael, C. Makarona, S. Crassard, R. and M. Petraglia 2014. Stone Technology Vansteenberge and P. Claeys 2017. Trace element in Arabia, in Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, analyses of carbonates using portable and micro-X- Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. ray fluorescence: performance and optimization of Dordrecht: Springer. measurement parameters and strategies. Journal of Crassard, R., J. McCorriston, E. Oches, ʿA. Bin ʿAqil, Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 32 (6): 1211–1223. J. Espagne and M. Sinnah 2006. Manayzah, early Dibble, H.L. 1997. Platform variability and flake to mid-Holocene occupations in Wādī Ṣanā morphology: a comparison of experimental (Ḥaḍramawt, Yemen). Proceedings of the Seminar for and archeaological data and implications for Arabian Studies 36: 151–173. interpreting prehistoric lithic technological Crawford, H. 2010. The Term ‘Hajji Muhammad’: A strategies. Lithic Technology 22 (2): 150–170. Re-Evaluation, in R.A. Carter and G. Philip (eds.) Diefendorf, A.F., K.E. Mueller, S.L. Wing, P.L. Koch Beyond the Ubaid. Transformation and Integration in the and K.H. Freeman 2010. Global patterns of leaf Late Prehistoric Societies of the Middle East (Studies in 13 C discrimination and implications for studies of Ancient Oriental Civilizations 63): 163–168. Chicago: past and future climate. Proceedings of the National Oriental Institute Press. Academy of Sciences 107: 5738–5743. Crawford, H. and R. Carter 2010. Small finds, in R. Diessel, C.F.K. 1992. Coal-bearing Depositional Systems. Carter and H. Crawford (eds.) Maritime Interactions Berlin: Springer-Verlag. in the Arabian Neolithic: Evidence from H3, As-Sabiyah, Dietler, M. and I. Herbich 1998. Habitus, Techniques, an Ubaid-related site in Kuwait (American School of Style: An Integrated Approach to the Social Prehistoric Research Monograph Series): 67–87. Understanding of Material Culture Boundaries, in Leiden and Boston: Brill. M.T. Stark (ed.) The Archaeology of Social Boundaries: Cudney-Bueno R., R. Prescott and O. Hinojosa-Huerta 232–263. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution O. 2008. The Black Murex Snail, Hexaplex nigritus Press. (Mollusca, Muricidae), in the Gulf of California, Doornkamp, J.C., D. Brunsden and D.K.C. Jones 1980. Mexico: I. Reproductive Ecology and Breeding Geology, geomorphology and pedology of Bahrain. Aggregations. Bulletin of Marine Science 83 (2): 285– Norwich: Geobooks. 298. Downs, R.T. 2006. The RRUFF Project: an integrated Dance, S.P. 1995. Seashells of Eastern Arabia. Dubai: study of the chemistry, crystallography, Raman Motivate Publishing. and infrared spectroscopy of minerals. Program and Dansgaard, W. 1964. Stable isotopes in precipitation. Tellus Abstracts of the 19th General Meeting of the International 16: 436–468. Mineralogical Association in Kobe, Japan. O03-13. De Boor, C. 1978. A Practical Guide to Splines. New York: Drechsler, P. 2007. Spreading the Neolithic over the Springer Verlag. Arabian Peninsula. Proceedings of the Seminar for de Cardi, B. 1986. Some aspects of Neolithic settlement Arabian Studies 37: 93–109. in Bahrain and adjacent regions, in S.H.A. al-Khalifa Drechsler, P. 2009. The Dispersal of the Neolithic over the and M. Rice (eds.) Bahrain through the ages: The Arabian Peninsula (British Archaeological Reports Archaeology: 87–93. London and New York: KPI. International Series 1969). Oxford: Archaeopress. Dearing, J. 1999. Magnetic susceptibility. Environmental Drechsler, P. 2010. Life at the end of the Holocene moist magnetism: A practical guide 6. 35–62. phase in south-east Arabia — the Late Neolithic site Deer, W.A., R.A. Howie and J. Zussman 2011. An of Jebel Thanais 1 (JTH1). Arabian Archaeology and Introduction to the Rock - Forming Minerals, Second Epigraphy 21: 81–95. edition. The Geological Society of Bath, UK. Drechsler, P. 2011. Places of contact, spheres of interaction. The ʿUbaid phenomenon in the 480 References central Gulf area as seen from a first season of Stramonita haemastoma (Gastropoda: Muricidae). reinvestigations at Dosariyah (Dawsāriyyah), Scientia Marina 79 (2): 223–232. Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. Proceedings of the Elewa, A.M.T. (ed.) 2004. Morphometrics – applications Seminar for Arabian Studies 41: 69–82. in biology and paleontology. Heidelberg: Springer- Drechsler, P. 2012. Erntemesser und Sicheln, in H. Floss Verlag. (ed.) Steinartefakte. Vom Altpaläolithikum bis in die Elewa, A.M.T. (ed.) 2010. Morphometrics for Neuzeit: 791–806. Tübingen: Kerns Verlag. Nonmorphometricians (Lecture Notes in Earth Drechsler, P. 2012. Re-investigating Dosariyah: Report Sciences 124). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. on the third campaign in the field. Unpublished Elhasni K., M. Ghorbel, P. Vasconcelos and O. Jarboui field report. 2010. Reproductive cycle and size at first sexual Drechsler, P. 2014. The Palaeolithic and Neolithic in maturity of Hexaplex trunculus (Gastropoda: South Qatar – Insights from Two Seasons in the Muricidae) in the Gulf of Gabés (southern Tunisia). Field. Zeitschrift für Orient Archäologie 7: 276–289. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 54 (4): 213– Drechsler, P., C. Berthold, F.A. al-Naimi and R. Eichmann 225. 2013. Ceremonial objects or household items? El-Sabh, M.I. and T.S. Murty 1989. Storm surges in the Nondestructive µ-XRD2 and µ-XRF studies on Arabian Gulf. Natural Hazards 1: 371–385. three Neolithic hematite axes from Qatar. Arabian El-Sorogy, A. 2015. Taphonomic Processes of Some Archaeology and Epigraphy 24: 119–124. Intertidal Gastropod and Bivalve Shells from Drechsler, P., M. Engel, D. Brill and C. Gerber 2016. The Northern Red Sea Coast, Egypt. Pakistan Journal of Asaila depression, an archaeological landscape in Zoology 47 (5): 1287–1296. Qatar. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies El-Sorogy, A., M. Youssef, K. Al-Kahtany and N. Al-Otaiby 46: 89–106. 2016. Distribution of Intertidal Mollusks along Tarut Dreimanis, A. 1962. Quantitative gasometric Island Coast, Arabian Gulf, Saudi Arabia. Pakistan determination of calcite and dolomite by using Journal of Zoology 48 (3): 611–623. Chittick apparatus. Journal of Sedimentary Research 32 El-Wailly, F. and B.A. es-Soof 1965. The excavations at (3): 520–529. Tell es-Sawwan. First preliminary report (1964). Dryden, I.L. and K.V. Mardia 1998. Statistical shape Sumer 21: 17–32. analysis. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Emberling, G. and L. Minc. 2016. Ceramics and Long- Duller, G.A.T. 2003. Distinguishing quartz and feldspar in Distance Trade in Early Mesopotamian States. single grain luminescence measurements. Radiation Journal of Archaeological Science, Reports 7: 819–834. Measurements 37: 161–16. Engel, M. and H. Brückner 2014. The South Qatar Survey DuPont, C. and A.G. Al-Tamimi 2008. Shells of the Qatari Project (SQSP) – Preliminary findings on Holocene Shores. Second Edition. Doha: Ali Bin Ali Press. coastal changes and geoarchaeological archives. Durante, S. and M. Tosi 1977. Aceramic middens of Ras Zeitschrift für Orient-Archäologie 7: 290–301. al-Hamra. Journal of Oman Studies 3 (2): 137–162. Engel, M., S.M. May, A. Scheffers, P. Squire, A. Pint, Edens, C. 1982. Towards a definition of the western Rub´ D. Kelletat and H. Brückner 2015. Prograded al Khali ‘Neolithic [sic]’. Atlal 6: 109–124. foredunes of Western Australia’s macro-tidal coast Edens, C. 1988. The Rub al-Khali ‘Neolithic’ Revisited: – implications for Holocene sea-level change and the View from Nadqan, in D.T. Potts (ed.) Araby the high-energy wave impacts. Earth Surface Processes Blest: 15–43. Copenhagen: CNI Publications. and Landforms 40: 726–740. Edens, C. and T.J. Wilkinson 1998. Southwest Arabia Eppes, M.C., L.D. McFadden, K.W. Wegmann and L.A. During the Holocene: Recent Archaeological Scuderi 2010. Cracks in desert pavement rocks: Developments. Journal of World Prehistory 12 (1): 55– Further insights into mechanical weathering by 119. directional insolation. Geomorphology 123 (1): 97– Edgell, H.S. 1989. Geological Framework of Saudi 108. Arabian Groundwater Resources. Journal of King Evans, G., A. Kirkham and R.A. Carter 2002. Quaternary Abdulaziz University, Earth Sciences, vol. 3, Special Development of the United Arab Emirates Coast: Issue, First Saudi Symposium on Earth Sciences, New Evidence from Marawah Island, Abu Dhabi. Jeddah: 267–287. GeoArabia 7: 441–457. Edgell, H.S. 2006. Arabian deserts: nature, origin, and Evans, G., V. Schmidt, P. Bush and H. Nelson 1969. evolution. Dordrecht: Springer. Stratigraphy and geologic history of the sabkha, Edinger, E.N. 2007. Chapter 3.2.2. Bioerosion, in D.E.G. Abu Dhabi, Persian Gulf. Sedimentology 12: 145–159. Briggs and P.R. Crowther (eds.) Palaeobiology II: 273– Evans, G., J.W. Murray, H.E. Biggs, R. Bate and P.R. Bush 277. Hoboken, NY: Wiley-Blackwell. 1973. The oceanography, ecology, sedimentology El-Ayari, T., Y. Lahbib and N.T. El-Menif 2015. Associated and geomorphology of parts of the Trucial Coast fauna and effects of epibiotic barnacles on the barrier island complex, Persian Gulf, in B.H. Purser relative growth and reproductive indices of (ed.) The Persian Gulf: Holocene Carbonate Sedimentation 481 Dosariyah and Diagenesis in a Shallow Epicontinental Sea: 233–278. Field, H. 1960b. North Arabian Desert Archaeological Berlin: Springer. Survey, 1925–50 (Papers of the Peabody Museum of Facey, W. 2000. The Story of the Eastern Province of Saudi Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, vol. Arabia. London: Stacy International. XLV, no. 2). Cambridge, MA: The Peabody Museum. Farrant, A.R., R.A. Ellison, R.J. Thomas, T.C. Pharaoh, A.J. Flavin, K. and E. Shepherd 1994. Fishing in the Gulf: Newell, K.M. Goodenough, J.R. Lee and R.W. Knox Preliminary investigations at an Ubaid site, Dalma 2012. The Geology and Geophysics of the United (U.A.E.). Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies Arab Emirates. Volume 6, in Geology of the western 24: 115–134. and central United Arab Emirates. British Geological Fleitmann, D., A. Matter, J.J. Pint and M. Al-Shanti Survey. 2004. The Speleothem Record of Climate Change in Saudi Farrant, A.R., G.A. Duller, A.G. Parker, H.M. Roberts, Arabia. SGS-OF-2004-8. Open-File Report prepared A. Parton, R.W. Knox and T. Bide 2015. Developing by the Saudi Geological Survey. Jeddah. a framework of Quaternary dune accumulation Fleitmann, D., S.J. Burns, M. Mudelsee, U. Neff, J. in the northern Rub’al-Khali, Arabia. Quaternary Kramers, A. Mangini and A. Matter 2003. Holocene International 382: 132–144. forcing of the Indian monsoon recorded in a Faßbinder, J.W.E. and H. Stanjek 1993. Occurrence of stalactite from southern Oman. Science 300: 1737– bacterial magnetite in soils from archaeological 1739. sites. Archaeologica Polona 31: 117–128. Folk, R.L. and W.C. Ward 1957. Brazos River bar: a study Fazeli Nashali, H., M. Vidale, P. Bianchetti, G. Guida in the significance of grain size parameters. Journal and R. Coningham 2010. The evolution of ceramic of Sedimentary Research 27: 3–26. manufacturing technology during the Late Neolithic Forbes, R.J. 1964. Studies in Ancient Technology, Volume I and Transitional Chalcolithic periods at Tepe Pardis, (Second edition). Leiden: Brill. Iran. Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan Forest, J.-D. 1996. Éléments de chronologie, in J.-L. Huot 42:87–112. (ed.) Oueili: Travaux de 1987 and 1989: 385–390. Paris: Fedele, F.G. 2008. Wadi al-Tayyilah 3, a Neolithic and Pre- Éditions recherche sur les civilisations. Neolithic occupation on the eastern Yemen Plateau, Freeman, H. 1974. Computer processing of line-drawing and its archaeofaunal information. Proceedings of the images. