(PDF) Torlak Accentuation

Slavistische Beiträge ∙ Band 94 (eBook - Digi20-Retro) Ronelle Alexander Torlak Accentuation Verlag Otto Sagner München ∙ Berlin ∙ Washington D.C. Digitalisiert im Rahmen der Kooperation mit dem DFG-Projekt „Digi20“ der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek, München. OCR-Bearbeitung und Erstellung des eBooks durch den Verlag Otto Sagner: http://verlag.kubon-sagner.de © bei Verlag Otto Sagner. Eine Verwertung oder Weitergabe der Texte und Abbildungen, insbesondere durch Vervielfältigung, ist ohne vorherige schriftliche Genehmigung des Verlages unzulässig. «Verlag Otto Sagner» ist ein Imprint der Kubon & Sagner GmbH. Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 S l a v is t ic h e B eiträge BEGRÜNDET VON ALOIS SCHMAUS HERAUSGEGEBEN VON JOHANNES HOLTHUSEN UND JOSEF SCHRENK REDAKTION: PETER REHDER Band 94 Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access RONELLE ALEXANDER TORLAK ACCENTUATION VERLAG OTTO SAGNER • MÜNCHEN 1975 Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access ISBN 3 87690 106 5 C o p y rig h t by V e rla g O tto S agner, München 1975 A b te ilu n g d e r F irm a Kubon und S agner, München D ru ck: A le x a n d e r Großmann T 8 München 1 9 f Y senburgetraß e 7 Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access PREFACE The p re s e n t monograph reproduces my 1975 H arvard doct o r a i d is s e r t a t io n , w hich was e n t i t l e d "A S t r u c t u r a l D e s c rip - t i o n o f th e Role o f Accent in th e D ia le c ts o f S o u the aste rn S e r b ia ." T h is work summarizes th e r e s u lt s o f f i e l d in v e s tig a - t io n s w hich I c a r r ie d out in s o u th e a s te rn S e rb ia in 1970-71, and upon w hich I hope to e la b o ra te in fu tu r e p u b lic a tio n s . D u rin g my y e a r o f f i e l d w ork, I was a fo rm a l g u e st o f th e Yugos la v F e d e ra l Commission f o r C u ltu r a l R e la tio n e w ith F o re ig n C o u n trie s (Savezna k o m is ija za k u ltu r n e veze s in o s tra n s tv o m ) and o f th e C o lle g e o f A r ts and L e tte r s o f th e U n iv e r s ity o f N ovi Sad ( F ilo z o f s k i f a k u lt e t и Novom Sadu), and was th e r e c ip ie n t o f a d is s e r t a t io n fe llo w s h ip from th e Am erican A s s o c ia t io n o f U n iv e r s ity Women. G r a te fu l acknowledgement i s made to a l l th e s e i n s t i t u t i o n s f o r t h e i r s u p p o rt o f my w ork. In a d d itio n , I would l i k e t o extend my a p p r e c ia tio n t o th e f o llo w in g persons and i n s t i t u t i o n s , w ith o u t whom t h i s work co u ld n o t have reached i t s c o n c lu s io n : P ro fe s s o rs Dean W orth and H e n rik Birnbaum o f th e D e p a rtment o f S la v ic Languages and L it e r a t u r e s o f th e U n iv e r s ity o f C a lif o r n ia a t Los A ngeles, who a llo w e d me use o f th e re se a rch fa c ilitie s fie ld o f UCIA d u rin g 1969-70 w h ile I was p re p a rin g my q u e s tio n n a ire , and who f a c i l i t a t e d th e e v e n tu a l p u b li- c a tio n o f th e w ork; P ro fe s s o r B020 V id o e s k i o f th e I n s t i t u t za makedonski Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access ja z i k in S kopje, who g ra n te d me access t o th e u n p u b lis h e d a r c h iv e s o f th e Macedonian D ia le c t A tla s and generous w o rk in g space in w hich t o c o n s u lt th e s e m a te r ia ls , and a number o f I n s t i t u t p e rs o n n e l, p a r t i c u l a r l y Olga Ivanovna and Kosta Peev, who were a ls o h e lp f u l t o me in in t e r p r e t in g th e d ia le c t m ate‫־‬ r ia l; P ro fe s s o rs Horace Lu n t and H enning Andersen o f H arvard U n iv e r s it y , who gave me my g ro u n d in g in th e f i e l d o f S la v ic l i n g u i s t i c s , and whose c a r e f u l re a d in g and c r i t i c a l comments on e a r l i e r v e rs io n s o f t h i s m a n u s c rip t c o n tr ib u te d s i g n i f i c a n t l y to it s co h e sio n and c o n s is te n c y ; P ro fe s s o r P a vle I v i d o f th e U n iv e r s it y o f N o vi Sad, w ith o u t whose i n s i g h t f u l gu idance and s u p e rv is io n o f th e f i e l d re s e a rc h I n e ve r c o u ld have o b ta in e d th e raw d a ta upon w hich t h i s work i s based n o r begun t o in t e r p r e t t h i s m a te r ia l i n i t s p ro p e r p e rs p e c tiv e , and P ro fe s s o rs D ra g o lju b P e tr o v id and Jovan K ásáid o f th e same i n s t i t u t i o n , who were a ls o h e lp f u l in i n i t i a l sta g e s o f f i e l d w ork; M rs. S h ir le y Learned a n d ,e s p e c ia lly , D avid Lippman, whose e d i t o r i a l and ty p in g s k i l l s produced a m a n u scrip t o f im p e cc a b le b e a u ty , as w e ll as T u r i S pear, whose a r t i s t r y made p o s s ib le a c le a r and le g ib le map; R o b e rt Leibman, t o whom I owe an immense d e b t— n o t o n ly f o r th e c a lc u la t io n o f g e o g ra p h ic a l c o o rd in a te s , th e d ra w in g o f w o rk in g f i e l d maps and com panionship on f i e l d t r i p s —b u t a ls o f o r o v e r a ll m o ra l s u p p o rt th ro u g h o u t t h i s w o rk 's lo n g Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 00 0 4 6 9 6 0 - v iip e rio d o f g e s ta tio n ; and f i n a l l y th e many v illa g e r s o f s o u th e a s te rn S e rb ia , who were my r e a l te a c h e rs f o r a y e 8 r. To them I d e d ic a te t h i s w ork. W ith o u t t h e i r warm h o s p i t a l i t y tow a rd s o u ts id e r s , t h e i r keen sense o f c u l t u r a l v a lu e s and le v e ls , t h e i r re s p e c t f o r t r a d i t i o n , and t h e i r good-humored p a tie n c e w ith th e e x ig e n c ie s o f q u e s tio n n a ire work, S e rb o -C ro a tia n d ia le c to lo g y c o u ld n o t have become th e s o lid s c h o la r ly d is c ip lin e i t is to d a y . Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 - v iiiNOTE: Numerous a b b re v ia tio n s a re u t il i z e d in t h i s w ork, b o th in th e t e x t and in th e re fe re n c e m a te r ia ls found in th e Append ix . E x p la n a tio n s o f th e se a b b r e v ia tio n s a re lo c a te d on th e f o llo w in g pages: p p . 74— 76: l i s t o f th e 20 g e o g ra p h ic a l t a r g e t p o in ts upon w hich t h i s s tu d y i s based, to w hich a l l c h a rts r e f e r and t o w hich da ta ite m s a re a s c rib e d i n th e t e x t ; p . 77: l i s t o f symbols used i n c h a rts and i n th e t e x t t o d e s ig n a te a c c e n tu a l r e la t io n s h ip s ; pp. 7 9 8 2 ‫־‬: l i s t o f b ib lio g r a p h ic a l so u rce s from w hich form s quoted in th e t e x t a re ta k e n ; pp. 8 4 8 6 ‫ ־ ־‬: l i s t o f v illa g e s and a re a s used i n c ita tio n o f data in th e t e x t . S econdly, th e s ke tch maps w hich fo rm p a r t o f th e t e x t and th e la rg e map i n th e A ppendix a re n o t meant t o be id e n t ic a l. D ia le c t b o u n d a rie s shown on th e la rg e map a re as a c c u ra te as I can make them. Sketches I I , IX and X, on th e o th e r hand, are meant t o be schem atic re p re s e n ta tio n s o f th e o v e r a ll a re a , and th e d ia le c t b o un da ries a re v e ry a p p ro x im a te . In p a r t i c u l a r , th e s e c tio n marked NSV on th e s k e tc h maps i s meant t o r e f e r o n ly to th e v i ll a g e o f Novo S elo ( V id in ) i t s e l f , and th e s e c tio n marked S o f on th e s ke tch maps appears somewhat s m a lle r th a n i t is in r e a lity . Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access TABLE OP CONTENTS P reface Note v iii T able o f c o n te n ts ix Is INTRODUCTION 1.1 G e ne ral in t r o d u c tio n 1 1.2 H is to r y o f th e d e f i n i t i o n o f th e T o ria k zone 7 1.3 G e o g ra p h ic a l d e f i n i t i o n o f th e T o ria k zone 11 1.4 L in g u is t ic d e f i n i t i o n o f th e T o ria k zone 13 1.5 Review o f m a te r ia l p u b lis h e d about T o ria k d ia le c t s p r i o r t o 1971 19 1 .6 P r e lim in a r y d e s c r ip tio n o f th e T o ria k a c c e n tu a l morphophonemic system 25 1.7 Survey o f d a ta p u b lis h e d about Kosovo-Resava, West B u lg a ria n and N o rth Macedonian d ia le c t s 27 1 .8 O u tlin e o f hypotheses t o be te s te d in th e fie ld 33 1.9 F o rm u la tio n o f th e q u e s tio n n a ire 35 1.10 C hoice o f in v e s t ig a t io n p o in ts 40 1.11 S e le c tio n o f in fo rm a n ts and methods o f data c o lle c t io n 44 1.12 D e f in it io n o f th e term "a c c e n t" 48 1.13 R e s t r ic t io n s on th e occu rre n ce o f a cce n t in Tk and KR d ia le c t s 50 1.14 G e n e ra l rem arks on th e fo rm a t o f da ta p re s e n ta t i o n and d e f i n i t i o n o f a c c e n tu a l a l t e r n a tio n s 55 1 .15 Types o f a c c e n tu a l r e la tio n s h ip s found in Tk, d e f i n i t i o n o f acce nt p a tte r n s , and o rd e r o f da ta p r e s e n ta tio n 57 Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access -X - 1.16 1.17 P r in c ip le s o f segm ental a n a ly s is fo llo w e d in t h i s work 62 O rthography u t i l i z e d examples 73 in th e c i t a t i o n o f 1.18 Format o f da ta c h a rts and t e x t u a l c it a t io n s 74 1 .1 9 L i s t o f a b b r e v ia tio n s u t i l i z e d 84 II : in t h i s work NOMINAL ALTERNATIONS 2 .1 SC/ Г к c o n tr a s tiv e m o rp h olo gy--n ou ns 87 2 .2 SC/ Г к c o n tr a s tiv e m o rp h o lo g y --a d je c tiv e s 95 2 .3 O u tlin e o f nominal a c c e n tu a l a lt e r n a t io n s in sta n d a rd SC and p r o je c te d com parison w ith Tk 97 2 .4 A c c e n tu a tio n o f th e v o c a tiv e 100 2 .5 A c c e n tu a tio n o f th e d a tiv e 104 2 .6 Nsg/Asg a c c e n tu a l a lt e r n a t io n in fe m in in e «^-declension nouns 108 2 .7 Types o f m o b ilit y i n Nsg/Asg i n fem a^-decl nouns 115 V a r ia t io n in th e a c c e n tu a tio n o f Asg form s in ETk 126 2 .9 A c c e n tu a tio n o f th e n u m e ra tiv e form 129 2 .1 0 S g /p l a c c e n tu a l a lt e r n a t io n i n fem a^-decl nouns i n Tk 135 V a r ia t io n w it h in Tk in th e a c c e n tu a tio n o f Nsg form s o f fem a_-decl nouns 140 2 .8 2 .1 1 SKETCH I : 2 .1 2 2.1 3 S g /p l a lt e r n a t io n in s ix *^-d e cle n sio n nouns i n Tk 142 S g /p l a c c e n tu a l a lt e r n a t io n i n fem a -d e c le n s io n nouns i n WBg, EMac and Kr 147 Sum m ary--sg/fcl in fem a n de el nouns in WBg, EMac, KR and Tk 151 Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 - X iSKETCH I I : 2.14 S g /p l in fe m in in e a -d e c le n s io n nouns in Tk, KR, NMac, EMac and WBg 152 S g /p l a c c e n tu a l a lt e r n a t io n i n n e u te r nouns in Tk 153 S g /p l a c c e n tu a l a lt e r n a t io n i n n e u te r nouns in WBg, EMac and KR 156 Expanded p lu r a l form s in n e u te r nouns in Tk, WBg, EMac and KR 160 2.17 Expanded v s . nonexpanded p lu r a l form s in n e u te r nouns--summary 166 2.18 Types o f s g /p l r e la t io n s h ip s found in masculi n e nouns i n a consonant in T k, WBg and EMac 167 A c c e n tu a tio n o f p l u r a l form s o f masc nouns in a consonant i n Tk, WBg, EMac and KR 170 Summary o f fa c to r s a f f e c t in g th e a c c e n tu a tio n o f p lu r a l form s o f masc nouns in a consonant 180 2.1 5 2.1 6 2 .1 9 2 .2 0 2.21 S g /p l a lt e r n a t io n i n m a sculine nouns in a consonant in T k, WBg, EMac and KR 183 2 .2 2 D e f/in d e f a c c e n tu a l a lt e r n a t io n in nouns in ETk 194 2.23 D e f/in d e f a c c e n tu a l a lt e r n a t io n in nouns in EMac and WBg 202 2.24 S p e c ia l cases o f d e f / in d e f a c c e n tu a l a lt e r n a t io n in nouns i n ETk and TWBg 210 2.2 5 D e f/in d e f a c c e n tu a l a lt e r n a t io n in a d je c tiv e s in KR and area s o f Tk w ith o u t postposed a r tic le 215 2 .2 6 D e f/in d e f a c c e n tu a l a lt e r n a t io n in a d je c tiv e s in ETk a re a s w ith postposed a r t i c l e 223 D e f/in d e f a c c e n tu a l a lt e r n a t io n in a d je c tiv e s in WBg 229 2.2 8 N om inal acce nt p a tte r n s in SWTk 238 2.2 9 N om inal a cce n t p a tte r n s in CWTk 245 2.27 Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access -x ii 2.30 N om inal a cce n t p a tte r n s in ETk III: 3.1 VERBAL ALTERNATIONS L i s t o f v e rb a l c a te g o rie s found in Tk c o n tr a s te d w ith th o se found in s td SC 268 3 .2 SC/ Г к c o n tr a s tiv e m orphology— p re s e n t te n se 269 3 .3 SC/ Г к c o n tr a s tiv e m o rp h o lo g y --a o ris t te n s e 278 3.4 SC/ Г к c o n tr a s tiv e m orphology— im p e rfe c t te n s e 284 3 .5 SC/ Г к c o n tr a s tiv e m o r p h o lo g y - - p a r tic ip ia l form s 289 3-6 SC/ Г к c o n tr a s tiv e m o rp h o lo g y --im p e ra tiv e mood 298 3.7 SC/ Г к c o n tr a s tiv e m o rp h o lo g y -‫ ־‬i n f i n i t i v e 301 3 .8 A ccent p a tte r n s found i n s td SC 302 З .9 A c c e n tu a l a lt e r n a t io n w it h in th e p re s e n t te n s e i n Tk 307 3.10 A c c e n tu a l a lt e r n a t io n w it h in th e p re s e n t te n se in EMac and WBg 311 SKETCH I I I : ls g p r e s /o th e r p re s form s in T k, EMac, NMac, WBg 255 323 3.1 1 S y m b o liz a tio n o f a o r is t tense a c c e n tu a tio n on c h a rts 3.12 A lt e r n a t io n w it h in th e a o r is t te n se o f o b s tr u 328 e n t stems in Tk З .ІЗ A c c e n tu a tio n o f th e a o r is t te n se o f o b s tru e n t stems in WBg, NMac, EMac and KR 332 3.14 A c c e n tu a tio n o f th e a o r is t o f id^ and mog 336 SKETCH IV : 3.15 324 2 3 ‫ ־‬sg a o r is t / o t h e r a o r is t form s in th r e e o b s tru e n t stems in Tk, WBg, NMac, EMac 343 R e fo rm u la tio n o f th e a o r is t o f o th e r stem c la s s e s as o b s tru e n t stems and a c c e n tu a t io n o f th e s e form s 344 SKETCH V: A c c e n tu a tio n o f t h e a o r i s t te n s e o f v i d e 350 Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 -x iii3 .1 6 A lt e r n a t io n w it h in th e a o r is t te n se o f non-obs tr u e n t stems in Tk, p r e fix e d and nonp r e fix e d 354 3 .1 7 A lt e r n a t io n w it h in th e a o r is t te n se o f non-obs tr u e n t stems in WBg, NMac, EMac and KR 364 3 .18 A lt e r n a t io n between p r e fix e d and n o n p re fix e d L ‫ ־‬p a r t i c i p l e form s 368 3 .19 A lt e r n a t io n between p r e fix e d and n o n p re fix e d P - p a r t ic ip le form s 374 3.20 E vidence o f an a lt e r n a t io n between sg and p i im p e ra tiv e form s in Tk 378 3.22 Summary— is o g lo s s o f th e s g / p l im p e ra tiv e a cc e n tu a l a lt e r n a t io n in SE S e rb ia n , WBg and Mac d ia le c t s 388 SKETCH V I : S g /p l im p e ra tiv e in ETk, EMac and WBg 392 3.23 Types o f p re s e n t te n s e form s found in T k, NMac, EMac, WBg, and symbols used to d e s ig n a te them 394 3.24 A c c e n tu a tio n o f th e p re s e n t te n se o f c la s s 1 -2 , 1 -3 , I I , IV and V ve rb s in Tk 405 3.25 A c c e n tu a tio n o f th e p re s e n t te n se o f c la s s 1-1 and I I I ve rb s and th e a c c e n tu a l o p p o s itio n between p r e fix e d and nonprefix e d p re s e n t te n se form s 414 3.26 A c c e n tu a tio n o f th e p re s e n t tense in Tk, NMac, EMac süld WBg--summary 421 SKETCH V I I : 3.27 A c c e n tu a tio n o f p re s e n t te n se o f s ix ve rb s in Tk, NMac, EMac and WBg 424 O ccurrence o f m a rg in a lly o x y to n ic p re s e n t tense paradigm s i n T k, WBg and EMac 427 SKETCH V I I I : D is t r ib u t io n o f m a rg in a l o x y to n e s is in th e p re s e n t tense o f c e r t a in ve rb s in T k, NMac, EMac WBg 434 3 .28 Forms and a cce n t o f th e a o r is t te n se i n Tk, NMac, EMac.and WBg 435 3.29 A c c e n tu a tio n o f th e a o r i s t in Dvorane (SWTk) 441 Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 3 .3 0 A c c e n tu a tio n o f th e a o r is t o f o b s tru e n t stems 443 3-31 A c c e n tu a tio n o f th e im p e rfe c t te n se i n Tk, EMac and WBg 450 3.32 Forms o f th e L - p a r t i c i p l e in Tk, NMac, EMac and WBg 468 3-33 A c c e n tu a tio n o f L ‫ ־‬p a r t i c i p l e form s 476 3.34 A c c e n tu a tio n o f P‫ ־‬p a r t i c i p l e form s 479 3-35 A c c e n tu a tio n o f im p e ra tiv e form s 481 3 -3 6 P r e s e n t /a o r is t a lt e r n a t io n in Tk 491 3.37 V e rb a l a cce n t p a tte r n s in SWTk 497 3.38 V e rb a l acce nt p a tte r n s in CWTk 507 3*39 V e rb a l acce nt p a tte r n s i n ETk 510 IV : 4 .1 CONCLUSION G eneral summary 515 4 .2 A c c e n tu a l is o g lo s s e s w it h in th e area encomp a s s in g Tk, NMac, EMac, WBg and KB 517 C o r r e la tio n s between d e c le n s io n a l c la s s e s and th e in c id e n c e o f acce nt p a tte r n s 528 4 .3 SKETCH IX : 4 .4 C o r r e la tio n s between v e rb a l stem c la s s e s and th e in c id e n c e o f acce nt p a tte r n s SKETCH X: 4 .5 4 .6 D is t r ib u t io n o f fo u r no m ina l a cce n t p a tte r n s D is t r ib u t io n o f two v e rb a l a cce n t p a tte r n s 535 536 540 F a c to rs in flu e n c in g acce n t s h i f t s in T k ‫ ־ ־‬p r e ‫־‬ s t r u c t u r a l i s t view s 541 S t r u c t u r a l s ig n ific a n c e o f th e v a r ia t io n in Tk a c c e n tu a l morphophonemics and i t s r e la t io n t o l i n g u i s t i c change 547 NOTES 555 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SOURCES CONSULTED 559 Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 046960 -X V - APPENDIX In tr o d u c t io n t o c h a rts 571 572 C hart 1: Nsg/Asg i n fe m in in e a -d e c le n s io n nouns 575 C hart 2: S g / p l in fe m in in e a -d e c le n s io n nouns 584 C hart 3: S g /p l in n e u te r nouns 593 C hart 4: S g / p l i n m a sculine nouns in a consonant 599 C h a rt 5a: D e f/in d e f in nouns, fe m in in e a -d e c le n s io n C h a rt 5b: D e f/ in d e f in nouns, n e u te r C h a rt 5c: D e f/ in d e f i n m a scu lin e nouns in a consonant C h a rt 5d: D e f/ in d e f in fe m in in e nouns i n a conson a n t, s in g u la r o n ly 608 613 C h a rt 6: D e f/ in d e f in a d je c tiv e s 622 C h a rt 7: A c c e n tu a tio n o f p re s e n t te n s e , c la s s 1-1 624 C hart 8: A c c e n t u a t io n o f p r e s e n t t e n s e , c l a s s e s 1-2 and 1-3 C h a rt 9: 616 621 630 A c c e n tu a tio n o f p re s e n t te n s e , c la s s I I 633 C h a rt 10: A c c e n tu a tio n o f p re s e n t te n s e , c la s s I I I 636 C h a rt 11: A c c e n tu a tio n o f p re s e n t te n s e , c la s s IV 642 C h a rt 12: A c c e n tu a tio n o f p re s e n t te n s e , c la s s V - l 648 C h a rt 13: A c c e n tu a tio n o f p re s e n t te n s e , c la s s V -2 653 C h a rt 14: A c c e n tu a tio n o f p re s e n t te n s e , c la s s V-3 658 C h a rt 15: A c c e n tu a tio n o f p re s e n t te n s e , c la s s V I 664 C h a rt 16: A c c e n tu a tio n o f a o r is t te n s e , c la s s 1-1 667 C h a rt 17: A c c e n tu a tio n o f a o r i s t te n s e , c la s s e s I 2 ‫ ־‬and 1-3 673 C h a rt 18: A c c e n t u a t io n o f a o r i s t t e n s e , c l a s s I I 679 C h art 19 : A c c e n tu a tio n o f a o r i s t t e n s e , c l a s s I I I 682 Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access - x v iC h a rt 20: A c c e n tu a tio n o f a o r i s t te n s e , c la s s IV 688 C h a rt 21: A c c e n tu a tio n o f a o r i s t te n s e , c la s s V - l 694 C h a rt 22: A c c e n tu a tio n o f a o r i s t te n s e , c la s s V -2 697 C h a rt 23: A c c e n tu a tio n o f a o r i s t te n s e , c la s s V 3 ‫־‬ 700 C h a rt 24: A c c e n tu a tio n o f a o r i s t te n s e , c la s s V I 703 C h a rt 25: P re s /a o r a lt e r n a t io n in c la s s 1 -1 ve rb s 706 C h a rt 26: P re s /a o r a lt e r n a t io n i n c la s s 1 -2 and 1-3 v e rb s 712 C h a rt 27: P re s /a o r a lt e r n a t io n i n c la s s I I v e rb s 716 C h a rt 28: P re s /a o r a lt e r n a t io n i n c la s s I I I ve rb s 719 C h a rt 29 : P re s /a o r a lt e r n a t io n i n c la s s ГѴ v e rb s 725 C h a rt 30: P re s /a o r a lt e r n a t io n i n c la s s V 1 ‫ ־‬v e rb s 731 C h a rt 31: P re s /a o r a lt e r n a t io n i n c la s s V -2 v e rb s 734 C h a rt 32: P re s /a o r a lt e r n a t io n i n c la s s V 3 ‫ ־‬v e rb s 737 C h a rt 3 3 ‫ ג‬P re s /a o r a lt e r n a t io n i n c la s s V I v e rb s 740 I n t r o d u c t io n t o in d e x l i s t s INDEX OF GEOGRAPHICAL COORDINATES 743 744 REFERENCE INDEX OF VILLAGES 769 I n t r o d u c t io n t o q u e s tio n n a ir e l i s t i n g QUESTIONNAIRE LIST 794 796 Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access I. 1.1 INTRODUCTION T h e * ty p o lo g ic a l d iv e r s it y o f a c c e n tu a l systems re p - resented w ith in S e rb o -C ro a tia n d ia le c t s has been o f in t e r e s t to s c h o la rs f o r a number o f y e a r s .1 Among th e s e systems a re those which u t i l i z e a l l th re e a c o u s tic d im e n s io n s ‫ ־ ־‬fre q u e n c y , d u ra tio n and in t e n s it y , which co rre sp o n d r e s p e c tiv e ly t o th e p ro s o d ic fe a tu re s o f to n e , le n g th and s t r e s s - - e . g . c e r ta in S la v o n ia n and ča ka v ia n d ia le c t s . D ia le c ts i n w hich th e two fe a tu re s o f Length and to n e fu n c tio n d i s t i n c t i v e l y a re th e most numerous; th e SC sta n d a rd language i s in c lu d e d among th e s e . tiv e ly The two fe a tu re s o f le n g th and s tr e s s fu n c tio n d i s t i n c in a number o f d ia le c t s lo c a te d m o s tly in M ontenegro. Of th e d ia le c t s in w hich o n ly one o f th e th r e e dim ensions serves t o im plem ent p ro s o d ic d is t in c t io n s , we may c i t e th o s e k a jk a v ie n d ia le c t s in w hich o n ly le n g th i s d i s t i n c t i v e , and two groups o f d ia le c t s (one c o m p ris in g s e v e ra l s m a ll areas in the n o rth w e s t and th e o th e r c o n s is tin g o f one la rg e re g io n in th e s o u th e a s t o f th e SC l i n g u i s t i c t e r r i t o r y ) o n ly s tre s s placem ent f u l f i l l s in which a d i s t i n c t i v e f u n c tio n , and n e it h e r q u a n tity n o r to n a l o p p o s itio n s a re o p e r a tiv e . 2 The d ia le c t area o f concern i n t h i s work i s t h a t la rg e re g io n in th e s o u th e a s t, c a lle d th e P riz re n -T im o k , o r T o ria k a re a , where o n ly s tre s s i s d i s t i n c t i v e . A s m a ll group o f SC d ia le c t s w ith fix e d s tr e s s ( i . e . no d i s t i n c t i v e p ro s o d ic fe a tu re s ) i s c o n ta in e d w it h in t h i s a re a ; i t is Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 2- lo c a te d t o th e southw est o f P r iz r e n , a lo n g th e Sar P ia n in a m ountain range w hich form s th e boundary between S e rb ia and M acedonia. S ince i t u t i l i z e s o n ly s tre s s (and n o t to n e o r le n g t h ) , th e a c c e n tu a l system o f T o r ia k d ia le c t s is th u s more s im ila r t o t h a t o f R ussian and B u lg a ria n th a n i t th o se o f th e b u lk o f SC d ia le c t s . is to The system o f gramma‫־‬ t i c a l o p p o s itio n s and i n f l e c t i o n a l m orphology o f T o r ia k d ia le c t s a re a ls o much more s im ila r t o B u lg a ria n th a n t o 3‫־‬ th e b u lk o f SC d ia le c t s . S ince th e T o r ia k d i a l e c t a l s y s ‫־‬ tem d i f f e r s so r a d i c a l ly from t h a t o f s ta n d a rd SC on b o th th e se p o in ts , I f e e l i t w i l l be o f in t e r e s t t o examine th e u t iliz a tio n o f a cce n t t o im plem ent d is t in c t io n s w it h in th e system o f i n f l e c t i o n a l m orphology, i . e . th e morphophonemic a c c e n tu a l a lt e r n a t io n s o f th e T o ria k d ia le c t s . My g o a l is n o t r e s t r ic t e d t o a d e s c r ip t io n o f th e a c c e n tu a l morpho‫־‬ phonemics o f T o r ia k , how ever. I propose f u r t h e r t o compare th e T o ria k system w ith th o s e o f a d ja c e n t B u lg a ria n , Macedonian and S e rb o -C ro a tia n d ia le c t s , w ith t h a t o f s ta n d a rd SC, and w ith re c o n s tru c te d P r o to - S la v ic . By exam ining b o th h i s t o r i c a l correspondences and s y n c h ro n ic v a r ia t io n , I hope t o e lu c id a te some o f th e fa c to r s w h ich have le d t o th e e v o lu tio n o f th e p re s e n t system as w e ll as th o se w hich dete rm in e change now in p ro g re s s . C o n s id e ra b le w ork has been done on th e morphophonemic a c c e n tu a l a lt e r n a t io n s o f th e SC s td language, 4 Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access but l i t t l e a t t e n t io n has been p a id t o morphophonemics in d ia l e c t a l s tu d ie s • t h a t v o id • The p re s e n t w ork i s an a tte m p t t o f i l l I t d i f f e r s in b o th scope and in t e n t from morpho- phonemic d e s c r ip tio n s o f th e sta n d a rd language, however. I d e a lly th e standard language is conceived o f as a s in g le e s ta b lis h e d code, a co h e sive and more o r le s s s t a t i c s tr u c tu r e w hich ad m its o f l i t t l e o r no v a r ia t io n . D e s c rip tio n s based on th e se assum ptions can th u s a t t a i n a h ig h le v e l o f a b s tr a c tio n , r e s u lt in g in c l a r i t y , economy and s im p lic it y o f d e s c r ip t io n . V a r ia t io n , however, is th e v e ry substance o f l i n g u i s t i c geography— b o th v a r ia t io n w it h in th e system o f a s in g le v illa g e d ia le c t , and v a r ia t io n between d if f e r e n t lo c a l d ia le c t s o f th e same language. The fo cu s o f d ia le c t d e s c r ip t io n must be on th e p a tte rn s o f v a r ia t io n . The d ia - le c t o lo g is t can and must speak o f system s, o f c o u rs e , as sta n d a rd s a g a in s t which v a r ia t io n i s t o be measured. But s in c e he is o p e ra tin g w ith many systems s im u lta n e o u s ly , each o f which is p a r t i a l l y s im ila r t o each o th e r system in a unique way, he must be c a r e f u l t o d e fin e c le a r ly a l l th e systems w ith which he is d e a lin g . The l i n g u i s t i c systems t o w hich th e p re s e n t work makes re fe re n c e are th e f o llo w in g : The term s s td SC and s td Bg r e f e r to th e contem porary sta n d a rd norms o f S erboC ro a tia n and B u lg a ria n , r e s p e c tiv e ly , a c c o rd in g t o D a n ič ič 1925 and P ra vo p is I960 f o r SC, and A n d re jč in e t a l . 