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) 6 (1): 57–97. Seminar for Arabian Studies 38: 153–172. Frifelt, K. 1989. ‘Ubaid in the Gulf Area, in E.F. Henrickson Fedele, F.G. and D. Zaccara 2005. Wadi al-Tayyila 3: a and I. Thuesen (eds.) Upon this Foundation – The ‘Ubaid mid-Holocene site on the Yemen Plateau and its Reconsidered. Proceedings from the ‘Ubaid Symposium lithic collection, in A.M. Sholan, S. Antonini and Elsinore May 30th-June 1st 1988: 405–418. Copenhagen: M. Arbach (eds.) Sabaean Studies. Archaeological, CNI Publications 10. epigraphical and historical studies in honour of Yusuf Frifelt, K. 1995. The Island of Umm an-Nar – Volume 2: M. ‘Abdallah, Alessandro de Maigret, Christian J. Robin The Third Millennium Settlement. Moesgaard: Jysk on the occasion of their sixtieth birthdays: 213–245. Arkaeologisk Selskab. Neapel, San’aa. Fryberger, S.G., A.M. Al‐Sari, T.J. Clisham, S.A.R. Rizvi Felber, H., H. Hötzl, V. Maurin, H. Moser, W. Rauert and K.G. Al‐Hinai 1984. Wind sedimentation in the and J.G. Zötl 1978. Sea level fluctuations during Jafurah sand sea, Saudi Arabia. Sedimentology 31: the Quaternary period, in S.S. Al-Sayari and J.G. 413–431. Zötl (eds.) Quaternary Period in Saudi Arabia: 50–57. Fujii, H. (ed.) 1981. Preliminary report of excavations at Vienna and New York: Springer. Gubba and Songor. Al-Rafidan 2: 3–242. Ferson S., F.J. Rohlf and R. Koehn 1985. Measuring shape Full, W.E. and R. Ehrlich 1986. Fundamental problems variation of two-dimensional outlines. Systematic associated with ‘eigenshape analysis’ and similar Zoology 34: 59–68. ‘factor’ analysis procedures. Mathematical Geology 18 Feulner, G.R. 2006. Occurrence of the large mangrove (5): 451–463. mud creeper Terebralia palustris (Linnaeus, 1767) Gaffney, C. 2008. Detecting trends in the prediction (Gastropoda; Potamididae) within the Arabian Gulf, of the past: a review of geophysical techniques in at and near Qeshm Island, Iran, in the Strait of archaeology. Archaeometry 50: 313–336. Hormuz. Tribulus 16 (2): 32. Garrard, A.N., P. Harvey and V. Switsur 1981. Feulner, G.R. and R.J. Hornby 2006. Intertidal molluscs Environment and settlement during the Upper in UAE lagoons. Tribulus 16 (2): 17–23. Pleistocene and Holocene at Jubbah in the Great Field, H. 1955. New Stone Age sites in the Arabian Nefud, northern Arabia. Atlal 5: 137–148. Peninsula. Man 55: 136–38. Garzanti, E., S. Andò, G. Vezzoli and D. Dell’era 2003. Field, H. 1958. Stone implements from the Rub´ al Khali, From rifted margins to foreland basins: investigating Saudi Arabia. Man 58: 93–94. provenance and sediment dispersal across desert Field, H. 1960a. Stone implements from the Rub´ al Arabia (Oman, UAE). Journal of Sedimentary Research Khali, Saudi Arabia. Man 60: 25–26. 73: 572–588. 482 References Garzanti, E., P. Vermeesch, S. Andò, G. Vezzoli, M. (eds.) Maritime Interactions in the Arabian Neolithic: Valagussa, K. Allen, K.A. Kadi and A.I.A. Al-Juboury Evidence from H3, As-Sabiyah, an Ubaid-related site in 2013. Provenance and recycling of Arabian desert Kuwait (American School of Prehistoric Research sand. Earth-Science Reviews 120: 1–19. Monograph Series): 163–188. Leiden and Boston: Gerber, C. 2014. The German-Qatari South Qatar Brill. Survey Project: The 2012–13 Season. Zeitschrift für Glover, E.A. and J. D. Taylor. 2001. Systematic revision Orientarchäologie 7: 248–274. of Australian and Indo-Pacific Lucinidae (Mollusca: Gero, J. and J. Mazzullo 1984. Analysis of artifact shape Bivalvia): Pillucina, Wallucina and descriptions of using Fourier series in closed form. Journal of Field two new genera and four new species. Records of the Archaeology 11 (3): 315–322. Australian Museum 53: 263–292. Gibson, M. 2010. The Dead Hand of Deimel, in R.A. Carter Glumac, B., H. A. Curran, M.M. Weigner, S.A. Motti and and G. Philip (eds.) Beyond the Ubaid. Transformation S.B. Pruss 2012. Distribution of oolitic sediment and Integration in the Late Prehistoric Societies of the along a beach-to-offshore transect, Pigeon Cay, Cat Middle East (Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilisation): Island, Bahamas: New insights into modern ooid 85–92. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the formation, in Proceedings of the 15th Symposium on the University of Chicago. Geology of the Bahamas and other Carbonate Regions: Gifford, D.P. 1981. Taphonomy and palaeoecology: a 69–79. critical review of archaeology’s sister disciplines, in Goforth, B.R., R.C. Graham, K.R. Hubbert, C.W. Zanner M.B. Schiffer (ed.) Advances in Archaeological Method and R.A. Minnich 2005. Spatial distribution and and Theory 4: 365–438. New York: Academic Press. properties of ash and thermally altered soils after Girod, A. (ed.) 2015. Appunti di archeomalacologia. high-severity forest fire, southern California. Poteniale informative dei molluschi marini, d´acqua dolce International Journal of Wildland Fire 14: 343–354. e terrestri in archeologia. All’Insegna del Giglio, Sesto Golden Software, 2014. Accessed 13 October 2015, Fiorentino. <http://www.goldensoftware.com/pdfs/gallery/ Glascock, M.D. in press. Compositional Analysis of surfer/S10GriddingMethods.pdf>. Archaeological Ceramics, in M.D. Glascock, H. Neff Golding, M. 1974. Evidence for pre-Seleucid occupation and K.J. Vaughn (eds.) Ceramics of the Indigenous of eastern Arabia. Proceedings of the Seminar for Cultures of South America: Studies of Production and Arabian Studies 4: 19-32. Exchange through Compositional Analysis. Goren, Y. and P. Goldberg 1991. Special Studies: Glascock, M.D. and H. Neff 2003. Neutron Activation Petrographic Thin Sections and the Development Analysis and Provenance Research in Archaeology. of Neolithic Plaster Production in Northern Israel. Measurement Science and Technology 14: 1516–1526. Journal of Field Archaeology 18 (1): 131–140. Glascock, M.D., H. Neff and K. Vaughn 2004. Instrumental Goren, Y. and A.N. Goring‐Morris 2008. Early Neutron Activation Analysis and Multivariate pyrotechnology in the Near East: Experimental Statistics for Pottery Provenance. Hyperfine lime‐plaster production at the Pre‐Pottery Neolithic Interactions 154: 95–105. B site of Kfar HaHoresh, Israel. Geoarchaeology 23 (6): Glennie, K.W. 1970. Desert Sedimentary Environments. 779–798. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Goudie, A. S. 2007. Mega‐Yardangs: A Global Analysis. Glennie, K.W. 1998. The desert of southeast Arabia: Geography Compass 1: 65–81. A product of Quaternary climatic change, in A.S. Gourdin, W.H. and W.D. Kingery 1975. The beginnings Alsharhan, K.W. Glennie, G.L. Whittle and C.G.S.C. of pyrotechnology: Neolithic and Egyptian lime Kendall (eds.) Quaternary deserts and climate change: plaster. Journal of Field Archaeology 2 (1-2): 133–150. 279–291. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema. Gramly, R. 1971. Neolithic flint implement assemblages Glover, E. 1991. The molluscan fauna from Shimal, from Saudi Arabia. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 30 Ra’s al-Khaimah, United Arab Emirates, in K. (3): 177–185. Schippmann, A. Herling and J.-F. Salles (eds.) Golf- Gregoricka, L.A. 2011. Mobility, exchange, and tomb Archäologie: Mesopotamien, Iran, Kuwait, Bahrain, membership in Bronze Age Arabia: A biogeochemical Vereinigte Arabische Emirate und Oman (Internationale investigation. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Ohio Archäologie 6): 205–220. Buch am Erlbach. State University. Glover, E. 1998. Mangroves, molluscs and man – Gregoricka, L.A. 2013a. Geographic origins and dietary Archaeological evidence for biogeographical transitions during the Bronze Age in the Oman changes in mangrove around the Arabian Peninsula, Peninsula. American Journal of Physical Anthropology in C.S. Phillips, D.T. Potts and S. Searight (eds.) 152: 353–369. Arabia and its Neighbours (Abiel II): 63–78. Turnhout: Gregoricka, L.A. 2013b. Residential mobility and social Brepols. identity in the periphery: strontium isotope analysis Glover, E. 2010. Shellfish from As-Sabiyah: Evidence for of archaeological tooth enamel from southeastern an Intertidal Economy, in R. Carter and H. Crawford Arabia. Journal of Archaeological Science 40: 452–564. 483 Dosariyah Gregoricka, L.A. 2014. Assessing life history from Hasan, A.K. 1996. A Taxonomic Review of the Bivalve commingled assemblages: the biogeochemistry of and Gastropod Mollusc Fauna along the Saudi inter-tooth variability in Bronze Age Arabia. Journal Intertidal Zone of the Arabian Gulf. Journal of King of Archaeological Science 47: 10–21. Abdulaziz University Marine Sciences 7: 245–253. Gregoricka, L.A. 2016. Human Response to Climate Hein, A., A. Tsolakidou, I. Iliopoulos, H. Mommsen, J. Change during the Umm an-Nar/Wadi Suq Buxeda i Garrigós, G. Montana and V. Kilikoglou 2002. Transition in the United Arab Emirates. International Standardisation of Elemental Analytical Techniques Journal of Ostearchaeology 26: 211–220. Applied to Provenance Studies of Archaeological Guagnin, M., C. Shipton, L. Martin and M. Petraglia Ceramics: An inter-Laboratory Calibration Study. 2017. The Neolithic site of Jebel Oraf 2, northern Analyst 127: 542–553. Saudi Arabia: First report of a directly dated site Heiri, O., A.F. Lotter and G. Lemcke 2001. Loss on with faunal remains. Archaeological Research in Asia ignition as a method for estimating organic and 9: 63-67. carbonate content in sediments: reproducibility and Guo Y. and R.M. Bustin 1998. FTIR spectroscopy and comparability of results. Journal of Paleolimnology 25: reflectance of modern charcoals and fungal decayed 101–110. woods: implications for studies of inertinite in coals. Hellyer, P. and D. Aspinall 2006. An archaeological and International Journal of Coal Geology 37: 29–53. ecological curiosity – Terebralia palustris (Linnaeus, Hadley, D.G., E.M. Brouwers and T.M. Bown 1998. 1767) in the north-east of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. Quaternary paleodunes, Arabian Gulf coast, Abu Tribulus 16 (1): 10–13. Dhabi Emirate: age and palaeoenvironmental Henshilwood CS, F. d’Errico, K.L. van Niekerk, Y. evolution, in A.S. Alsharhan, K.W. Glennie, G.L. Coquinot, Z. Jacobs, S.-E. Lauritzen, M. Menu and Whittle and C.G.S.C. Kendall (eds.) Quaternary R. García-Moreno 2011. A 100,000-year-old ochre- Deserts and Climatic Change: 123–139. Rotterdam: A.A. processing workshop at Blombos Cave, South Africa. Balkema. Science 334: 219–222. Haerinck, E. 1991. Heading for the Strait of Hormuz, an Henton, E., J. McCorriston, L. Martin and E.A. Oches ‘Ubaid site in the Emirate of Ajman (U.A.E.). Arabian 2014. Seasonal aggregation and ritual slaughter: Archaeology and Epigraphy 2 (1): 84–90. Isotopic and dental microwear evidence for cattle Hahn, J. 1993. Erkennen und Bestimmen von Stein- herder mobility in the Arabian Neolithic. Journal of und Knochenartefakten: Eine Einführung in die Anthropological Archaeology 33: 119–131. Artefaktmorphologie (Archaeologica Venatoria 10). Hermansen, B.D. 1993. ‘Ubaid and ED pottery from Tübingen. five sites at ‘Ain as-Sayh, Saudi Arabia. Arabian Haines, A.J. and J.S. Crampton 2000. Improvements to Archaeology and Epigraphy 4 (2): 126–144. the method of Fourier shape analysis as applied in Higgins, P. and B.J. MacFadden 2004. ‘Amount Effect’ morphometric studies. Palaeontology 43 (4): 765–783. recorded in oxygen isotopes of Late Glacial Hall, H.R. and C.L. Woolley 1927. Ur Excavations, Volume horse (Equus) and bison (Bison) teeth from the I, al-’Ubaid. A Report on the work carried out at al-’Ubaid Sonoran and Chihuahuan deserts, southwestern for the British Museum in 1919 and for the joint expedition United States. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, in 1923–4. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Palaeoecology 206: 337–353. Hammer, Ř., D.A.T. Harper and P.D. Ryan 2001. PAST: Hockey, P.A.R. and A.L. Bosman 1986. Man as intertidal Paleontological statistics software package predator in Transkei: disturbance, community for education and data analysis. Palaeontologia convergence and management of a natural food Electronica 4 (1) <http://nhm2.uio.no/norlex/past/ resource. Oikos 46: 3–14. download.html>. Hodder, I. 2012. Entangled: An Archaeology of the Händel, M. 2014. Al Hamriya – Dynamik einer Relationships between Humans and Things. Oxford: Muschelhaufenlandschaft in den Vereinigten John Wiley and Sons. Arabischen Emiraten. Archaeologia Austriaca 97/98: Hoetzl, H. 1995. Groundwater recharge in an arid 77–96. karst area (Saudi Arabia). Application of Tracers Hansen Streily, A. 2000. Early pottery kilns in the Middle in Arid Zone Hydrology. Proceedings of the Vienna East. Paléorient 26: 69–81. Symposium, August 1994. IAHS Publications 232: 195– Hariri, M.M. 2014. Fractures system within Dammam 207. Dome and its relationship to the doming process, Højlund, F. and H.H. Andersen 1994. Qala’at al-Bahrain Eastern Saudi Arabia. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 7: Vol. 1: The Northern City Wall and the Islamic Fortress. 