1963 f o r Bg. On th e o th e r hand, th e term s Tk ( T o r ia k ) , NMac (n o rth e rn Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access -4- M acedonian), Wßg (w e s te rn B u lg a ria n ) and KR (Kosovo-Resava S to k a v ia n ) make re fe re n c e t o th e g e n e r a liz a tio n s made by Y ugoslav and B u lg a ria n d ia le c t o lo g is t s who have s tu d ie d th e d ia le c t areas in q u e s tio n (see s e c tio n s 1 .5 and 1 .7 f o r enum eration o f th e s p e c if ic works from w hich th e g e n e r a liz a tio n s used h e re in a re d ra w n ). To speak o f each o f th e se as a system , however, re q u ire s t h a t one a b s tr a c t o n ly th e most b a s ic s t r u c t u r a l e le m en ts, th o se w hich a re common t o a l l lo c a l d ia le c t s o f th e broad area in q u e s tio n • In some in v e s t ig a t io n s , a s in g le lo c a l d ia le c t is chosen as r e p r e s e n ta tiv e o f an area and n o rm a tiv e s ta te m e n ts f o r th e la r g e r area a re based upon t h i s one system . In o th e r ca se s, d ia - le c t o lo g is t s a tte m p t t o make g e n e ra l s ta te m e n ts w h ich are tr u e f o r th e whole a re a , and f o llo w them w ith a number o f q u a lif y in g sta te m e n ts in te n d e d t o in d ic a te th e n a tu re and degree o f v a r ia t io n e n co u n te re d . N e ith e r method can g iv e an adequate account o f a l l th e p o s s ib le systems encountered w it h in th e p a r t ic u la r a re a , however. The te rm s T k , NMac, WBg and KR a re used t o r e f e r t o system s, b u t in v ie w o f our i n s u f f i c i e n t knowledge, th e re a d e r must remember t h a t we are d e a lin g w ith a p p ro x im a tio n s • Indeed, I propose t h a t th e g o a ls o f s t r u c t u r a l d ia le c to lo g y can be most a d e q u a te ly approached by s tu d y in g a number o f in d iv id u a l l i n g u i s t i c system s, each re p re s e n tin g th e speech o f a s in g le s o c ia l s tra tu m w it h in a s in g le v illa g e o r l o c a l i t y , a c c o rd in g t o th e same p a ra m e te rs . Once th e Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access s tr u c tu r e o f each system has been o u tlin e d , th e in d iv id u a l systems can be ju x ta p o s e d t o each o th e r and t o p r e v io u s ly known m a te r ia l t o e lu c id a te th e p a tte rn s o f s t r u c t u r a l v a r ia t io n • D u rin g 1970-71 I in v e s tig a te d a number o f lo c a l d ia le c t s w it h in th e Tk re g io n in t h i s manner• In th e sub- sequent d is c u s s io n , th e name o f each in d iv id u a l v i l l a g e is •• t o be u n d e rs to o d as r e f e r r in g t o a s in g le l i n g u i s t i c system : th e d ia le c t o f th e in d ig e n o u s uneducated p o p u la tio n o f th e v illa g e in q u e s tio n , I can make c le a r sta te m e n ts about th e o v e r a ll s t r u c t u r e o f th e se lo c a l d ia le c t s on th e b a s is o f my own p e rs o n a l o b s e rv a tio n • However, r e lia b le com parative m a te r ia l was a v a ila b le , f o r a u th o rs o f c e r t a in p u b lis h e d works c o v e rin g la r g e g e o g ra p h ic a l areas ( B e lić 1905a, Todorov 1936 , Broch I 903 ) i d e n t i f y s p e c if ic d i a l e c t a l forms as to th e v i l l a g e in w hich th e y were re c o rd e d . T h is makes i t p o s s ib le t o e x t r a c t s u f f i c i e n t da ta from c e r ta in v illa g e s t o v is u a liz e p la u s ib le systems f o r th e se v illa g e s • I can- n o t vouch f o r th e s e da ta as c e r t a in ly as I can f o r my own d a ta , however• The u ltim a t e g o a l o f my s tu d y is th e r e fo r e th r e e f o ld • I w i l l p re s e n t th e f i e l d d a ta which I g a th e re d in 1970 - 7 1 , by way o f c h a rts and maps (whose o r g a n iz a tio n is e x p la in e d in s e c tio n 1 . 18 ) supplemented by t e x t u a l d is c u s s io n . By com paring th e a c c e n tu a l systems o f my chosen v illa g e s w ith th o s e o f a d ja c e n t d ia le c t s , th a t o f s td SC Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access -6 - and t h a t o f re c o n s tru c te d P ro to -S la v ic ( in s o f a r as th e s e can be d e te rm in e d ), I w i l l a tte m p t t o i d e n t i f y w hich a l t e r n a tio n s in th e Tk a c c e n tu a l system re p re s e n t archaism ( i.e ., c o n tin u e PS1 w ith m in im a l r e g u la r p h o n e tic change) and w hich re p re s e n t in n o v a tio n . That i s , I hope to d e te r - mine w hich a c c e n tu a l p a tte r n s a re p ro d u c tiv e ( in n o v a tiv e ) and w hich a re u n p ro d u c tiv e ( a r c h a ic ) . F in a lly , by exam in- in g th e m u ltifa c e te d v a r ia t io n found among a c c e n tu a l p a tte rn s in th e B alkan S la v ic a re a , I w i l l t r y to d e fin e c e r t a in d i r e c tio n s o f v a r ia t io n , dynamic mechanisms w it h in th e s e v e ra l systems w hich u n d e r lie change in p ro g re s s . I w i l l f i r s t d e fin e th e T o ria k d ia le c t a l area ( s e c tio n s 1 .2 — 1 .4 ) and d e s c rib e th e g o a ls and methods o f my f i e l d in v e s t ig a t io n (s e c tio n s 1 .5 — 1 .1 1 ). N ext, I w i l l o u t lin e b r i e f l y th e w o rk in g assum ptions upon w hich my a n a lyse s were based (s e c tio n s 1 .1 2 — 1 .1 6 ) and e x p la in th e manner in w hich th e data w i l l be p re se n te d (s e c tio n s 1 .1 7 -1 .1 9 ). The rem ainder o f th e work i s devoted t o p re s e n ta - t i o n and d is c u s s io n o f th e d a ta . d iscu sse d f i r s t (c h a p te r I I ) , (c h a p te r I I I ) . F in a lly , Nom inal a lt e r n a t io n s a r e and then v e rb a l a lte r n a tio n s th e p a tte r n s o f v a r ia t io n a re summarized and c e r t a in s p e c u la tio n s made about th e mechanism o f change w hich th e y suggest (c h a p te r I V ) . Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 1 .2 The f i r s t SC d ia le c t o lo g is t was Vuk S te fa n o v ič K a ra d ž ič , c o d i f i e r o f th e modem l i t e r a r y s ta n d a rd , who in th e g ra m m a tica l s e c tio n appended t o h ie famous d ic t io n a r y (1 s t e d it io n , 1818 ) d e s c rib e d th re e m ajor r e g io n a l v a r ia n ts o f t h i s SC language ( "E rcegovačko, Sremačko i Resavsko11; th e l a t t e r in c lu d e s p re s e n t-d a y T o ria k and Kosovo-Resava). A lth o u g h th e group o f d ia le c t s now r e fe r r e d t o as " T o ria k " was n o t co n sid e re d by Vuk as s e p a ra te , th e v e ry term " T o r ia k 11 appears f o r th e f i r s t tim e in V u k 's d ic tio n a r y e d it io n , 18 32 ). (2nd Vuk d e fin e s th e noun T o ria k as a person who "speaks n e ith e r S e rb ia n n o r B u lg a ria n p u r e ly . " ^ Vuk*s p ith y s ta te m e n t a c c u ra te ly foreshadows th e s p e c ia l and cont r o v e r s i a l p la c e these d ia le c t s have occupied in South S la v ic d ia le c to lo g y eve r s in c e h is tim e . T o r ia k d ia le c t s were f i r s t re cog nized as a separate group by A le ksa n d e r B elief in 1903. In th e t e x t accompany- in g h is D ia le k t o lo g i*е я кд ia k a r ta flerhakngn ļazvka. ( B e lić 1905b ) , he d is tin g u is h e d s ix d ia l e c t a l groups o f th e la n guage now known as SC (P riz re n -T im o k , Kosovo-Resava, C e n tra l [S u m a d ija -S re m ], Z e ta -B o s n ia , I s l a n d - I s t r i a , C r o a t ia ) . U sing th e Stammbaum model t o schem atize h is c o n c e p tio n o f th e h i s t o r i c a l r e la t io n between d ia le c t s , he v is u a liz e d a b a s ic s p l i t between g to k a v ia n and ia k a v ia n (k a jk a v ia n d ia le c ts were n o t in c lu d e d s in c e B e lić f e l t them t o be a m ix tu re o f SC and S lo v e n ia n ). d iv id e d S to ka via n was sub seq ue ntly in t o th e P riz re n ( i . e . , T o ria k ) and R aika ( i . e . , a l l o th e r S to k a v ia n g ro u p s ). Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access B e l i ć *s e x te n s io n o f th e area covered by t h i s d ia le c t group (and, c o rre s p o n d in g ly , th e SC language) eastw ards in t o w estern B u lg a ria , southwards in t o th e area now known as n o rth e rn Macedonia, and westwards in t o t h a t area o f T u rkey th e n knovn as Old S e rb ia (end now c o rre s p o n d in g ro u g h ly t o th e autonomous p ro v in c e o f Kosovo) e x c ite d c o n s id e ra b le c r it ic is m among s c h o la rs . T .D . F l o r i n s k i j (1907) c o r r e c t ly p o in ts out th a t B e lić had n o t been in any o f th e se a re a (as opposed t o h is e x te n s iv e f i e l d t r i p s th ro u g h th e p o r tio n s o f th e area th e n b e lo n g in g t o th e kingdom o f S e r b ia ) . S ince B e l i ć , s d e c is io n t o c a l l w estern B u lg a ria n d ia le c t s S e rb ia n was based o n ly on m a te r ia l p u b lis h e d by B u lg a ria n schola r s who had done f i e l d work in the area (and who, o f co u rse , co n side red th e d ia le c t s in q u e s tio n B u lg a r ia n ) , i t was th e r e fo r e s u s p ic io u s . M ila n R ese tar (1 9 0 7 ), on th e o th e r hand, c r i t i c i z e d B e l i ć 's d e f i n i t i o n o f th e T o ria k zone from th e p o in t o f view o f its r e la t io n t o th e o th e r SC d ia le c t s , and proposed a d if f e r e n t c l a s s i f i c a t i o n . C it in g th e B alkan l i n g u i s t i c t r a i t s which b in d T o ria k w ith B u lg a ria n and Macedonian, ReSetar cla im e d th a t T o ria k was s t r u c t u r a l l y so d i f f e r e n t from o th e r S to ka via n d ia le c t s th a t i t f ie d in th e same group w ith them. c o u ld n o t be c la s s i- He c o n s id e re d T o r ia k d ia le c t s as a t r a n s i t i o n a l d ia le c t zone, b e in g c a r e f u l, however, to emphasize th e c le a r S e rb ia n r a th e r th a n B u ig a ria n base o f th e se d ia le c t s . R eše tar th u s saw fo u r Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access m a jor d i a l e c t a l groups w hich in c lu d e d tw o c e n t r a l areas (S to k a v ia n and č a k a v ia n ), and tw o p e r ip h e r a l, t r a n s i t i o n a l zones: k a jk & v ia n ( t r a n s it io n a l t o S lo v e n ia n ) and "O ld S e rb ia n 11 ( t r a n s i t i o n a l t o B u lg a ria n )• The d is p u te between B e lić and R eSetar about th e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f SC d ia le c t s c o n tin u e d f o r a number o f y e a rs , w ith v e ry f r u i t f u l r e s u lt s f o r th e developm ent o f SC d ia le c to lo g y as a d is c ip lin e (see B e lić 1908, 1909; R e š e ta r 1909, B e lić 1910a, 1910b). B e lić c o n tin u e d t o r e - gard T o r ia k d ia le c t s as S to ka via n d ia le c t s , w h ile R e š e ta r c o n tin u e d t o i n s i s t t h a t th e y must be viewed p u re ly s y n c h r o n ic a lly , as se p a ra te from S to k a v ia n . The s it u a t io n was c o m p lic a te d by th e f a c t th a t Macedonian had n o t y e t been re c o g n iz e d as a sep a ra te language; a l l o f i t s d ia le c t s were re ga rde d as S e rb ia n by th e S e rb ia n s c h o la rs in q u e s tio n • The n o rth e rn m o s t d ia le c ts were c le a r ly a p a r t o f th e T o ria k g ro u p ; f u r t h e r t o th e s o u th , b o u n d a rie s were more d i f f i c u l t t o e s t a b lis h . B u lg a ria n s c h o la rs in s is te d t h a t a l l Macedonian d ia le c t s were B u lg a ria n --a s many do s t i l l to d a y • The q u e s tio n o f th e l i n g u i s t i c d e m a rcatio n l i n e between S e rb ia n and B u lg a ria n , and th e problem o f t r a n s i t i o n a l d i a l e c t s , i s d i f f i c u l t t o s e p a ra te from p o l i t i c a l and n a tio n a lis tic boundary d is p u te s . One must remember t h a t th e p o le - mie b e in g summarized here to o k p la c e i n th e ye a rs im m e d ia te ly p re c e d in g th e B alkan Wars (one o f th e m ajor causes o f which was th e se v e ry boundary d is p u te s ) , and a s c rib e th e sharpnes6 Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access -10 o f th e d is p u te a t le a s t p a r t i a l l y t o th e s e causes. B e lić * 8 f i n a l v ie w o f SC d ia le c t c l a s s i f i c a t i o n ( 1929 ) re p re s e n te d a compromise o f s o r t s : S to k a v ia n d ia - le c t s were d iv id e d in t o " o ld S to k a v ia n " (Macedonian p r o p e r ) , "m id d le S to k a v ia n " (T o ria k and th e n o r th e r n Macedonian d ia ‫־‬ le c t s ) and "new S to k a v ia n " (th e r e s t o f S to k a v ia n d i a l e c t s ) . When Macedonian was re c o g n iz e d as a s e p a ra te language in 1945, th e problem o f w hether T o r ia k d ia le c t s were S to k a v ia n o r n o t a g a in had t o be broached. P avle I v i č a t f i r s t i n - e lu d e d them in th e S to k a v ia n group (a lth o u g h he was c a r e f u l t o emphasize t h a t th e y occupy "an e n t i r e l y s e p a ra te p la c e w it h in th e c o n fin e s o f th e S to k a v ia n d i a l e c t 11 [ l v i ć 1 0 8 ]) . 1956: Only tw o ye a rs l a t e r , however, he c l a s s if i e d T o ria k d ia le c t s as a d i s t i n c t , m a jor d i a l e c t a l g ro u p , on th e same le v e l as ? a k a v ia n , k a jk a v ia n and S to k a v ia n ( I v i ć 19 58 ). T h is l a t t e r v ie w i s now th e p re v a le n t one among s c h o la rs . Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 1 .3 P re s e n t-d a y TK d ia le c t s occupy a g e o g ra p h ic a l area w hich in c lu d e s most o f th e s o u th e rn and e a s te rn re g io n s o f th e F e d e ra l R e p u b lic o f S e rb ia w it h in Y u g o s la v ia , and i n e lu d e s c o m p le te ly those zones where S e rb ia b o rd e rs w ith th e F e d e ra l R e p u b lic o f Macedonia on th e south and w ith th e s ta te o f B u lg a ria on th e e a s t (see th e map in th e A p p e n d ix ). Two m ajor lin e s o f com m unication l i n k th e popu- la t io n o f t h i s area w ith n e ig h b o rin g re g io n s . One i s th e Južna Morava R iv e r (w hich flo w s in t o th e V e lik a Morava a t th e v e ry n o rth w e s te rn boundary o f th e T o ria k d ia le c t zo n e ), a lo n g w hich runs th e main Y ugoslav highw ay, t h a t li n k i n g B e lg ra d e (th e c a p it a l b o th o f S e rb ia and o f Y u g o s la v ia ) w ith S kopje (th e c a p it a l o f Macedonia) and th e m a jor c i t i e s o f Greece, T h e s s a lo n ik i and A th e n s. The o th e r is a lo n g th e a n c ie n t ro u te from w estern Europe t o C o n s ta n tin o p le , to d a y th e m ajor throughw ay lin k in g Y u g o s la v ia w ith B u lg a ria tic u la r ly c ity i t s c a p it a l S o f ija ) and T u rk e y . (p a r- N iS , th e la r g e s t in th e T o r ia k d ia le c t a l a r e a , is lo c a te d a t th e p o in t where these tw o highways c ro s s . in th e T o r ia k a re a . There are s ix m ajor towns P ir o t is lo c a te d on th e N iS - - S o f ija highway near th e B u lg a ria n b o a rd e r, w h ile A le k s in a c , Leskovac, and V ra n je are a l l lo c a te d a lo n g th e m ajor n o r t h so u th t r a n s i t r o u te . A le k s in a c is s itu a te d n o rth o f N iS , near th e n o rth e rn boundary o f th e d ia le c t zone, w h ile Leskovac and V ra n je are south o f i t , th e l a t t e r q u ite c lo 6 e t o th e Macedonian b o rd e r. Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access The w e s te rn p o r t io n o f th e T o ria k d ia le c t zone l i e s w it h in th e p o l i t i c a l u n i t c a lle d th e Autonomous P ro v in c e o f Kosovo. T h is a re a , w hich a lo n g w ith Macedonia and a s t r i p o f s o u th e a s te rn S e rb ia j u s t t o th e n o rth o f th e Macedonian b o rd e r was e a r l i e r r e f e r r e d t o as "O ld S e r b ia " , rem ained w it h in th e Ottoman T u rk is h em pire u n t i l th e F i r s t B alkan War i n 1912• A lth o u g h th e re g io n o f Kosovo was th e c e n te r o f th e m e d ie v a l S e rb ia n em pire in th e 1 3 th -1 4 th c e n tu r ie s , th e m a jo r it y o f i t s p o p u la tio n i s now e t h n ic a lly n o n - S la v ic , m o s tly A lb a n ia n . p la c e c h i e f l y The A lb a n ia n im m ig ra tio n i n t o S e rb ia to o k ‫׳‬7 in th e 18t h and 19th c e n tu r ie s , how ever, and th e r e a re s t i l l enough in h a b ita n ts who are m o n o lin g u a l in SC t o make d ia l e c t o l o g ic a l in v e s t ig a t io n o f SC in t h i s area m e a n in g fu l. The m a jo r towns in t h i s re g io n a re th e p r o - v in c ia l c a p ita l, P r is tin a , lo c a te d n e a r th e n o rth w e s te rn boundary o f th e Tk d i a l e c t a l a re a , and P r iz r e n , lo c a te d in th e s o u th w e s t, a t th e f o o t o f th e Sar m ountains, w h ich form t h i s p o r t io n o f th e S erbian-M acedonian f r o n t i e r . Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access !•4 T o r ia k d ia le c t s a re d is tin g u is h e d fro m n e ig h b o rin g S to k a v ia n d ia le c t s and th e sta n d a rd language by th e f o llo w in g m ajor is o g lo s s e s : 1) Tk d ia le c t s have conserved th e in h e r it e d p la c e o f s tre s s w h ile th e s td l g and many S to ka via n d ia le c t s have undergone a r e t r a c t io n o f ic tu s one s y lla b le to w a rd s th e b e g in n in g o f th e w ord. In a d d itio n , Tk d ia le c t s have l o s t d i s t i n c t i v e le n g th and to n e , r e ta in in g o n ly s tr e s s as d i s t i n c t i v e . 2) Tk d ia le c t s have a s ix -v o w e l system : in a d d it io n t o th e c la s s ic f i v e vowels o f s td SC and most S to k a v ia n and ča k a via n d ia le c t s ( / a , ę, i , is a ls o d is tin g u is h e d . S la v ic T h is vo w e l c o n tin u e s b o th common " je r - v o w e ls " ( # Ь , w ith / a / . Examples: o, u / ) , a schw a-vow el ( / 0 / ) *Ъ ) ; 1*1 s td SC i t has merged Tk k o t 91, i S o l , d9n, v e t 9 r , г ѳ іѵ а v s . SC k o ta o , iS a o , dan, v e ta r , zao v a . 3) F u r th e r , in th e n o rth e a s te rn m o st p a r t o f th e Tk a re a , th e p roto -S C s y lla b ic segment. "1 " (/ ]•/) is r e ta in e d as a se p a ra te I n o th e r areas o f T k, v a r ie d r e fle x e s a re fo u n d , ra n g in g from th e sequences / 1 э / and / l u / (w h ich u s u a lly occurs o n ly a f t e r d e n ta l c o n s o n a n ts ), t o th e vow el / и / (th e r e f le x a ls o in S to ka via n d ia le c t s and th e s td l g ) . The sequences / 1 9 / and / l u / a re more common in th e c e n t r a l and s o u th e a s te rn a re a s , w h ile th e and s o u th w e s t. / ух/ p re d o m in a te s in th e west Examples: Tk v l k o r vuk v s . SC v u k ; Tk s in c e o r s io n ce o r slu n ce o r eunce v s . SC sunce. Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 4) T o r ia k d ia le c t s have conserved in h e r it e d s y ll a b l e - and w o r d - f in a l -1^ w h ile S to k a v ia n d ia le c t s have tra n s fo rm e d th is -1 t o - o . Exam ples: Tk k o t a l, ķ o ta o , gna o, za o va . z n a l, zo lva v s . SC In w e s te rn T k, t h i s f i n a l -1 has been re p la c e d by - ja in fo rm s o f th e m a s c u lin e s in g u la r L - p a r t i c i p l e , e .g . T k zna.ja, lSa.1a v s . SC znao, iž a o . 5) In th e re a lm o f m o rph olo gy, th e most s ig n i f i c a n t fe a tu r e d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g Tk fro m o th e r SC d ia le c t s is th e lo s s o f a lm o s t a l l case fo rm s in n o m in a l d e c le n s io n . (The v o c a tiv e , n o t p r o p e r ly s p e a k in g a ease, has been r e t a in e d . ) Thus, in th e s in g u la r o n ly tw o cases a re d is tin g u is h e d , th e n o m in a tiv e and th e s o - c a lle d "g e n e ra l c a s e " (SC o p S ti padež), w hich in fo rm is i d e n t i c a l w it h th e a c c u s a tiv e case o f s td SC. S ince in most SC d e c le n s io n a l c la s s e s th e Nsg and Asg form s are i d e n t i c a l ( t h a t i s , a l l n e u te r nouns and a l l fe m in in e and in a n im a te m a s c u lin e nouns w ith Nsg in -$/), t h i s in essence means t h a t many nouns in T k have o n ly one form in th e s in g u la r and one in th e p l u r a l . Only m a scu lin e and fe m in in e nouns w ith Nsg in -a and a n im ate m a scu lin e nouns d is t in g u is h N and A cases in th e s g . P lu r a l form s o f fe m in in e and n e u te r nouns a re used w it h n u m e ra ls , b u t m asculine nouns d is t in g u is h a s p e c ia l n u m e ra tiv e c a s e . In a d d it io n , d ia - le c t s in th e w e s te rn area u s u a lly d is t in g u is h a d a tiv e form in th e d e c le n s io n o f nouns d e n o tin g anim ate b e in g s . (See s e c . 2 .1 f o r a more d e t a ile d d is c u s s io n o f th e d iffe r e n c e s between Tk and s td SC n o m in a l m o rp h o lo g y .) Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access The e f f e c t o f t h i s s i m p l i f i c a t i o n o f th e s u b s ta n tiv a l and a d je c t iv a l i n f l e c t i o n on T o r ia k s t r u c t u r e i s g r e a t, t r a n s fo rm in g i t in essence fro m a more s y n th e tic t o a more anaû ly tic ty p e • Case r e la t io n s h ip s w hich in s td SC a re conveyed by i n f l e c t i o n a l desinences a re here expressed by phrases o f p r e p o s itio n p lu s noun o b je c t ( w ith th e noun o b je c t always in th e "g e n e ra l" c a s e )• 6) F o rm a tio n o f th e c o m p a ra tiv e degree o f a d je c tiv e s and adverbs is a ls o expressed a n a l y t i c a l l y in T k : th e p a r t i c l e "p o " p la ce d b e fo re th e a d j e c t i v a l fo rm exp re sses th e comp a r a tiv e degree, and th e p a r t i c l e d e g re e . ,,n a j " , th e s u p e r la tiv e Example: Tk s t a r , p o s ta r , n a .ļs ta r . S td SC, on th e o th e r hand, has s y n th e tic form s o f th e c o m p a ra tiv e , w h ile th e s u p e r la tiv e degree i s form ed by p r e f ix in g th e p a r t i c l e " n a j" t o th e a lre a d y in f le c t e d c o m p a ra tiv e fo rm . SC s ta r, s t a r i j i , n a . ļs t a r iji. 7) The i n f i n i t i v e le c t s . Example: has been a lt o g e t h e r l o s t in T o r ia k d ia - V e rb a l r e la t io n s expressed in th e s ta n d a rd language by th e i n f i n i t i v e a re h e re expressed by p re s e n t te n s e form s in s u b o rd in a te c la u s e s . Sometimes th e s e c la u s e s a re i n t r o - duced by th e c o n ju n c tio n da, b u t more o fte n th e çte is absent and th e re i s a s im p le sequence o f tw o p re s e n t te n s e fo rm s . Example: Tk ne može u v a t l o r ne može da u v a t i v s . SC ņe moie u h v a t i t i o r ne moie da uhv a t i . Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access -1 6 - 8) The fo rm a tio n o f th e f u t u r e te n s e in Tk i s a f fe c te d by th e lo s s o f th e i n f i n i t i v e : where th e s td l g has a c c n ju - ga te d fo rm o f th e v e rb h t e t i p lu s e i t h e r th e i n f i n i t i v e or a s u b o rd in a te c la u s e in tro d u c e d by da, Tk d ia le c t s have s im p ly th e f u t u r e p a r t i c l e v e r b a l fo rm . fo llo w e d by a p re s e n t te n se Sometimes th e c o n ju n c tio n da l i n k s th e f u t u r e p a r t i c l e tie and th e p re s e n t te n s e fo rm , b u t more o fte n i t is a b s e n t. da idem . Example: Tk če idem v s . SC hotfu 1Č1 o r hodu N ote a ls o t h a t th e fu tu r e p a r t i c l e c o n ju g a te d i n Tk as i t is i s n o t u s u a lly in th e s td l g ; th e in v a r ia n t form če i s o r d i n a r i l y used f o r a l l p e rs o n s . 9) The usage o f p e rs o n a l pronouns i n Tk d ia le c t s d i f f e r s fro m th e s td l g . F u l l and e n c l i t i c fo rm s o f p e rs o n a l p r o - nouns se rve d i s t i n c t fu n c tio n s and hence o c c u r i n d i f f e r e n t e n viro n m e n ts in SC, w h ile in Tk th e f u l l fo rm must be a c companied by th e e n c l i t i c . Example: Tk mene me b o l i g la v a ta v s . SC mene b o l l g la v a . 10) In e a ste rnm o st T k d ia le c t s , a p a r t i c l e i s s u f f ix e d t o n o m in a l form s t o in d ic a t e d e f in ite n e s s , as in Macedonian and B u lg a r ia n . The Tk p o s tp o s itiv e a r t i c l e i s more s im ila r t o Macedonian usage th a n t o B u lg a ria n in t h a t a th re e -w a y d is tin c tio n o f r e l a t i v e p r o x im ity ( t o th e speech e v e n t) com parable t o t h a t o f d e m o n s tra tiv e pronouns in th e s td lg , is o b se rve d . Exam ple: Tk ženava, ž e n a ta , ženana v s . SC ova žena, t a žena, ona žena. Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access W hile th e f i r s t fo u r is o g lo s s e s o u tlin e d above r e p re s e n t archaism s i n TK, th e l a s t s ix summarize th e m ajor tr a its d e fin in g th e B alkan S prachbund. The p la c e o f SC T o r ia k d ia le c t s w it h in t h i s group i s th u s c le a r ly s u b s ta n tia te d . W ith in th e Tk zone, I d is t in g u is h th re e m ajor subd ia le c t s : E a s te rn T o ria k (E T k ), C e n tra l-w e s te rn T o ria k (CWTk) and S outhw estern T o r ia k (SWTk). My c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i s based p r im a r ily on d iffe r e n c e s i n a cce n t p la ce m e n t. It d iv e rg e s from B e lić ■s d iv is io n o f th e Tk zone in t o T im okLužr.ica (T L ), S v r ljig - Z a p la n J e (JM) in th e f o llo w in g way: as ETk. (SZ) and P riz re n -J u ž n a Morava TL and SZ a re grouped to g e th e r The JM zone, however, i s s p l i t in t o SWTk, which in c lu d e s d ia le c t s in th e area around V ra n je and th e p ro v in c e o f Kosovo, and CWTk, which co m p rise s th e re m a in d e r o f JM d ia le c t s (see map f o r th e lo c a t io n o f th e is o g lo s s e s ). The m a jo r t r a i t s d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g th e se d ia le c t groups a re th e f o llo w in g : ETk d ia le c t s p e rm it th e o c c u rre n c e o f acce nt in a l l p o s it io n s ; u n s tre s s e d vow els a re pronounced w ith a more c e n tr a liz e d a r t i c u l a t i o n th a n a re s tre s s e d v o w e ls . TL subgroup o f ETk, th e p o s t p o s it iv e a r t i c l e In th e is used co n - s i s t e n t l y , and / 6 / and / Í / a re n o t d is tin g u is h e d ; o n ly / 1 / o c c u rs in p o s itio n s where e ty m o lo g ic a lly e xp e cte d . In th e SZ subgroup, th e a r t i c l e is a b s e n t, / 6 / and / č / a re d i s t i n c t , and th e u s u a l r e fle x e s o f / 1 / a re / 10 / Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access - 18and / l u / , w ith th e l a t t e r o c c u rrin g p r im a r ily a f t e r l a b i a l co n son an ts. In CWTk d ia le c t s s tr e s s occurs le s s o fte n i n f i n a l open s y lla b le s than i n ETk. ( e .g . iž a .ļa i , L - p a r t ic ip le form s i n ‫ ־‬ja end im p e rfe c t fo rm a tio n s o f th e ty p e pletegem a re found (see secs 3 *1 — 3-7 f o r a survey o f th e v e r b a l morp h o lo g y o f Tk d i a l e c t s ) . / и / and / l u / , The re fle x e s o f p ro to -S C *1 are w ith th e l a t t e r o c c u rrin g o n ly a f t e r d e n ta l c o n s o n a n ts . * SWTk d ia le c t s a re d is tin g u is h e d by a g e n e ra l absence o f s tr e s s in open f i n a l ? y lla b le s , th e usage o f p l u r a l L - p a r t i c ip le form s i n - le f o r a l l th re e genders, th e re p la ce m e n t o f th e v e rb a l morpheme -n u - by -n a -, and 3 p l p re s e n t form s in - eu o r - l u , w hich a re a ls o heard as - ev o r - i v ž e n iu o r ra d e v , z e n iv ) . In th e V ra n je re g io n , form s in -u ( e .g . v id u , p ra v u ) o c c u r. ( e .g . ra d eu, ls g p re s e n t In th e Kosovo a re a , d a tiv e form s a re d is tin g u is h e d in nouns d e n o tin g a n im ate b e in g s . Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 1 .5 B e fo re I s ta r te d щу f i e l d w ork in 1970, I review ed a l l m a te r ia l w hich had been p u b lis h e d ab ou t Tk d ia le c t s in o rd e r t o e x t r a c t as much in fo rm a tio n as p o s s ib le about th e system o f a c c e n tu a l morphophonemics• The f o llo w in g p a ra - graphs d e s c rib e th e works I c o n s u lte d and th e r e l a t i v e u s e fu ln e s s o f a c c e n tu a l data o ffe r e d by each• The most com plete s c h o la r ly stu d y o f th e Tk area i s A le ksa n d a r B e l i ć ■s D l. ļa le k t i ls to č n e i .ļužne S rb l.ļe ( B e lić 1905a ) . Remarkable f o r i t s thoroughness o f d a ta and c l a r i t y o f tre a tm e n t, t h i s work is perhaps th e most v a lu a b le d e s c r ip t i o n o f a s in g le a r e a l d ia le c t y e t t o appear i n a l l o f SC d ia le c to lo g y . U n fo r tu n a te ly , th e t r a d i t i o n a l , n o n s t r u c tu r a l approach o f B e l i ć 1s d e s c r ip t io n c o n s id e ra b ly le sse n s i t s v a lu e f o r th e g o a ls o f th e p re s e n t in v e s t ig a t io n , B e lić , l i k e many p r e s t r u c t u r a lis t s , d id n o t have a s tro n g enough c o n c e p tio n o f language as a system t o d is t in g u is h phonemic o p p o s itio n s from p h o n e tic v a r ia t io n , o r t o c o n s id e r s u f f i c i e n t l y morphophonemic system . the Thus, h is da ta on a c c e n tu a tio n a re o rg a n iz e d n o t a c c o rd in g t o degree and k in d o f m o b ilit y w it h in a c c e n tu a l pa ra digm s, b u t a c c o rd in g t o th e number o f s y lla b le s in a stem and t o w hich s y lla b le o f th e word i s a c c e n te d . H is m a jo r in t e r e s t o fte n appears t o be i d e n t i f y i n g and e x p l i c a t i n g th o s e l e x i c a l ite m s w hich d e v ia te fro m t h e i r c o r re spondents in th e s td lg a c c o rd in g t o p la c e o f a c c e n t. F u r th e r , da ta from th e whole expanse o f th e T o r ia k area Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access a re u s u a lly grouped to g e th e r in th e same l i s t i n g . One th e r e - fo r e can g ra sp n e it h e r th e o v e r a ll morphophonemic p ic t u r e o f T o r ia k a c c e n tu a tio n , n o r th e s it u a t io n o f any one lo c a l d ia le c t. B e lić does d is c u s s v a r ia t io n w it h in T o r ia k , o f c o u rs e , b u t o n ly in more g e n e ra l term s w hich do n o t a llo w us t o see th e com plete p a tte r n o f any one lo c a l l i n g u i s t i c system . F in a lly , s in c e t h i s w ork was p u b lis h e d p r i o r t o th e p o l i t i c a l eve nts o f I 912 - 13 , i t le a ve s o u t o f c o n s id e ra - t i o n th e a re a s o f th e T o r ia k d ia le c t zone w hich a t th e tim e were s t i l l p o l i t i c a l l y p a r t o f th e Ottoman E m pire: and th e sou th ern m ost s t r i p o f e a s te rn S e rb ia . v a lu e o r t h i s 700-page w ork l i e s d a ta , th e th o ro u g h r e l i a b i l i t y The g re a t in th e sheer volume o f i t s o f a l l th e se d a ta , and th e e x tre m e ly s o p h is tic a te d d is c u s s io n o f much o f i t . le s s o f i t s Kosovo t h e o r e t ic a l o r ie n t a t io n , i t R egard- i s a work w o rth y o f g re a t re s p e c t and a d m ira tio n . B e l i ć 's d e s c r ip t io n was preceded by O la f B ro c h 's D ie D ia le k te des s ü d lic h s te n S e rb ie n s , p u b lis h e d in V ienna in 1903 . B ro ch , a N orw egian, d e s c rib e s s e p a ra te ly th e d ia - le c t s o f s e v e ra l m a jor area s w it h in th e T o ria k re g io n and p ro v id e s t e x t s g a th e re d i n each a re a . B ro c h '8 w ork became a v a ila b le t o B e lić o n ly as h is 1905 m a n u s c rip t was g o in g t o p re s s . B e lić s u b s e q u e n tly w ro te a c r i t i c a l re v ie w o f B ro c h '8 work ( B e lić 19I I ) ta k in g th e o p p o rtu n ity t o re fo rm u la te and c l a r i f y a number o f tro u b le s o m e a n a lyse s in h is own 1905 w o rk. The degree t o w hich B e lić d is t r u s t s th e r e l i a b i l i t y Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access o f rauch of B ro c h 's d a te makes one wary o f u t i l i z i n g Broch<s book a s a b a s i c s o u r c e . Many o f Broch*s d a ta a r e very i n - t e r e s t i n g , however, and w i l l be c i t e d below. M arinko S ta n o je v ič 's S e v e m o tlm o č k l d l. ļa le k a t , a monograph about th e d ia le c t o f a s m a ll area in th e n o r th e a s t o f th e T o ria k re g io n , appeared in th e same jo u r n a l w ith B e lić rs re vie w o f B ro ch . o f c e r t a in o f th e d a ta ; B e lić H ere, to o , one must be wary (1913b) q u ite c o r r e c t ly doubts t h a t th e whole area o f 20‫ ־‬odd v illa g e s speaks a c o m p le te ly homogeneous d ia le c t , as S ta n o je v ić seems t o assume. th e le s s , N e ve r- t h i s monograph g iv e s e x tre m e ly v a lu a b le data on a c c e n tu a l morphophonemics. In s te a d o f l i s t i n g form s by te n s e , case, o r accented s y lla b le as in B e lić 1905a ( i . e . , fir s t, second, t h i r d s y lla b le , e t c . ) , S ta n o je v ič l i s t s a l l th e form s o f a s in g le paradigm to g e th e r so t h a t a c c e n tu a l a lt e r n a t io n s are r e a d ily a p p a re n t. a re n o t e x h a u s tiv e . U n fo r tu n a te ly , h is data Some paradigm s a re g iv e n in e n t ir e t y b u t c e r t a in c r u c ia lly im p o rta n t elem ents are tr e a te d .*amm a rily and o th e rs are n o t m entioned a t a l l . G liš a E le z o v ić ‫״‬s a r t i c l e about th e d ia le c t o f Orahovac (n e a r P r iz r e n ) ( 1949- 50 ) is e s s e n t ia lly o f a s o c io lin g u is t ic n a tu re , b u t i t p ro v id e s a b r i e f tr a n s c r ib e d t e x t in which most words are a cce nted. Such t e x t s a re p o t e n t i a l l y v a lu - a b le f o r a c c e n tu a l morphophonemics, s in c e in th e course o f a s in g le n a r r a tiv e th e re Is a good chance t h a t th e same l e x i c a l ite m w i l l appear in tw o o r more d i f f e r e n t in f le c t e d Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access fo rm s . N e v e rth e le s s , t o o b ta in a c le a r enough p ic t u r e o f a s in g le system one needs e i t h e r a v e ry s u b s ta n tia l number o f such t e x t s o r a c r i t i c i a l s t r u c t u r a l d e s c r ip tio n a cc o o p a n y in g th e te x t♦ S in ce n e it h e r o f th e se i s p ro v id e d in th e p re s e n t case, h is a r t i c l e i s o f m in im a l in t e r e s t f o r my w ork. N ext I perused th re e monographs devoted t o lo c a l d ia le c t s in th e Kosovo a re a • M i l i v o j P a v lo v id 's 1939 mono- graph on th e d ia le c t o f S re te č k a Zupa u n fo r tu n a te ly f a l l s o u ts id e th e scope o f my in t e r e s t h e re , s in c e th e d ia le c t in q u e s tio n ( lo c a te d on th e extrem e so u th w e ste rn p e rip h e ry o f th e T o r ia k re g io n ) shows f ix e d a n te p e n u ltim a te s tr e s s , as in th e n e ig h b o rin g n o rth w e s te rn Macedonian d ia le c t s (and th e Macedonian l i t e r a r y s ta n d a rd as w e ll) • S eco nd ly, th e same a u th o r 's 1970 monograph on th e d ia le c t o f Ja n je vo (n e a r P r iš t in a ) i s o f lim it e d use because th e a u th o r seems more concerned w ith d e s c r ib in g p h o n e tic v a r ia t io n s o f a cce n t and p a tte r n s o f sentence in t o n a t io n th a n w ith th e a c c e n tu a l a lt e r n a t io n s ; he p ro v id e s no s y s te m a tic d a ta . F in a lly , M. S te v a n o v ič 's 1950 d e s c r ip t io n o f th e d ia le c t o f D Jakovica is th e most v a lu a b le monograph t r e a t in g a lo c a l d ia le c t w it h in th e Kosovo a re a o f T o r ia k . I t does n o t o f f e r th e th o ro u g h n e ss o f B e liá 1905a o r th e c l a r i t y o f S ta n o je v id 1911 » b u t i t g iv e s a s u f f i c i e n t l y d e ta ile d p ic t u r e o f th e lo c a l d i a l e c t t o a llo w a t le a s t a p r e lim in a r y c o n c e p tio n o f th e a c c e n tu a l morphophonemic system . Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access F in a l l y , one must m ention a s e r ie s o f a r t i c l e s by D a n ilo B a rja k ta r o v id (1962, 1965a, 1965b, 1966) on s e v e ra l d if f e r e n t d ia le c t s w it h in th e Kosovo a re a . S in ce caie o f B a r ja k t a r o v id ‫״‬s p rim a ry in t e r e s t s i s th e a c c e n tu a tio n o f th e se d ia le c t s , h is c o n tr ib u tio n s w ould seem p a r t i c u la r l y v a lu a b le t o th e p re s e n t s tu d y . U n fo r tu n a te ly , however, much o f h is m a te r ia l is m is le a d in g . In a d ia le c t w hich has been proven by numerous in v e s t ig a t o r s t o d is t in g u is h no o th e r p ro s o d ic fe a tu re s th a n p la c e o f s tr e s s , B a r ja k ta r o v id p e r c e iv e s a co m p lic a te d system o f to n e and le n g th o p p o s itio n s 1'in de velo pm e nt". He a p p a re n tly does n o t d is t in g u is h pho- n e tic v a r ia t io n from phonemic o p p o s itio n ; i t i s p o s s ib le t h a t h is own n a tiv e d ia le c t , h is educated speech, o r b o th , may have in t e r f e r e d in h is a n a ly s is o f th e m a te r ia l. c i t i n g form s from B a r ja k ta r o v id 1s a r t i c l e s , In I assume t h a t th e to n a l and le n g th c h a r a c t e r is t ic s re p re s e n te d by h is f i v e d i a c r i t i c marks do n o t a f f e c t th e p la c e o f s tr e s s . I mark th e p la c e o f s tre s s in a l l th e s e form s (as in a l i Tk form s c it e d h e re in ) by th e a cu te mark ( ‫ ) ׳‬. I s im p lif y s im ila r ly th e d if f e r e n t d i a c r i t i c s used by S te va n o vid and P a v lo v ié t o mark what I judge t o be p h o n e tic (and n o t pho- nem ic) fe a tu re s o f tone and le n g th . In summary, c e r t a in o f th e above work6 were u s e fu l inasmuch as th e y p ro v id e d o c c a s io n a l in t e r e s t in g form s (a number o f w hich w i l l be c ite d in subsequent d is c u s s io n s )* The s o l i d s y s te m a tic d a ta which p ro v id e d t h e b a s i s f o r ray Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 -2 4 - fie ld in v e s tig a tio n s o f 1970-71 w ere, however, those found in B e lie 1905a and S ta n o je v id 1911• Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 -2 5 - 1 .6 A f t e r a thorough stu d y o f th e above w orks, I fo rm u - la te d a t e n t a t iv e d e s c r ip tio n o f th e system o f a c c e n tu a l a lt e r n a t io n s in Tk d ia le c t s . The fo llo w in g c h a r t summarizes th e morphophonemic a c c e n tu a l a lte r n a tio n s in T o r ia k d ia le c t s a c c o rd in g t o sources p u b lis h e d p r io r t o 1971. A l l examples a re ta k e n from S ta n o je v id 1911• C a te g o rie s I. D is t r ib u t io n Examples S u b s ta n tiv a l 1. S in g u la r /P lu r a l a ) m asculine Junéc ( .luncá)/ Jűnci fe m in in e rutát/rúiLe n e u te r s e ló /s é le b ) c e r ta in m asculine i ) d ű v a r/d u v a ré ii) v ő l/v o ló v e 2 . N o m in a tiv e /G e n e ra l fe m in in e ru k á /rű k u rodn in á /r d d n ln u 3 . N o m in a tive o r Gene ra 1 /V o c a t iv e m asculine pop(popá)/pópe fe m in in e s e s tr á /s é s tr o I I . A d je c t iv a l 1. In d e fin ite /T D e fin ite d o b rá /d ò b ra Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access - 26 ‫־‬ I I I . V e rb a l 1. P re s e n t/P a s t ( a o r is t , L - p a r t ic ip le ) a ) o b s tru e n t stems bodém/ubódo, ubóla b) o th e rs b r is e m /b r is á , Srisá la A o r is t/Ir a p e r fe c t a) o b s tru e n t stems bódo/bodéo b) o th e rs b r is á / b r is e o 2 . P re s e n t/Im p e ra tiv e a) ča ‫ ־‬stems b ) most o th e rs b e ž im /b ē ž i b r ís e m /b riS í 3- L “ p a r t ic ip le / P a s t P assive P a r t ic ip le b r is á l/ b r is a n k o s il/k ó s e n h. ls g , l 3 ‫ ־‬p l A o r is t/2 - 3 s g A o r is t odopé/ódope 5• P r e f i x e d P a s t P a s s iv e P p r t i c i p l e ^ o n p r e f i x e d braná/óbrana S in ce th e above o u t lin e summarizes th e a c c e n tu a l a l t e r n a tio n s o f th e p a r t i c u la r d ia le c t d e s c rib e d in S ta n o je v id 191 i t does n o t presume t o d e s c rib e th e whole o f the T o ria k ? re a . N e v e rth e le s s , s in c e th e n o rth e a s te rn area he tre a te d seemed t be th a t w ith th e g re a te s t a c c e n tu a l m o b ilit y , t h is d e s c r ip t ic was ta k e n as a b a s is o f com parison f o r th e whole T o ria k a re a . V a r ia tio n s t o th e south and west seemed to r e f l e c t th e absenc o f one o r more o f th e above a lte r n a t io n s , and n o t th e presene o f any d i f f e r e n t a lt e r n a t io n . Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 1 .7 The n e x t ste p was to compare t h i s d e s c r ip tio n w ith a v a ila b le da ta about a c c e n tu a l a lte r n a t io n s e lse w h e re , f i r s t in s td SC and second in th e d ia le c t s a d ja c e n t t o T o r ia k , t h a t is th e Kosovo-Resava d ia le c t s o f SC S to ka via n (lo c a te d t o th e n o rth and west o f th e T o ria k re g io n ) , th e n o rth e rn b e l t o f Macedonian d ia le c t s (b o rd e rin g T o r ia k on th e s o u th ), and th e westernm ost B u lg a ria n d ia le c t s ( d i r e c t l y t o th e east o f th e T o ria k r e g io n ) . The c a n o n ic a l source f o r SC a c c e n to lo g y has been th e a r t i c l e s D ju ro D a n ič ič p u b lis h e d between 1851 and 1872, r e p r in te d in a s in g le volum e, S rp s k i a k c e n ti, in 1925• It is a th o ro u g h l i s t i n g o f th e s td SC le x ic a l item s o f th e tim e a c c o rd in g t o p a tte rn s o f a c c e n tu a l m o b ilit y . In I9 6 0 , M a tica Srpska and M atica H rva tska p u b lis h e d th e P ra vo p is sa re žn ik o m /r.ļe č n ik o m w ith th e p a r t i a l in t e n t io n o f u p d a tin g th o s e p o rtio n s o f D a n ič ič 's handbook which no lo n g e r r e ected th e speech o f contem porary educated Y u g o sla vs, us many a c c e n tu a l paradigm s which had seemed s t r i c t l y d if ie d one way o r a n o th e r a c c o rd in g t o D a n ič id now were rn itte d to p e rm it c o n s id e ra b le v a r ia t io n . On th e o th e r nd, c e r t a in a c c e n tu a l form s d e s c rib e d by D aniČ id as p o s b le were adjudged t o be no lo n g e r p a r t o f th e l i t e r a r y andard and th u s d id n o t appear in th e P ra v o p is . Soon t e r th e appearance o f th e P ra v o p is , th e S e rb ia n s c h o la r t a r PeSikan p u b lis h e d a v a lu a b le o u t lin e (PeSikan 1 9 6 3 6 4 ‫) ־‬ SC v e rb a l accent r e f le c t i n g th e m ajor d iffe r e n c e s between Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access -28 D a n lS ld 's d e s c r ip tio n and t h a t o f th e P ra v o p is . B e r is la v N ik o lid a ls o tr e a te d c e r t a in a sp e cts o f th e same problem ( in c lu d in g a ls o n o m in a l m orphology) in s e v e ra l a r t i c l e s ( N ik o lid 1961 , 1 9 6 1 -6 2 ). Taken to g e th e r, th e se sources p ro v id e a f a i r l y com plete d e s c r ip tio n o f th e a c c e n tu a l morphophonemics o f s td SC. Comparison o f th e Tk da ta w ith t h a t o f s td SC showed t h a t th e g e n e ra l p a tte r n s o f a c c e n tu a l a lt e r n a t io n s seemed s im ila r , a llo w in g f o r th e d iffe r e n c e s in nom inal i n f l e c t i o n . C e rta in a lt e r n a t io n s w hich a re common in s td SC appeared to be p o o r ly documented in Tk, however, p a r t i c u l a r l y th e one opposing p r e fix e d form s o f b o th th e L - p a r t ic ip le and th e p a s t p a s s iv e p a r t i c i p l e to n o n p re fix e d fo rm s . The number o f l e x i c a l item s w ith m o bile a c c e n tu a l paradigm s seemed much g r e a te r in Tk th a n in th e s td lg , a f a c t th a t suggests a la r g e - s c a le spread o f m o b ilit y th ro u g h o u t th e le x ic o n . B e lić n o te d t h i s tendency in a t le a s t one group o f v e rb s ( 1905a ; 571 - 2 ) , s u g g e s tin g t h a t th e tre n d was t o extend t h i s s in g le acce nt p a tte r n t o a l l lexemes o f t h a t stem ty p e . The th re e d i a le c t a l groups w hich b o rd e r th e Tk area d i f f e r c o n s id e ra b ly in t h e i r o v e r a ll systems o f a c c e n tu a l morphophonemics, a c c o rd in g t o p u b lis h e d source m a te r ia l. A c c e n tu a l d a ta on th e Kosovo-Resava group is f u r nished by th re e re c e n t monographs (J o v id I 968, P e c o -M ila n o v id 1968 and S im id 1972), each d e s c rib in g a lo c a l d ia le c t s i t u ate d a p p ro x im a te ly in th e c e n te r o f th e KR zone. A n o th e r Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access u s e fu l source f o r the a c c e n tu a tio n o f KR d ia le c t s i s E le z o v id 's Regnik k o s o vs ko -m e to h ljsk o g d ija le k t a w hich e n tr ie s a re a cce nted. (E le z o v ič 1932-35)» in U s u a lly o n ly th e d ic t io n a r y e n try form is g iv e n , b u t in a number o f cases, o th e r forms o f th e word appear in examples appended to th e c i t a t i o n , though w ith o u t c o n s is te n c y . These sources show th a t KR d ia le c t s have a system o f a lt e r n a t io n s w hich i s s im ila r to th a t o f th e s td lg . S ig n if ic a n t s t r u c t u r a l d e v ia tio n s from th e SC s td p a tte r n concern th e o b liq u e cases o f nouns, and th u s a re n o t re le v a n t f o r th e d e s c r ip tio n o f Tk morphophon e m ics. The m a jor source f o r th e stu dy o f WBg d ia le c t s is Cvetan T o d o ro v 's S eve roza pa dn lte b 9 1 g a rs k i g o v o ri (1 9 3 6 ). T h is w ork is p a tte rn e d a f t e r B e lić 1905a: a g re a t w e a lth o f in fo r m a tio n , c o m p ris in g data from n e a rly 300 v illa g e s , is p re se n te d in a form at w hich u n fo r tu n a te ly p re v e n ts th e re a d e r from s e e in g c le a r ly e it h e r g e n e ra l morphophonemic p a tte r n in g , o r th e s p e c if ic o v e r a ll system o f any one lo c a l d i a l e c t . A number o f th e d ia le c t s in c lu d e d in T o d o ro v ‫״‬s work a re d is cussed in in d iv id u a l monographs, however. Most o f these sources p ro v id e s y s te m a tic data b o th on morphology and a cc e n t, and g iv e an abundance o f examples. The d ia le c t o f Novo S e lo (n e a r V id in ) , s itu a te d in th e extrem e n o rth w e s t o f th e Bg l i n g u i s t i c t e r r i t o r y , is d e s c rib e d in Maksim M la den ov's re c e n t (1969) monograph, G ovorot na Novo S elo V id in s k o . The same a u th o r has a ls o Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access -3 0 - w r it t e n a d e s c r ip tio n o f th e Ih tim a n d i a l e c t ( 1966 ) , s i t u ated in th e s o u th e a s te rn c o m e r o f th e area covered by T odorov. M a te r ia l on th e s o u th w e s te rn c o m e r o f t h i s area is fu rn is h e d by a t h i r d monograph i n t h i s s e r ie s , Iv a n U m le n s k l'8 K ju s t e n d ils k ijo t g o v o r ( I 965 ) . d ia le c t s is found i n tw o monographs: Data on th e S o fia Luka G o lo b o v 's w ork, G ovorat na s [ e lo ] D o b ro s la v c i, S o fi.js k o (1 96 5)* c o n c e n tra te s on th e d ia le c t o f a s in g le v i l l a g e i n th e S o fia re g io n , w h ile G e o rg i P o p iv a n o v 's S o fi.1 s k i.1 a t к о ѵ о г (1940) c o v e rs a b ro a d e r area w ith much le s s a t t e n t io n t o d e t a i l . R e la t iv e ly little w ork has been done on d ia le c t s ln th e n o rth e a s te rn com er o f th e area covered by T o d o ro v; o n ly K. P opov'8 a r t i c l e G ovorot na s [ e lo ] Gabare, B e lo s la tin s k o v id e s u s e fu l d a ta . (1956) p r o - A d d it io n a l d a ta a b o u t th e t r a n s i t i o n a l WBg d ia le c t s are found in th e f o llo w in g s o u rc e s : G ospodinkin 1921 and P e t r iï e v 1931 d is c u s s th e d i a l e c t o f T ro n , and a l though n e it h e r work i s l i n g u i s t i c a l l y v e ry s o p h is tic a te d , b o th o f f e r a number o f u s e fu l exam ples. B e rb e rska 1931 de- s c rib e s th e d ia le c t o f OSane (n e a r B e lo g ra d č ik ) in a s im ila r manner, w ith s im ila r r e s u l t s . C. Mladenov d is c u s s e s th e p a s t te n s e form s o f th e B re z n ik d i a l e c t in tw o s h o r t a r t i c l e s (C.M ladenov 1935# 1 9 5 9 ). N e x t, Mančev 1967 has p u b lis h e d in l i s t form th e acce n te d responses t o th e SC l i n g u i s t i c a t la s q u e s tio n n a ire f o r h e r n a tiv e v i l l a g e , P e trla S (n e a r D im itro v g ra d ), a B u lg a ria n -s p e a k in g v i l l a g e s itu a te d in easternm ost S e rb ia . F in a lly , Z a h a rie v 's 1918 e th n o g ra p h ic Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access stu d y o f K ju & te n d ils k o K ra i á t e (th e a re a around B o s ile g ra d ) fu rn is h e s a la r g e body o f a cce n te d t e x t s , and a d e s c r ip t io n o f th e d ia le c t w h ic h , a lth o u g h p h i l o l o g i c a l r a th e r th a n s tr u c tu r a l- lin g u is tic , i s u s e f u l. These sources to g e th e r seem t o suggest th a t th e a c c e n tu a l morphophonemic system in w e s te rn B u lg a ria n d ia le c t s is s im ila r t o t h a t d e s c rib e d f o r n o rth e a s te rn T o r ia k d ia le c t s in S ta n o je v id 1911* w ith th e im p o rta n t d iff e r e n c e t h a t w e ste rn B u lg a ria n has s e v e ra l a lt e r n a t io n s n o t m entioned by S ta n o je v id . The most n o ta b le o f th e s e in v o lv e th e i n d e f i n i t e v s . d e fin ite ( w ith p o stp osed a r t i c l e ) n o m in a l fo rm s , and an a lt e r n a t io n op p o sin g th e 1 s t s in g u la r p re s e n t te n se fo rm t o o th e r p re s e n t te n s e fo rm s . C e r ta in g e n e ra l v e r b a l a lt e r n a - t io n s , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h a t d is t in g u is h in g p re s e n t fro m p a s t and t h a t d is t in g u is h in g 2 -3 sg a o r i s t from o th e r a o r is t fo rm s, seem t o o c c u r w ith a s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n th ro u g h o u t th e le x ic o n . The most co m p le te p u b lis h e d w ork on n o rth e rn Macedonian d ia le c t s is Božo V id o e s k i's th e d ia le c t o f Kumanovo. 