4943–4956. Moesgaard: Jutland Archaeological Society. Harrison, D.L. 1964. The Mammals of Arabia, volume Hole, F. 1977. Studies in the Archaeological History of 1. Introduction. Insectivora. Chiroptera. Primates. the Deh Luran Plain: The Excavations of Chagha Sefid London: Ernest Benn. (Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology 9). Ann Harrison, D.L. 1972. The Mammals of Arabia, volume 3. Arbor: University of Michigan. Lagomorpha and Rodentia. London: Ernest Benn. 484 References Hole, F. 1994. Environmental instabilities and urban Stone (Préhistoire de la Pierre Taillée Tome 5). origins, in G. Stein and M.S. Rothman (eds.) Chiefdoms Nanterre: CREP. and Early States in the Near East: The Organizational Iovita, R. 2009. Ontogenetic scaling and lithic Dynamics of Complexity: 121–143. Madison: Prehistory systematics: method and application. Journal of Press. Archaeological Science 36: 1447–1457. Holm, D.A. 1960. Desert Geomorphology in the Arabian Iovita, R. 2010. Comparing stone tool resharpening Peninsula. Science, New Series 132 (3437): 1369–1379. trajectories with the aid of elliptical Fourier Analysis, Hoppe, K.A. 2006. Correlation between the oxygen in S.J. Lycett and P.R. Chauhan (eds.) New Perspectives isotope ratio of North American bison teeth on Old Stones: 235–253. New York. doi:10.1007/978-1- and local waters: Implication for paleoclimatic 4419-6861-6_10. reconstructions. Earth and Planetary Science Letters Iovita, R. 2011. Shape Variation in Aterian Tanged 244: 408–417. Tools and the Origins of Projectile Technology: A Horton, B.P., R.J. Edwards and J.M. Lloyd 2000. Morphometric Perspective on Stone Tool Function. Implications of a microfossil transfer function PLoS ONE 6 (12): e29029. doi:10.1371/journal. in Holocene sea level studies, in I. Shennan and J. pone.0029029 Andrews (eds.) Holocene land-ocean interaction and Iovita, R. and S.P. McPherron 2011. The handaxe environmental change around the North Sea (Geological reloaded: A morphometric reassessment of Society, London. Special Publications 166): 275–288. Acheulian and Middle Paleolithic handaxes. Journal Hötzl, H. and J.G. Zötl 1984. Hydrogeology, in A.R. Jado of Human Evolution 61: 61–74. and J.G. Zötl (eds.) Quaternary Period in Saudi Arabia, Iwata, H., 2006. SHAPE Ver. 1.3, A Software Package volume 2: 246–274. New York: Springer. for Quantitative Evaluation of Biological Shapes Hourani, A. 1992. History of the Arab Peoples. London: Based on Elliptic Fourier Descriptors. Manual, Grand Central Publishing. accessed 27 January 2018 <http://lbm.ab.a.u-tokyo. Hritz, C., J. Pournelle and J. Smith 2012. Revisiting ac.jp/~iwata/shape/manual.pdf>. the sealands: Report of preliminary ground Iwata, H. and Y. Ukai 2002. SHAPE: A computer program reconnaissance in the Hammar District, Dhi Qar and package for quantitative evaluation of biological Basra governorates, Iraq. Iraq 74: 37–49. shapes based on elliptic Fourier descriptors. Journal Hughes, S.S. 1998. Getting to the Point: Evolutionary of Heredity 93: 384–385. Change in Prehistoric Weaponry. Journal of Iwata H, S. Niikura, S. Matsuura, Y. Takano and Y. Archaeological Method and Theory 5 (4): 345–408. Ukai 1998. Evaluation of variation of root shape Huntings Geophysics Ltd. 1979. Report on mineral survey of Japanese radish (Raphanus sativus L.) based on of the UAE, Al-Ain area 9: 29. image analysis using elliptic Fourier descriptors. Huot, J.-L. 1989. ʼUbaidian Village of Lower Mesopotamia. Euphytica 102: 143–149. Permanence and Evolution from ʼUbaid 0 to ʼUbaid Jacob, H. 1974. Mikroskop-photometrie der organischen 4 as seen from Tell el’Oueili. In E.F. Henrickson and Stoffe von Böden. III. Reflexions- und Fluoreszenz- I. Thuesen (eds.) Upon this Foundation – The ‘Ubaid Photometrie der organischen Substanz von zwei Reconsidered. Proceedings from the ‘Ubaid Symposium Schwarzerden. Bodenkultur 25: 1–9. Elsinore May 30th–June 1st 1988: 19–42. Copenhagen: Jacob, H. 1980. Die Anwendung der Mikrophotometrie CNI Publications 10. in der Organische Petrologie. Leitz Mitteilungen für Hussain, M. 2006. Recognizing attributes and oomoldic Wissenschaft und Technik 7: 209–216. porosity development in eolianite in an arid setting: Jado, A.R. and J.G. Zötl (eds.) 1984. Quaternary An example from the Quaternary eolianite from the period in Saudi Arabia, volume 2: Sedimentological, Arabian Gulf coastline, Saudi Arabia. Carbonates and hydrogeological, hydrochemical, geomorphological, and Evaporites 21: 124–132. climatological investigations in western Saudi Arabia. Infantidis, F. and M. Nikolaidou 2011 (eds.). Spondylus Vienna and New York: Springer. in prehistory. New data and approaches. Contribution Jahangir, S., G. Siddiqui, M. Moazzam and Z. Ayub 2012. to the archaeology of shell technologies (British Clams of the families Tellinidae and Veneridae and Archaeological Reports, International Series 2216). blood cockle of family Arcidae from Phitti Creek Oxford: Archaeopress. and Sonmiani along the coast of Pakistan (Northern Ingold, T. 1993. The Temporality of the Landscape. Arabian Sea). Pakistan Journal of Zoology 44 (1): 259– World Archaeology 25 (2): 152–174. 266. Inizan, M.-L. 1988. Préhistoire à Qatar. Mission archéologique James, A.N. and A.L. Little 1994. Geotechnical aspects francaise à Qatar (2). Paris: Editions Recherche sur les of sabkha at Jubail, Saudi Arabia. Quarterly Journal of Civilisations. Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 27: 83–121. Inizan, M.-L., M. Reduron, H. Roche and J. Tixier 1995. Jasim, S.A. 1985. The Ubaid period in Iraq. Recent Technologie de la pierre taillée. Paris: C.R.E.P. Meudon. excavations in the Hamrin region, part i+ii (British Inizan, M.-L., M. Reduron-Ballinger, H. Roche and J. Archaeological Reports International Series 267). Tixier 1999. Technology and Terminology of Knapped Oxford: Archaeopress. 485 Dosariyah Jasim, S.A. 1996. An ‘Ubaid site in the Emirate of Sharjah Kassler, P. 1973. The structural and geomorphic (U.A.E.). Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 7 (1): 1–12. evolution of the Persian Gulf, in B.H. Purser (ed.) The Jasim, S.A. 1999. The excavation of a camel cemetery Persian Gulf: 11–32. Berlin and Heidelberg: Springer. at Mleiha, Sharjah, U.A.E. Arabian Archaeology and Kelso, J.L. 1949. The Masonry and Plaster of New Epigraphy 10: 69–101. Testament Jericho (Tulul Abu el-’Alayiq). Annual of John V.C., S.L. Coles and A.I. Abozed 1990. Seasonal the American Schools of Oriental Research 29: 42. cycles of temperature, salinity and water masses of Kennet, D. 2002. Sasanian pottery in Southern Iran and the Western Arabian Gulf. Oceanologica Acta 13 (3): Eastern Arabia. Iran 40: 153–162. 273–281. Kennet, D. 2004. Sasanian and Islamic pottery from Ras al- Johnson, D. H., H. Felber, H. Hötzl, V. Maurin, H. Moser, Khaimah: classification, chronology and analysis of trade W. Rauert, J.G. Zötl, R.W. Chapman, M.R. Kamal, in the Western Indian Ocean. Oxford: Archaeopress. G.O. Pierson and J.B. Ramsay 1978. Gulf coastal Kennet, D. 2007. The decline of eastern Arabia in the region and its hinterland, in S.S. Al-Sayari and J.G. Sasanian period. Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy Zötl (eds.) Quaternary Period in Saudi Arabia: 45–163. 18: 86–122. Vienna: Springer. Kennett, D.J. and J.P. Kennett 2006. Early State Jones, T.P., A.C. Scott and M. Cope 1991. Reflectance Formation in Southern Mesopotamia: Sea Levels, measurements and the temperature of formation Shorelines, and Climate Change. Journal of Island and of modern charcoals and implications for studies of Coastal Archaeology 1: 67–99. fusain. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 162 Kennett, D.J., S. Sakai, H. Neff, R. Gossett and D.O. Larson (2): 193–200. 2002. Compositional Characterization of Prehistoric Jordan, B.R. 2008. Tsunamis of the Arabian Peninsula a Ceramics: a New Approach. Journal of Archaeological guide of historic events. Science of Tsunami Hazards Science 29 (5): 443–455. 27: 31–46. Ketterings, Q.M. and J.M. Bigham 2000. Soil Color as an Kainert, C. and P. Drechsler 2014. An interplay of imports Indicator of Slash-and-Burn Fire Severity and Soil and local traditions? The pottery assemblage from Fertility in Sumatra, Indonesia. Soil Science Society of Dosariyah, Saudi Arabia. Proceedings of the Seminar for America Journal 64 (5): 1826–1833. Arabian Studies 44: 213–226. Khalidi, L., B. Gratuze, G. Stein, A. McMahon, S. Al- Kallweit, H. 2003. Remarks on the Late Stone Age in the Quntar, R. Carter, R. Cuttler, P. Drechsler, E. Healey, U.A.E, in D. Potts, A. al-Naboodah and P. Hellyer (eds.) M.-L. Inizan, D. Mouralis, E. Pernicka, and A.-K. Archaeology of the United Arab Emirates. Proceedings of Robin 2016. The growth of early social networks: the First International Conference on the Archaeology of New geochemical results of obsidian from the Ubaid the U.A.E.: 56–64. London: Trident Press. to Chalcolithic Period in Syria, Iraq and the Gulf. Kallweit, H. and W. Davies 2010. The Lithic Industries Journal of Archaeological Science, Reports 9: 743–757. of H3, in R. Carter and H. Crawford (eds.) Maritime Kiesewetter, H. 2006. Analyses of the Human Remains Interactions in the Arabian Neolithic: Evidence from H3, from the Neolithic Cemetery at al-Buhais 18 As-Sabiyah, an Ubaid-related site in Kuwait (American (Excavations 1996-2000) in H.P. Uerpmann, M. School of Prehistoric Research Monograph Series): Uerpmann and S.A. Jasim (eds.) Funeral Monuments 105–128. Leiden and Boston: Brill. and Human Remains from Jebel al-Buhais (The Kapel, H. 1967. Atlas of the Stone-Age Cultures of Qatar. Archaeology of Jebel al-Buhais, volume 1): 103–385. Reports of the Danish Archeological Expedition to the Sharjah and Tübingen: Kerns Verlag. Arabian Gulf, volume I. Aarhus. Aarhus University Kiesewetter, H., H.-P. Uerpmann and S.A. Jasim 2000. Press. Neolithic jewellery from Jebel-al Buhais 18. Kapel, H. 1973. Stone-Age survey, in T.G. Bibby (ed.) Proceedings for the Seminar of Arabian Studies 30: 137– Preliminary survey in East Arabia 1968. Reports of 146. the Danish archaeological expedition to the Arabian Gulf, Kindermann, K. 2010. Djara. Zur mittelholozänen 2 (Jutland Archaeological Society Publications 12): Besiedlungsgeschichte zwischen Niltal und Oasen (Abu- 59–76. Copenhagen: Gyldendal. Muharik-Plateau, Ägypten) (Africa Praehistorica 23.1). Karkanas, P. 2007. Identification of lime plaster in Bielefeld: Hans Kock GmbH. prehistory using petrographic methods: A review Kingery, W.D., P.B. Vandiver and M. Prickett 1988. The and reconsideration of the data on the basis of beginnings of pyrotechnology, part  II: Production experimental and case studies. Geoarchaeology 22 (7): and use of lime and gypsum plaster in the Pre- 775–796. Pottery Neolithic Near East. Journal of Field Karkanas, P. and N. Efstratiou 2009. Floor sequences in Archaeology 15 (2): 219–243. Neolithic Makri, Greece: micromorphology reveals Knight, C., C. Power and I. Watts 1995. The human cycles of renovation. Antiquity 83 (322): 955–967. symbolic revolution: a Darwinian account. Cambridge Karul, N. and M.B. Avci 2011. Neolithic communities Archaeological Journal 5: 75–114. in the eastern Marmara region: Aktopraklik C. Knipper, C. 2004. Die Strontiumisotopenanalyse: eine Anatolica 37: 1–15. naturwissenschaftliche Methode zur Erfassung von 486 References Mobilität in der Ur- und Frühgeschichte. Jahrbuch conditions. Cement and Concrete Research 36 (5): 961– des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 51: 970. 589–685. Langsdorff, A. and D.E. McCown 1942. Tall-I Bakun A, Knipper, C. 2011. Die räumliche Organisation Season of 1932 (Oriental Institute Publications 59). der linearbandkeramischen Rinderhaltung: Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. naturwissenschaftliche und archäologische Larsen, C.E. 1983. Life and land use on the Bahrain Islands: Untersuchungen (British Archaeological Reports the geoarchaeology of an ancient society. Chicago: The International Series 2305). Oxford: Archaeopress. University of Chicago Press. Knipper, C., A.-F. Maurer, D. Peters, C. Meyer, M. Brauns, Lebeau, M. 1983. Small finds from level Obeid 4 at Tell El S.G. Galer, U. von Freeden, B. Schöne and K.W. Alt Oueili. Sumer 39: 50–55. 2012. Mobility in Thuringia or mobile Thuringians: Lebeau, M. 1987. Aperçu de la céramique de la phase a strontium isotope study from early Medieval ‘Oueili (Obeid 0), in J.