1962 monograph about S e v e ra l a r t i c l e s by th e same a u th o r (V id o e s k i 1932, 1953* 1954) p ro v id e a more c u rs o ry vie w o f o th e r p a r ts o f th e n o r th e r n Macedonian d ia le c t zone. The w e ste rn h a l f o f t h i s d i a l e c t a l zone i s o f no in t e r e s t f o r th e p re s e n t p r o je c t s in c e a c c e n t th e re i s f ix e d w ith re s p e c t t o th e word boundary (as in th e Macedonian s td l g ) . The most in t e r e s t in g d if f e r e n c e between th e a c c e n tu a tio n o f Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access th e s e d ia le c t s and t h a t o f T o r ia k d ia le c t s appears to be n o t morphophonemic b u t p h o n o lo g ic a l i n n a tu re ( i . e . , d e fin e d n o t in te rm s o f stem ty p e s o r paradigm s b u t in term s o f d ie t r i b u t i o n a l c o n s tr a in ts w ith re s p e c t t o word b o u n d a ry ): a la r g e number o f l e x i c a l ite m s w h ich show f i n a l s tre s s in T o r ia k e x h ib it p r e f i n a l s tr e s s i n Kumanovo and o th e r c e n t r a l e a s te rn d ia le c t s . O nly in th e e a ste rn m o st n o rth e rn Macedonian d ia le c t s i s a cce n t t r u l y m o b ile . There i s o n ly one p u b lis h e d d e - s c r ip t io n o f a d ia le c t in t h i s area (K uáevski 1958), and i t i s u n fo r t u n a te ly n o t v e ry sound l i n g u i s t i c a l l y . When I de- sig n e d my q u e s tio n n a ir e , t h i s was a l l th e m a te r ia l I had . a v a ila b le . However, when I had n e a r ly fin is h e d my f i e l d w ork, I was a b le , th ro u g h th e k in d n e s s o f th e d ir e c t o r o f th e I n s t i t u t za m akedonski j a z i k , P ro fe s s o r Boîo V id o e s k i, t o c o n s u lt th e a rc h iv e s b e in g com pleted f o r th e Macedonian d ia le c t a t la s . By s tu d y in g th e e n t ir e book o f f i e l d n o te s o f th e I n s t i t u t ’ s in v e s t ig a t io n s o f a p a r t i c u la r v i l l a g e , I was a b le t o e x t r a c t a f a i r l y u a l morphophonemics o f i t s c le a r p ic t u r e o f th e a c c e n t- d ia le c t. Thus I am fo r tu n a te to have r e l a t i v e l y com plete d a ta about th e a c c e n tu a tio n o f s ix e a s te rn Macedonian v i l l a g e s . Though t h i s in fo r m a tio n d id n o t in flu e n c e th e q u e s tio n s I asked in th e f i e l d , i t was v e ry v a lu a b le t o me when I a n a lyz e d my f i e l d n o te s . Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 -3 3 « 1 .8 In t h i s manner I i d e n t i f i e d th e a lt e r n a t io n s I m ight exp ect t o e n co u n te r in th e f i e l d and th e word c la s s e s in w hich th e se a lte r n a tio n s would p ro b a b ly o c c u r• In th e f i e l d I would a tte m p t t o see how c lo s e ly th e a c tu a l spoken d ia le c t s conform ed t o th e se e x p e c ta tio n s based on p u b lis h e d so u rce s• The s p e c if ic q u e s tio n s I sought t o answer a b o u t each a l t e r n a tio n can be summarized as f o llo w s : Does th e a lt e r n a t io n o c c u r as p re d ic te d ? it o ccu r in th e expected l e x i c a l ite m s? If it I f so, does seems t o o c • c u r in e it h e r a g r e a te r o r s m a lle r number o f l e x i c a l item s th a n e xp ected, what fa c to r s seem t o be in v o lv e d ? On one le v e l, a re th e re any s p e c if ic f a c t s ab ou t th e in d iv id u a l l e x i c a l item s w hich m ight have a b e a rin g on t h i s r e s u l t ; on a n o th e r le v e l, what o v e r a ll s t r u c t u r a l f a c t s ab ou t th e p a r t i c u la r d ia le c t are p e r t in e n t - ‫ ־‬how does th e expansion o r c u r ta ilm e n t o f t h is a lt e r n a t io n f i t in w ith th e o c c u r- rence o f o th e r a lte r n a tio n s ? S econdly, g iv e n t h a t th e a lt e r n a t io n is c le a r ly a tte s te d in a p a r t ic u la r ty p e o f l e x i c a l ite m , does i t a l ways o c c u r th e same way in e ve ry a t t e s t a t i o n o f each o f th e se item s? I f n o t, what a re th e p a tte r n s o f v a r ia t io n a c c o rd in g t o such fa c to r s as age, se x, c la 6 s , o c c u p a tio n , and e d u c a tio n ? What f a c t o r s —b o th le x e m e - s p e c ific and g e n e ra l, seem t o c o n tr ib u te t o t h i s v a r ia t io n ? F in a lly , do any a lt e r n a t io n s n o t m entioned in th e l i t e r a t u r e seem t o e x is t? I f so, what is t h e i r p a tte r n o f o c c u rre n c e , and how do th e y f i t i n t o th e o v e r a ll system? Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access It i s im p o rta n t t o n o te t h a t th e above ty p e o f i n - v e s t ig a t io n i s in te n d e d t o e l i c i t th e a c c e n tu a l system o f one lo c a l d ia le c t , t h a t o f th e p a r t i c u l a r v i l l a g e b e in g I n v e s tig a te d . Each o f th e s e lo c a l d ia le c t s must be con ceived o f as a s e lf- c o n ta in e d u n i t ; th e f u n c t io n in g o f i t s s e v e ra l elem ents must be c o n s id e re d o n ly in r e l a t i o n t o each o th e r, b e fo re m e a n in g fu l s t r u c t u r a l com parison c o u ld be drawn. The v a r ia t io n is s t r i c t l y s o c ia l v a r ia t io n w it h in one lo c a l d ia le c t , and is an e s s e n tia l p a r t o f a s in g le co h e re n t d ia le c t: it g iv e s v a lu a b le h in t s as t o th e n a tu re and d ir e c t io n o f s t r u c t u r a l change in p ro g re s s . Once each o f th e a c c e n tu a l systems f o r each p la c e s tu d ie d i s fo rm u la te d , th e y a re compared t o e s ta b lis h th e p a tte r n o f g e o g ra p h ic a l v a r ia t io n • Here th e q u e s tio n s t o be asked a re th e f o llo w in g : Over how wide an area does th e a lt e r n a t io n e x is t ( i . e . , where can th e is o g lo s s e s be drawn on th e map)? Does th e re seem t o be a g e o g ra p h ic a l d ir e c t io n in e x te n s io n o r c u r ta ilm e n t o f th e a lte r n a tio n ? Does i t seem t o be o b lig a - t o r y in some areas and o p tio n a l i n o th e rs ? I f so, w hich o f th e v a r ia n t p a tte rn s i s p ro d u c tiv e and w hich n o t? F in a lly , t o see th e problem in i t s w id e r p e r s p e c tiv e , how do th e a c c e n tu a l is o g lo s s e s correspond t o a c c e n tu a l is o g lo s s e s in th e B u lg a ria n , Macedonian and SC S to k a v ia n d ia le c t s a d ja c e n t t o T o r ia k ; and, how does t h i s p a tte r n in g o f is o g lo s s e s w ith re s p e c t t o p a ra d ig m a tic a c c e n tu a l a lt e r n a t io n s corresp on d t o is o g lo s s e s f o r o th e r a sp e cts o f th e l i n g u i s t i c system? Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 ‫ ־‬35 ‫־‬ 1 .9 The o r ig in a l f i e l d q u e s tio n n a ire was drawn up on th e b a s is o f d a ta in th e p r in t e d sources c ite d above. It in - e lu de d 120 s u b s ta n tiv a l stem s, 144 v e r b a l stems and 16 adj e c t i v a l stems• A l l ite m s were n a tiv e SC w ords, most were n o n d e riv e d , and a l l were l e x i c a l item s w hich c o u ld be e l i c i t e d e a s ily in c o n v e rs a tio n about to p ic s germane t o th e life o f peasants• Only words w hich were a tte s te d a t le a s t once in th e base sources were chosen, t o іп в и ге t h a t th e ite m in q u e s tio n was indeed in d ig e n o u s t o th e lo c a l d ia le c t (even w ith t h is p re c a u tio n , however, c e r ta in o f th e se item s c o u ld n o t be e l i c i t e d i n some g e o g ra p h ic a l zones o f th e T o r ia k a re a ). F or th e purposes o f a c c e n tu a l in v e s t ig a t io n , nouns were grouped by d e c le n s io n c la s s and ve rb s were grouped a c c o rd in g t o th e stem c la s s o u t lin e u t i l i z e d in D a n ig id 1925• No subgrouping was made among th e a d je c t iv a l stems• The d i s - t r i b u t i o n o f q u e s tio n n a ire item s among th e v a rio u s c la s s e s i s th e fo llo w in g : Nouns (examples a re Nsg) Fem inine ( a - d e c l) , e .g . ruka 47 M a sculine ( in a c o n s ), e .g . pop, o vca r 48 N e u te r, e . g . s e lo 25 Verbs (examples a re le g p re s ) 1-1 e .g . pegem 1-2 e .g . gujem, znam I3 ‫־‬ II 24 e . g . pognem e . g . ginem 7 6 11 Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access V erbs (examples a re ls g p re s ) - c o n tin u e d III-l e .g . umem III-2 e .g . sedim, d rž im 23 IV e .g . nos im 26 V1‫־‬ e .g . Kledam 16 V -2 e .g . piäem 14 V -3 e .g . berem• la je m , kujern 12 VI 1 e .g . kupujem 7 A d je c tiv e s 16 (The com plete q u e s tio n n a ire i s g iv e n in th e A p p e n d ix .) B e fo re I v e n tu re d in t o th e f i e l d , I re a rra n g e d th e l i s t in t o sem antic g ro u p in g s t o f a c i l i t a t e e lic ita tio n o f th e form s in a n a t u r a l c o n v e rs a tio n a l c o n te x t. D u rin g th e co u rse o f f i e l d w ork, I re v is e d th e q u e s tio n n a ire t o e l i m i n a te ite m s w hich proved e s p e c ia lly d i f f i c u l t t o e l i c i t , t o add new ite m s . and Some a d d itio n s were in te n d e d t o c l a r i f y q u e s tio n s a lre a d y p a r t ly co ve re d , and o th e rs were aimed a t e x p lo r in g new and unexpected phenomena, s e v e ra l o f w hich were g e o g ra p h ic a lly v e ry r e s t r i c t e d ; such item s were o f co u rse n o t in c lu d e d in areas where th e y were n o t r e le v a n t. S in ce a c c e n tu a l a lt e r n a t io n s w it h in i n f l e c t i o n a l m orphology re p re s e n te d th e g o a l o f th e in v e s t ig a t io n , I a tte m p te d t o e l i c i t a l l th e in f le c t e d form s f o r each ite m w hich c o u ld g iv e in fo r m a tio n about a c c e n tu a l morphophonemics. Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 ­‫•דל‬ These form s were : Nouns— m asculine ( in a consonant) 1. N o m in a tive s in g u la r 2• A c c u s a tiv e s in g u la r i f a n im a te ; i f num erativ e form in a n im a te , 3 . V o c a tiv e s in g u la r ( i f le x ic a l ite m adjudged a p p ro p r ia t e ) 4 . P lu r a l ‫ צ‬. A l l form s w ith postposed g e o g ra p h ic a l a re a . a r tic le , if in a p p r o p ria te Nouns—n e u te r 1. N om in ative s in g u la r 2 . P lu r a l 3 . A l l forms w ith postpoeed a r t i c l e , g e o g ra p h ic a l area if in a p p ro p ria te Nouns— fe m in in e 1 . N om in ative s in g u la r 2 . A c c u s a tiv e s in g u la r 3 . V o c a tiv e s in g u la r (where a p p ro p ria te ) 4 . P lu r a l 5 . A l l form s w ith postposed a r t i c l e , g e o g ra p h ic a l area if in a p p ro p ria te A d je c tiv e s ( a l l form s t o be e l i c i t e d f o r a l l th re e ge n d e rs) 1. N om inative s in g u la r i n d e f in it e 2• A c c u s a tiv e s in g u la r i n d e f in it e 3 . P lu r a l i n d e f in it e 4 . Above fo rm s, d e f in i t e Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access Verbs 1. P re se n t te n s e : a ) 1 s t s in g u la r , i f in area w ith -u desinence b ) 2d o r 3d s in g u la r c ) 1 s t o r 2d p l u r a l d ) 3d p lu r a l o f stems in - a j 2 . Im p e ra tiv e a ) s in g u la r b ) p lu r a l 3 . A o r is t a ) 1 s t s in g u la r b ) 2d o r 3d s in g u la r c ) 1 s t, 2d o r 3d p lu r a l 4 . Im p e rfe c t any form s which c o u ld be e l i c i t e d 5 . Past p a ss ive p a r t i c i p l e a ) fe m in in e , n e u te r s in g u la r , o r p l u r a l u n p re ftx e d form s b ) any p r e fix e d form s 6 . L‫ ־‬p a r t i c i p l e a ) fe m in in e , n e u te r s in g u la r , o r p l u r a l u n p re fix e d form s b ) any p r e fix e d form s Forms n o t on t h i s l i s t t h a t n e v e rth e le s s seemed re le v a n t were n o te d as th e y o c c u rre d . As f i e l d work p ro g re s s e d , I r e a liz e d t h a t th e goals g u id in g my c o n s tr u c tio n o f th e q u e s tio n n a ire had n o t been Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access s u f f i c i e n t l y d ia c h r o n ic a lly o r ie n te d . As most d ia le c t o lo g ic e l in v e s t ig a t o r s had c o n te n te d them selves w ith d e fin in g th e tr a its o f th e d ia le c t w hich d e v ia te d from th e s td lg , I had a u to m a tic a lly o rg a n iz e d my q u e s tio n n a ire a c c o rd in g t o th e a c c e n tu a l c la s s e s o f th e s td l g . However, s in c e one o f th e deeper g o a ls o f th e in v e s t ig a t io n was t o e lu c id a te th e typ es o f in n o v a tio n w hich had ta k e n p la c e in T o ria k d ia le c t s , would have been b e t t e r i f it I had designed th e q u e s tio n n a ire in term s o f re c o n s tru c te d PS1 a c c e n tu a l c la s s e s . Even so, th e r e s u lt s o b ta in e d do p ro v id e s u f f i c ie n t c l a r i f i c a t i o n o f d ia c h ro n ic q u e s tio n s , la r g e ly because s td SC has, on th e w hole, r e ta in e d th e PS1 d i s t r i b u t i o n o f lexemes among a c c e n tu a l c la s s e s . fie ld tr ip s F u rth e rm o re , I was a b le t o make fo llo w -u p t o in v e s tig a t e more f u l l y th e d ia c h ro n ic ques- t io n s w hich th e q u e s tio n n a ire had n o t a n tic ip a te d . Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 1.1 0 Once th e q u e s tio n n a ire had been fo rm u la te d , I had t o d e te rm in e th e s p e c if ic areas t o be te s t e d . p r in c ip le s guided my c h o ic e . S e v e ra l F i r s t , th e t a r g e t p o in ts sh o u ld be e v e n ly spaced th ro u g h o u t th e T o r ia k a re a . th e v i l l a g e S e co n d ly, in q u e s tio n should be composed as much as p o s‫־‬ s ib le o f in d ig e n o u s S e rb ia n p o p u la tio n ( i . e . , w ith m in im a l p e rce n ta g e o f im m ig ra n t p o p u la tio n , w h e th e r fro m o th e r c o u n tr ie s , o th e r Y ugoslav r e p u b lic s , o r o th e r area s in S e r b ia ) . T h ir d , i t should be as f a r as p o s s ib le fro m m a jor com m unication lin e s b u t s t i l l a c c e s s ib le by c a r i n bad w e a th e r. F in a lly , i f p o s s ib le , i t in v e s tig a te d p r e v io u s ly . sh o u ld n o t have been Thus, I t r i e d t o a v o id a l l th e v illa g e s v is i t e d by B e lič in th e f i r s t few y e a rs o f t h i s c e n tu r y , w h ile s t i l l s a t is f y in g th e o th e r th re e c r i t e r i a . The n in e m ajor in v e s t ig a t io n p o in ts chosen a re th e f o llo w in g v illa g e s ( t h e i r lo c a tio n w it h in th e T o r ia k area is shown on th e map by means o f s m a ll c a p i t a l l e t t e r s ) . 1. C l n lg la v c i. road c o n n e c tin g NiS and S o f ija , S itu a te d 1 .5 km. fro m th e paved 16 km. e a s t o f P i r o t . F o u r‫־‬ y e a r s c h o o l in C in ig la v c i, e ig h t- y e a r s c h o o l 3 km. away in S re ik o v a c , h ig h s c h o o l in P ir o t . ETk: T im o k -L u ïn ic a d ia le c t , v e ry n e a r t o B u lg a ria n b o rd e r (th e n e x t v i l l a g e t o th e e a s t, a lth o u g h s t i l l w it h in S e rb ia , is a B u lg a ria n s p e a kin g v i l l a g e ) . N ot in v e s tig a te d by B e lić . S h o rt v i s i t s were s u b s e q u e n tly made t o Temska « (12 km. t o th e n o rth o f P i r o t ) , B abužnica Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 00046960 ‫־‬41‫־‬ (20 km• southw est o f P ir o t ) and Suračevo (1 km. west o f BabuSnica) t o t e s t p a r t i c u la r ly in t e r e s t in g phenomena. 2 . K ra s ta v č e . S itu a te d 30 km. so u th e a st o f N iS on paved ro a d . F o u r-y e a r s c h o o l in K ra s ta v č e , e ig h t- y e a r s c h o o l 4 km. away in D uS nik, h ig h sch o o l in GadXin Han (14 km. aw ay). ETk: S v r l j i g ‫ ־‬Z a p lja n e d ia le c t , n o t in v e s tig a te d by B e lić . A subsequent v i s i t was made t o P lu ž in a n e a r S v r ljig , 17 km. n o rth e a s t o f N iS . 3. V la s in a R id . S itu a te d on man-made la k e (V la s in k s o je z e r o , fo rm e r ly c a lle d V la s ln s k o b la t o ) 36 km. n o rth e a s t o f V ra n je on paved, n a rro w , m ountain ro a d . E ig h t- y e a r s c h o o l in V la s in a R id , h ig h s c h o o l in С т а Trava (15 km. away) o r S u rd u llc a (13 km. aw a y). ETk: T im ok-Lužnice d ia le c t , c lo s e b o th t o th e TL/JM boundary and t o th e S e rb ia n /B u lg a ria n language b o u n d a ry. G eneral area in v e s tig a te d by B e lić . 4 . T r g o v iS te . on unpaved ro a d . S itu a te d 36 km. so u th e a st o f V ra n je E ig h t- y e a r s ch o o l in T rg o v iS te , h ig h s c h o o l in V ra n je o r B ujanovac (10 km. south o f V ra n je on main h ig h w a y ). SWTk d i a l e c t , c lo s e t o boundary w ith n o r t h ‫־‬ e m Macedonian d ia le c t s , and B u lg a ria n -s p e a k in g area o f S e rb ia . N ot in v e s tig a te d by B e lić . (T h is area in 1905 was s t i l l p a r t o f Ottoman T u rk e y .) S h o rt v i s i t s were made t o v illa g e s s u rro u n d in g T r g o v iS te , S a jin c e (7 km. west o f T rg o v iS te , on th e main ro a d ) and S ta jo v c e and Radovnica Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access (b o th e a s t o f T rg o v iS te on th e same ro a d , th e l a t t e r in th e f o o t h i l l s o f th e m ountains m arking th e b o rd e r between S e rb ia n and B u lg a ria n -s p e a k in g a re a s ), t o in v e s tig a te c e r t a in p a r t i c u l a r l y in t e r e s t in g phenomena. A t a l a t e r tim e , D avidovac, a v i l l a g e 2 km. e a st o f B ujanovac, was v i s i t e d i n c o n n e c tio n w ith some o f th e same p o in t s . 5‫״‬ A le k s in a c . Sarbanovac. S itu a te d 41 km. n o r th e a s t o f Road paved as f a r as Soko B anja (32 k m .), u n - paved th e re m a in in g 9 km. F o u r-y e a r s c h o o l in Sarbanovac, e ig h t- y e a r s ch o o l 1 km. away in M užinac, h ig h s c h o o l in Soko B a n ja . CWTk d ia le c t , c lo s e b o th t o boundary w ith Kosovo-Resava S to k a v ia n , and ETk (T im o k -L u Ž n ic a ) d i a l e c t . N ot in v e s tig a te d by B e lie f. S h o rt v i s i t s were made t o v illa g e s s u rro u n d in g Sarbanovac, Mužinac (1 km. t o th e w est) and Dugo P o lje (11 km. t o th e s o u th e a s t), t o te s t p a r tic u la r ly 6. S ilo v o . in t e r e s t in g phenomena. S itu a te d 23 km. so u th w e st o f Leskovac. Road paved as f a r as Lebane, re m a in in g 3 km. unpaved. F o u r- y e a r sch o o l in S ilo v o , e ig h t- y e a r s c h o o l and h ig h s c h o o l in Lebane. C e n tra l WTk d i a l e c t . 7. G ra č a n ic a . on paved ro a d . by t o u r i s t s . N ot in v e s tig a te d by В е ііб . S itu a te d 9 tan‫ ״‬southw est o f P r ià t in a S ite o f famous m edieval ch u rch o fte n v i s i t e d E ig h t- y e a r sch o o l in G ra č a n ic a , h ig h sch o o l Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access in P r iš t in a . SWTk d i a l e c t , c lo s e t o boundary w ith K osovo- Resava š to k a v ia n . N ot in v e s tig a te d by B e lić , as p a r t o f Ottoman T urkey in 1903. 8. D vorane. S itu a te d 21 km. n o rth w e s t o f P r iz r e n . Road paved 14 km. t o t u r n o f f , unpaved 8 km. t o M u š u tiš te , h a lf- h o u r w a lk fro m th e r e . F o u r-y e a r sch o o l a n o th e r h a l f - hour w a lk f u r t h e r in P o p o v lja n e , e ig h t- y e a r sch o o l in M u š u tiš te , h ig h s c h o o l in P r iz r e n . SWTk d ia le c t , c lo s e t o S a r P ia n in a range w hich marks boundary w ith n o rth e rn Macedonian d ia le c t s . N o t in v e s tig a te d by B e lić , p a r t o f Ottoman T u rke y a t th e tim e . 9. Pas.lane. unpaved ro a d . in G n jila n e . S itu a te d 8 km. south o f G n jila n e on E ig h t- y e a r s c h o o l in P asjane, h ig h s c h o o l C e n tra l SWTk d i a le c t . N ot in v e s tig a te d by B e lić , as p a r t o f Ottoman T urkey in 1905. Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 1 .1 1 Once th e in v e s t ig a t io n p o in ts were chosen, th e n e x t s te p was t o v i s i t th e v illa g e s , f in d s a t is f a c t o r y i n fo rm a n ts , and b e g in th e a c tu a l f i e l d re c o rd in g . N o rm a lly , I approached in fo rm a n ts th ro u g h th e lo c a l e le m e n ta ry s c h o o l w ith th e h e lp o f a l e t t e r o f in tr o d u c tio n fro m th e s e c re t a r y o f th e C o lle g e o f A r ts and S ciences ( s e k r e ta r f i l o z o f skog f a k u lt e t a ) o f th e U n iv e r s ity o f N o v i Sad. S c h o o l- te a c h e rs u s u a lly un de rsto od th e n a tu re o f th e pro b le m and were u s u a lly a b le t o d ir e c t me t o s u ita b le in fo rm a n ts . Most o f th e tim e a b r ig h t p u p il (one who c o u ld a f f o r d t o miss c la s s ) was assigned t o accompany me t o th e in fo rm a n te s house, and more o fte n th a n n o t, th e se c h ild r e n possessed a good sense f o r l i n g u i s t i c s tr u c tu r e and d i a l e c t a l d i f f e r - e n t ia t io n , and proved o f g re a t a s s is ta n c e t o me in my w ork. Of c o u rs e , n o t a l l in fo rm a n ts recommended t o me in t h i s manner were s u it a b le , b u t by a s k in g around th e v i l l a g e I u s u a lly found what I needed in a r e l a t i v e l y s h o rt tim e . The c r i t e r i a th e f o llo w in g : f o r th e s e le c tio n o f in fo rm a n ts were b o rn in th e v i l la g e in q u e s tio n , w ith b o th p a re n ts and a l l g ra n d p a re n ts e it h e r o f t h a t v i l l a g e o r o f c lo s e ly a d ja c e n t v illa g e s ; i l l i t e r a t e mal s c h o o lin g ; l i t t l e o r a t most o n ly m in i- o r no t r a v e l e x p e rie n c e o u ts id e th e v i l l a g e ; c le a r mind and memory; c le a r speech and p r e fe r a b ly (though f o r in v e s t ig a t io n o f a cce n t n o t m andatory) a good s e t o f te e th ; and f i n a l l y a w illin g n e s s t o t a l k a t le n g th about a l l s o r ts o f t o p ic s . E ld e r ly p e op le u s u a lly s a t is f ie d Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access th e se re q u ire m e n ts b e s t, and women on th e whole showed le s s c o n ta m in a tio n from o u ts id e in flu e n c e in t h e i r speech than d id men, as th e y had t r a v e lle d w ith o u ts id e r s . le s s and had fe w e r c o n ta c ts Men serve in the army, ta k e fre q u e n t t r i p s to town, and a re u s u a lly th e ones to converse w ith s tra n g e rs . Women a ls o seemed to f e e l more a t ease in th e presence o f a woman in v e s t ig a t o r . Sometimes o ld e r men proved s a t is f a c - t o r y in fo rm a n ts , however, and younger women w ith m in im a l s c h o o lin g o fte n s t i l l spoke a lo c a l d ia le c t w hich was r e la tiv e ly fr e e o f o u ts id e in flu e n c e ; t h i s o f course was more ф o fte n th e case in v illa g e s w hich had le s s c o n ta c t w ith modern c i v i l i z a t i o n . In e x c e p tio n a l cases c h ild r e n over th e age o f seven were used as supplem entary in fo rm a n ts when th e y o b v io u s ly had a c le a r sense o f which was v i l l a g e speech and w h ich was s c h o o l speech, i . e . , i f th e y were c le a r ly b i- d ia le c ta l. A p p ro x im a te ly f iv e days were spent in each v illa g e , w ith as much tim e as p o s s ib le devoted t o a c tu a l work w ith in fo rm a n ts . T h is proceeded in th re e phases: n a ir e w o rk, w hich in v o lv e d th e e l i c i t a t i o n a) q u e s tio n - from th e in fo rm - a n t( s ) o f a l l th e r e le v a n t form s o f each ite m on the q u e s tio n n a ir e in as n a tu r a l a frame as p o s s ib le ; b) n a r r a tio n , in w hich th e in fo rm a n t t o ld a s to ry o r a f o lk t a le , o r re co u n te d p e rs o n a l e x p e rie n c e s , o fte n to an audience o f s e v e ra l p e o p le . A t le a s t one such n a r r a tio n was recorded on ta p e f o r each o f th e n in e m a jo r v illa g e s . I f i t d id Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access n o t d e tr a c t from th e in fo r m a n t's f e e lin g o f n a tu ra ln e s s , I no te d down p e r tin e n t form s as th e y o ccu rre d in th e n a r r a ‫־‬ t i o n ; c ) e a ve sd ro p p in g . T h is method should by no means be c o n s id e re d u n e th ic a l f o r th re e reasons: o n ly s in g le words were re c o rd e d ; no in fo rm a n t i s id e n t i f i e d in th e p re s e n ta t i o n o f th e a c tu a l d a ta ; and most o f th e v i l l a g e r s were aware o f th e means and m o tiv a tio n o f my work and supported it w ith in t e r e s t . E avesdropping p ro v id e d th e most in t e r e s t - in g and most r e lia b le d a ta , s in c e th e speech s it u a t io n s were c o m p le te ly n a tu r a l and th e in v e s t ig a t o r was a l l b u t ig n o re d . Forms heard in t h i s way f o r the f i r s t tim e were checked l a t e r w ith in fo rm a n ts whenever p o s s ib le , to be sure I had heard c o r r e c t ly . These th re e phases o f in v e s t ig a t io n proceeded more o r le s s s im u lta n e o u s ly . A l l data were e n te re d in t o th e main f i e l d notebook w h ile I was s t i l l in th e v i l l a g e , and lacunae were th u s noted w h ile th e re was s t i l l th e op p o r‫־‬ tu n ity to f i l l them. I n t e r e s t in g and unexpected phenomena were a ls o re co rd e d , and, to th e e x te n t p o s s ib le , fo llo w e d up w h ile I was s t i l l on th e s p o t. In a d d itio n to th e responses to q u e s tio n n a ire ite m s , I recorded th e fo llo w in g in fo r m a tio n : a ) names and p e rs o n a l d a ta (d a te and p l 8ce o f b i r t h , p la c e o f b i r t h o f p a re n ts and g ra n d p a re n ts , amount o f s c h o o lin g and amount o f tim e spent o u ts id e th e v i l l a g e ) o f a l l m a jo r in fo rm a n ts ; g e n e ra l im p re s s io n s about each m a jo r in fo r m a n t's speech c h a r a c te r is t i c s , p e r s o n a lity t r a i t s as re la te d to th e r e p r e s e n t a b ilit y Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access o f h is speech, and g e n e ra l e s tim a te o f r e l i a b i l i t y as an in fo rm a n t; c ) g e n e ra l im p re ssio n s o f th e d ia le c t as a w hole, p a r t i c u l a r l y those t r a i t s w hich would be a ffe c te d by o r have a b e a rin g on th e fu n c tio n o f a c c e n tu a l a lte r n a tio n s w it h in th e system , as w e ll as form s w hich were n o t on th e q u e s tio n n a ire b u t which i l l u s t r a t e d s a lie n t t r a i t s o f th e a c c e n tu a l c h a r a c t e r is t ic s o f th e d ia le c t ; and d ) a b r i e f d e s c r ip tio n o f th e v i ll a g e i t s e l f , in c lu d in g n e a re s t a d - m in is t r a t iv e c e n te r and s c h o o ls , main o c c u p a tio n o f th e in h a b ita n ts , and a c c e s s ib ilit y t o urban c i v i l i z a t i o n . Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access -48 1 .1 2 I have based njy co m p a ra tive a n a lyse s on th e f o llo w - in g g e n e ra l assum ptions. Most li n g u i s t s u t i l i z e th e te rm "a c c e n t" to mean th e com plex o f p ro s o d ic fe a tu re s w hich re n d e r one s y lla b le in th e word more p ro m in e n t th a n th e o th e rs , w hether o r n o t th is se rve s a d i s t i n c t i v e f u n c tio n . v a r i e t i e s , however: n e t ic I d is t in g u is h tw o ic t u s and a c c e n t. Ic tu s is th e pho- ( s p e c i f i c a l l y ņoņphonemic) prom inence o f one s y lla b le o v e r o th e rs in th e word, w h ile a cce n t r e fe r s t o d i s t i n c t i v e prom inence o f one s y lla b le ove r th e o th e rs . Ic tu s would appear t o be m a n ife s te d as in t e n s it y prom inence a lo n e , a l th ou gh in s tr u m e n ta l p h o n e tic ia n s have as y e t been unable q t o c o n firm t h i s in m easurable te rm s . A ccent is w hatever ty p e o f prom inence adjudged t o be phonemic by th e a n a ly s t (hence th e term s " p it c h a c c e n t" and "m e lo d ic a c c e n t" f o r d i s t i n c t i v e t o n a l prom inence and " s tr e s s a c c e n t" and "dynam ic a c c e n t" f o r in t e n s it y p ro m in e n ce ). r e f e r s t o s tr e s s , i t Where "a c c e n t" i s n e c e s s a rily accompanied by ic t u s . S ince s tre s s i s th e o n ly d i s t i n c t i v e p ro s o d ic fe a tu r e in most o f th e l i n g u i s t i c h e r e in , systems t o be d e s c rib e d ic t u s and acce nt alw ays o ccu r on th e same s y lla b le in th e s e system s. T h is i s n o t tr u e f o r s td SC, however, n o r f o r KR S to k a via n d ia le c t s . Each s o - c a lle d " r i s i n g a c c e n t" o f th e s td lg i s r e a lly a d is s y lla b ic prom inence. The f i r s t s y lla b le , th e one w hich t r a d i t i o n a l l y is w r it t e n w ith th e d i a c r i t i c a l mark, is presumed t o c a r r y ic t u s , b u t Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access th e f o llo w in g s y lla b le c a r r ie s phonemic p it c h a c c e n t •10 The same a ls o h o ld s f o r th e lo n g r i s i n g a cce n ts w hich can appear in p e n u ltim a te p o s it io n in KR d ia le c t s : th e p e n u l t i - mate s y lla b le c a r r ie s ic t u s b u t th e f i n a l s y lla b le r e ta in s a c c e n t. In h i s t o r i c a l te rm s , ic t u s has been r e tr a c te d one s y lla b le tow ards th e b e g in n in g o f th e word ( t h i s is th e n e o -š to k a v ia n r e t r a c t io n ) , w h ile acce nt has remained u n changed. S ince Tk d ia le c te d id n o t undergo th e n e o -S to k a v ia n r e t r a c t io n , ic tu s and a cce n t c o n tin u e t o o c c u r on th e same s y lla b le , c o rre s p o n d in g t o th e s y lla b le o f th e s td lg w hich c a r r ie s a c c e n t. C om parative sta te m e n ts made h e re in w i l l alw ays r e f e r t o th e p la c e o f a cce n t u n le s s e x p l i c i t s t a t e ment t o th e c o n tra ry i s made. The f a c t t h a t th e d i s t i n c t i v e prom inence in Tk is m a n ife ste d as in t e n s it y o r s tre s s and in std SC as h ig h to n e 11 does n o t a f f e c t th e v a l i d i t y o f t h i s com parison. Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access -5 0 - 1.13 Vowel le n g th i s d i s t i n c t i v e i n s td SC and KR, b u t n o t in TK. I n s td SC, acce nt and ic t u s c o -o c c u r o n ly in i n i t i a l p o s itio n - - th e s e a re th e '* f a ll i n g a c c e n ts " . A ccent may f a l l on any s y lla b le o f th e word, b u t ic t u s ne ver occu rs on f i n a l s y lla b le s . In NE KR d ia le c t s , a cce n t may f a l l on any s y lla b le , b u t in SW KR i t does n o t o c c u r on f i n a l open s h o rt s y lla b le s . A ccent may f a l l on such s y lla b le s i n NE KR, b u t in such cases, ic t u s occu rs on th e p re c e d in g s y lla b le (compare NE and SW KR s e s tr ê , b u t NE KR rū ku v s . SW KR r&Ku), A ccent in Tk (a lw a ys accompanied by ic t u s ) i s fr e e in p r in c ip le t o o ccu r on any s y lla b le o f th e w ord. In a c - t u a l i t y we f in d accent o c c u rrin g where e ty m o lo g ic a lly expected o n ly i n c e r t a in ETk d ia le c t s . E lsew here, accent fr e q u e n tly appears on th e p e n u ltim a te s y lla b le in s te a d o f on th e u ltim a where i t i s expected. I s h a ll c a l l t h i s p e n u ltim a te accent p la ce m e nt, which presum ably r e f le c t s a h i s t o r i c a l s h i f t from th e u ltim a , p a ro x y to n e s is . I t s v a ry - in g m a n ife s ta tio n s c a n be c la sse d a c c o rd in g t o a p h o n o lo g ic a lly d e fin e d h ie ra r c h y : f i n a l open s y lla b le s appear w ith o u t e ty m o lo g ic a lly expected acce nt more o fte n th a n do f i n a l c lo s e d s y lla b le s , w hich in tu r n la c k th e expected accent more o fte n th a n do n o n fin a l s y lla b le s . 12 S econdly, one can d e te rm in e f a i r l y c le a r is o - g lo s s e s s e p a ra tin g areas o f g r e a te r v s . le s s e r p a ro x y to n e s is . W ith in E tk , evidence o f p a ro x y to n e s is i s m in im a l in TL Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 00 0 4 6 9 6 0 ‫ ־‬51 * d ia le c t s , and o n ly s l i g h t l y g r e a te r in SZ. In CWTk, however, th e re is a much g r e a te r degree o f p a ro x y to n e s is ; and in SWTk, i t is p r a c t i c a ll y c o m p le te . S tre s s i s fr e e in SWTk, however, except f o r a s m a ll group o f d ia le c t s ju s t t o th e n o r th o f th e S re te ík a Zupa, where s tre s s seems t o be fix e d on th e p e n u ltim a te s y lla b le . S ince t h i s area in c lu d e s one o f th e n in e m ajor in v e s t ig a t io n p o in ts , Dvorane, I w i l l summarize i t s a c c e n tu a tio n h e re . In nouns and a d je c t iv e , ic t u s f a l l s r e g u la r ly on th e p e n u ltim a te s y lla b le , re g a rd le s s o f g ra m m a tica l fo rm . Thus, th e d e c le n s io n o f v is o k govedar is as fo llo w s : Nsg v is o k govédar N pl Asg viso kó g a govedára Dsg visokóm u govedáru v is ó k i g o v e d á ri D pi v ls ő k im govedaríma Only in a few lo a n words do we f in d s tre s s on s y lla b le s o th e r th a n th e p e n u ltim a te , e .g . p u lo v é r, ko m S llű k, Amérika (a ls o A m e rik a ). P e n u ltim a te ic t u s is a ls o th e r u le in co n - ju g a tio n , e .g . ls g pre s n ó s im l p l p re s no simo sg imv nósl p l imv n o s ite 2 sg a o r nósi 2p l a o r n o s is te There is a s i g n i f ic a n t e x c e p tio n t o t h i s r u le , however: 3 d p i p re s and 3 d p i a o r form s are r e g u la r ly opposed by means o f acce nt p la ce m e n t, e .g . 3 p l pre s n ó s iu v s . 3 p l a o r n o s iu . (T h is a lt e r n a t io n is d iscu sse d in d e t a i l Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access -5 2 - b e lo w , c f . s e c . 3 .2 9 .) A l l o th e r lexemes a re a tte s te d w ith p e n u ltim a te s tr e s s , e xce p t f o r c e r t a in adverbs o f tim e w hich a re s tre s s e d on c lo s e d u ltim a , e .g . donés, i g é r . In te rm s o f a c c e n tu a tio n , th e SWTk zone i s a t r a n s i t i o n a l zone i n tw o d i f f e r e n t ways. Im m e d ia te ly t o th e southw est one fin d s Macedonian d ia le c t s in w hich s tr e s s i s f ix e d w ith re s p e c t t o th e word b o u n d a ry, e it h e r on p e n u ltim a te o r a n te p e n u ltim a te s y lla b le . Im m e d ia te ly t o th e n o rth w e s t, in SW KR, a cce n t (alw ays c o u p le d w ith ic t u s in SW KR) n e v e r occu rs on s h o rt open u ltim a b u t i s o th e rw is e f r e e ; t h i s developm ent i s h i s t o r i c a l l y p a r t o f th e n e o š to k a v ia n r e t r a c t io n , b u t s in c e to n e is no lo n g e r d i s t i n c t i v e have r e in t e r p r e t e d i n SW KR, speakers o f th e se d ia le c t s ic t u s as phonemic s tre s s a c c e n t. The d i s s y lla b ic prom inence o f ic t u s fo llo w e d by phonemic p it c h p ro m in en ce, found i n s td SC and NE KR, has been c o m p le te ly lo s t h e re . a lly Thus, th e system s w hich b o rd e r SWTk a re a c c e n tu - s i m il a r o n ly in t h a t s tr e s s n e ve r occu rs on f i n a l open s y lla b le s . O th e rw is e , th e y a re v e ry d i f f e r e n t . The a s s ig n - ment o f s tr e s s in NW Mac d ia le c t s is t o t a l l y a u to m a tic : it i s dependent o n ly on word boundary and makes no re fe re n c e t o l e x i c a l o r g ra m m a tic a l in fo r m a tio n . t a in s a d i s t i n c t i v e S tre s s acce nt r e - f u n c tio n i n SW KR, however, and th e mechanisms o f s tr e s s assignm ent a re th u s much more com plex, dependent on b o th l e x i c a l and g ra m m a tica l c a te g o rie s as w e ll as on th e p h o n o lo g ic a l r e s t r i c t i o n a g a in s t s tre s s in open f i n a l s y lla b le s . Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access F in a lly , th e re is a c o r r e la t io n between s o c ia l f a c t o r s and th e occurrence o f p a ro x y to n e s is . In g e n e ra l, p a ro x y to n e s is is more common in th e speech o f th o s e who a re in d ir e c t c o n ta c t w ith urban c i v i l i z a t i o n . In r u r a l s o u th e a s te rn S e rb ia o f 1970-71, t h i s u s u a lly meant th o se who were b o m a f t e r 19^0 (and who th u s came o f s c h o o l age a f t e r com pulsory s c h o o lin g was i n i t i a t e d ) , th o s e o f a h ig h e r s o c ia l c la s s (who had th e means and m o tiv a tio n t o move f r e e ly between urban and r u r a l e n v iro n m e n ts ), and th o se w ith e d u c a tio n beyond th e e le m e n ta ry le v e l (who, in f a c t , i f th e y were b o m b e fo re 19^ 0 , were a lm o s t e x c lu s iv e ly m a le ). T h a t i s , s o c ia l v a r ia b le s u s u a lly c o u ld be subsumed under th e d e f i n i t i o n " c lo s e r c o n ta c t w ith urb a n c i v l i z a t i o n . D e s p ite th e im portance o f s o c ia l v a r ia t io n i n a f u l l d e s c rip t i o n o f th e a c c e n tu a tio n o f Tk d ia le c t s , my f i e l d w ork was o r i g i n a l l y designed t o t e s t o n ly g e o g ra p h ic a l v a r i a t i o n . I sought d e lib e r a t e ly to m in im ize s o c ia l v a r i a t i o n in th e c h o ic e o f in fo rm a n ts by i n s i s t i n g on th o s e who spoke » d ia l e c t w hich was as fr e e as p o s s ib le fro m in flu e n c e o f th e s td lg o r o f urban c i v i l i z a t i o n (see se c . 1 .1 1 ) . However, even th e most s h e lte re d in fo rm a n ts n e c e s s a r ily a re f a m i l i a r w ith more th a n one l i n g u i s t i c s ty le . In w o rk in g w ith i n - fo rm a n ts , I t r i e d t o be s e n s itiv e t o s o c i a l l y c o n d itio n e d s t y le - s w it c h in g so t h a t my f i e l d n o te s w ould r e f l e c t th e in fo rm a n ts * most n a t u r a l, n e u t r a l, r u r a l speech. The d a ta p re se n te d can th u s be taken t o re p re s e n t t h i s s in g le s o c ia l Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access style, so that attention may be focussed on geographical variation. The question of social variation will be taken up again in the conclusion,cf. sec. 4.6. R e s t r ic tio n s o f th e o ccu rre n ce o f a cce n t in f i n a l p o s itio n w i l l n e c e s s a rily e f f e c t th e fu n c tio n in g o f a c c e n tu a l a lt e r n a t io n s ; I w i l l th u s make c o n tin u e d re fe re n c e t o th e e f f e c t s o f p a ro x y to n e s is in th e d is c u s s io n o f d a ta . Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 1.14 S la v ic languages and d ia le c t s in w hich acce nt may o ccu r on any s y lla b le o f th e word o fte n u t i l i z e placem ent o f a cce n t t o implement th e g ra m m a tica l o p p o s itio n between tw o d i f f e r e n t form s o f th e same paradigm . Sometimes two form s o f a paradigm are id e n t ic a l except f o r th e p la c e o f a c c e n t. More o fte n , however, th e b a s ic o p p o s itio n i s im - plem ented by desinences o f d i f f e r e n t p h o n o lo g ic a l shape, and th e placem ent o f acce nt h e lp s r e in fo r c e t h i s o p p o s itio n . Indeed, th e re a re d ia le c t s where in ra p id speech desinences may be s lu r r e d to such an e x te n t t h a t th e a c c e n tu a l prom inence o f th e p ro p e r s y lla b le may in some in s ta n c e s be th e m a jor c a r r i e r o f th e d i s t i n c t i v e g ra m m a tica l meaning. When forms o f a g ra m m a tic a l paradigm d i f f e r as t o p la c e o f a c c e n t, th e paradigm is s a id to be m o b ile , and th e v a rio u s "movements" o f acce nt a re re fe r r e d to as a cce n t a lt e r n a t io n s . A c c e n tu a l a lte r n a tio n s a re o f two ty p e s , a u to m a tic and morphophonemic. lo g ic a l meaning; te rm s. A u to m a tic a lt e r n a t io n s c a rry no morpho- th ey are d e fin e d s t r i c t l y i n p h o n o lo g ic a l Morphophonemic a lt e r n a t io n s , on th e o th e r hand, a re p h o n o lo g ic a l a lte r n a t io n s w hich f u l f i l l a m o rp h o lo g ic a l fu n c tio n ; th e y cannot be d e fin e d w ith o u t re fe re n c e to !‫ר‬ g ra m m a tic a l c a te g o rie s . J In d e s c rib in g such a lt e r n a t io n s , most lin g u is t s c o n s id e r one o f th e two a lte r n a n ts as b a s ic , and then s p e c ify th e c o n d itio n s under which t h i s elem ent i s re p la ce d by ( i . e . 14 a lte r n a te s w ith ) th e o th e r. I n th e case o f accent a l t e r n a tio n s , th e form chosen by th e a n a ly s t as b a s ic i s s a id to Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access c a r r y a c c e n t on a c e r t a in s y lla b le , and a morphophonemic r u le s h i f t s t h i s a c c e n t t o a n o th e r s y lla b le when c e r t a in m o rp h o lo g ic a l c o n d itio n s a re s a t i s f i e d . A n o th e r d e s c r ip ‫־‬ t i v e method a s s ig n s s tr e s s t o th e p ro p e r morphemes by means o f a set o f e x p lic itly o rd e re d p h o n o lo g ic a l r u le s w hich a p p ly t o a b s tr a c t u n d e r ly in g fo rm s. I w i l l f o llo w n e it h e r o f th e s e s p e c if ic fram ew orks in t h i s a n a ly s is , n o r w i l l I propose a new one. In s te a d I w i l l c l a s s i f y p h o n e tic d a ta fro m many d i f f e r e n t d ia le c t s w it h in th e t r a d i t i o n a l fo rm a t o f p a ra d ig m a tic p a tt e r n s . choose t h i s method o f e x p o s itio n f o r tw o re a so n s. I b e lie v e i t I F ir s t, a c c u r a te ly r e f l e c t s th e s p e a k e r '6 o r g a n iz a tio n o f th e d a ta a v a ila b le t o h im . Each lexeme is a s s o c ia te d by th e spe ake r w ith a s in g le a c c e n t p a tte r n , d e fin e d as a h i e r ‫־‬ a r c h i c a l l y ‫ ־‬o rd e re d s e t o f s p e c if ic a t io n s w hich d e te rm in e s th e a c c e n tu a tio n o f a l l p a ra d ig m a tic form s o f nouns, a d je c ‫־‬ t iv e s and v e rb s . Second, I f e e l i t i s unwise t o s p e c u la te ab ou t th e n a tu re o f p o s s ib le u n d e rly in g a c c e n tu a l systems when d is c u s s in g so many d i f f e r e n t l i n g u i s t i c ta n e o u s ly . systems s im u l‫־‬ S in ce some o f th e s e systems may d i f f e r s i g n i f i ‫־‬ c a n t ly fro m o th e rs in ways we m ight n o t y e t be aware o f , I c o n s id e r i t b e t t e r t o p re s e n t ray raw da ta in a fram ew ork w hich makes i t r e l a t i v e l y easy t o compare them w ith data g iv e n in d e s c r ip t io n s o f many o th e r d ia le c t s and languages. Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 1.15 I distinguish three basic accentual relationships: b a r y to n ie , o x y to n ic and m o b ile • B a ry to n e s is means t h a t a c - c e n t i s always on th e same stem s y lla b le . O x y to n e s is i s p re s e n t when a cce n t i s alw ays on th e l a s t a c c e n ta b le s y lla b le o f th e w o rd .1^ F in a lly , i n m o b ilit y , th e a c c e n t i s on one s y lla b le in some gram m atical form s o f th e word and on a n o th e r in o th e rs . These th re e b a s ic a c c e n tu a l ty p e s c o rre sp o n d i n broad o u t lin e t o paradigm s b_, £ , and b^, r e s p e c t iv e ly , e s ta b 17 lie h e d by C h r is t ia n Stang f o r P r o t o - S la v ic . In d e e d , a l though b o th th e r e a liz a t io n o f th e s e PS1 a c c e n tu a l paradigm s as w e ll as th e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f stems among them has changed c o n s id e ra b ly s in c e PS1 tim e s , a d e f i n i t e c o n t in u it y o f a c. c e n tu a l ty p e s can be p e rc e iv e d . W ith in th e s e th re e m a jo r ty p e s s e v e ra l subtypes can be seen. The fo llo w in g c h a r t summarizes th e a c c e n tu a l r e la t io n s h ip s w hich are found in Tk d ia le c t s , w ith examples o f each. Nom inal V e rb a l NONE d r2 ím , d rïim ô O x y to n ic (0 ) M a rg in a l (о ) De6i n e n c e - i n i t i a l n ő i, n o íá , sedíro, sedímo noiévi B a ry to n ie (B) In itia l p lá n in e , p lá n in u , v é ru je m , v é ru v e l p lá n in e (b ) S te m - fin a l o v íá r , o v íá r a , o v íá ri ve rú je m , v e ru v á l Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access Nominal V erbal M o b ile (m) (n) (M) (N) A -m o b ile В-m o b ile R ecessive M a rg in a l s e l ó [ s g ] / s é la [ p l] d r ž l [p r e s ] / d f ž i [ i m v ] m la d á fin d e f] / m lá d a fd e f] donosim o [a o r ] / d o n ó sim o fp re s] d fv o [s g ] / d r v á [ p l ] isp é ko m o fa o r] / is p e íá m o fp re s ] z e lé n a [in d e f 1/ z e le n á ta fd e f] k á ii[p r e s ]/ ka ž í [ imv j n o g á / 1á nogu is p é k o ( ls g a o r ) / £spe£e ( 23 sg a o r) o v íá r, o v ía rá / ó v ía re (vo c) d o n o si ( ls g a o r ) / d ó n o si ( 23 sg a o r) kűm, kűma/kumové NONE p Iá n in a / p la n in á t a In g e n e ra l, th e r e a re tw o k in d s o f a c c e n tu a l a l t e r n a tio n s found in S la v ic • In th e f i r s t ty p e , th e a cce n t a lt e r n a t e s between th e l a s t s y lla b le o f th e stem and th e f i r s t s y lla b le o f th e d e s in e n c e , w h ile th e second in v o lv e s d e s in e n c e - fin a l and w o r d - i n i t i a l s y lla b le s . r e f l e c t t h i s d iv is io n : lo w e r case l e t t e r s 18 My symbols (o , b , m, n ) d e s ig n a te s te m - fin a l/d e s in e n c e i n i t i a l ( ,1c e n t r a l11) a l t e r n a tio n s , w h ile th e c o rre s p o n d in g c a p it a l l e t t e r s (0 , B, M, N) in d ic a t e t h a t th e a lt e r n a t io n embraces w o r d - i n i t i a l a n d /o r d e s in e n c e - fin a l s y lla b le s ( " m a r g in a l 11 a lt e r n a t io n s ) . When th e s u rfa c e form s c o n ta in o n ly a s in g le stem s y lla b le a n d /o r a s in g le desinence s y lla b le , however, i t is im p o s s ib le t o t e l l w h e th e r th e a lt e r n a t io n is c e n t r a l o r Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access m a rg in a l- The p a ir nogá/nóge may e x h ib it А- m o b ilit y o r re c e s s iv e m o b ilit y ; o n ly when th e form ná noge i s known i s th e presence o f re c e s s iv e m o b ilit y unambiguous, S ira i- l a r l y , th e a m b ig u ity in z e m ljâ /z é m lju i s re s o lv e d by na z é m lju , t h i s tim e in fa v o r o f А- m o b i l i t y . however, t r i s y l l a b i c In most cases, form s a re n o t a v a ila b le and th e am- b ig u it y rem ains. When th e d i s t i n c t i o n between А- m o b ilit y and r e c e s s iv e m o b ilit y (m v s . M) i s n e u tr a liz e d i n t h i s way, I w i l l assume th e a lt e r n a t io n t o be А-m o b ile (m ); a m b ig u ity between B‫ ־‬m o b ility and m a rg in a l m o b ilit y w ise re s o lv e d in fa v o r o f B‫ ־‬m o b ilit y (n v s . N) i s l i k e - (n ). T h is assum ption i s j u s t i f i e d on bo th s y n c h ro n ic and d ia c h r o n ic grounds: c e n t r a l a lte r n a tio n s are much more common i n th e modem languages th a n are m a rg in a l ones; and th ro u g h o u t th e h is t o r y o f S la v ic , th e c e n tr a l a lt e r n a t io n s were p r o d u c tiv e . In l i k e manner and f o r th e same reasons, w he reve r th e re i s a n e u t r a l i z a tio n o f th e d is t in c t io n between i n i t i a l b a ry to n e s is and s te m - fin a l b a ry to n e s is (B v s . b) o r m a rg in a l o x y to n e s is and d e s in e n c e - in it ia l o x y to n e s is (0 v s . o ) , I w i l l assume th e colum nar a cce n t to be on th e stem f i n a l and desinencei n i t i a l s y lla b le s , r e s p e c tiv e ly . The m a jo r ity o f d a ta w i l l be p re s e n te d on c h e r ts : th e symbols g iv e n in th e above l i s t i n g (M, m, N, n, 0, o, B, b ) w i l l d e s ig n a te th e a p p r o p ria te ty p e s o f a c c e n tu a l r e la t io n s h ip s . In a d d itio n , th e 6ym bols P and L appear on Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access - c h a r ts . 60- P s i g n i f i e s t h a t a p r e fix e d form o f a paradigm w i l l have d i f f e r e n t a c c e n tu a tio n th a n th e c o rre s p o n d in g n o n p re fix e d fo rm , e .g . n o s í/d ó n o s i ( 3 sg a o r) o r pečēm/lspēčem ( ls g p r e s ) . In th e t e x t accom panying each c h a r t, I w i l l in d ic a t e th e s p e c if ic n a tu re o f t h i s a c c e n tu a l d i s t i n c t i o n i n each case where i t v o c a lic o c c u rs . The symbol L in d ic a te s th a t le n g th fu n c tio n s d i s t i n c t i v e l y in th e same way as does s tr e s s placem ent i n o th e r d ia le c t s . colum ns re p r e s e n tin g KR d i a l e c t s , L appears o n ly in s in c e o n ly th e re i s le n g th d is tin c tiv e . To d e fin e th e a c c e n t p a tte r n a s s o c ia te d w ith any one stem i s t o make a s e t o f s ta te m e n ts about th e a lt e r n a t io n s in w hich th e stem p a r t ic ip a t e s . The r e la t io n s h ip o f th e se s ta te m e n ts , w h ic h com prise s th e o v e r a ll a c c e n tu a l p a tte rn , i s b e s t seen i f a c c e n tu a l in fo r m a tio n is o rg a n ize d ac c o r d in g t o a h ie r a r c h y o f g ra m m a tic a l r e la tio n s h ip s w hich proceeds from th e s p e c if ic to th e g e n e ra l. I w i l l th u s d is c u s s a c c e n tu a l d a ta in th e f o llo w in g o rd e r: N om inal paradigm s 1. 