-L. Huot (ed.) Larsa (10e central Germany, in E. Kaiser, J. Burger and W. Schier campagne, 1983) et ‘Oueili (4e campagne, 1983): Rapport (eds.) Migrations in Prehistory and Early History. Stable préliminaire (Recherche sur les grandes civilisations, Isotopes and Population Genetics (Berlin Studies of the Mémoire 73): 95–120. Paris: Éditions recherche sur Ancient World): 293–317. Berlin: De Gruyter. les civilisations. Knipper, C., C. Meyer, F. Jacobi, C. Roth, M. Fecher, K. Lebeau, M. 1991. Les Céramiques Obeid 2 et Obeid 3 de Schatz, E. Stephan, L. Hansen, A.G. Posluschny, Tell el-’Oueili. Rapport Préliminaire, in J.-L. Huot C.F.E. Pare and K.W. Alt 2014. Social differentiation (ed.) ‘Oueili – Travaux de 1985: 241–265. Paris: Éditions and land use at an Early Iron Age ‘princely seat’: Recherche sur les Civilisations. Bioarchaeological investigations at the Glauberg Leckebusch, J. 2001. Die Anwendung des Bodenradars (GPR) (Germany). Journal of Archaeological Science 41: 818– in der archäologischen Prospektion. 3D-Visualisierung 835. und Interpretation (Internationale Archäologie, Kohan, A., Z. Badbardast and M. Shokri 2012. The Naturwissenschaft und Technologie, Band 3): 15–21. Gastropod Fauna along the Bushehr Province Rhaden/Westf.: Verlag Maria Leidorf. Intertidal Zone of the Persian Gulf. Journal of the Lemonnier, P. 2012. Mundane Objects. Materiality and Non- Persian Gulf (Marine Science) 3 (9): 33–42 verbal Communication. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Kohn, M.J. 2010. Carbon isotope compositions of Press. terrestrial C3 plants as indicators of (paleo)ecology Lenardi, M.J. and D.E. Merwin 2010. Towards and (paleo)climate. Proceedings of the National Automating Artifact Analysis: A Study Showing Academy of Sciences 107: 19691–19695. Potential Applications of Computer Vision and Kosednar-Legenstein, B., M. Dietzel, A. Leis and K. Morphometrics to Artifact Typology, in A.M.T. Elewa Stingl 2008. Stable carbon and oxygen isotope (ed.) Morphometrics for Nonmorphometricians (Lecture investigation in historical lime mortar and plaster Notes in Earth Sciences 124): 289–305. Berlin and – Results from field and experimental study. Applied Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. Geochemistry 23 (8): 2425–2437. Lenzen, H.J. 1968. XXIV. Vorläufiger Bericht über die Kubicka, A.M., Z.M. Rosin, P. Tryjanowski and E. von dem Deutschen Archäologischen Institut und der Nelson 2017. A systematic review of animal Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft aus den Mitteln der predation creating pierced shells: implications for Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft unternommenen the archaeological record of the Old World. PeerJ Ausgrabungen in Uruk-Warka, Winter 1965/1966. Berlin: 5:e2903; DOI 10.7717/peerj.2903. Gebr. Mann Verlag. Kuhl, F.P. and C.R. Giardina 1982. Elliptic Fourier Leslie, A.B. and J.J. Hughes 2002. Binder microstructure features of a closed contour. Computer Graphics and in lime mortars: implications for the interpretation Image Processing 18: 236–258. of analysis results. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Kuntsche, K. 2000. Geotechnik. Erkunden – Untersuchen Geology and Hydrogeology 35 (3): 257–263. – Berechnen – Messen. Braunschweig, Wiesbaden: Lewin, S.Z. 1982. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron Vieweg. microscope analysis of conventional mortars, in Kutterer, A. and R. de Beauclair 2008. FAYNE15. Another Mortars, Cements and Grouts Used in the Conservation Neolithic graveyard in the Central Region of the of Historic Buildings (ICCROM Symposium, Rome): Sharjah Emirate? Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 101–131. 19: 133–142. Lézine, A., J. Saliège, C. Robert, F. Wertz and M.-L. Inizan Lambeck, K. 1996. Shoreline reconstructions for the 1998. Holocene lakes from Ramlat as-Sab’atayn Persian Gulf since the last glacial maximum. Earth (Yemen) illustrate the impact of monsoon activity and Planetary Science Letters 142: 43–57. in southern Arabia. Quaternary Research 50: 290–299. Lanas, J., R. Sirera and J.I. Alvarez 2006. Study of the Lézine, A.-M., J.-J. Tiercelin, C. Robert, J.-F. Saliège, mechanical behavior of masonry repair lime- S. Cleuziou, M.-L. Inizan and F. Braemer 2007. based mortars cured and exposed under different Centennial to millennial-scale variability of the Indian monsoon during the early Holocene from 487 Dosariyah a sediment, pollen and isotope record from the evidence, in M.D. Petraglia and J.I. Rose (eds.) The desert of Yemen. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Evolution of Human Populations in Arabia: 237–250. Palaeoecology 243: 235–249. Dordrecht, London and New York: Springer. Light, J. 2005. Marine Molluscs shells – wear is McCorriston, J., E.A. Oches, D.E. Walter and K.L. Cole the evidence, in D.E. Bar-Yosef Mayer (ed.) 2002. Holocene Paleoecology and Prehistory in Archaeomalacology, Molluscs in former environments Highland Southern Arabia. Paléorient 28 (1): 61–88. of human behaviour (Proceedings of the 9th ICAZ McCown, D.E., R.C. Haines and R.C. Biggs 1978. Nippur Conference Durham 2002): 56–62. Oxford: Oxbow II, The north temple and sounding E. (Oriental Institute Books. Publications 97). Chicago: The Oriental Institute. Little, N.C., L.J. Kosakowsky, R.J. Speakman, M.D. McFadden, L.D., M.C. Eppes, A.R. Gillespie and B. Hallet Glascock and J.C. Lohse 2004. Characterization 2005. Physical weathering in arid landscapes due to of Maya Pottery by INAA and ICP-MS. Journal of diurnal variation in the direction of solar heating. Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 262 (1): 103– Geological Society of American Bulletin 117: 161–173. 110. McGrail, S. 2004. Boats of the world: from the Stone Age to Liu J., J.M. Mercer, L.F. Stam, G. Gibson and C.C. Laurie Medieval times. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1996. Genetic analysis of a morphological shape McGrail, S. 2014. Ancient Boats in North-West Europe: The difference in the male genitalia of Drosophila archaeology of water transport to AD 1500. Abingdon: simulans and D. mauritiana. Genetics 142: 1129–1145. Routledge. Lloyd, S., F. Safar and H. Frankfort 1943. Tell Uqair: MacLeod, N. 1999. Generalizing and extending the Excavations by the Iraq Government Directorate of eigenshape method of shape space visualization and Antiquities in 1940 and 1941. Journal of Near Eastern analysis. Paleobiology 5: 107–138. Studies 2: 131–158. Magee, P. 2014. The Archaeology of prehistoric Arabia. Lloyd, S. and F. Safar 1948. Eridu. A Preliminary Adaptation and Social Formation from the Neolithic to Communication on the Second Seasons Excavations the Iron Age (Cambridge World Archaeology 32). 1947–48. Sumer 4: 115–127. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lohmann, G.P. 1983. Eigenshape analysis of microfossils: Malinowski, R. and K. Frifelt 1993. The Ubaid plaster of a general morphometric procedure for describing Dosaryiah (5–4000 years BC) – Technical properties. changes in shape. Mathematical Geology 15: 659–672. Swedish Council for Building Research D12: 1-16. Lohmann, G.P. and P.N. Schweitzer 1990. On eigenshape Malinowski, R. and Y. Garfinkel 1991. Prehistory of analysis, in F.J. Rohlf and F.L. Bookstein (eds.) concrete. Concrete International 13 (3): 62–68. Proceedings of the Michigan morphometrics workshop Mandaville, J.P. 1990. Flora of Eastern Saudi Arabia. London (The University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, and New York: Kegan Paul International. Special Publication No. 2): 145–166. Ann Arbor: Mandile, A.J. and A.C. Hutton 1995. Quantitative X-ray University of Michigan. diffraction analysis of mineral and organic phases Lokier, S. and T. Steuber 2008. Quantification of in organic-rich rocks. International Journal of Coal carbonate-ramp sedimentation and progradation Geology 28 (1): 51–69. rates for the late Holocene Abu Dhabi shoreline. Mannino M.A. and K.D. Thomas 2002. Depletion of Journal of Sedimentary Research 78: 423–431. a resource? The impact of prehistoric human Lokier, S.W., M.D. Bateman, N.R. Larkin, P. Rye and J.R. foraging on intertidal mollusc communities and its Stewart 2015. Late Quaternary sea-level changes of significance for human settlement, mobility and the Persian Gulf. Quaternary Research 84: 69–81. dispersal. World Archaeology 33 (3): 452–474. Loughland, R. A., K.A. Al‐Abdulkader, A. Wyllie Mao Che, L., T. Le Campion-Alsumard, N. Boury- and B.O. Burwell 2012. Anthropogenic Induced Esnault, C. Payri, S. Golubic and C. Bézac 1996. Geomorphological Change Along the Western Biodegradation of shells of the black pearl oyster, Arabian Gulf Coast, in T. Piacentini (ed.) Studies on Pinctada margaritifera var. cumingii, by microborers Environmental and Applied Geomorphology: 191–218. and sponges of French Polynesia. Marine Biology 136: Rijeka: InTech. 509–519. McClure, H.A. and C. Vita-Finzi 1982. Holocene Marcucci, L.G., F. Genchi, É. Badel and M. Tosi 2011. shorelines and tectonic movements in eastern Saudi Recent invesigations at the prehistoric site RH-5 Arabia. Tectonophysics 85: 37–43. (Ra’s al-Hamra, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman). McClure, H.A. and N.Y. Al-Shaikh 1993. Palaeogeography Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 41: 201– of an ‘Ubaid archaeological site, Saudi Arabia. 222. Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 4 (2): 107–125. Marcucci, L.G., É. Badel, F. Genchi, O. Munoz, A. McCorriston, J. 2011. Pilgrimage and household in the Todero and M. Tosi 2014. New investigations at Ancient Near East. Cambridge: Cambridge University the prehistoric shell midden of Ra’s al-Hamra 6 Press. (Sultanate of Oman): results of the 2012 and 2013 McCorriston, J. and L. Martin 2009. Southern Arabia’s excavation seasons. Proceedings of the Seminar for early pastoral population history: Some recent Arabian Studies 44: 235–256. 488 References Martin, L. 2002. Terrestrial mammal remains from Mentzer, S.M. and J. Quade 2013. Compositional and Bronze Age HD1, Rā’s al Hadd, Oman. Journal of Oman isotopic analytical methods in archaeological Studies 12: 169–180. micromorphology. Geoarchaeology 28 (1): 87–97. Martin, L., J. McCorriston and R. Crassard 2009. Early Méry, S. and V. Charpentier 2013. Neolithic material Arabian pastoralism at Manayzah in Wadi Sana, culture of Oman and the Gulf seashores from 5500– Hadramawt. Proceedings for the Seminar of Arabian 4500 BCE. Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 24: 73– Studies 39: 271–282. 78. Masry, A.H. 1972. Field notebook. Privately owned by A. Méry, S. and G. Schneider 1996. Mesopotamian pottery Masry. Riyadh. wares in Eastern Arabia from the 5th to the 2nd Masry, A.H. 1974. Prehistory in Northeastern Arabia: The millennium BC. A contribution of archaeometry to Problem of Interregional Interaction. Coconut Grove, the economic history. Proceedings of the Seminar for FL: Field Research Projects. Arabian Studies 26: 79–96. Masry, A.H. 1997. Prehistory in Northeastern Arabia: The Méry, S., M.J. Blackman, M.J. Beech and K. Lidour 2016. Problem of Interregional Interaction. London and New 5500 av. notre ère: le vase de Marawah MR11 et York: Kegan Paul International. l’Obeid du Golfe, in B. Perello and A. Tenu (eds.) Mathias, M.-C. 1993. Pottery Techniques in India: Parcours d’Orient. Recueil de textes offert à Christine Technical variants and social choice, in P. Lemonnier Kepinski: 155–174. Oxford: Archaeopress. (ed.) Technological Choices: Transformations in Material Méry, S., V. Charpentier, G. Auxiette and E. Pellé, E. 2009. Cultures Since the Neolithic: 157–180. London: A dugong bone mound: the Neolithic ritual site on Routledge. Akab in Umm al-Quwain, United Arab Emirates. Matthews, W. 2005a. Life-cycle and life-course of Antiquity 83 (321): 696–708. buildings, in I. Hodder (ed.) Çatalhöyük Perspectives: Midant-Reynes B. 1985. Un ensemble de sépultures Reports from the 1995–1999 Field Seasons: 125–149. en fosses sous cairn à Khor (Qatar): Etude des rites Oxford: Oxbow Books. funéraires. Paléorient 11: 129–144. Matthews, W. 2005b. Micromorphological and Middendorf, B., J.J. Hughes, K. Callebaut, G. Baronio microstratigraphic traces of uses and concepts and I. Papayianni 2005. Investigative methods for of space, in I. Hodder (ed.) Inhabiting Çatalhöyük: the characterisation of historic mortars – part Reports from the 1995–1999 Seasons: 355–398. Oxford: 1: mineralogical characterisation. Materials and Oxbow Books. Structures 38 (8): 761–769. Matthews, W. 2012. Defining households: micro- Miller, C.E., S.M. Mentzer, X. Villagran and D. Friesem 2015. contextual analysis of early Neolithic households in Using Fourier-Transform infrared Microspectrometry the Zagros, Iran. In B.J. Parker and C.P. Foster (eds.) (micro-FTIR) to assess heat-induced alteration of clays Household archaeology: new perspectives from in thin sections from archaeological combustion features: the Near East and beyond: 183–216. Winona Lake: promises and pitfalls. Paper presented at Developing Eisenbrauns. International Geoarchaeology, 10 June 2015, Meadows, R.H. 1996. The origins and spread of Alghero, Italy. Unpublished. agriculture and pastoralism in northwestern South Minc, L.D. 2016. Trace-Element Analyses of Uruk Asia, in D.R. Harris (ed.) The origins and spread Ceramics: Establishing a Database to Track of agriculture and pastoralism in Eurasia: 309–412. Interregional Exchange. Journal of Archaeological London: UCL Press. Science, Reports 7: 798–807. Meadows, R.H. and O. Bar-Yosef 1995. The origins of Minniti, C. 2005. Shells at the Bronze age settlement agriculture and animal husbandry in the Near and of Coppa Nevigata (Apulia, Italy), in D.E. Bar-Yosef Middle East, in D.T. Price and A.G. Gebauer (eds.) Mayer (ed.) Archaeomalacology, Molluscs in former Last Hunters, First Farmers: New Perspectives on the environments of human behaviour (Proceedings of the Prehistoric Transition to Agriculture: 39–94. Santa Fe: 9th ICAZ Conference Durham 2002): 71–81. Oxford: SAR Press. Oxbow Books. Meadows, R.H. and H.-P. Uerpmann 1986. Equids in the Moens, L. and R. Dams 1995. NAA and ICP-MS: A Ancient World (Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Comparison between Two Methods for Trace Vorderen Orients. Reihe A (Naturwissenschaften), and Ultra-Trace Element Analysis. Journal of Band 19/1). Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichelt. Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 192 (1): 29–38. Meadows, R.H. and H.-P. Uerpmann 1991. Equids in the MolluscaBase, 2017, accessed 28 January 201, <http:// Ancient World II (Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des www.molluscabase.org>. Vorderen Orients. Reihe A (Naturwissenschaften), Moon, J. 2005. Tools, weapons, utensils and ornaments, Band 19/2). Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichelt. in R. Killick and J. Moon (eds.) The early Dilmun Meadows, R.H. and M.A. Zeder (eds.) 1978. Approaches settlement at Saar: 136–234. Ludlow: Archaeology to faunal analysis in the Middle East. Harvard: Harvard International Ltd. University Press. Moore, A.M.T. 2002. Pottery kiln sites at al ‘Ubaid and Eridu. Iraq 64: 69–77. 489 Dosariyah Mosseri-Marlio, C. 2000. Sea turtle and dolphin Nissen, H.-J. 1988. The Early History of the Ancient Near remains from Ra’s al Hadd, Oman, in M. Mashkour, East, 9000–2000 BC. Chicago: University of Chicago A.M. Choyke, H. Buitenhuis and F. Poplin (eds.) Press. Archaeozoology of the Near East IVB (Proceedings Nissen, H.-J. 2001. Cultural and political networks in of the fourth international symposium on the the ancient Near East during the fourth and third archaeozoology of eastern Asia and adjacent areas): millennia BC, in M. Rothman (ed.) Uruk Mesopotamia 94–97. Groningen: RCG. and Its Neighbors: 149–180. Santa Fe: School of Müller, D.W., J.A. McKenzie and P.A. Mueller 1990. Abu American Research. Dhabi sabkha, Persian Gulf, revisited: Application of Oates, D. and J. Oates 1976. The Rise of Civilization. Oxford: strontium isotopes to test an early dolomitization Elsevier, Phaidon. model. Geology 18: 618–621. Oates, J. 1960. Ur and Eridu, the Prehistory. Iraq 22: 32– Munro, R.N., H. Walkington, S. Franks, T.J. Wilkinson 50. and D.C.W. Sanderson 2013. Aspects of late Cainozoic Oates, J. 1969. Choga Mami, 1967–68: A Preliminary Aeolian landscapes in Arabia: implications for early Report. Iraq 31 (2): 115–152. Man, in A.R. Al-Ansary, K.I. Al-Muaikel and A.M. Oates, J. 1976. Prehistory in Northeastern Arabia. Alsharekh (eds.) Man and Environment in the Arab Antiquity 50: 20–31. World in Light of Archaeological Discoveries: 7–46. Al- Oates, J. 1978. ‘Ubaid Mesopotamia and its Relation Jouf: Abdul Rahman Al-Sudairy Foundation. to Gulf Countries, in B. de Cardi (ed.) Qatar Murray, A.S. and A.G. Wintle 2000. Luminescence Archaeological Report, Excavations 1973: 39–52. Oxford: dating of quartz using an improved single-aliquot Oxford University Press. regenerative-dose protocol. Radiation Measurements Oates, J. 1983. Ubaid Mesopotamia Reconsidered, in 32: 57–73. T.C. Young Jr., P.E.L. Smith and P. Mortensen (eds.) Murray, A.S. and J.M. Olley 2002. Precision and accuracy The Hilly Flanks and Beyond. Essays in the Prehistory in the optically stimulated luminescence dating of of Southwestern Asia presented to Robert J. Braidwood, sedimentary quartz: a status review. Geochronometria November 15, 1982 (Studies in Ancient Oriental 21: 1–16. Civilization 36): 251–282. Chicago: The University of Murray, A.S. and A.G. Wintle 2003. The single- Chicago Press. aliquot regenerative-dose protocol: potential for Oates, J. 1993. Trade and power in the fifth and improvements in reliability. Radiation Measurements fourth millennia BC: new evidence from north 37: 377–381. Mesopotamia. World Archaeology 24 (3): 403–422. Al-Naimi, F., K.M. Price, R. Cuttler and H. Arrock 2011. Oates, J. 2004. Ubaid Mesopotamia revisited, in K. Reassessing Wadi Debayan (Wadi al-Dabayan): von Folsach, H. Thrane, and I. Thuesen (eds.) From an important Early Holocene Neolithic multi- Handaxe to Khan: Essays presented to Peder Mortensen occupational site in western Qatar (poster). on the occasion of his 70th birthday: 87–104. Aarhus: Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 41: 39– Aarhus University Press. 244. Oates, J., T.E. Davidson, D. Kamilli and H. McKerrel 1977. Neff, U., S.J. Burns, A. Mangini, M. Mudelsee, D. Seafaring Merchants of Ur? Antiquity 51: 221–234. Fleitmann and A. Matter 2001. Strong coherence Ochsenschlager, E.L. 1992. Ethnographic Evidence for between solar variability and the monsoon in Oman wood, boats, bitumen and reeds in Southern Iraq, between 9 and 6 kyr ago. Nature 411: 290–293. Ethnoarchaeology at al-Hiba. In N. Postgate and M.A. Nelson, M.C. 1991. The Study of Technological Powell (eds.) Trees and Timber in Mesopotomia. Organization. Journal of Archaeological Method and Bulletin of Sumerian Agriculture 6: 47–78. Theory 3: 57–100. Ochsenschlager, E.L. 2004. Iraq’s Marsh Arabs in the Garden Neubauer, W. 2001. Magnetische Prospektion in der of Eden. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Archäologie (Mitteilungen der Prähistorischen Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. Kommission Band 44). Vienna: Verlag der Oliver, A.V. 2015. An ancient fishery of Banded dye- Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. murex (Hexaplex trunculus): zooarchaeological Neubauer, W. 2007. Measuring the Difference of evidence from the Roman city of Pollentia (Mallorca, Approximating B-Spline Curves with Application Western Mediterranean). Journal of Archaeological in Distinguishing Ostracoda. Unpublished MA Science 54: 1–7. dissertation, Univ. of Salzburg. Oliver, P.G. 1992. Bivalved Seashells of the Red Sea. Cardiff: Neubauer, W. and J. Linhart 2008. Approximating and The National Museum of Wales. Distinguishing Ostracoda by the Use of B-Splines. Oliver, P.G. 1995. Bivalvia, in S.P. Dance (ed.) Seashells of Berichte des Institutes für Geologie und Paläontologie der Eastern Arabia: 194–281. Dubai: Motivate Publishing. Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz 13: 21–42. Oppenheim, A. L. 1954. The seafaring merchants of Ur. Nielson, V. 1959. Vidt berømt for dens mange perler. Journal of the American Oriental Society 74: 6–17. Undersøgelser i en bahrainsk skaldynge. Kuml 1958: Orton, C. 2000. Sampling in Archaeology. New York: 146–161. Cambridge University Press. 490 References Parker, A.G. and A.S. Goudie 2008. Geomorphological Pernicka, E. 1992. Herkunftsbestimmung and palaeoenvironmental investigations in späturukzeitlicher Obsidian-funde vom Hassek the southeastern Arabian Gulf region and the Höyük, in M. Behm-Blancke (ed.) Hassek Höyük. implication for the archaeology of the region. Naturwissenschaftliche Beiträge. Istanbuler Geomorphology 101: 458–470. Forschungen 38: 124–131. Parker, A.G., C. Davies and T.J. Wilkinson 2006a. The Peters, K.E., C.C. Walters and J.M. Moldowan 2005. The early to mid-Holocene moist period in Arabia: Biomarker Guide Volume 1: Biomarkers and Isotopes Some recent evidence from lacustrine sequences in in the Environment and Human History. New York: eastern and south-western Arabia. Proceedings of the Cambridge University Press. Seminar for Arabian Studies 36: 243–255. Pétrequin, P. 1993. North Wind, South Wind: Neolithic Parker, A.G., A.S. Goudie, S. Stokes, K. White, M.J. Technical Choices in the Jura Mountains, 3700– Hodson, M. Manning and D. Kennet 2006b. A record 2400 BC, in P. Lemonnier (ed.) Technological Choices: of Holocene climate change from lake geochemical Transformations in Material Cultures Since the Neolithic: analyses in southeastern Arabia. Quaternary Research 36–76. London: Routledge. 66: 465–476. Pfaffenberger, B. 1992. Social Anthropology of Parker, A.G., G.W. Preston, A. Parton, H. Walkington, Technology. Annual Review of Anthropology 21: 491– P.E. Jardine, M.J. Leng and M.J. Hodson 2016. Low‐ 516. latitude Holocene hydroclimate derived from Phillips, C.S. 2002. Prehistoric middens and a cemetery lake sediment flux and geochemistry. Journal of from the southern Arabian Gulf, in S. Cleuziou, M. Quaternary Science 31: 286–299. Tosi and J. Zarins (eds.) Essays on the late prehistory Parker, A.G., L. Eckersly, M.M. Smith, A.S. Goudie, S. of the Arabian Peninsula (Serie orientale Roma 93): Stokes, S. Ward, K. White and M.J. Hodson 2004. 169–186. Rome: IsMEO. Holocene vegetation dynamics in the northeastern Piperno, D.R. 2006. Phytoliths: A Comprehensive Guide for Rub’ al-Khali desert, Arabian Peninsula: A phytolith, Archaeologists and Paleoecologists. New York, Toronto pollen and carbon isotope study. Journal of Quaternary and Oxford: AltaMira Press (Rowman and Littlefield). Science 19 (7): 665–676. Poduska, K.M., L. Regev, F. Berna, E. Mintz, I. Milevski, Paulus, S. and C. Knipper 2009. Vergleich der H. Khalaily, S. Weiner and E. Boaretto 2012. Plaster Winter- und Sommerverteilung von Sauerstoff- characterization at the PPNB site of Yiftahel (Israel) Isotopenverhältnissen in Rinderzähnen zweier including the use of 14C: implications for plaster bandkeramischer Siedlungen Südwestdeutschlands: production, preservation, and dating. Radiocarbon ein statistischer Versuch, in R. de Beauclair, S.C. 54 (3–4): 887–896. Münzel and H. Napierala (eds.) Knochen pflastern Pollock, S. 1999. Ancient Mesopotamia: The Eden That ihren Weg. Festschrift für Margarethe und Hans-Peter Never Was. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Uerpmann (BioArchaeologica 5): 203–216. Rahden/ Posey, R.G. 2011. Development and validation of a Westf.: Verlag Marie Leidorf. spatial prediction model for forensic geographical Pedoja, K., L. Husson, V. Regard, P.R. Cobbold, E. provenancing of human remains. Unpublished PhD Ostanciaux, M.E. Johnson, S. Kershaw, M. Saillard, J. dissertation, University of East Anglia. Martinod, L. Furgerot and P. Weill 2011. Relative sea- Potts, D.T. 1990. The Arabian Gulf in Antiquity, Volume I. level fall since the last interglacial stage: Are coasts From Prehistory to the Fall of the Achaemenid Empire. uplifting worldwide? Earth-Science Reviews 108: 1–15. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Peel, M.C., B.L. Finlayson and T.A. McMahon 2007. Potts, D.T. 1993. The Late Prehistoric, Protohistoric and Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate Early Historic Periods in Eastern Arabia (ca. 5000– classification. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 11: 1200 B.C.). Journal of World Prehistory 7 (2): 163–212. 1633–1644. Potts, D.T. 2001a. Ostrich distribution and exploitation Pelegrin, J. 1991. Sur une recherche technique in the Arabian peninsula. Antiquity 75 (287): 182–190. expérimentale des techniques de débitage Potts, D.T. 2001b. Before the Emirates: an Archaeological laminaire, in Archéologie aujourd’hui. Actes du colloque and Historical Account of Developments in the international ‘Expérimentation en archéologie: bilan et Region c. 5000 BC to 676 AD, in I. Al-Abed and P. perspectives’ (Archéodrome de Beaune), volume 2: 118– Hellyer (eds.) United Arab Emirates – a New Perspective: 128. Paris: Errance. 