2. W ith in s in g u la r o f nouns a ) V o c a tiv e (as opposed to o th e r cases o f th e s in g u la r ) b ) D a tiv e (as opposed to o th e r cases o f th e s in g u la r ) c ) A c c u s a tiv e (as opposed to o th e r cases o f th e s in g u la r ) N u m e ra tive (as opposed to cases o f th e s in g u la r , p a r t i c u l a r l y a c c u s a tiv e , and the Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 0 00 4 6 9 6 0 ‫־‬ 3• 61 ‫־‬ p lu r a l) A c c e n tu a l r e la t io n between s in g u la r and 4. p lu r a l o f nouns A c c e n tu a l r e la t io n between d e f i n i t e and in d e f i n i t e form s o f nouns and a d je c tiv e s 5. Summary: nom inal a cce n t p a tte r n s V e rb a l paradigms 1. A cce n tu a l r e la t io n s w it h in in d iv id u a l te nse s o r moods a) is g pre s as opposed t o o th e r form s o f p re s e n t tense b) 2 3 ‫ ־‬sg a o r as opposed t o o th e r form s o f a o r is t tense c ) r e la tio n s h ip between p r e fix e d and n o n p re fix e d 2 3 ‫ ־‬sg a o r is t form s 2. d) r e la tio n s h ip between p r e fix e d and n o n p re fix e d form s o f p a s t p a s s iv e p a r t i c i p l e e) r e la tio n s h ip between s in g u la r and p l u r a l im per a t iv e forms A c c e n tu a l paradigm s o f in d iv id u a l te n se s o r moods a) P resent b) A o r is t 3. 4. c) Im p e rfe c t d) L‫ ־‬p a r t i c i p l e e) P‫ ־‬p a r t i c i p l e f ) Im p e ra tiv e "C ardina 1 a I t e m a t io n " Summary: v e rb a l a cce n t p a tte r n s . Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access - 6 2 - 1 ,1 6 To i d e n t i f y th e a c c e n tu a l r e la t io n s h ip between a p a ir ( o r g ro u p ) o f s u rfa c e fo rm s, one must e s ta b lis h w hich segm ental morphemes are c o n ta in e d i n each fo rm and where th e b o u n d a rie s s e p a ra tin g them a re • The tr u n c a tio n o f c e r t a in segments in s u rfa c e fo rm s, o r th e r e a liz a t io n o f c e r t a in segments as z e ro , o r a lt e r n a t e ly as zero v s • a s p e c if ic vo w e l, re n d e rs a number o f s u rfa c e form s a c c e n tu ‫־‬ a l l y am biguous. Below I o u t lin e th e p r in c ip le s o f seg- m e n ta l a n a ly s is t h a t I have ad op ted . E very form has a t le a s t tw o com ponents—a stem and a d e s in e n c e . In some cases th e d e sin e n ce may n o t be r e a liz e d in th e s u rfa c e fo rm , e .g . Nsg póp; b u t i t i s assumed t o be p re s e n t in th e u n d e rly in g form as a z e ro d e sin e n ce , e .g . pop— ff. In such cases, I r e f e r t o th e Asg o r n u m e ra tiv e fo rm o f th e same noun t o d e te rm in e a c c e n t p la ce m e n t, assumin g on co m p a ra tive grounds t h a t th e re i s n e v e r an a lt e r n a t io n between Nsg and A-Gsg o f m asculine noüns. Thus, i f th e Asg has end s tre s s ( p o p - - á ) , I assume end s tr e s s in Nsg 0s w e ll: ( pop— 0 ) . B ut i f th e Asg І 6 s te m -s tre s s e d (m iž— a ) , so is th e Nsg (m íg— 0 ) . M a scu lin e nouns w ith a v o w e l-z e ro segment in th e stem are analyzed in a s im ila r manner, a lth o u g h h e re th e p o s s i b i l i t y o f a m b ig u ity i s g r e a te r . i s a n alyze d k o l# c - 0 , k o l# c - a : The p a i r k o lo c Ą o lc a th e segment # is r e a liz e d as schwa when ze ro fo llo w s , o th e rw is e i t i s r e a liz e d as z e ro . I f one assumes th e absence o f a lt e r n a t io n between Nsg and Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 ‫ ־‬63 ‫־‬ A-Gsg o f m asculine nouns, i t seems reasonable to in t e r p r e t the surface pair kolôcAolcá as having desinence stress in ê both fo rm s, thus an o x y to n ic r e la t io n s h ip , v i z . k o l# c - - # , k o l# c - - é . By the same re a s o n in g , s u rfa c e forms w hich a re accented on th e i n i t i a l stem vow el ( k ó ls c , k ó lc a ) , e x h ib it i n i t i a l b a ry to n e s is ( к 61# с - - ^ , k 6 l# c —a ). The s u rfa c e p a ir s k o lá c /k ó lc a and n o t so tra n s p a re n t, however. n j / o gn já are I f one c o n tin u e s to assume th e absence o f a c c e n tu a l a lt e r n a t io n s w it h in th e s in g u la r o f m a sculine nouns, i t would seem re aso na ble to p o s it stemv iz . k o l# c — gl, k o l# c — a . f i n a l b a ry to n e s is f o r th e f i r s t , When th e s tre s s e d segment # i s r e a liz e d as z e ro , must n e c e s s a rily f a l l on a n o th e r s y lla b le . i t s accent I fo llo w t r a - d i t i o n a l a n a ly s is in assuming th a t accent on a n o n re a liz e d « s y lla b le must go to the p re c e d in g s y lla b le ; t h is in tu rn stems from the assum ption th a t h i s t o r i c a l l y an accented gave up i t s accent to a p re c e d in g s y lla b le when i t ceased to fu n c tio n s y l l a b i c a l l y . The second p a ir can be d e s c rib e d as nonm obile, however, o n ly i f the u n d e rly in g stem i s seen as o g n j- , accompanied by a r u le in s e r t in g schwa between th e f i n a l two consonants a f t e r th e assignm ent o f s tr e s s . t io n i s supported by h i s t o r i c a l f a c t s : presum ably m o n o s y lla b ic ( * o g n j- ) to n ic p a ra d ig m .1^ n e tic a lly T h is in t e r p r e - th e PS1 stem was and belonged to the o x y ‫־‬ When th e PS1 Nsg s u f f i x * 4 was pho- lo s t and th e desinence was re in te p re te d as zero Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access and c o u ld no lo n g e r c a r r y s tr e s s , th e s u rfa c e form o f th e Nsg was accented on th e s in g le stem s y l l a b l e . p o in t in h is t o r y , a vow el ( th e s o - c a lle d A t some l a t e r "seco nd ary j e r " ) was in s e rte d between th e two s t e m - f in a l co n so n a n ts, b u t t h is vow el does n o t appear t o have been a c c e e n ta b le b . T h is a n a ly s is appears w e ll m o tiv a te d f o r p a ir s l i k e ö g a n j/o g n já . In c e r t a in d ia le c t s , how ever, in c lu d in g th e s td lg , we f in d a c c e n tu a tio n o f th e ty p e o g é n j/o g n já d g a n j/ô g n ja ) . (s td SC I f we c o n tin u e to assume absence o f an a l t e r - n a tio n between Nsg and A-Gsg, we must p o s it f o r these d ia * le c ts a d is s y lla b ic u n d e r ly in g stem og#n.1- - ? , o g ftn j— á . Whenever a lexeme appears i n d i f f e r e n t a re a s w ith a d i f f e r e n t u n d e rly in g stem shape, s p e c if ic m e n tio n i s made o f t h i s in th e d is c u s s io n . Both stem and d e sin e n ce may be composed o f more th a n one morpheme. p r o c litic The r o o t may be preceded by a p r e f i x o r a p r e p o s it io n w hich may sometimes c a r r y a c c e n t, e .g . ná noge( n á -n o g — e ) , ispeČ e ( í s -р е б — e ) . The group " p r e p o s itio n p lu s noun" i s c o n s id e re d a s in g le word i n th e same way as i s th e group " p r e f i x p lu s v e r b a l fo r m ." In a d d itio n , most v e rb stems a re composed o f a ro o t and a v e rb a l c l a s s i f i e r , e .g . n o s - 1 . Complex d e sin e n ce s a re common in c o n ju g a tio n b u t in fr e q u e n t i n d e c le n s io n . In f a c t , th e o n ly two complex nom inal d e sin e n ce s en co u n te re d in Tk in v o lv e morphemes w hich do n o t c l e a r l y b e lo n g t o stem o r d e s in e n c e . The Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access f i r s t concerns th e postposed d e f i n i t e a r t i c l e , w hich can be view ed as an e n c l i t i c (see se c. 2 . 2 2 ) . The second case i n - v o lv e s p l u r a l "exp an de r" morphemes, w hich a re in s e r te d between stem and desinence i n th e p l u r a l form s o f c e r t a in m a scu lin e and n e u te r nouns. F o r m a scu lin e nouns, th e expander is always -ov■ ( -e v - a f t e r s o f t c o n s o n a n ts ; in c e r t a in e a s te rn d ia le c t s a f t e r a l l c o n s o n a n ts ); i t is fo llo w e d by th e r e g u la r p lu r a l d e sin e n ce - i ( - £ in c e r t a in WBg and ETk d ia le c t s ) , e .g . v o l / v o l o v i , k o ž A o ž e v i. Most lexemes do o r do n o t have th e p l u r a l expander morpheme th ro u g h o u t th e d ia le c t a re a . V a c illa tio n i s common o n ly in c e r t a in d is s y lla b ic stem s, e .g . k o t e l, k o t l a / k o t 11 o r k o t l o v i . In n e u te r nouns, however, we f in d a g re a t v a r ie t y o f expander morphemes, a v a r ie t y o f d e sin e n ce fo rm s , and little c o n s is te n c y as t o th e presence o r absence o f th e expander morpheme. in The most common o f th e s e expander form s -e n - as in vrem e/vrem ena. - en .j- ( ramen.je, ramen.ļa) , O thers a re - ln.1- as in v lm ln ja , - e t- ( k r i l e t i ), - e t- ij- ( k o le t ija ), - e t - l n - ( lm e tin a ) , and - i t 1- , a p p e a rin g i n s e v e ra l fo rm s, e .g . v l a k n i t l , k o liž i, i s known in s td SC. I m ik 1! . O nly th e ty p e vreme/vremena O r ig in a lly , th e -e n - was p a r t o f th e stem, and th e f i n a l -n was l o s t b e fo re Nsg and Asg z e ro d e s in e n c e s . In modem Tk d ia le c t s , how ever, th e -e n - i s tr e a te d as a s e p a ra te e x te n d e r morpheme w h ich fu n c tio n s as a p l u r a l m arker in th e same manner as - i n j - , - e n j- and th e lik e ( c f . v e d r o /v e d r in ja and ramo/ramenj a ) . The f o u r nouns Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access ѵ г е т е д im e, rame and vime d i f f e r fro m th e o th e r n e u te r nouns in my l i s t i n g o n ly in t h a t th e Nsg desinence is ‫ ־‬o (b u t c f . a ls o ram o). -e and n o t On th e o th e r hand, th e group o f n e u te r nouns w hich fo rm extended p lu r a ls in Tk i s much la r g e r th a n th e se f o u r : 12 o f 19 t e s t ite m s were a tte s te d a t le a s t once w ith extended p lu r a ls . T h is suggests t h a t th e usage o f one o f th e s e s e v e ra l p lu r a l- m a r k in g morphemes is an i n n o v a tio n w hich i s s p re a d in g , and t h a t nouns o f th e vre m e/ vremena group heve been r e in te r p r e te d a c c o rd in g t o t h i s p a t te r n : ra m -o /ra m —en- a , im — e /im —en- a . A l l v e rb form s nave complex d e sine nce s, c o n s is tin g o f a t le a s t tw o morphemes, a te n s e m arker and a person-num ber ( o r gender-num ber) m a rke r. The im p e rfe c t te n se desinences in c lu d e a t h i r d morpheme, id e n t if y in g th e p r e t e r it e form as s p e c ific a lly im p e rfe c t (as opposed t o a o r i s t ) . Verb stems, on th e o th e r hand, have tw o d i f f e r e n t shapes, th e occurre nce o f w hich is c o n d itio n e d by th e f o llo w in g tense m arker. In most stems, th e s e v a r ia n ts may be c a lle d th e f u l l form and th e tru n c a te d fo rm . The f u l l fo rm , te r m in a tin g in 8 vow e l, appears b e fo re a o r i s t , L - p a r t i c ip l e , and ( u s u a lly ) pa st p a s s iv e p a r t i c i p l e d e sin e n ce s. o f tw o morphemes: T h is f u l l stem is composed th e r o o t , and th e v e rb a l c l a s s i f i e r . The tru n c a te d form o f th e stem, in w hich th e f i n a l vow el ( th e v e rb a l c l a s s i f i e r morpheme) is a b s e n t, appears b e fo re p re s e n t, im p e r fe c t, Im p e ra tiv e and sometimes p a s t p a ssive p a r t i c i p l e d e s in e n c e s . Compare th e f u l l paradigm o f th e v e rb n o s i: Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 00 0 4 6 9 6 0 -6 7 - present tru n c a te d stem te n s e m arker p e rso n number m arker ls g nos — 1 m (n o s im) 2 sg nos — i Š (n o s iS ) 3sg nos — i ? ( n o s i) lp l nos — i mo (noeim o) 2p l no s— i te ( n o s ite ) 3pl nos — e ? (nose) IMPERFECT tru n c a te d stem im p e rfe c t m arker p r e t e r it e m arker p e rs o n number m arker ls g n o s— e о $ (noseo) 2 sg nos — e g e (n o s e ïe ) 3sg nos — e g e (noseše) lp l nos — e о mo (noseomo) 2p l nos — e os te (n oe eo ste) 3pl nos — e и jí (noseu) IMPERATIVE tru n c a te d stem im p e ra tiv e m arker eg n o s— i pl nos — i number marker ( n o s i) te ( n o e ite ) Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 00 0 4 6 9 6 0 -6 8 - AORIST f u l l stem p e rs o n ‫־‬ number m arker p r e te r ite m arker ls g n o s i— f i ‫־‬ fi ( n o s i) 2 sg n o s i— f i - fi ( n o s i) 3sg n o s i— f i - fi ( n o s i) lp l n o s i— f i то (nosim o) 2p l n o s i— s te ( n o s is te 3pl n o s i— ž e (n o s iS e ) L■-PARTICIPŁE f u l l stem p e rs o n gender m arker te n se m arker m sg n o s i— 1 f sg n o s i— n sg Pi fi ( n o e il) 1 a ( n o s ila ) n o s i— 1 о ( n o s ilo ) nosi — 1 i ( n o s ili) ‫־‬ PAST PASSIVE PARTICIPA stem (tr u n c a te d and a lt e r e d ) te n se m arker m sg noS— en f sg no£— n pi sg p e rs o n ‫־‬ gender m arker f i (nősen) en a (n o ïe n a ) noš— en о (n o ïe n o ) noS— en i ( n o íe n i) ‫־‬ Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 - 69 - ‫׳׳‬ In o th e r stems, however, th e r e is no v e r b a l c l a s s i f i e r morpheme, and th e two stem shapes show d i f f e r e n t k in d s o f r e la t io n s h ip s . l s g p re s b e r —e-m vs. 3pl aor b r a —S-e l s g p re s S i j —e-m vs. 3pl aor S i —S-e l s g p re s кип--e-m vs. 3pl aor k l e —S-e l s g p re s p e i —e-m vs. 3pl aor р е к —oS-e l s g p re s met —e -m vs. 3pl aor met—oS-e Herein, VI F or example: I will call verb stems of classes II through vocalic stems, and u tilize the fu ll stem shape when re- ferring to these stems in the te x t. I will refer to them as a group by th eir verbal c la s s ifie r morphemes, e.g. i^stems, a-stems, u-steras. Class I includes verb stems of two types, those which end in an obstruent (1-1, e.g. peg—em, met—em) and those whose present stem ends in a sonorant (e.g. Si.1—em [1-2], kun—em [1-3]) but whose ao rist stem ends in a vowel (Si—Se, kle--Se) . I refer to obstruent stems in the follow- ing discussion by th eir aorist stems (рек, met) and to sonorant stems by th eir present stems (Si.1, кип). In s o fa r as p o s s ib le , I have a n alyze d ambiguous s u r fa c e form s in th e same manner f o r each system , ig n o r in g p h o n e tic d iffe r e n c e s in s u rfa c e r e a l i z a t i o n . Thus, th e form s p e t 41 (EMac), p e t e l (ETk) and p è ta o ( s td SC) a l l a re view ed as h a v in g th e same b a s ic stem and desinence ( p e t # l- f f ) . C e r- t a in d iffe r e n c e s , however, c l e a r l y r e s u lt fro m th e use o f Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access d i f f e r e n t u n d e rly in g fo rm s . A c le a r example is th e use o f p re s e n t te n se form s iskópam and iskžp l.ļe m c o rre s p o n d in g to th e p a st te n se form is k o p â l. The f i r s t r e s u lt s fro m a b e s ic stem is k o p a .ļ- j th e second from is k o p a ‫ ־‬. S ince ench p re s e n t te n se form has th e same number o f s y lla b le s and com parable u n d e rly in g segments, we may c a l l th e a c c e n tu a l r e la t io n s h ip in each case th e "same11, i . e . А-m o b ile . S im ila r a c c e n tu a tio n i s found in o th e r ve rb s o f bo th th e ,a‫ ־‬ty p e and th e a .1‫ ־‬ty p e . In o th e r cases, b a s ic stems appear t o have been r e s tr u c tu r e d in a more r a d ic a l way. Compare, f o r in s ta n c e , th e L‫ ־‬p a r t i c i p l e form s k lé la and ukunii.ja, b o th c o rre s p o n d ‫־‬ in g t o th e p re s e n t te n se form kJneg. The p a ir k lé la /k ú n e S shows th e s u rfa c e form s which a re expected on h i s t o r i c a l grounds. B ut th e s u rfa c e form s ukunű.la/kűneüí c le a r ly p o in t t o an u n d e rly in g stem o f th e ty p e кипи ‫( ־‬th e •1 desinence o f th e masc sg L ‫ ־‬p a r t i s r e a liz e d in t h i s WTk d ia le c t as 11‫® ־‬.)• T h is is a c le a r example o f A‫ ־‬m o b ile a c c e n tu a tio n . K lé la/kűn em must be b a r y to n ie , however. D ir e c t com parison o f a c c e n tu a l ty p e s is no lo n g e r p o s s ib le when th e stem has been remodeled t o such a g re a t e x te n t. A l l ve rb s o f t h i s c la s s w hich were in c lu d e d in щу stu d y ( I 3 ‫ ) ־‬showed v a r ia t io n o f some s o r t in t h e i r u n d e r‫־‬ ly in g stem s, c f . u z é l and u z n â l c o rre s p o n d in g t o p re s e n t ilz n e ž » and th e m u lt if a r io u s v a r ia t io n in L ‫ ־‬p a r t form s o ž n e jrfl, p o in jé l and o ž ē li c o rre s p o n d in g t o v a r ia n t p re s e n t form s ž rfn je , žn.ļēm and Jnjéem . A lth o u g h r e s t r u c t u r in g Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access appeared most o fte n in t h i s c la s s o f v e rb s , I recorded i n sta nce s in th e o b s tru e n t stems ( e .g . rá s n e /p o rá s lo as w e ll as rá s te /ra s n á .ja ; pomógnem/pomogé la ; u k rá d e /u k ra d n á [a o r] ; v r ž ē m / v r ž i l i ) , in stems l i k e k la ( kő l.le m /za k o l Já 1 and z a k l á l ) , in ve rb s o f c la s s V -3 in -v a - ( e . g . , k o v á i Aovém and p o tk o v ú je ) , and i^-steme ( c la s s IV v e rb s ) ( e . g . , z a p á n tim /z a p a n té l) . In в d is c u s s io n o f a s in g le system, th e stem re p re se n te d by such form s as űznem /uznál would be c la s s e d w ith th e и -stem g ro u p . However, f o r purposes o f com parison a l l a t t e s ta t io n s o f a v e rb w i l l be tr e a te d a c c o rd in g t o th e stem c la s s t o w hich th e v e rb be lon gs in s td SC. Thus, th e a c c e n tu a l r e la t io n űznem Atznál w i l l be shown in th e c h a r t devoted t o c la s s 1-3 v e rb s . However, a l l such v a r ia n t ste m -typ es w i l l be summarized under a s e p a ra te e n try on th a t c h a r t, and w i l l be m entioned s p e c if ic a lly in th e te x t. In some d ia le c t s , a s in g le c o n ju g a tio n sometimes seemed t o in c lu d e form s from two d if f e r e n t stem s. Compare on th e one hand p re se n t p l.ļiin e /a o r is t p lju v á and on th e o th e r p re s e n t sedim /a o r is t sédo. In th e f i r s t case, I am c e r t a in t h a t each o f th e stems p lju v a - and p lju n u - occurred in th e d ia le c t w ith a f u l l complement o f in f le c t e d fo rm s; b u t I was a b le to e l i c i t o n ly th e g iv e n form s in repeated q u e s tio n s u s in g th e same c o n te x tu a l fo rm a t f o r b o th p re s e n t and p a s t. The second, however, seems t o re p re s e n t в new c o n ju g a tio n a l ty p e in which p re s e n t te n s e , im p e rfe c t and Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access -7 2 L - p a r t i c ip l e form s fo llo w th e e-stem p a tte r n ( sede- ) b u t a o r is t form s a re t y p ic a l o f th e o b s tru e n t stem s. S e m e n ti- c a l l y , however, a l l form s c le a r ly b e lo n g t o th e same stem, meaning * to be s i t t i n g * ; the e ty m o lo g ic a lly h y b rid ty p e i s a fa ir ly s ta b le p a tte r n f o r th e stem sede in th e se d ia le c t s pA (as in sta n d a rd Macedonian, c f . Lunt 1952:77) . I tre a t i t under th e stem sede. In d ra w in g up th e q u e s tio n n a ire l i s t , in c lu d e examples o f a l l d i f f e r e n t s te m -ty p e s . I a tte m p te d t o Some ty p e s , e .g . jL-stem and и -stem v e rb s , a re w e ll re p re se n te d th ro u g h o u t th e le x ic o n and i n g e n e ra l a l l behave in the same manner. O th er q u e s tio n n a ire ite m s re p re s e n t s m a ll and u s u a lly i r r e g u la r groups o f ve rb s such as th o s e in 1 - 3 ; as m entioned above, th e re i s c o n s id e ra b le v a r ia t io n from one d ia le c t t o a n o th e r as to th e steir shapes o f th e s e v e rb s . To f a c i l i t a t e com parison, a l l examples o f th e same etymon w i l l be c la s s e d a c c o r d in g t o i t s stem shape in th e s td lg . A l l v a r ia n t form s w hich appear to be based on a d i f f e r e n t u n d e r ly in g stem w i l l be s p e c if ic a l l y i d e n t i f i e d b o th on th e c h a rt and in th e t e x t . D ia c h ro n ic com parison i s based on PS1 re c o n s tru c - t io n s , o f c o u rs e . The com plete q u e s tio n n a ire , to g e th e r w ith E n g lis h g lo s s e s o f each ite m , i s g iv e n in th e a p p e n d ix. Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 ‫ ־‬7 3 - 1.17 When q u e s tio n n a ire ite m s a re l i s t e d as e n tr ie s on th e c h a rts o r discussed in g e n e ra l te rm s, th e y w i l l be c ite d as th e y appear in s td SC. D ia le c t a l form s w i l l be g iv e n in phonemic t r a n s c r ip t io n s (r e d u c tio n o f u n stre ss e d vowels and nonphonemic s o fte n in g o f consonants a re n o t tr a n s c r ib e d ) . The o rth o g ra p h y is t h a t o f th e s td l g w ith th e a d d itio n o f a schw a-vow el. S ince th e Roman a lp h a b e t i s used, th e d ig ra p h s "1 J " and " n j " re p re s e n t th e s in g le segments / 1 / and / A / ( C y r i l l i c jw and h> ) . d is tin g u is h e d , In d ia le c t s where / Ć / and / $ / a re n o t is w r it t e n . F in a lly , f o r th e sake o f c o n s is te n c y , I have a lte r e d th e o rth o g ra p h y o f form s quoted from c e r t a in sources in th e f o llo w in g ways: th e v a rio u s p h o n e tic g ra d a tio n s between schwa and a n o th e r vow el (b o th s tre s s e d and u n s tre s s e d ) re co rd e d by B e lić have a l l been s im p lif ie d t o schwa. Where th e segment / J / is re p re s e n te d by " I " in Bg sources, I have tra n s c rib e d i t as " J " . L ik e - w is e , I r e g u la r ly used " n j " f o r th e "rí" and " n ,!l which a p pear in Bg and Mac so u rce s. The C y r i l l i c l e t t e r x i s tra n s c rib e d as "h " when i t appears in S e rb o -C ro a tia n sources b u t as " x :' when th e source i s in B u lg a ria n (e xce p t f o r th e place-nam e Ih tim a n ) . Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access -7 4 - 1.18 The b u lk o f th e data i s p re s e n te d i n c h a r ts w hich are o rg a n iz e d as fo llo w s : Each c h a rt summarizes th e accent u a l b e h a v io r o f a l l q u e s tio n n a ire ite m s w ith re s p e c t t o a s in g le a lt e r n a t io n o v e r a wide g e o g ra p h ic a l a re a . Twenty ta r g e t p o in ts have been chosen as r e p r e s e n ta tiv e o f t h i s B alkan S la v ic d ia le c t a l a re a . These in c lu d e th e n in e Tk v illa g e s I in v e s tig a te d i n 1970-71, and e le v e n a d d it io n a l p o in ts , one on th e n o rth e a s te rn p e rip h e r y o f th e Tk zone, s ix in th e WBg d ia le c t a re a . th e f i r s t g iv e s a ll) , th ir d , Each c h a r t c o v e rs th r e e pages da ta f o r KR, SWTk and NMac p o in ts (seven in th e second, CWTk, ETk, and TWBg (seven p o in t s ) , and th e o th e r WBg and EMac ( s ix p o in t s ) . The f o llo w in g ab- b r e v ia tio n s ord e re d h o r iz o n t a lly a c ro s s th e pages re p re s e n t th e se tw e n ty p o in ts a c c o rd in g to th e f o llo w in g l i s t : NEKR The area around T r s te n ik , Resava and Leva? ( c e n t r a l Kosovo-Resava S to k a v ia n ) a c c o rd in g to Jovi<5 1968, P e c o -M ila n o v id 1968 and S im id 1972. SWKR The d ia le c t o f V u č it m , M itr o v ic a s itu a te d between Ped and ( so u th w e ste rn Kosovo-Resava S to k a v ia n ), a c c o rd in g t o E le z o v id 1932-33. Pas The v i l l a g e o f Pasjane ( c e n t r a l SWTk), a c c o rd in g t o my f i e l d d a ta . Dvor •• one each in NMac and EMac, two in th e KR d i a l e c t a re a , and The v i l l a g e o f Dvorane (extrem e SWTk), a c c o rd in g t o my f i e l d d a ta . Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 -7 5 - G rač The v i ll a g e o f G ra čan ica (SWTk), a c c o rd in g t o my f i e l d d a ta . NMac The area around Kumanovo i n c e n tr a l n o rth e rn Macedonia, a c c o rd in g t o V id o e s k i 1962. T rg The v i ll a g e o f T rg o v iS te ( w ith supplem entary i n f o r m a tio n from n e ig h b o rin g v illa g e s o f S a jin c e , S ta jo v c e and R adovnica) (extrem e e a s te rn SWTk), a c c o rd in g to my f i e l d d a ta . 1 Sii The v i l l a g e o f S ilo v o (CWTk), a c c o rd in g t o my f i e l d d a ta . Sarb The v i ll a g e o f Sarbanovac ( w ith supplem entary in fo rm a tio n fro m th e n e ig h b o rin g v illa g e s o f M uïinac and Dugo P o lje )(e x tre m e n o rth e a s te rn CWTk), a c c o rd in g to my f i e l d Kr d a ta . The v i ll a g e o f K ra s ta v č e ( w ith supplem entary i n f o r m a tio n from P lu Ž in a ) (ETk, c e n tr a l SZ d i a l e c t ) , accord in g t o my f i e l d VR d a ta . The v i l l a g e o f V la s in a R id (ETk, so u th e rn TL d ia le c t ) a c c o rd in g to my f i e l d Cin d a ta . The v i l l a g e o f C in ig la v c i ( w ith supplem entary i n f o r m a tio n from Temska, BabuSnica and Suračevo) (ЕГГк, e a s te rn TL d i a l e c t ) , a c c o rd in g t o my f i e l d d a ta . Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access CTim D ia le c ts o f th e m id d le Timok v a lle y in th e n o r t h ‫־‬ e a s te rn c o m e r o f th e T o r ia k area (n o rth e a s te rn E T k), a c c o rd in g t o S ta n o je v id 1911• TWBg T r a n s it io n a l west B u lg a ria n d ia le c t s , a c c o rd in g t o Todorov 1936 , G ospodinkin 1921, P e tr ič e v 1931, B erberska I 9 I I and Z a h a rie v 1918 . NSV Novo S e lo , V id in s k o , extrem e n o rth w e s te rn c o rn e r o f n o n t r a n s it io n a l WBg d ia le c t a re a , a c c o rd in g t o Mladenov 1969• S of The d ia le c t o f th e S o fia area ( c e n tr a l zone o f non‫־‬ t r a n s i t i o n a l West B u lg a ria n d ia le c t s ) , a c c o rd in g t o Popivanov 19^0, Galobov 1965 and Todorov 1936. K jus The d ia le c t o f K ju s te n d il and s u rro u n d in g area (s o u th c e n t r a l p a r t o f n o n tra n s i t i o n a l West B u lg a ria n d ia le c t zone), a c c o rd in g t o U m lenski I 965 and Todorov . 