28–69. London: Trident Press. Pelegrin, J. 2000. Les techniques de débitage laminaire Potts, D.T. 2009. The Archaeology and Early History of au Tardiglaciaire: critères de diagnose et quelques the Persian Gulf, in L.G. Potter (ed.) The Persian Gulf réflexions, in B. Valentin, P. Bodu and M. in History: 27–56. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. Christensen (eds.) L’Europe centrale et septentrionale Pournelle, J.R. 2003. Marshland of Cities: Deltaic au Tardiglaciaire. Confrontation des modèles régionaux Landscapes and the Evolution of Early Mesopotamian de peuplement (Mémoire du Musée de Préhistoire Civilization. Unpublished PhD dissertation, d’Ile-de-France, 7): 73–86. Nemours: APRAIF. University of California in San Diego. 491 Dosariyah Preston, G.W., D.S. Thomas, A.S. Goudie, O.A. Atkinson, Regev, L., K.M. Poduska, L. Addadi, S. Weiner and E. M.J. Leng, M.J. Hodson, H. Walkington, V. Boaretto 2010a. Distinguishing between calcites Charpentier, S. Méry, F. Borgi and A.G. Parker 2015. A formed by different mechanisms using infrared multi-proxy analysis of the Holocene humid phase spectrometry: archaeological applications. Journal of from the United Arab Emirates and its implications Archaeological Science 37 (12): 3022–3029. for southeast Arabia’s Neolithic populations. Regev, L., A. Zukerman, L. Hitchcock, A.M. Maeir, S. Quaternary International 382: 277–292. Weiner and E. Boaretto 2010b. Iron Age hydraulic Priestman, S. 2005. Settlement and Ceramics in plaster from Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel. Journal of Southern Iran: An Analysis of the Sasanian and Archaeological Science 37 (12): 3000–3009. Islamic Periods in the Williamson Collection. Reiche, A. 2010. Small finds from SBH 38, in L. Rudkowski Unpublished MA dissertation. Department of and A. Szymczak (eds.) As-Sabbiya 2009, Report on Archaeology, University of Durham. the Third Season of Joint Kuwait-Polish Archaeological Prieur, A. 1990. Etude faunistique et aspects Investigations: 67–74. Polish Centre of Mediterranean anthropiques du site de Tell Abraq, in D.T. Potts (ed.) Archaeology, University of Warsaw. A prehistoric mound in the Emirate of Umm al-Qaiwain, Reiche, A. 2011. Bahra 1. Small finds from the second U.A.E.: Excavations at Tell Abraq in 1989: 141–151. season, in A. Szymczak (ed.) As-Sabbiya Autumn 2010. Copenhagen: Munksgaard. Report on the Fifth Season of the Joint Kuwaiti – Polish Prieur, A. 1999. Distribution et interprétation de la Archaeological Investigations in Northern Kuwait: Bahra malacofaune des fouilles archéologiques de Mleiha, 1, Ubaid Culture Related Settlement Site; SMQ 49, Tumulus in M. Mouton (ed.) Mleiha I: Environnement, stratégies Grave in the Mugheira Area and Geomorphological Survey: de subsistance et artisanats (Travaux de la Maison de 77–97. Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, l’Orient 29): 145–170. Lyon. University of Warsaw. Prieur, A. 2005. Les coquillages du paléolithique à l’âge Reiche, A. 2012. Bahra 1. Small finds from sector SBH du Bronze au Moyen-Orient et en Méditerranée 38, 2011 season, in A. Szymczak (ed.) As-Sabbiya and orientale: Interprétations environnementales et Failaka Autumn 2011. Report on the Seventh Season of utilisation humaine. Paléorient 31 (1): 158–168. the Joint Kuwaiti – Polish Archaeological Investigations Prieur, A. and C. Guerin 1991. Découverte d’un site in Northern Kuwait: Bahra 1, Ubaid Culture Related préhistorique d’abbatage de dugongs à Umm al- Settlement (3rd Season); Failaka Island – Al-Qusur Site Qaiwan (Emirats Arabes Unis). Arabian Archaeology (1st Season): 69–91. Polish Centre of Mediterranean and Epigraphy 2 (2): 72–83. Archaeology, University of Warsaw. Prummel, W. 2005. Molluscs from a Middle Bronze Age Reimer P.J., M.G.L. Baillie, E. Bard, A. Bayliss, J.W. Beck, site and two Hellenistic sites in Thessaly, Greece, P.G. Blackwell, C. Bronk Ramsey, C.E. Buck, G.S. in D.E. Bar-Yosef Mayer (ed.) Archaeomalacology, Burr, R.L. Edwards, M. Friedrich, P.M. Grootes, T.P. Molluscs in former environments of human behaviour Guilderson, I. Hajdas, T.J. Heaton, A.G. Hogg, K.A. (Proceedings of the 9th ICAZ Conference Durham Hughen, K.F. Kaiser, B. Kromer, F.G. McCormac, S.W. 2002): 107–121. Oxford: Oxbow Books. Manning, R.W. Reimer, D.A. Richards, J.R. Southon, Quintero, L.A., P.J. Wilke and J.G. Waines 1997. Pragmatic S. Talamo, C.S.M. Turney, J. van der Plicht and studies of Near Eastern Neolithic sickle blades, in C.E. Weyhenmeyer 2009. IntCal09 and Marine09 H.G. Gebel, Z. Kafafi and G.O. Rollefson (eds.) The radiocarbon age calibration curves, 0–50,000 years Prehistory of Jordan II. Perspectives from 1996: 263–286. cal BP. Radiocarbon 51 (4): 1111–1150. Berlin: Ex oriente. Reimer, P.J., E. Bard, A. Bayliss, J.W. Beck, P.G. Blackwell, Rafai, N., M. Moranville, H. Hornain and G. Li 1998. C. Bronk Ramsey, C.E. Buck, H. Cheng, R.L. Edwards, Carbonation of cement and concrete investigation M. Friedrich, P.M. Grootes, T.P. Guilderson, H. by isotopic analysis of 13C/12C and 18O/16O, in Haflidason, I. Hajdas, C. Hatté, T.J. Heaton, D.L. The 4th Beijing International Symposium on Cement Hoffmann, A.G. Hogg, K.A. Hughen, K.F. Kaiser, and Concrete, Vol. 3: 170–174. Beijing: International B. Kromer, S.W. Manning, M. Niu, R.W. Reimer, Academic Publishers. D.A. Richards, E.M. Scott, J.R. Southon, R.A. Staff, Reese, D.S. 1987. Palaikastro Shells and Bronze Age C.S.M. Turney and J. van der Plicht 2013. IntCal13 Purple‐dye Production in the Mediterranean Basin. and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves The Annual of the British School of Archaeology at Athens 0–50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 55 (4): 1869–1887. 82: 201–206. Reinink-Smith, L.M. 2015. AMS-dated mollusks in beach Reese, D.S. 2005. Whales bones and shell purple-dye ridges and berms document Holocene sea-level at Motya (Western Sicily, Italy). Oxford Journal of and coastal changes in northeastern Kuwait Bay. Archaeology 24: 107–114. Quaternary Research 84: 200–213. Reese, D.S. 2010. Shells from Sarepta (Lebanon) and Reitz E.J. and E.S. Wing 1999. Zooarchaeology (Cambridge East Mediterranean purple-dye production. manuals in archaeology 15). Cambridge: Cambridge Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 10 (1): University Press. 113–141. 492 References Rice, P. 1986. Pottery Analysis: a sourcebook. Chicago: of State Formation: 3–26. Santa Fe: School of American Chicago University Press. Research. Rice, P. 1989. Ceramic diversity, production, and use, in Rozanski, K. 1995. Climatic control of stable isotopes R. Leonard and G. Jones (eds.) Quantifying Diversity in precipitation as a basis for palaeoclimatic in Archaeology (New Directions in Archaeology): 109– reconstructions, in B. Frenzel (ed.) Problems of stable 117. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. isotope in tree-rings, lake sediments and peat-bogs as Richtsmeier, J.T., V. Burke Deleon and S.R. Lele 2002. The climatic evidence for the Holocene (Paläoklimaforschung Promise of Geometric Morphometrics. Yearbook of 15): 171–186. Mainz: Akademie der Wissenschaften Physical Anthropology 45: 63–91. und der Literatur. Ridley, A.P. and M.W. Seeley 1979. Evidence for Ruscillo, D. 2005. Reconstructing Murex royal purple recent coastal uplift near Al Jubail, Saudi Arabia. and biblical blue in the Aegean, in D.E. Bar-Yosef Tectonophysics 52: 319–327. Mayer (ed.) Archaeomalacology. Molluscs in former Riel-Salvatore, J. and G. Clark 2001. Grave markers. environments of human behaviour (Proceedings of the Current Anthropology 42: 449–460. 5th International Council for Archaeozoology ICAZ Riemer, H. 2011. El Kharafish. The archaeology of Sheikh Conference, Durham 2002): 99–106. Oxford: Oxbow Muftah nomads in the desert around Dakhla Oasis (Egypt) Books. (Africa Praehistorica 25). Bielefeld: Hans Kock Sackett, J.R. 1982. Approaches to style in lithic GmbH. archaeology. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 1: Roaf, M. 1976. Excavations at Al Markh, Bahrain. 59–112. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 6: 144– Safar F., M.A. Mustafa and S. Lloyd 1981. Eridu. Baghdad: 160. Ministry of Culture and Information. Roaf, M. and J. Galbraith 1994. Pottery and p-values: Sage, R.F., P.-A. Christin and E.J. Edwards 2011. The C4 ‘Seafaring merchants of Ur?’ re-examined. Antiquity plant lineages of planet Earth. Journal of Experimental 68 (261): 770–783. Botany 62 (9): 3155–3169. Roebroeks, W., M.J. Sier, T.K. Nielsen, D. De Loecker, Salvatori, S. 2007. The prehistoric graveyard of Ra’s al- J.M. Parés, C.E. Arps and H.J. Mücher 2012. Use of Hamra 5, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman. Journal of Oman red ochre by early Neandertals. Proceedings of the Studies 14: 5–202. National Academy of Sciences 109 (6): 1889–1894. Saner, S., K. Al-Hinai and D. Perincek 2005. Surface Rohlf F.J. and J.W. Archie 1984. A comparison of Fourier expressions of the Ghawar structure, Saudi Arabia. methods for the description of wing shape in Marine and Petroleum Geology 22: 657–670. mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Systematic Zoology Sanlaville, P. 1989. Considérations sur l’évolution 33 (3): 302–317. de la Basse Mésopotamie au cours des derniers Romão, L.P., J.R. Lead, J.C. Rocha, L.C.D. Oliveira, A.H. millénaires. Paléorient 15 (2): 5–27. Rosa, A.G. Mendonça and A.D.S. Ribeiro 2007. Santini, G. 1987. Site RH-10 at Qurum and a preliminary Structure and properties of Brazilian peat: analysis analysis of its cemetery: An essay in stratigraphic by spectroscopy and microscopy. Journal of the discontinuity. Proceedings of the Seninar for Arabian Brazilian Chemical Society 18 (4): 714–720. Studies 17: 179–198. Rose, J. 2010. New Light on Human Prehistory in the Saragusti, I., A. Karasik, I. Sharon and U. Smilansky 2005. Arabo-Persian Gulf Oasis. Current Anthropology 51 Quantitative analysis of shape attributes based on (6): 849–883. contours and section profiles in artifact analysis. Rosen, S.A. 1997. Lithics after the Stone Age. A Handbook Journal of Archaeological Science 3: 841–853. of Stone Tools from the Levant. Walnut Creek, CA: Schirmer, W. 1990. Some aspects of building at the AltaMira Press. ‘Aceramic‐Neolithic’ settlement of Çayönü Tepesi. Rosen, S.A. 2004. The Chipped Stone Assemblages, in D. World Archaeology 21 (3): 363–387. Ussishkin (ed.) The Renewed Archaeological Excavations Schneider, G., A. Burmester, C. Goedicke, H.W. at Lachish V: 2197–2225. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Hennicke, B. Kleinmann, H. Knoll, M. Magetti and R. Press. Rottländer 1989. Naturwissenschaftliche Kriterien Rosen, S.A. 2014. Lithic systems of the 4th millennium und Verfahren zur Beschreibung von Keramik. Acta BC: a brief comparision between the industries of Praehistorica et Archaeologica 21: 7–40. Egypt and the southern Levant, in A. Mączyńska Schoch, C. 2018. Die Domestikation der Wolle. Die (ed.) The Nile Delta as a Centre of Cultural Interactions Aneignung und Nutzung von Wolle im 7.-3. between the Upper Egypt and the Southern Levant in the Jahrtausend v.u.Z. in Westasien. Unpublished PhD 4th Millennium BC (Studies in African Archaeology dissertation, Free University Berlin. 13): 253–268. Poznań: Poznań Archaeological Schulz, E. and J.W. Whitney 1986. Upper Pleistocene Museum. and Holocene Lakes in the An Nafud, Saudi Arabia. Rothman, M.S. 2001. The local and the regional: Hydrobiologia 143: 175–190. Introduction, in M.S. Rothman (ed.) Uruk Mesopotamia Schwaar, J., H. Jacob and H. Hufnagel 1991. Zur and Its Neighbors: Cross-Cultural Interactions in the Era Bewertung von Bodenverbesserungsmitteln durch 493 Dosariyah Bestimmung von Zersetzungsgrad und Rotte der Smith, J.A. and W.D. Ross (eds.) 1910. The works of Aristotle organischen Substanz. Geologisches Jahrbuch 24: translated into English, vol. IV, Historia animalium, 3–160. translated by D.W. Thomson. Oxford: Clarendon Schwarcz, H.P. 2002. Some biochemical aspects of Press. carbon isotopic paleodiet studies, in S.H. Ambrose Smogorzewska, A. 2013. Pottery from Bahra 1 (Kuwait). and A.M. Katzenberg (eds.) Biogeochemical approaches New evidence for the presence of Ubaid culture in to paleodietary analysis (Advances in Archaeological the Gulf. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 22: and Museum Science 5): 189–209. New York: Kluwer. 