1936 EMac The v illa g e s o f K is e lic a and K a lim a n c i n e a r D e lïe v o in n o rth e a s te rn Macedonia, a c c o rd in g t o th e f i l e s o f th e Macedonian D ia le c t A tla s (u n p u b lis h e d ). NWBg N o rth w e s te rn B u lg a ria n d ia le c t s lo c a te d t o th e e a s t o f Novo S e lo ( V id in ) and S o fia , and n o r th o f th e B alkan m ountains, a c c o rd in g t o Popov 1956 and Todorov 19З 6 . CWBg C e n tra l w est B u lg a ria n d ia le c t s lo c a te d t o th e e a s t o f S o fia and K ju s te n d il and t o th e south o f th e B alkan m ountain s, a c c o rd in g t o Mladenov 1966 and Todorov 1936. Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 -7 7 - The l e f t ‫ ־‬t o ‫ ־‬r ig h t o rd e r a lo n g th e to p o f th e tw o pages o f each c h a r t corresponds v e ry ro u g h ly t o th e g e o g ra p h ic a l p ro g re s s io n w e s t- to - e a s t. L e x ic a l item s from th e q u e s tio n n a ire a re o rd e re d v e r t i c a l l y down th e le ft- h a n d s id e o f th e page. A symbol in th e a p p ro p ria te p la ce on th e c h a r t i d e n t i f i e s th e a c c e n tu a tio n o f th e p a ra d ig m (s) in q u e s tio n o f each lexeme in each o f th e tw e n ty a re a s . Once more, th e symbols and t h e i r meaning are as fo llo w s : В I n i t i a l b a ry to n e s is b S te m -fin a l b a ry to n e s is M R ecessive m o b ilit y m A - m o b ility N M a rg in a l m o b ilit y n B - m o b ility 0 M a rg in a l o x y to n e s is о D esinence‫ ־‬i n i t i a l o x y to n e s is P P re fix e d form has d i f f e r e n t a c c e n tu a tio n th a n u n p re fix e d L Vowel le n g th a lte r n a te s w ith absence o f le n g th Examples o f each ty p e o f a lt e r n a t io n as i t i s r e a liz e d in th e stem c la s s in q u e s tio n a re g iv e n in th e t e x t accompanyin g each c h a r t. The a c c e n tu a tio n o f each stem in s td SC is in d ic a te d by th e a p p ro p ria te symbol t o th e l e f t o f th e e n t r y . The fo rm a t o f th e c h a rts i s i l l u s t r a t e d in th e f o llo w in g h y p o th e t ic a l example: Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access -7 8 - ‫ש‬ s e lo 1 2 3 k o m b n G iven t h a t th e c h a r t in q u e s tio n concerns th e a lt e r n a t io n o p p o sin g s in g u la r t o p l u r a l in n e u te r nouns, th e in fo r m a tio n conveyed can be summarized as f o llo w s : In th e s td l g , th e noun i s A‫ ־‬m o b ile , v i z . s e lo / s e la . In a re a 1, th e noun s e lo has end s tre s s i n b o th s in g u la r and p l u r a l fo rm s , v i z . s e ló / s e lá : T h is is d e s i‫־‬ nence‫ ־‬i n i t i a l o x y to n e s is . In area 2, s e lo shows A - m o b ilit y , as in th e s td l g . T h is is unam biguous, s in c e a c c e n t does n o t f a l l on th e p r e p o s it io n in a p r e p o s it io n a l p h ra s e : и s e ló /u s é la . In area 3* th e noun s e lo has stem s tre s s in b o th s in g u la r and p l u r a l fo rm s , v i z . s é lo / s é la : T h is is stem ‫־‬ f i n a l b a r y to n e s is . In area 4 , th e noun s e lo is B‫ ־‬m o b ile : s é lo / s e lá . In a l l b u t area 2 th e fo rm s c o n s is t o f a s in g le stem s y lla b le and a s in g le d e sin e n ce s y l l a b l e . The a r ib ig u ity as t o a c c e n t‫־‬ u a l ty p e ( c e n t r a l [o , m, b o r n ] v s . m a rg in a l [0 , M, B, N] ) i s alw a ys re s o lv e d in fa v o r o f th e c e n t r a l ty p e ( c f . se c. 1.15). The appearance o f one o f th e se symbols in a c h a r t t e s t i f i e s t h a t th e c o «rre s p o n d in g form s o f th e p a r t i c u la r l e x i c a l ite m a re f i r m l y a t te s te d in th e g iv e n l o c a l i t y ( e it h e r in ray own f i e l d n o te s o r in th e p u b lis h e d sources Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access quoted a b o ve ). The appearance o f a symbol in p a re n th e se s in d ic a te s th a t th e necessary form s were n o t a c t u a lly e l i c i t e d o r a tte s te d but th a t enough e ls e i s known about th e p a r t i c u la r d ia le c t to reasonably suppose th a t th e g iv e n lexeme e x h ib it s th e a c c e n tu a l t r a i t s a s c rib e d to i t in th e c h a r t. A space l e f t b la n k in d ic a te s th a t th e re i s n o t s u f f i c i e n t in fo r m a tio n to make a s u p p o s itio n one way o r th e o th e r . If two symbols appear to g e th e r in th e same space, t h i s i n - d ic a te s v a c il l a t i o n between th e two a c c e n tu a l ty p e s . If one a c c e n tu a l ty p e can be d e te rm in e d t o be more p r e v a le n t th a n th e o th e r, th e symbols stand s id e by s id e , w ith th e more common v a r ia n t lis t e d . a s c e rta in e d , fir s t. I f p re v a le n c e cannot be the symbols are p la c e d one above th e o th e r . An a s t e r is k ( * ) n e x t t o a p a r t i c u l a r symbol r e f e r s th e re a d e r to th e accompanying t e x t f o r a d is c u s s io n o f comp le x itie s th a t cannot be a d e q u a te ly summarized in th e c h a r t. In th e t e x t , form s w i l l be quoted from s e v e ra l sources by means o f m axim ally c o n c is e re fe re n c e s . Here a re th e a b b r e v ia tio n s , th e sources to w hich th e y c o rre s p o n d , and in d ic a tio n s about the g e o g ra p h ic a l area cove re d by each s o u rc e . В B e lić 1905a (s o u th e a s te rn S e rb ia , 285 p o in ts ) B il B e lić 1911a (s o u th e a s te rn S e rb ia ) Bkg B a r ja k ta r o v id 1965b (tow n o f G n jila n e and s u r ro u n d in g a re a , s o u th w e s te rn S e rb ia ) Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 - 80 Bkp B a r ja k ta r o v id 1966 (tow ns o f Preifevo and B u ja n o va c, c e n t r a l s o u th w e ste rn S e rb ia ) Bkv B a r ja k ta r o v id 1965a ( c i t y o f V ra n je and s u r ro u n d in g a re a , c e n t r a l so u th w e ste rn S e rb ia ) Br B roch 1903 (s o u th e a s te rn S e rb ia , a p p ro x im a te ly 10 p o in t s ) CT S ta n o je v id I 9 I I ( c e n t r a l Timok v a lle y , e a s te rn S e rb ia , 21 p o in t s ) D K u še vski 1958 (to w n o f D elčevo, n o rth e a s te rn M acedonia, 11 km. fro m B u lg a ria n b o rd e r) DJ S te v a n o v id 1950 (tow n o f D ja k o v ic a and s u r ro u n d in g a re a , s o u th w e s te rn S e r b ia ) E E le z o v id 1932-35 (a re a around V u č it m , s o u th w e s te rn S e rb ia ) G Popov 1956 ( v i l l a g e o f Gabare ne ar B ela S la t in a , n o rth w e s te rn B u lg a r ia ) J P a v lo v id 1970 (tow n o f Ja n je vo near P r iS tin a , s o u th w e s te rn S e rb ia ) KJ U m len ski 1965 (a re a around town o f K ju s t e n d il, lo c a te d in extrem e w e s te rn B u lg a r ia , 25 km. fro m S e rb ia n b o rd e r and 22 km. from Macedonian b o rd e r) Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 00 0 4 6 9 6 0 - KK 81 ‫־‬ Z a h a rie v 1918 (a re a s u rro u n d in g B o s ile g ra d [6 km. from th e B u lg a ria n b o r d e r ], B u lg a ria n speaking area on b o th s id e s o f th e p o l i t i c a l f r o n t i e r ; between NMac and ETk d i a l e c t a rea s) KRs S itfić 1972 (Leva 6 a re a , c e n t r a l S e rb ia ) KRr Peco and M ila n o v id I 968 (Resava a re a , c e n tr a l S e rb ia ) KRt J o v id 1968 ( T r s te n ik a re a , c e n t r a l S e rb ia ) Ma Mančev 1967 ( v illa g e o f P e tr la S , B u lg a ria n speaking area o f extrem e e a s te rn S e rb ia , 6 km. n o r th o f D im itro v g ra d and 11 km. fro m B u lg a ria n b o rd e r) Mbr Mladenov 1939 (tow n o f B re z n ik ) MDA M a te r ia l from th e a rc h iv e s o f th e Macedonian D ia le c t A tla s , c o v e rin g th e v illa g e s o f Rankovce, Psača, Z e lig o v o , Gabor (n e a r K riv a P alanca) and K is e lic a and K a lim a n c i (n e a r D eldevo) in n o rth e a s te rn Macedonia Mih Mladenov I 966 (a rea around Ih tim a n , c e n t r a l w estern B u lg a ria ) Mns Mladenov 196S (tow n o f Novo S e lo n e a r V id in , extrem e n o rth w e s te rn B u lg a ria 39 km. from S e rb ia n b o rd e r, n o t c o n tig u o u s t o ETk) Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access Mr Mladenov 1955 ( v il la g e o f R ežanci n e a r B re z n ik ) 0 B erberska 19I I ( v i ll a g e o f Ošane, 15 km. n o r th - e a s t o f B e lo g r a d ïik and 11 km. from S e rb ia n b o rd e r) Sg Golobov I 965 ( v illa g e o f D o b ro s la v c i n e a r S o fia , c e n t r a l w est B u lg a ria n ) Sp Popivanov 1940 ( c i t y o f S o fia and s u rro u n d in g a re a ) SCd D a n ić ić 1925 (SC sta n d a rd as o f about 1870) SCp P ra vo p is i 960 (modem SC s ta n d a rd ) T Todorov 1936 (w e s te rn B u lg a r ia , 285 p o in ts ) Tg G ospodinkin 1921 (tow n o f Т гѳ п, extrem e w e ste rn B u lg a ria , 20 km. from S e rb ia n b o rd e r) Tp P e trič e v 1931 (tow n o f Т гѳ п) V V id o e s k i 1962 (town o f Kumanovo and s u rro u n d in g a re a , n o rth e a s te rn Macedonia, 16 km. from S e rb ia n b o rd e r) The c i t a t i o n (Mns 146) th u s means t h a t th e form is quoted from page 146 o f Mladenov 1969• S e co n d ly, th e form s quoted from B e lić 1905a and Todorov 1936 must be a d d it io n a lly i d e n t i f i e d as t o geographi c a l lo c a t io n , s in c e each o f th e s e sources t r e a t s a la rg e area w ith d a ta from n e a r ly 300 d i s t i n c t p o in t s . There is Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access c o n s id e ra b le d ia le c t a l v a r ia t io n w it h in each o f th e se a re a s , and form s must be p r e c is e ly i d e n t i f i e d in g e o g ra p h ic a l term s in o rd e r t o b r in g o u t th e d e t a ils o f t h i s v a r ia t io n • Thus, I give abbreviated longitude and latitude co-ordinates to identify the village 1s position in each case. The f i r s t index always refers to longitude (position along the eastwest axis), and the second to latitude (position along the north-south axis). S ince th e e n t ir e re g io n d iscu sse d i n t h i s work co ve rs an area e x te n d in g between 20° and 24 03 0 1 lo n g itu d e and 4 1 °3 0 ' and 4 4 °3 0 ' la t it u d e , I have e lim in a te d th e f i r s t num eral o f each c o - o r d in a te . The c i t a t i o n 234/235 th u s r e - f e r s t o a p o in t w hich i s a t 2 2 °3 4 ' lo n g itu d e and 4 2 °3 5 f la titu d e . The re a d e r w i l l f in d th e f o llo w in g a id s in th e a p p e n d ix: 1) a map showing th e lo c a tio n o f a l l p o in ts d i s - cussed w ith re s p e c t t o lo n g itu d e and la t it u d e c o - o rd in a te s ; 2) a re fe re n c e l i s t o f a l l c o -o rd in a te s mentioned in th e t e x t in n u m e ric a l o rd e r, w ith th e names o f v illa g e s c it e d by Be lic i and Todorov t o which th e y c o rre s p o n d ; and 3 ) a l i s t o f th e v illa g e s c ite d by B e lić and T odorov, r e s p e c tiv e ly , in a lp h a b e tic a l o rd e r, each w ith i t s c o rre s p o n d in g g e o g ra p h ic a l c o - o r d in a te s . Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access -8 4 - 1.19 The following abbreviations, used both in the text and in the citation of data from my field notes and from the MDA file s , correspond to the names of individual villages and geographical areas listed below (co-ordinate numbers identify geographical position). The alphabetical order of the villages (as well as that of lexical items on the charts) throughout this work is that of the C yrillic alphabet. Bab BabuSnica 225/304 VR V la s in a R id 219/244 Gab Gaber (MDA) 215/214 Grač G račanica 112/237 Dvor Dvorane 055/219 DP Dugo P o lje 157/338 Zel Z e lig o v o (MDA) 224/214 K al Kalim a n e i 238/203 K is K is e lic a Kr K rastavče 203/310 Pas Pasjane 130/224 P lu ï P lu ž in a 204/327 Psač Psača (MDA) 214/&09 Rad Radovnica 214/225 Rank R&nkovce (MDA) 206/211 S ta j S ta j ovce 210/224 Tem Terns ka 223/ З І 6 T rg T rg o v iS te 207/223 (MDA) (MDA) 246/200 Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access C in Ciniglavci 243/503 3aj gajince 202/223 Sarb Sarbanovac 153/342 Sil Silovo 1 4 3 / 2 5 4 Tk T o ria k ETk E a s te rn T o ria k (T im o k-L u žn ica and S v r l j i g ‫ ־‬Zapla n j e ) WTk W estern T o ria k (Južna-M orava) CWTk C e n tra l-w e s te rn T o r ia k (Juîna-M orava area e x c e p tin g th e p o r t io n around V ra n je and in th e p ro v in c e o f Kosovo) SWTk S outhw estern T o r ia k (th e area around V ra n je and th e p ro v in c e o f Kosovo) KR Kosovo-Resava NE KR N o rth e a s te rn Kosovo-Resava ( s p e c i f i c a l l y , th e d ia le c t s o f T r s te n ik , Resava and Leva?) SW KR S outhw estern Kosovo-Resava ( s p e c i f i c a l l y , th e d ia le c t o f V u Č itm ) WBg West B u lg a ria n , e x c lu d in g , southwest Bg d ia le c t s TWBg S p e c if ic a lly , th e t r a n s i t i o n a l zone o f WBg d ia le c t s (S-āĶ) d ia le c t s ) NWBg N o n tr a n s itio n a l West B u lg a ria n d ia le c ts lo c a te d n o rth o f th e B alkan m ountains CWBg N o n tr a n s itio n a l West B u lg a ria n d ia le c t s lo c a te d south o f B alkan m ountains NMac N o rth Macedonian ( s p e c i f i c a l l y , th e d ia le c t o f Kumanovo) Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 - EMac 86 - E ast Macedonian (th e n o rth e a s te rn d ia le c t s o f th e K riv a Palanka and D elčevo a re a s ) Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 0 00 4 6 9 6 0 II : 2 .1 NOMINAL ALTERNATIONS Tk n o m in a l m orphology i s c o n s id e ra b ly s im p le r th a n t h a t o f th e s td l g . Compare th e d e c le n s io n s o f m asculine nouns e n din g in a consonant: Tk SC Nsg pop Asg Gsg Dsg Lsg ls g popa popa popu pòpu popom Vsg pope Nsg Asg Gsg Dsg Lsg Is g Vsg nős nős nosa nbsu nòsu n&som nÖse N pl Api Gpl D pi Lpl Nsg Asg Gsg kònac kònac N pl Api kònci kònce kónca kóncu G pl konācã D pi kôncima kôncima kôncima Dsg Lsg Is g Vsg N pl Api G pl D pi Lpl Ip l popo v i pbpove pò põ vi pòpovima pòpovima pòpovima Nsg póp pl po pó vi Asg popá (Dsg pópu D pi popóvima) Vsg pòpe Ip l n ò s o vi nòsove nbsova nòsovima Nsg nős Nmv nósa pl n o ső vi pl kónci nòsovima nòsovima Vsg nóse kóncu L p l kdncom I p l k ò n ie Nsg konéc Nmv koncá Vsg k ó n ie Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 - 8 8 - SC TK Nsg kopać N pl Asg Kopása A p i Gsg kopáía G pl Dsg ko p á iu D p i K o p á fi kopáíe Kopáfâ kopáiim a Lsg KopáÒu L p l ls g Kopáiom l p l Vsg KopSiu kopáiim a Kopáíima Nsg Asg K opáf Kopaíá pl Kopeči (Dsg kopáíu D p i kopáiim a) Vsg kópaíe S td SC d is tin g u is h e s s ix cases and th e v o c a tiv e in th e s in g u la r and f o u r cases i n the p lu r a l (n o te in th e sg, however, t h a t th e a c c u s a tiv e has no s e p a ra te fo rm : o f th e g e n it iv e i f if th e noun i s it ta kes th e form th e noun is anim ate and o f th e n o m in a tiv e in a n im a te ; f u r t h e r , in th e d e c le n s io n o f a l l nouns, e x c e p tin g o n ly a few in a n im a te m a s c u lin e s , lo c a tiv e and d a tiv e form s a re i d e n t i c a l ) . In TK, however, we g e n e r a lly f in d o n ly two cases and a v o c a tiv e in th e s in g u la r and a s in g le form in th e p l u r a l . The fa c t th a t s e p a ra te d a tiv e form s do n o t e x is t f o r nouns d e n o tin g anim ate b e in g s except in w esternm ost TK d ia le c t s i s denoted by p a re n th e se s around th e Dsg and D p i form s l i s t e d above• B e lić c a l l s th e two TK cases casus re c tu s and casus o b liq u u s [ g e n e r a lis ] , on th e b a s is o f s y n t a c tic fu n c tio n s : th e f i r s t se rve s as a norm al n o m in a tiv e case, and the second fills th e r o le o f a l l o th e r cases in th e s in g u la r . In com- p a ris o n w ith s td SC, th e TK form f o r th e o b liq u e case i s id e n t ic a l w ith th e Asg form o f th e s td lg ; f o r c l a r i t y o f Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 - 89 ‫־‬ re fe re n c e I c o n v e n tio n a lly r e f e r t o i t as Asg h e re a ls o . W h ile anim ate m asculine nouns u t i l i z e th e Asg form f o r a l l o b liq u e case fu n c tio n s , in a n im a te m a scu lin e nouns use th e Nsg form in a l l in s ta n c e s except f o r c o n s tr u c tio n s w ith a num eral, where a form c a lle d th e n u m e ra tiv e i s used. In fo rm , th e Nmv is in d is tin g u is h a b le from th e Asg, e xce p t in c e r t a in anim ate nouns where an a c c e n tu a l d iff e r e n c e i s seen ( c f . sec. 2 .9 ). A l l o th e r Tk d e c le n s io n s u tiliz e th e p l u r a l i n nume- r a t iv e c o n s tru c tio n s . In g e n e ra l, desinences have th e same form in Tk as in s td SC. The Vsg desinence i s u s u a lly -e f o r a l l m a scu lin e nouns ( in c lu d in g those in a [ h i s t o r i c a l l y ] [č , £ , ž, Ćs i , ņ i, ljj " s o ft* ' consonant which have ‫ ־‬u i n s td SC). The d e s i- nence -u appears mainJy in ETk d ia le c t s n e a r th e Bg b o rd e r, in nouns in b o th hard and s o ft con son an ts, and th e Nsg form ( w ith desinence -j2Q i s heard in p la c e o f th e Vsg m a in ly in SWTk d ia le c t s near th e NMac b o rd e r. In th e p lu r a l, -e is heard in p la c e o f expected -i_ in ETk d ia le c t s near th e Bg b o rd e r, e .g . k o n je , p e t l e . The p lu r a l expander -o v - u s u a lly appears as -e v - a f t e r s o f t consonants, as in s td SC, a lth o u g h - o v - i s a ls o e n co u n te re d , e .g . m uŽovi. In ETk, however, -e v - i s u s u a lly found a f t e r a l l con son an ts. F in a lly , th e noun muž i s o fte n heard in ETk w ith a p lu r a l expander -j_-, th us mužje a lo n g s id e m ž e v i, m u žo vl, mūži and muïe. Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 ‫ ־‬90 ‫־‬ N e u te r nouns d is t in g u is h o n ly s in g u la r and p lu r a l form s in T k; th e re i s no se p a ra te form f o r th e v o c a tiv e . In the s td lg , on th e o th e r hend, n e u te r nouns have th e same d e c le n s io n as m a scu lin e nouns except th a t Nsg and Asg are alw ays id e n t ic a l in b o th sg and p i . Nsg Tk s è lo s è lo N pl s e la Api sè ia Gsg *Dsg Lsg ls g Vsg s é la s è lu Gpl Dpi Lpl Ip l sê lã seiim a s llim a sê lim a Nsg Asg Gsg Dsg Lsg ls g b id o bł*do N pl Api Gpl Dpi Vsg сr a o SC Nsg Asg Ime Ime N pl Api Gsg Dsg !mena !menu Gpl Dpi Lsg Is g Vsg ìmenu Imenom ime Lpl imènima Ip l imènima Asg sè lu sèlom s è lo brda brdu bfrdu brdom Thus: Lpl Ip l sg s e ló pl s é la brda brda bfdã b rd ima brdim a brdim a sg b fd o pl brdá imèna imèna iménã sg íme pl iména, im e t f ja , e tc . imènima Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 ‫ ־‬91 ‫־‬ In term s o f n e u te r desinences, th e m a jor d iffe r e n c e between Tk and s td SC i s th e wide use in Tk o f expanded p lu r a l fo rm a tio n s such as im ln ja , im e tln a , k o l e t i j a , v l a k n i t i . Fem inine nouns in 8‫ ־‬d is t in g u is h two cases and th e v o c a tiv e in Tk, b u t have o n ly one form in th e p lu r a l. a d d itio n , In in westernm ost Tk d ia le c t s , d a tiv e form s are found f o r anim ate nouns i n b o th s in g u la r and p l u r a l . The s td lg , on th e o th e r hand, has s ix cases p lu s th e v o c a tiv e in th e s in g u la r , and th re e in th e p l u r a l . ( I fo llo w t r a d i t i o n a l fo rm a t i n l i s t i n g a l l s ix case form s s e p a ra te ly . I t is c le a r , however, th a t in the fe m in in e a -d e c le n s io n N p l end A p i cases a re id e n t ic a l, and th a t D p l- L p l- I p l e re re p re se n te d . in t h is d e c le n s io n , as in a l l d e c le n s io n s o f s td SC, by a s in g le fo r m .) Compare: Tk SC Nsg Asg Gsg Dsg žena Leg Is g Vsg îè n i ženu iene íè n i ïenôm ïè n o N pl Api Gpl D pi Lpl Ip l iène ïène íénã íènama ïènama iènama Nsg ïené Asg ïenù (Dsg ìe n é pi ièn e D pi ženrfma) Vsg Xèno Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access -9 2 SC Nsg Asg Gsg Dsg Lsg Is g Vsg p ia n in a p l& n in u p la n in e p l& n in i p ia n in i Tk N pl Api G pl D pi Lpl p la n lriõ m I p l p l& n in o p la n in e p la n in e p la n ín ã Nsg Asg p la n in á p lá n in u Vsg p lá n in o p lá n in e planlnam a planlnam a planlnam a F e m inin e nouns i n a consonant have сюl y .u r a l fo rm s in T k; pl s in g u la r and th e r e i s no se p a ra te v o c a tiv e fo rm . T h a t th e N sg/Asg d i s t i n c t i o n i s m a in ta in e d , how ever, i s seen when a m o d if ie r i s used o r when a d e f i n i t e a r t i c l e i s p o s t- poned, e .g . Nsg p fv a nód/A sg p fv u nód Nsg d e f n o g tá /Asg d e f noStú ( " č " i s w r i t t e n f o r " d ‘1 i n th e second example s in c e a l l Tk d ia le c t s w h ich u t i l i z e th e postposed a r t i c l e have lo s t th e d i s t i n c t i o n between / d / and / ? / ) . In th e s td lg , however, th e se nouns d is t in g u is h th e same number o f cases as do fem \ in in e nouns i n -a , v i z . SC Nsg SC n06 Asg nSd nfcdi Gsg Dsg Lsg Is g Vsg n& di nòdi nÒdu, nodi nbdi N pl nbdi Api nodi nbdT G pl D pi Lpl Ip l sg Tk nód pi nòdi nbdima nbdima nbdima Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access Thus, no noun in Tk has more th a n two d i s t i n c t case form e p lu s th e v o c a tiv e in th e s in g u la r , and a l l have o n ly a s in g le form in th e p l u r a l . The SWTk d ia le c t s in w hich anim ate nouns have th re e s in g u la r form s and tw o p l u r a l form s (due to th e p r e s e rv a tio n o f th e d a tiv e case) a re a v e ry s m a ll m in o r ity i n th e la r g e r Tk g ro u p . I above, s in c e i t have used th e phrase "tw o cases p lu s th e v o c a tiv e " is n o rm a lly agreed th a t th e v o c a tiv e sta n d s o u ts id e th e b a s ic s e t o f g ra m m a tica l o p p o s itio n s w it h in S la v ic no m ina l i n f l e c t i o n . I t does n o t s ig n a liz e s y n t a c tic r e la tio n s h ip s w it h in th e message, b u t i s p u r e ly an a p p e a l to th e person to whom th e speech a c t i s d ir e c t e d . However, s in c e th e v o c a tiv e i s fo r m a lly d is tin g u is h e d by i n f l e c t i o n a l and a c c e n tu a l means in Tk d ia le c t s , I in c lu d e i t in my d i s - c u s s io n o f p a ra d ig m a tic a c c e n tu a l a lt e r n a t io n s . In ETk d ia le c t s , th e g ra m m a tic a l o p p o s itio n d e f i n i t e / i n d e f i n i t e in nouns and, o p t io n a lly , i n a d je c t iv e s , i s s ig n a ile d by means o f a postposed d e f i n i t e a r t i c l e . T h is p o s t- posed a r t i c l e a ls o o ccu rs in Bg and Mac b u t i s unknown in WTk o r s td SC. The in f le c t e d form s o f th e noun w hich may be marked f o r d e fin ite n e s s in t h is way a re th e f o llo w in g : fe m in in e in -a : Nsg, Asg, p i , e .g . î e n â / ï e n é t a , ž e n ū /ž e n J tu , ï é n e / ï e n é t e N e u te r: sg, p l , e .g . s e ló / s e ló t o , s é la /s e lá ta Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access m a scu lin e in a consonant: Nsg, Asg, p l , e .g . s í n / s in é t , s ín a /s in á to g a , s ín o v e /s in o v é te fe m in in e in a consonant: Nsg, Asg, p l , e .g . n ó i / n o i t é , n ó i/n o g tű , n ó g j/ n o ií t e P o s tp o s itiv e a r t i c l e s o f th e fonn ie n a v a , zenana, e t c . , m a rking a le s s e r ( ie n a v a ) o r g re a te r ( ie n a n a ) d is ta n c e from th e speaker than th e n e u t r a l form ie n a t a , a re a ls o heard in a l l th e above in s ta n c e s . The term " d e f i n i t e fo rm s " i n the subsequent d is c u s s io n in c lu d e s such exam ples. Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 00 0 4 6 9 6 0 ‫ ־‬95 ‫־‬ 2 .2 A d je c t iv a l i n f l e c t i o n i n Tk d is tin g u is h e s b o th gender and number. Case i s a ls o d is tin g u is h e d i n th e sg o f th e fem - in in e , and o f th e m asculine when i t b e in g . r e fe r s to an anim ate f The f o llo w in g a d je c t iv a l form s a re th u s p o s s ib le : masc Nsg: c r n , c r n i masc Asg a n im a te : cm oga masc p i : c rn i fem Nsg, Asg, p i : с т а , c rn u , erne n e u t sg, p i : сто , ста A d i s t i n c t i o n between in d e f in it e and d e f i n i t e form s i s a ls o made. In m a scu lin e Nsg, t h is d i s t i n c t i o n i s marked by i n - f l e c t i o n a l means, v iz . the desinence in ite * c r n i) . s ig n i f i e s th e in d e f- fo rm s, and th e desinence - i th e d e f i n i t e one ( c m v s . A l l o th e r form s o f th e sg, and a l l form s o f the p i , mark th e d i s t i n c t i o n by acce nt placem ent, v iz . ( a l l form s a re d e f / in d e f ) : masc Asg fem Nsg c rn ò g a /c rn o g a e ra á /e fn a fem Asg n e u t sg с m ű /c fri и e rn ó /e fa o masc p l fem p i e m í/e fn i neut p l c rn á /c ftia crné/cfne In those a re a s o f ETk where a p o s tp o s itiv e a r t i c l e r e g u la r ly marks d e fin ite n e s s i n nouns, however, i t used a ls o t o mark d e fin ite n e s s in a d je c tiv e s . is o fte n Thus: Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access masc Nsg c m / c m l. ļp t masc Asg с rnoga / с m o t oga fem Nsg fem Asg n e u t sg masc p i c m a /c r n a ta c rn u /c m u tu c m o /c m o to fem p i c r n i/c r n ite c rn e /c rn e te neut p i c rn a /c m a ta Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 -9 7 - 2 .3 Most o f th e a c c e n tu a l a lt e r n a t io n s o f s td SC d e c le n - s io n can be seen i n th e sample paradigm s g iv e n above. Mas- c u lin e nouns w ith Nsg -pf such as pop and кора? a re o x y to n ic , w ith re c e s s iv e m o b ilit y i n Vsg. In o th e r nouns, e .g . no s, we see В- m o b ilit y i n Lsg and in a l l p l u r a l cases. F in a lly , th e re i s an А -m o b ile ty p e ( e .g . konac) w ith end s tre s s in th e s in g u la r and stem s tr e s s in th e p lu r a l ; these nouns a ls o have th e same re c e s s iv e m o b ilit y in th e Vsg as кора? and p o p . « N e u te r nouns have two m o b ile p a tte r n s , A ‫ ־‬m o b ilit y (as e x e m p lifie d by s e lo ) end m a rg in a l m o b ilit y b rd o and im e ). (as seen in T h a t b rd o i s m a r g in a lly m o b ile and n o t . B‫ ־‬m o b ile i s seen by th e Asg uz b r d o . In s td SC, fe m in in e nouns i n ‫ ־‬a have two d if f e r e n t g e n e ra l p a tte r n s i n w hich re c e s s iv e m o b ilit y i s m a n ife s te d . Nouns l i k e žena a re end s tre s s e d in a l l form s except f o r i n i t i a l s tre s s i n Vsg, w h ile nouns l i k e p ia n in a have i n i t i a l s tre s s in Asg, Dsg, Vsg and NApl opposed to end s tre s s in o th e r fo rm s . S ince th e stems o f most fe m in in e a^-nouns are m o n o s y lla b ic , th e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f re c e s s iv e m o b ilit y (as opposed to A - m o b ilit y ) can be assured o n ly by p r e p o s itio n a l phrases such as r& noge. S ince th e p r e p o s itio n ņa fu n c tio n s as p a r t o f th e word, th e stem s y lla b le nog- i s seen t o be a s te m - fin a l s y lla b le , w hich lo s e s i t s acce nt t o th e i n i t i a l s y lla b le . Bayerische Sta&*5bibl10theK Мйпсг.