555–568. Serwatka, K. 2015. Bifaces in plain sight: testing Smogorzewska, A. 2016. Local and Imported Pottery elliptical Fourier analysis in identifying reduction in the Neolithic Gulf: a New Perspective from the effects on Late Middle Palaeolithic bifacial tools. Site of Bahra 1 in Kuwait. Polish Archaeology in the Litikum 3: 13–25. Mediterranean 25: 595–617. Sharma, S., M.M. Joachimski, H.J. Tobschall, I.B. Singh, Sordinas, A. 1978. Contributions to the prehistory of Saudi D.P. Tewari and R. Tewari 2004. Oxygen isotopes of Arabia, III. The Zimerman collection from the Northern bovid teeth as archives of paleoclimatic variations fringe of the Rub’ al-Khali. Miami: Field Research in archaeological deposits of the Ganga plain, India. Projects. Quaternary Research 62: 19–28. Southon, J., M. Kashgarian, M. Fontugne, B. Metivier Shea, J.J. 2013. Stone Tools in the Paleolithic and Neolithic and W.W. Yim 2002. Marine reservoir corrections for Near East: A Guide. New York: Cambridge University the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia. Radiocarbon Press. 44: 167–180. Shennan, I., S. Bradley, G. Milne, A. Brooks, S. Bassett and Spoor, R. 1997. Human population groups and the S. Hamilton 2006. Relative sea-level changes, glacial distribution of lithic arrowheads in the Arabian isostatic modelling and ice-sheet reconstructions Gulf. Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 8: 143–160. from the British Isles since the Last Glacial Stark, M.T. 1995. Economic Intensification and Ceramic Maximum. Journal of Quaternary Science 21: 585–599. Specialization in the Philippines: A View from Shennan, I., W.R. Peltier, R. Drummond and B. Horton Kalinga. Research in Economic Anthropology 16: 179– 2002. Global to local scale parameters determining 226. relative sea-level changes and the post-glacial Stark, M.T. 1998. Technical Choices and Social isostatic adjustment of Great Britain. Quaternary Boundaries in Material Culture Patterning: An Science Reviews 21: 397–408. Introduction, in M.T. Stark (ed.) The Archaeology of Sheppard, C., A. Price and C. Roberts 1992. Marine ecology Social Boundaries: i–n. Washington, DC: Smithsonian of the Arabian region. London: Academic Press. Institution Press. Simpson, St J. 1997. Prehistoric ceramics from Stark, M.T., J.J. Clark and M. Elson 1995. Social Boundaries Mesopotamia, in I. Freestone and D. Gaimster (eds.) and Cultural Identity in the Tonto Basin, in M. Elson, Pottery in the Making: World Ceramic Traditions: 38–43. M.T. Stark and D.A. Gregory (eds.) The Roosevelt London: British Museum Press. Community Development Study: New Perspectives on Simpson, St J. 2007. Excavations at Tell Abu Dhahir, in W. Tonto Basin Prehistory (Anthropological Papers 15): Ball (ed.) Ancient Settlement in the Zammar Region. 343–368. Tuscon: Center for Desert Archaeology. Excavations by the British Archaeological Expedition to Stein, G. 1994. Economy, ritual, and power in ‘Ubaid Iraq in te Eski Mosul Dam Salvage Project, 1985-86, vol. 2 Mesopotamia, in G. Stein and M.S. Rothman (British School of Archaeology in Iraq, Department (eds.) Chiefdoms and Early States in the Near East: of Antiquities and Heritage, Baghdad; British The Organizational Dynamics of Complexity: 35–46. Archaeological Reports International Series 1724). Madison, WI: Prehistory Press. Oxford: Archaeopress. Stein, G. 1996. Producers, patrons and prestige: craft Sinopoli, C. 1991. Approaches to archaeological ceramics. specialists emergent elites in Mesopotamia from New York: Plenum Press. 5500–311 BC, in B. Wailes (ed.) Craft specialization Sirocko, F. 1996. The evolution of the Monsoon Climate and social evolution: In memory of Gordon Childe: over the Arabian Sea during the last 24 000 Years. 25–38. Philadelphia: The University Museum of Palaeoecology of Africa and of the Surrounding Islands Archaeology and Anthropology, University of 24: 53–69. Philadelphia. Smith, G.H. 1978a. Al-Da’asa, Site 46: An Arabian Stein, G.J. 2011. Tell Zeidan, in Oriental Institute Annual Neolithic camp site of the fifth millennium, in B. Report 2010–2011: 122–138. Chicago: University of de Cardi (ed.) Qatar Archaeological Report: Excavations Chicago Oriental Institute Publications. 1973: 53–79. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Stephan, E. 2008. Stabile Isotope in fossilen Smith, G.H. 1978b. Two prehistoric sites on Ras Abaruk, Faunenfunden: Erforschung von Klima, Umwelt und Site 4, in B. de Cardi (ed.) Qatar Archaeological Report: Ernährung prähistorischer Tiere, in A. Hauptmann Excavations 1973: 80–106. Oxford: Oxford University and V. Pingel (eds.) Archäometrie. Methoden und Press. Anwendungsbeispiele naturwissenschaftlicher 494 References Verfahren in der Archäologie: 46–66. Stuttgart: E. Tengberg, M. 2005. Les forêts de la mer. Exploitation Schweizerbart‘sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. et évolution des mangroves en Arabie orientale du Stevens, T., M. Jestico, G. Evans and A. Kirkham 2014. Néolithique à l’époque islamique. Paléorient 31 (1): Eustatic control of late Quaternary sea-level change 39–45. in the Arabian/Persian Gulf. Quaternary Research 82: Theodoridou, M., I. Ioannou and M. Philokyprou 2013. 175–184. New evidence of early use of artificial pozzolanic Stoeser, D.B. and C.D. Frost 2006. Nd, Pb, Sr, and O material in mortars. Journal of Archaeological Science isotopic characterization of Saudi Arabian shield 40 (8): 3263–3269. terranes. Chemical Geology 226: 163–188. Thesiger, W. 1964. The Marsh Arabs. London: Longmans, Stoops, G. 2003. Guidelines for Analysis and Description Green and Co. Ltd. of Soil and Regolith Thin-Sections. Madison, WI: Soil Thompson, R.C. 1920. The British Museum Excavations Science Society of America, Inc. at Abu Shahrain in Mesopotamia in 1918. Archaeologia Streit, K. 2012. Re-evaluating the Ubaid: Synchronizing 70: 101–144. the 6th and 5th millennia BC of Mesopotamia and Thoppil, P.G. and P.J. Hogan 2010. Persian Gulf response the Levant. Unpublished dissertation submitted to a wintertime shamal wind event. Deep Sea in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Research Part I. Oceanographic Research Papers 57: degree of Master of Arts, The Hebrew University of 946–955. Jerusalem. Thuesen, I. 2000. Ubaid Expansion in the Khabur. New Stronach, D. 1961. The Excavations at Ra’s al-‘Amiyah. Evidence from Tell Mashnaqa, in O. Rouault and Iraq 23: 95–137. M. Wäfler (eds.) La Djéziré et l’Euphrate Syriens de la Stuiver, M. and P.J. Reimer 1993. Extended 14C database Protohistoire à la Fin du IIe Millénaire av. J.-C., Tendances and revised CALIB radiocarbon calibration program. dans l’Interprétation Historique de Données Nouvelles Radiocarbon 35: 215–230. (Subartu 7): 71–80. Brussels: Brepols. Stuiver, M., P.J. Reimer and R.W. Reimer 2005. CALIB 5.0 Tixier, J. 1980. Mission archéologique francaise à Qatar 1. <https://www.calib.org/calib>. Doha: Ministry of Information. Al-Subhi, A.M. 2010. Tide and Sea level characteristics Tixier, J. 2012. A Method for the Study of Stone Tools at Juaymah, west coast of the Arabian Gulf. Marine (Musée National d’Histoire de l’Art Luxembourg, Sciences 21: 133–149. Archéologiques 4). Luxembourg: Mersch. Sudo, H. 2010. The Development of Wool Exploitation Tobler, A. 1950. Excavations at Tepe Gawra 2. Philadelphia: in Ubaid-Period Settlements of North Mesopotamia, Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, in R.A. Carter and G. Philip (eds.) Beyond the Ubaid, University of Pennsylvania. Transformation and Integration in the Late Prehistoric Toffolo, M.B. and E. Boaretto 2014. Nucleation of Societies of the Middle East (Studies in Ancient Oriental aragonite upon carbonation of calcium oxide and Civilisation): 169–180. Chicago: The Oriental calcium hydroxide at ambient temperatures and Institute of the University of Chicago. pressures: a new indicator of fire-related human Sýkorová, I., W. Pickel, K. Christanis, M. Wolf, G.H. Taylor activities. Journal of Archaeological Science 49: 237– and D. Flores 2005. Classification of Huminite-ICCP 248. System 1994. International Journal of Coal Geology 62: Tooley, M.J. 1978. Sea-level changes. North-West England 85–106. during the Flandrian Stage. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Szabó, K., C. Dupont, V. Dimitrijević, L. Gómez Gastélum Tosi, M. 1986. The emerging picture of prehistoric and N. Serrand (eds.) 2014. Archaeomalacology: shells in Arabia. Annual Review of Anthropology 15: 461–490. archaeological record (British Archaeological Reports Tostevin, G.B. 2012. Seeing Lithics: A Middle-Range International Series 2666). Oxford: Archaeopress. Theory for Testing for Cultural Transmission in the Taylor, G.H., M. Teichmüller, A. Davis, C.F.K. Diessel, R. Pleistocene (American School of Prehistoric Research Littke and P. Robert 1998. Organic petrology. Berlin Monograph Series). Oxford and Oakville: Oxbow and Stuttgart: Gehrüder Borntraeger. Books. Teichmüller, M. 1950. Zum petrographischen Towers, J., A. Gledhill and J. Bond 2014. An investigation Aufbau und Werdegang der Weichbraunkohle of cattle birth seasonality using δ13C and δ18O profiles (mit Berücksichtigung genetischer Fragen der within first molar enamel. Archaeometry 56, Suppl. 1: Steinkohlenpetrographie). Geologisches Jahrbuch 64: 208–236. 429–488. Tsukada, H., A. Takeda, H. Hasegawa, S. Ueda and T. Teichmüller, M. 1961. Beobachtungen bei einem Iyogi 2005. Comparison of NAA and ICP-MS for Torfbrand. Geologisches Jahrbuch 78: 653–660. the Determination of Major and Trace Elements in Teller, J.T., K.W. Glennie, N. Lancaster and A.K. Singhvi Environmental Samples. Journal of Radioanalytical 2000. Calcareous dunes of the United Arab Emirates and Nuclear Chemistry 263 (3): 773–778. and Noah’s Flood: the postglacial reflooding of the Uchupi, E., S.A. Swift and D.A. Ross 1996. Gas venting Persian (Arabian) Gulf. Quaternary International 68– and late Quaternary sedimentation in the Persian 71: 297–308. (Arabian) Gulf. Marine Geology 129: 237–269. 495 Dosariyah Uchupi, E., S.A. Swift and D.A. Ross 1999. Late Quaternary Qaiwain (U.A.E.). Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 7 stratigraphy, paleoclimate and neotectonism of the (2): 125–139. Persian (Arabian) Gulf region. Marine Geology 160: Uerpmann, M. and H.-P. Uerpmann 2005a. Fish 1–23. exploitation at Bronze Age harbour sites in the Uerpmann, H.-P. 1973. Animal bone finds and economic Arabian Gulf area. Paléorient 31: 108–115. archaeology: a critical study of ‘osteo archaeological’ Uerpmann M. and H.-P. Uerpmann 2005b. Animal method. World Archaeology 4: 307–322. bone finds and their relevance to the ecology and Uerpmann, H.-P. 1987. The Ancient Distribution of Ungulate economy of Saar, in R. Killick and J. Moon (eds.) The Mammals in the Middle East – Fauna and Archaeological Early Dilmun Settlement at Saar: 293–308. Ludlow: Sites in Southwest Asia and Northeast Africa (Beihefte Archaeology International Ltd. zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients. Reihe A Uerpmann, M. and H.-P. Uerpmann 2008. Neolithic (Naturwissenschaften), Band 27). Wiesbaden: Dr. Animal remains from al-Buhais 18 (Sharjah, UAE), in Ludwig Reichert. H.-P. Uerpmann, M. Uerpmann and S.A. Jasim (eds.) Uerpmann, H.-P. 1990. Radiocarbon dating of shell The natural environment of Jebel al-Buhais: past and middens in the Sultanate of Oman. Journal of present (The Archaeology of Jebel al-Buhais Sharjah, the European study Group on physical, chemical and United Arab Emirates, volume 2): 97–132. Tübingen: mathematical techniques applied to archeology (PACT) Kerns Verlag. 29: 335–347. Uerpmann, M., H.-P. Uerpmann and S.A. Jasim Uerpmann, H.-P. 1999. Camel and horse skeletons from 2000. Stone Age nomadism in Southeast Arabia: protohistoric graves at Mleiha in the Emirate of Palaeoeconomic considerations on the Neolithic Sharjah (U.A.E.). Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy site of Al-Buhais 18 in the Emirate of Sharjah, UAE. 10: 102–118. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 30: 229– Uerpmann, H.-P. and M. Uerpmann 1999. The camel 234. burial of al-Buhais 12 (Sharjah, U.A.E.), in C. Becker, Uerpmann, M., H.-P. Uerpmann and M. Händel 2008. H. Manhart, J. Peters and J. Schibler (eds.) Historia Lithic Resources and their Procurement at and Animalium Ex Ossibus – Beiträge zur Paläoanatomie, around Jebel al-Buhais and Jebel al-Faya. in H.-P. Archäologie, Ägyptologie, Ethnologie und Geschichte der Uerpmann, M. Uerpmann and S.A. Jasim (eds.) The Tiermedizin; Festschrift für Angela von den Driesch zum natural environment of Jebel al-Buhais: past and present 65. Geburtstag: 455–462. Rahden/Westf.: Verlag Maria (The Archaeology of Jebel al-Buhais Sharjah, United Leidorf. Arab Emirates, volume 2): 53–70. Tübingen: Kerns Uerpmann, H.-P. and M. Uerpmann 2002. The Verlag. Appearance of the Domestic Camel in South-east Uerpmann, M., H.-P. Uerpmann and S.A. Jasim 2006. Arabia. The Journal of Oman Studies 12: 235–260. Früher Wüstennomadismus auf der Arabischen Uerpmann, H.-P. and M. Uerpmann. 2003. Stone Age Halbinsel, in S.R. Hauser (ed.) Die Sichtbarkeit von Sites and their Natural Environment. The Capital Nomaden und saisonaler Besiedlung in der Archäologie. Area of Northern Oman. Part III (Beihefte zum Multidisziplinäre Annäherungen an ein methodisches Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients, Reihe A Problem: 87–103. Halle: Mitteilungen des SFB (Naturwissenschaften), Band 31/3). Wiesbaden: Dr. ‘Differenz und Integration’. Ludwig Reichert. Uerpmann, M., R. de Beauclair, M. Händel, A. Kutterer, Uerpmann, H.-P., M. Uerpmann, A. Kutterer and S.A. E. Noack and H.-P. Uerpmann 2012. The Neolithic Jasim 2013. The Neolithic period in the Central site FAY-NE15 in the central region of the Emirate of Region of the Emirate of Sharjah (UAE). Arabian Sharjah (UAE). Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 24: 102–108. Studies 42: 385–400. Uerpmann, M. 1992. Structuring the Late Stone Age Van der Leeuw, S. 1993. Giving the Pottery a Choice: of southeastern Arabia. Arabian Archaeology and Conceptual Aspects of Pottery Techniques, in P. Epigraphy 3: 65–109. Lemonnier (ed.) Technological Choices: Transformations Uerpmann, M. 2001. Remarks on the animal economy in Material Cultures Since the Neolithic: 238–288. of Tell Abraq (Emirates of Sharjah and Umm al- London: Routledge. Qaywayn, UAE). Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Van der Marel, H.W. and H. Beutelspacher 1976. Atlas Studies 31: 227–233. of Infrared Spectroscopy of Clay Minerals and Their Uerpmann, M. 2003. The dark millennium: Remarks Admixtures. Elsevier Publishing Company. on the final Stone Age in the Emirates and Oman, Van de Velde, T. 2015. Black magic bitumen. An in D.T. Potts, H. Naboodah and P. Hellyer (eds.) archaeometrical approach to 5000 years of bitumen Archaeology of the United Arab Emirates. Proceedings of imports in the Persian Gulf. Gent: Universiteit Gent. the First International Conference on the Archaeology of Van de Velde, T., M. de Vrieze, P. Surmont, S. Bodé the U.A.E.: 74–81. London: Trident. and P. Drechsler 2015. A geochemical study on the Uerpmann, M. and H.-P. Uerpmann 1996. ‘Ubaid pottery bitumen from Dosariyah (Saudi-Arabia): tracking in the eastern Gulf – new evidence from Umm al- 496 References Neolithic-period bitumen in the Persian Gulf. Journal Vossmer, T. 2003a. The Magan Boat Project: A process of of Archaeological Science 57: 248–256. discovery, a discovery of processes. Proceedings of the Van Neer, W. and A. Gautier 1993. Preliminary report on Seminar for Arabian Studies 33: 49–58. the faunal remains from the coastal site of ed-Dur, Vossmer, T. 2003b. The naval architecture of Early 1st–4th century AD, Umm al-Quwain, United Arab Bronze Age reed-built boats of the Arabian Sea, Emirates, in H. Buitenhuis and A.T. Clason (eds.) in D.T. Potts, H. Al-Naboodah and P. Hellyer (eds.) Archaeozoology of the Near East. Proceedings of the Archaeology of the United Arab Emirates. Proceedings of first international symposium of the archaeozoology of the First International Conference on the Archaeology of southwestern Asia and adjacent areas: 110–118. Leiden: the U.A.E.: 152–157. London: Trident Press Ltd. Universal Books Services. Wadley, L., B. Williamson and M. Lombard 2004. Ochre Van Neer, W., W. Wouters and M. Mouton 2013. Evidence hafting in Middle Stone Age southern Africa: A of sun-dried fish at Mleiha (S.-E. Arabia) in antiquity. practical role. Antiquity 78: 661–675. Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 24: 224–231. Wallis, N.J., M.T. Boulanger, J.R. Ferguson and Vandermeersch, B. 1969. Découverte d’un objet en M.D. Glascock 2010. Woodland Period Ceramic ocre avec traces d’utilisation dans le Moustérien Provenance and the Exchange of Swift Creek de Qafzeh (Israel). Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Complicated Stamped Vessels in the Southeastern Française 66: 157–158. United States. Journal of Archaeological Science 37: Vasconcelos, P., C.M. Barroso and M.B. Gaspar 2016. 2598–2611. Morphometric relationships and relative growth of Ward, C. 2006. Boat-building and its social context in Hexaplex trunculus and Bolinus brandaris (Gastropoda: early Egypt: interpretations from the First Dynasty Muricidae) from the Ria Formosa lagoon (southern boat-grave cemetery at Abydos. Antiquity 80 (307): Portugal). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of 118–129. the United Kingdom 96 (7): 1417–1425. Ward, G.K. and S.R. Wilson 1978. Procedures for Vasconcelos, P., S. Carvalho, M. Castro and M.B. Gaspar comparing and combining radiocarbon age 2008. The artisanal fishery for muricid gastropods determinations: A critique. Archaeometry 20: 19–31. (banded murex and purple dye murex) in the Ria Ward-Perkins, J.B. 1981. Roman Imperial Architecture. Formosa lagoon (Algarve coast, southern Portugal). Harmondsworth. Scientia Marina 72 (2): 287–298. Watts, I. 2009. Red ochre, body painting, and language: Vasconcelos P., M.B. Gaspar, M. Castro and M.L. Nunes Interpreting the Blombos ochre, in R. Botha and C. 2009. Influence of growth and reproductive cycle Knight (eds.) The Cradle of Language: 62–92. Oxford: on the meat yield and proximate composition Oxford University Press. of Hexaplex trunculus (Gastropoda: Muricidae). Watts, I. 2010. The pigments from Pinnacle Point cave Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United 13B, Western Cape, South Africa. Journal of Human Kingdom 89 (6): 1223–1232. Evolution 59: 392–411. Velo, J. 1984. Ochre as medicine: A suggestion for the Weijermars, R. 1999. Surface geology, lithostratigraphy interpretation of the archaeological record. Current and tertiary growth of the Dammam Dome, Saudi Anthropology 25: 674. Arabia: a new field guide. GeoArabia 4 (2): 199–226. Vincent, P. 2008. Saudi Arabia: An Environmental Overview. Weiner, S. 2010. Microarchaeology: Beyond the Visible London: CRC Press. Archaeological Record. Cambridge: Cambridge Vita-Finzi, C. and H.A. McClure 1991. High-resolution University Press. 14C dating of an uplifted Holocene shoreline in Weiner, S., P. Goldberg and O. Bar-Yosef 1993. Bone eastern Saudi Arabia. Tectonophysics 194 (3): 197–201. preservation in Kebara Cave, Israel using on-site Vogel, C.J. 1978. Isotopic assessment of the dietary Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. Journal of habitat of ungulates. South African Journal of Science Archaeological Science 20 (6): 613–627. 74: 298–301. White, F. and J. Leonard 1991. Phytogeographical links Vogt, B. 1994. In search of coastal sites in pre-historic between Africa and Southwest Asia. Flora et Vegetatio Makkan: Mid Holocene ‘shell-eaters’ in the coastal Mundi 9: 229–246. desert of Ras al-Khaimah, U.A.E., in J.M. Kenoyer White, R.J., H.C. Prentice and T. Verwijst 1988. (ed.) From Sumer to Meluhha: Contributions to the Automated image acquisition and morphometric Archaeology of South and West Asia in Memory of George description. Canadian Journal of Botany 66: 450–459. F. Dales Jr. (Wisconsin Archaeological Reports 3): Wiedemann, F.B., H. Bocherens, A. Mariotti, A.v.d. 113–128. Madison, WI: Preshistory Press. Driesch and G. Grupe, G. 1999. Methodological and Vossmer, T. 2000. Ships in the ancient Arabian Sea: The archaeological implications of intra-tooth isotopic development of a hypothetical reed boat model. variations (δ13C, δ18O) in herbivores from Ain Ghazal Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 30: 235– (Jordan, Neolithic). Journal of Archaeological Science 242. 26: 697–704. 497 Dosariyah Wiessner, P. 1983. Style and social information in the Zazzo, A., A. Mariotti, C. Lecuyer and E. Heintz 2002. Kalahari San projectile points. American Antiquity 48 Intra-tooth isotope variations in late Miocene (2): 253–276. bovid enamel from Afghanistan: paleobiological, Wilkinson, T.J. 1997. Holocene Environments of the taphonomic, and climatic implications. High Plateau, Yemen. Recent Geoarchaeological Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 186: Investigations. Geoarchaeology 12 (8): 833–864. 145–161. Wilkinson, T. J., B.H. Monahan and D.J. Tucker 1996. Zeder, M.A. 1974. Modern and ancient faunal record of Khanijdal East: A Small Ubaid Site in Northern Iraq. interregional interaction, in A.H. Masry, Prehistory Iraq 58: 17–50. in Northeastern Arabia: The Problem of Interregional Willan, R.C. 1993. Taxonomic revision of the family Interaction, Appendix B: 232–240. Coconut Grove, FL: Psammobiidae (Bivalvia: Tellinoidea) in the Field Research Projects. Australian and New Zealand region. Records of the Zelditsch, M.L., D.L. Swiderski, H.D. Sheets and W.L. Fink Australian Museum, Supplement 18: 1–132. 2004. Geometric morphometrics for biologists, a primer. Williams, A.H. and G.M. Walkden 2002a. Late Quaternary New York: Elsevier Academic Press. highstand deposits of the southern Arabian Gulf: Zeuner, F. 1954. ‘Neolithic’ sites from the Rub´ al Khali, a record of sea-level and climate change. Geological southern Arabia. Man 54: 133–136. Society, London, Special Publications 195: 371–386. Zickgraf, B. 1999. Geomagnetische und geoelektrische Williams, A.H. and G.M Walkden 2002b. Late Quaternary Prospektion in der Archäologie. Systematik – Geschichte highstand deposits of the southern Arabian Gulf, in – Anwendung (Internationale Archäologie, F.E. Abegg, P.M. Harris and D.B Loope (eds.) Modern Naturwissenschaft und Technologie, Band 2). and Ancient Carbonate Eolianites. Sedimentology, Rhaden/Westf.: Verlag Maria Leidorf. Sequence Stratigraphy and Diagenesis. Society of Ziegler, C. 1953. Die Keramik von der Qal’a des Hağği Mineralogists and Paleontologists Special Publication Mohammed (Ausgrabungen der Deutschen 712: 77–92. Forschungsgemeinschaft in Uruk-Warka V). Berlin: Wood, W.W., R.M. Bailey, B.A. Hampton, T.F. Kraemer, Gebr. Mann. Z. Lu, D.W. Clark, R.H.R. James and K. Al-Ramadan Zihms, S.G., C. Switzer, J. Irvine and M. Karstunen 2013. 2012. Rapid late Pleistocene/Holocene uplift and Effects of high temperature processes on physical coastal evolution of the southern Arabian (Persian) properties of silica sand. Engineering Geology 164: Gulf. Quaternary Research 77 (2): 215–220. 139–145. Woolley, L. 1955. Ur Excavations, Volume IV. The early Zilhão, J., D.E. Angelucci, E. Badal-García, F. d’Errico, periods. A report on the sites and objects prior in date F. Daniel, L. Dayet, K. Douka, T.F. Higham, M.J. to the third dynasty of Ur discovered in the course of Martínez-Sánchez, R. Montes-Bernárdez, S. Murcia- the excavations. London and Philadelphia: British Mascarós, C. Pérez-Sirvent, C. Roldán-García, M. Museum, Museum of the University of Pennsylvania. Vanhaeren, V. Villaverde, R. Wood and J. Zapata World Health Organization 1984. Guidelines for Drinking 2010. Symbolic use of marine shells and mineral Water Quality. Geneva: WHO. pigments by Iberian Neandertals. Proceedings of the Wright, H.T. 1981. The southern margins of Sumer: National Academy of Sciences 107:1023–1028. Archaeological survey of the area of Eridu and Ur, Zuschin, M. and J. Hohenegger 1998. Subtropical coral- in R. McC. Adams (ed.) Heartland of Cities: 295–324. reef associated sedimentary facies characterized by Chicago: University of Chicago Press. molluscs (Northern Bay of Safaga, Red Sea, Egypt). Wushiki, H. 1997. Some Hydro-Scientific Aspects of Facies 38: 229–254. Arabia. Al-Rafidan 18: 3–24. Zuschin, M., M. Stachowitsch and R.J. Stanton 2003. Xu, B., M.B. Toffolo, L. Regev, E. Boaretto and Patterns and processes of shell fragmentation in K.M. Poduska 2015. Structural differences in modern and ancient marine environments. Earth archaeologically relevant calcite. Analytical Methods Science Review 63: 33–82. 7 (21): 9304–9309. Yoffee, N. 2005. Myths of the Archaic State: Evolution of the Earliest Cities, States, and Civilizations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 498