ѳп Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access F e m inin e nouns i n a consonant may have m a rg in a l m o b il‫־‬ ity : f i n a l s tr e s s i n Lsg and o b liq u e p l u r a l cases i s opposed t o stem s tr e s s in o th e r form s ( c f . b & le s ti v s . b o l è s t i ) . S in c e Tk d ia le c t s have l o s t a l l o b liq u e cases, we can e xp e ct n o m in a l a c c e n tu a l p a tte r n s to be s im p le r th a n those found in th e s td lg . We can e xp e ct th a t th e most common a l ‫־‬ t e m a t io n w i l l be between sg and p i fo rm s. In m a scu lin e nouns i n a co n so n a n t, we sh o u ld f in d b o th A - pnd B -m o b ile ty p e s , in n e u te r nouns A‫ ־‬m o b ile and m a rg in a l ty p e s , and in fe m in in e *1-nouns, re c e s s iv e m o b ilit y . We can a ls o e xp e ct a re c e s s iv e m o b ile r e la t io n s h ip between Nsg and Vsg in fe m in in e a-nouns and m a s c u lin e nouns. S ince th e m a rg in a l m o b ilit y a tte s te d in fe m in in e nouns in a consonant in s td SC con ce rn s o n ly o b liq u e ca se s, we do n o t expect th a t these nouns w i l l be m o b ile i n T k , N or do we expect t h a t th e r e - c e s s iv e m o b ilit y a f f e c t i n g th e Dsg o f a ‫ ־‬nouns w i l l be r e ‫־‬ f le e t e d , s in c e th e SWTk d ia le c t s w hich have d a tiv e form s use th e Qsg d e sin e n ce i n d a tiv e fu n c tio n . F in a lly , on th e b a s is o f com parison w ith th e s td lg , we expect an A -m o b ile a lt e r n a t io n o p p o sin g i n d e f i n i t e I n th e f i e l d tio n s • to d e f i n i t e a d je c tiv e s . I fo un d e vid e n ce o f a l l th e se a lt e r n a ‫־‬ The d i s t r i b u t i o n o f stems among th e a c c e n tu a l p a t ‫־‬ te r n s d i f f e r s s h a rp ly from t h a t o f th e s td lg in c e r t a in cases, how ever. F u r th e r , I found two a lt e r n a t io n s w hich a re n o t known i n th e 6 td l g . One i s an o p p o s itio n o f Asg Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 00 0 4 6 9 6 0 ‫ ־‬99 ‫־‬ to Nmv form s, and was a p p a re n tly n o t known to p re v io u s in v e s t ig a t o r s . The o th e r, c o n d itio n e d by th e presence o f th e postposed a r t i c l e , was m entioned b r i e f l y by B e lić , b u t n o t co n sid e re d an o rg a n ic p a r t o f th e d i a le c t (1905a: 4 5 6 ). On th e c o n tr a r y , I found th a t i t o c c u rre d q u ite r e g u la r ly in Tk d ia le c t s . I w i l l d is c u s s f i r s t th e a c c e n tu a tio n o f v o c a tiv e form s (s e c. 2 .4 ) and then d a tiv e form s (s e c . 2 . 5 ) • I w ill then c o n s id e r Asg form s o f a -d e c le n s io n fe m in in e nouns and th e a c c e n tu a l r e la tio n s h ip between Nsg and Asg o f th e se nouns (s e c s. 2 . 6 - 2 . 8 ‫ ) ־‬. The a c c e n tu a tio n o f th e n u m e ra tiv e form w i l l be tre a te d n e x t ( 2 . 9 ) . F i n a ll y , I w i l l tu r n to . th e a c c e n tu a l r e la tio n s h ip s between sg and p i o f nouns, t r e a t in g f i r s t fe m in in e a -d e c le n s io n nouns (s e c s . 2 .1 0 ‫־ ־‬ 2 . 13 ) , then n e u te r nouns (s e cs. 2 .1 4 - - 2 .1 7 ) and f i n a l l y m a scu lin e nouns in в consonant (s e c s . 2 . 1 8 - - 2 . 2 1 ) . Accen- t u a l s h i f t s occasioned by th e prese nce o f a postposed a r tid e in nouns are discussed in secs. 2 .2 2 - - 2 .2 4 . The d e f / in d e f o p p o s itio n in a d je c tiv e s i s tr e a te d in secs. 2 . 2 2 . 2 7 ‫ ־ ־ ל‬and a summary o f n o m in a l a lt e r n a t io n s i n Tk t o g e th e r w ith a b r i e f survey o f in n o v a tiv e tre n d s in the system o f nom inal a lte r n a tio n s a re g iv e n in se cs. 2 . 28 ‫־ ־‬ 2 . 30 . Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access - 1 0 0 - 2 .4 By com parison w ith s td SC d a ta , we expect w o r d - i n i t i a l s tr e s s in th e Vsg o f q u e s tio n n a ire ite m s w hich show end s tr e s s in th e Nsg, i . e . a re c e s s iv e m o b ile a lt e r n a t io n in TK and WBg. In th e se a re a s , however, th e g re a t m a jo r ity o f nouns had stem s tr e s s in the Vsg. In th e case o f d i s s y l l a - b ic nouns, where stem s tr e s s always c o in c id e s w ith i n i t i a l s t r e s s , a l l v o c a tiv e form s show th e expected word i n i t i a l a c c e n t, v i z . p o in t s ) . s é s tr o , ï é n o , pòpe, kűme ( a l l in v e s t ig a t io n B ut to d e te rm in e w hether t h i s i s A -m o b ile o r re c e s s iv e m o b ile , we must examine t r i s y l l a b i c fo rm s . Here we f i n d more in t e r e s t in g v a r ie t y : v o c a tiv e s te m - fin a l b a ry to n e s (none o f w hich were in c lu d e d in th e q u e s tio n n a ire ) n o rm a lly have s tr e s s on the same stem s y lla b le in th e Vsg as i n o th e r fo rm s, e .g . s v in já rK o (B 314: 220/334 ) , devò.jko ( i b i d : 2 1 6 /3 4 4 ). Stems which a re o x y to n ic in s td SC ( e .g . ovčajr, o v c á ra , o v i á r i ) o r m o b ile ( e .g . p ia n in a , p lâ n in u , p la n in e ) have i n i t i a l s tre s s in th e v o c a tiv e : Ь ѵ іa r e , p la n in o , thus a re c e s s iv e m o b ile a lt e r n a t io n [M ]. G iven s im ila r a c c e n tu ‫־‬ a t io n in ETK ( o v iá r , o v ia r á , o v ia ré in C in and p la n in á , p ia n in u , p la n in e in CTim [CT 395 ])> one would expect a sim i l a r re c e s s iv e a lt e r n a t io n in TK. However, Vsg form s o f th e s e nouns were a lm o st always a tte s te d w ith s te m - fin a l s tr e s s . Compare: Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 ‫ ־‬1 0 1 ‫־‬ ( w ith desinence ‫־‬£ ) CWTk SWTk ETk CWBg NWBg ETk govedáre (Sarb) k o s á ie (Sarb, Sii) oviá re (Sarb, Sil) svlnjáre (Serb, T rg ) drváre (K r, CT 395) oviáre (Cin, K r, CT 395) 11s v in j á r e , gospodáre, i . t . d " o f iá r e (T 27 4 :3 0 8 /2 0 7 ) o f iá r e (G 130) govedáru (K r) .junáku kopáiu kosáiu drváru oviáru ! (CT 395) (Cin) (Cin) (Cin) (K r) (K r) ( w ith desinence - ^ ) ETk kovái kopái (VR) (VR) SWTk k o s á i (VR) govedár (VR) govedár (T rg ) In f a c t , th e o n ly d e v ia tio n from t h i s p a tte r n i n my d a ta are th e forms ETk drvaré SWTK o v ia rê (Cin) (Pas) compare a ls o o v ia ré in Preáevo (Вкр 195) D e s in e n tia l s tre s s in th e SWTk form s is perhaps due to fa c ‫־‬ t o r s o f sentence in to n a tio n , p a r t i c u l a r l y in th e f i r s t in s ta n c e , s in c e a s tre s s e d Vsg desinence o ccu rre d o fte n in Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access - 1 0 2 - Pas ( c f . D anicô a t te s t e d i n th e same v i l l a g e ) . S ince t h is le n g th e n in g o c c u rre d o n ly i n th e c o n te x t o f a c a l l , it is v e ry l i k e l y a f a c t o f sen te n ce in to n a tio n r a th e r th a n a m a n ife s ta tio n o f a morphophonemic a c c e n tu a l p a tte r n . i s in t e r e s t in g , It th o u g h , t h a t t h i s in t o n a t io n a l p a tte r n appears to draw th e a c c e n t t o th e f i n a l s y lla b le in these examples, c f . in t h i s re g a rd s td Macedonian (L u n t 1952:31), where such a le n g th e n in g does cause a change in the p la ce o f a c c e n t. On th e o th e r hand, i n i t i a l s tr e s s i s found in G n jila n e and B u ja no vac: SWTk ó v fa re k ó v a ie (Bkg 87, Bkp 195) (Bkg 87) Note t h a t th e a re a s w it h e n d -s tre s s e d Vsg, Pasjane (1 3 0 / 224) and P re le v o (1 3 9 /2 1 8 ) a re lo c a te d q u ite n e a r th o se w ith i n i t i a l l y - s t r e s s e d Vsg, G n jila n e (1 28 /22 8) and Bujanovac (1 4 6 /2 2 8 ). I was n o t a b le t o e l i c i t Vsg form s f o r nouns o f the p ia n in a ty p e , n o r does B e lić g iv e any such fo rm s. Only in S o f and NWBg do we f in d exam ples o f re c e s s iv e m o b ilit y : S of NWBg p lá n in o p la n in o (Sg 29) (T 2 7 5 :2 5 0 /3 3 7 ) In KR, th e v o c a tiv e o f m o b ile and o x y to n ic stems n o rm a lly has i n i t i a l s tr e s s , as in th e s td lg . Fem inine nouns o f th e ty p e p ia n in a , how ever, have s te m - fin a l b a ry to n e s is in a l l fo rm s , v i z . NE KR le d ìn a le d ln u le d ln o (KRt 104) Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access F i n a l l y , NMac, where nom inal a c c e n t appears g e n e r a lly bound t o th e same stem s y l la b le i n a l l fo rm s , has no a c c e n tu a l a l t e r n a t i o n i n th e Vsg ( c f . V 9 *0 • , We th u s have a c o n tr a s t between re c e s s iv e m o b ilit y i n s td SC end A‫ ־‬m o b i l i t y i n T k . S in ce most nouns e x h i b i t - in g m o b i l i t y c o n s is t o f o n ly tw o s y l l a b l e s , in c lu d in g th e de sinence, th e d i s t i n c t i o n i s ob scured, however. Only i n p o l y s y l l a b i c nouns, w hether o r i g i n a l c irc u m fle x e s such as p ia n in a o r o r i g i n a l oxytones such as o v i a r , can th e d i f f e r enee be seen. ty p e i n T k . There a re no examples o f Vsg o f th e fo rm e r Examples a t te s te d o f th e l a t t e r ty p e suggest t h a t a Nsg/Vsg e c c e n tu e l a l t e r n a t i o n i s r e ta in e d , b u t t h a t . th e o ld e r m a rg in a l ( i . e . desinence v s . w o r d - i n i t i a l ) ty p e has been re p la c e d by a c e n t r a l (d e sin e n ce v s . s t e m - f in a l) ty p e o f a l t e r n a t i o n . A p p a re n tly th e re c e s s iv e m o b ile N s g / Vsg a l t e r n a t i o n i n m o n o s y lla b ic stems such as s e s t r á / s é s t r o has been r e in t e r p r e t e d as А- m o b i l i t y (a d e s in e n c e /s te m - fin a l a l t e r n a t i o n ) , and t h i s p a t t e r n o f m o b i l i t y has been extended t o p o l y s y l l a b i c nouns as w e ll, c f . S tanoj e v i l ' s re fe re n c e t o th e "new er" a c c e n tu a l p a t t e r n [ A s g / p l] d r v a r â /d r v á r e (1911: 3 9 5 )‫י‬ The tendency t o use Nsg form s as v o c a tiv e s (noted by B e lić [ 1 9 0 5 a :3 1 5 ] , V id o e s k i [1 9 6 2 :1 3 8 ], Todorov [1939:276] and J o v ić [1 9 6 8 :8 0 ]) m ig h t a ls o s u p p o rt th e accent o f th e Nsg s u rfa c e form o v iá r even where th e Vsg desinence was used (th u s o v íá re .) ^ Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 2 .5 The d a t iv e case has been e lim in a te d as a se p a ra te c a te g o ry in most a re a s o f T o r ia k ; it i s m a in ta in e d o n ly in th e d e c le n s io n o f an im a te nouns and o n ly i n th e w e s te rn most areas o f Tk. In G re can ica and Dvorane, th e two westernmost in v e s - t i g a t i o n p o in t s , d a t iv e form s were heard r e g u la r ly i n nouns s i g n i f y i n g anim ate b e in g s . S in ce Dvorane shows f ix e d pen- u lt im a t e a cce n t i n a l l n o m in a l fo rm s, th e a c c e n tu a tio n o f th e Dsg i s o f no i n t e r e s t h e re , and w i l l n o t be d iscu ssed fu rth e r. In G rac, a c c e n t seemed t o d is t i n g u i s h Dsg and D pi from o th e r form s o n ly i n c e r t a i n o f th e q u e s tio n n a ire nouns d e n o tin g an im a te b e in g s . SWTk The p e r t in e n t examples a re : Dsg snaé (Nsg snáa, Asg snáu, p l snáe) (Gra?) Dsg ženē (Nsg í é n é , Asg ié n u , p l žēne) (Gra?) Dsg s e s tr é (Nsg s é s t r a , Asg s é s t r u , p l s é s t r e ) (Gra?) I n th e SWTk d i a l e c t o f D ja k o v ic a , however, th e a l t e r n a t i o n i s a p p a re n tly a b s e n t, c f . SWTk k a ž i gu t v ó j e s é s tr e (D j 111) vikam iè n e (D j 106) O th e r a -d e c le n s io n nouns w hich m ig h t be expected to have end s tr e s s i n Dsg had stem s tr e s s In s te a d , v i z . SWTk Dsg k ó z i (Nsg kóza, Asg kózu, p l k ö z e ) (G ra?— n o te th e desinence as i n s td SC and n o t -e 8s i s more u s u a l i n Tk and KR) Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 - 105 ‫־‬ Dsg ópce (Nsg ópca, Asg ópcu, p l ópce) (Grač) ( s td SC Dsg ö v e i) I n D p i, however, these nouns had d e s i n e n t i a l s t r e s s , v i z . opeáma, к ozárna (G ra č), a lo n g s id e th e end s t r e s s i n ienáma « (Gra?) w hich was expected on th e b a s is o f end s tr e s s i n Dsg. O th e r nouns a tte s te d w ith d e sin e n ce s tr e s s i n D pi i n - e lu d e : SWTk nogáma (unexpected, c f . decáma rūkama) (Grač) svinjám a There was no m o b i l i t y i n m a s c u lin e nouns i n SWTk w ith re s p e c t t o Dsg o r D p i, e .g . SWTk Dsg pópu (Nsg pop, Asg pópa) (Gra?) Dpi popóvlma (N p l p o p ó v i) (G rač) Dsg kó n ju (Nsg k ó n j , Asg kőn j a ) (G rač) Dpi kó n j ima ( p l . k ó n j i ) (G rač) Thus o n ly i n th e fe m in in e ^ - d e c le n s io n nouns d e n o tin g anim ate b e in g s i s th e re an a c c e n tu a l a l t e r n a t i o n opposing Dsg t o o th e r cases o f th e s in g u la r . i l a r a lte r n a tio n ; i n KR i t nouns, c f . vodê (KRt 105). i n th e SW ( c f . KR d i a l e c t s show a sim - i s n o t r e s t r i c t e d t o anim ate The a l t e r n a t i o n i s a t t e s t e d both žena/ženē, sn&a/snaê, and s ^ s t r a / s e s t r ž i n v a r i a t i o n w ith s e s tre [ E ] ) , and th e NE ( r£ ko ŽenŽ, okr e n i se s e s tr ê (KRt 9 7 ), da ponfese ženē (KRs 2 9 7 ). The desinence appears t o correspond to th e Gsg d e sin e n ce o f th e s td lg , w hich i n KR has taken over th e f u n c t io n o f Gsg, Dsg and Lsg Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access ( J o v i i 1 9 6 8 :9 7 ). The lo n g vow el i n t h i s desinence, w hich a ls o corresponds t o t h a t i n th e s td l g , accounts f o r th e n o n r e tr a c t i o n o f a cce nt i n SW KR. I n NE KR, a l l nouns w ith lo n g r o o t v o c a lis m which a re marked by D a n iiid as o x y to n ic o r m o b ile have o x y to n e s is i n GDLsg. N o rm a lly t h i s i s m a n ife s te d by i c t u s on th e d e sin e n ce ( v i z . r u k $ ) b u t J o v id ( i b i d ) n o te s t h a t form s w it h r e t r a c t e d i c t u s such as rdke a re becoming more common. As t o stems w it h s h o r t r o o t v o c a lis m , th e y ap- p e a r sometimes w it h e n d -s tre s s e d GDLsg form s ( e .g . vodê, KRt 105 ) end sometimes w it h s te m -s tre s s e d GDLsg fo rm s, e .g . vode o r vodê, i§ n e o r ie n ê , z& m lje o r z e m ljê , noge o r nogê, s e s tre o r s e s t r ê , koze o r kozê (KRt 105); and z e m ljê , z o rê , vodê (KRs 297) v s . z l m l j e , z o r e , vSde (KRs 298) . Only the l a t t e r typ e appears t o be a t t e s t e d i n th e Resava area f o r such nouns, v i z . ie n e , s e s tr e (KRr 322)• Dpi forms were u s u a lly e n d -s tre s s e d i n SWKR and NE KR, c f . ženama, rukama (KRs 298 ) , oveama (E ). In ETk, d a t iv e form s a re r a r e . I recorded none i n my ETk v i l l a g e s ; B e lid g iv e s v e ry few examples, a l l w it h stem s tr e s s e xce pt po d iá d é (В 339*216/33*0 and baâté (В 3 3 9 :2 3 3 /3 2 6 ). " Is tin a S ta n o je v id (1911:398) n o te s th e f o llo w in g : r e tk o , a l i j e v r l o in te r e s a n tn o , da se i u obiinom govoru n a la z i d a t i v je d n in e na -e , d é l som ie n é . 11 B e lid , however, d is c o u n ts t h i s fo rm : "U d a t. ie n é tre b a ne sum njivo v i d e t i u t i c a j re sa vsko g g o v o ra " (1 9 1 3 b :1 4 0 ). NMac has no Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 ‫ ־‬107 - se p a ra te d a tiv e form . Among th e few d a t iv e form s recorded by Todorov f o r WBg a re : TWBg S of s p r o t i K lavé (T 2 7 1 :2 9 3 /2 5 0 ) s é s tri ( i b i d : 327 / 348 ) I n NSV, d a tiv e forms a re r e g u la r i n th e d e c le n s io n o f nouns d e n o tin g anim ate be in g s, b u t th e r e i s n e v e r any m o b i l i t y o f a cce nt i n th e s in g u la r , c f . Mladenov 1969:147. Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 0 00 4 6 9 6 0 ‫ ־‬108 ‫־‬ 2 .6 C h a rt 1 summarizes th e Nsg/Asg a l t e r n a t i o n in d e c le n s io n fe m in in e nouns. O x y to n e s is , sym b o lize d [ o ] , i s end s t r e s s i n b o th Nsg and Asg, e .g . ETK g le v á /g le v r i (S te j-R e d ) [o ] w h ile b a r y to n e s is [b ] i s stem s tr e s s i n b o th fo rm s, e .g . SWTK g lá v a /g lá v u (Gra?) [b ] M o b i l i t y i s sym b o lize d [M] when s tr e s s f a l l s on a p re c e d in g p r e p o s i t io n ; ETK g la v á /n á g la v u b u t as [m] when i t th e p r e p o s i t i o n , ETK fa lls (C in ) [M] on th e stem s y l l a b l e in s te a d o f on e .g . g la v á /n e g lá v u (K r) [m] Where no p r e p o s i t i o n p lu s noun sequence was re c o rd e d , th e a l t e r n a t i o n g la v á /g lá v u i s sym b o lize d [m] As can be seen i n th e c h a r t , (c f. sec. 1 .1 5 ). n e a r ly h a l f th e q u e s tio n - n a ir e nouns h^ve end s t r e s s i n th e s td l g i n b o th Nsg and Asg ( e . g . b r á z d a /b r á z d u ) , end th e o th e r h a l f have m o b i l i t y g lá v a / g lâ v u ) . O nly one i s b a r y t o n ie , ( e .g . v i z . važka/vaSKu. S ince b o th Nsg end Asg d e sin e n ce s c o n s is t o f open f i n e l s y lle b le s , th e e f f e c t s o f p a r o x y to n e s is on th e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f e c c e n tu a l p a t t e r n s a re c l e a r . NMec, SWTK and SW KR have o n ly stem s tr e s s i n NAsg, and NE KR hes stem s t r e s s i f th e r o o t vowel i s s h o r t. T rg , and to a le s s e r e x t e n t S erb, heve b o r d e r ‫ ־‬zone c h e r a c te r i s t i c s — where a s la s h s e p e re te s two symbols i n these columns, th e f i r s t symbol r e f e r s t o th e i n v e s t i g a t i o n p o i n t i t s e l f and th e second t o th e v i l l a g e s a d ja c e n t t o i t on th e e a s te rn s id e . Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 0 00 4 6 9 6 0 ‫ ־‬109 ‫־‬ ( S ta j and Rad i n th e f i r s t case and DP i n th e s e co n d .) N o r- m a lly , stem s tr e s s i n T rg o r Sarb c o rre s p o n d s t o end s tr e s s i n th e same lexeme i n S t a j -Rad and DP, r e s p e c t iv e ly . I I n ETk and i n th o s e CWTk v i l l a g e s r e l a t i v e l y u n a ffe c - te d by p a ro x y to n e s is , we f in d t h a t a lm o s t a l l nouns w hich a re o x y to n ic i n the s td l g ( w it h re s p e c t t o Nsg/Asg o n ly , o f co u rse ) a re o x y to n ic here a ls o . O nly re k a , to r b a and tr a v a seem t o be more f r e q u e n t l y a t t e s t e d w ith b a r y t o n e s i s ( n o te p a r t i c u l a r l y th e d a t a on t h e c h a r t f o r S i i , S a rb , T rg and VR). But a s u r p r i s i n g l y la rg e number o f th e nouns w hich are m o b ile in s td SC, more th a n h a l f o f them i n f a c t , a re o x y 2 t o n ic i n ETTk ( c f . on th e c h a rt g re d a , zim a, i g l a , kosa , m agla, medja, m e tia , p e ta and r o s a ) . We have seen above th a t end s t r e s s i n Nsg may be a c companied by e i t h e r end s tr e s s i n Asg, e .g . ove á /o vc 1Î [о ] o r by stem s tr e s s i n Asg, e .g . nogá/nógu [m] End s tr e s s i n Asg a lm o st always im p lie s end s t r e s s i n Nsg, however: we do n o t f i n d В-m o b ile a c c e n tu a tio n , e .g . ♦ g lá v a /g la v ű i n fe m in in e «а-d e c le n s io n nouns. * [n ] The o n ly p o s s ib le in s ta n c e s o f such a c c e n tu a tio n i n my data a re CWTk m é t la and roetlá v s . m e tld (S arb ) gréda and gredá v s . g re d d (S arb) Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access -1 1 0 - ïe n à and žfēna v s . ženū SVTTk (T rg ) z é m lja (and z e m ljá ? ) v s . z e m ljil ( S t a j) I n each case, end s t r e s s was f i r m l y a t t e s t e d i n Asg b u t th e re was v a c i l l a t i o n between end s t r e s s and stem s tr e s s i n Nsg. I assume t h a t end s t r e s s i n Asg re p re s e n ts an o x y to n ic Nsg/Asg r e l a t i o n s h i p and t h a t v a c i l l a t i o n i n Nsg i s due to in flu e n c e fro m th e s td l g . ETk Compare B r o c h 's d a ta : ï éné and ïé n a v s . ženū ^ (B r 248:228 /30 8; B r 2 9 7 :2 3 6 /3 0 9 ) Even th e s i n g l e example o f b a r y to n e s is i n th e s td l g , vaska, i s o x y t o n ic i n ETk. NE KR a ls o te n d s t o have c o n s is te n t end s tr e s s in nouns w it h lo n g r o o t v o c a lis m , where s td SC has m o b i l i t y i n th e same lexemes; compare J o v id : n a t iv / a f c u z a t iv " A k u z a tiv Jednine i nom i- množine su o b i č n i j i sa ' 1968:102) ‫ )״‬. He in d ic a t e s t h a t o x y to n e s is i n Nsg/Asg p a ir s i s even more u s u a l th a n t h a t i n s i n g u l a r / p l u r a l p a i r s , c f . " A k u z a tiv je d n in e j e uvek sa ' , sem и imenicama g la v a duša, ru k a , k ő je mogu im a t i i л ( i b i d , my i t a l i c s ) I n WBg and EMac th e Nsg and th e Asg forms have th e same d e sin e n ce s i n some p la c e s , b u t tra c e s o f an a c c e n tu a l d i s t i n c t i o n can s t i l l be seen; EMac ovcá (Nsg) vs. c f . f o r in s ta n c e (MDA: Gab) d ó t e r a j gu ó v c a t a g lá v á (Nsg) (MDA: Zel) (MDA: Zel) Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 ‫ ־‬111 ‫־‬ VS. na gláva ( ib id ) U n fo r tu n a te ly the MDA f i l e s do n o t g iv e s u f f i c i e n t in fo rm a t i o n on p o s s ib le a c c e n tu a l d if f e r e n c e s between these o t h e r w ise homonymous form s; is little we may t e n t a t i v e l y surm ise t h a t th e re tr a c e o f a Nsg/Asg a l t e r n a t i o n i n th o s e EMac areas w hich p e rm it s tre s s on open f i n a l s y l l a b l e s . I n NSV, where th e Asg desinence i s d i s t i n c t from th e Nsg ( r d k a / r d k u ) , th e two forms a re never d is tin g u is h e d by p la c e o f a c c e n t (M ia denov 1969:147). Thus, Nsg/Asg form s i n NSV a re e i t h e r b o th e n d -s tre s s e d o r both s te m -s tre s s e d ; th e m a jo r it y o f ite m s on my q u e s tio n n a ire a re e n d -s tre s s e d i n Nsg-Asg. The r e s t o f WBg d i a l e c t s show a v a r ie g a te d p i c t u r e . S ince o n ly TWBg and a p o r t io n o f NWBg d i a l e c t s d i s t i n g u i s h Asg from Nsg, no in fo r m a tio n i s g iv e n i n th e c h a r t f o r S o f, K ju s o r СWBg. An o c c a s io n a l symbol i n one o f th e se columns r e f e r s to an a d v e r b ia l form w hich re p re s e n ts a remnant o f p r e p o s it io n p lu s Asg. Of the WBg d i a l e c t s i n w hich Asg forms are Known, the desinence -u i s common o n ly i n th e westernm ost ( t r a n s i t i o n a l ) d i a l e c t s ( c f . T 2 7 1 ), w h ile NWBg d i a l e c t s w hich d is t in g u is h Asg form s u s u a lly have th e d e s inence -a o r -o . Since th e re i s v a r i a t i o n as to s tr e s s p la c e - ment in Asg forms in TWBg and NWBg, I w i l l l i s t th e p e r t in e n t examples h e re , g iv in g f o r each lexeme th e examples from TWBg f i r s t and th ose from NWBg second* Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 -1 1 2 - TWBg ïe n é (T 2 7 3 :2 2 9 /2 3 0 — l i s t e d as Asg) za le n é (T 2 7 3 :2 2 0 /2 2 3 ) na žend 31 (T 25 3:239/250) žend (T 2 1 8 :2 3 1 /2 3 4 ) žend s l (Tg 2 0 4:293 /25 0) za žend (T 2 7 3 :2 2 0 /2 2 3 , KK 6 0 0:220 /22 3) vs. na edné ïén a (T 273:235/1236) žēnu NWBg (T 2 7 3 :2 5 2 /3 2 8 ) na i e n é s i (T 2 7 1 :3 1 4 /3 4 9 ) b íe Zené s i (T 2 7 2 :3 3 1 /3 1 1 ) dzvezdá (T 2 7 3 : 3 1 0 / 3 4 4 - - lis t e d as Asg) vs. o t dzvézdu (T 2 7 3:335 /32 0) (no examples f o r TWBg) TWBg к ru s reká (T 2 7 3 :252 /32 8) vs. ré k u (T 2 7 3 :2 3 1 /2 3 4 , KK 6 0 3 :2 2 0 /2 2 3 ) p o kra é reku (T 32 3:239/250) (no examples f o r NWBg) TWBg na d f v u tu s v ln .id (T 2 7 2 :2 3 3 /3 ^1 ) s v ln .id (0 110:233/341) vs. svín .iu (T 2 73 : 231/ 234 ) (no examples f o r NWBg) TWBg NWBg t r a ž i tr á v u (T 27 2:240/331) bes t r e v é (T 2 7 2 :4 0 9 /3 2 2 ) vs. u t r é va (T 3 2 2:324 /33 1) t d r u t r é va (T 2 7 2 :2 2 1 /3 4 8 ) Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access TWBg vodá s i nema (T 2 6 6 :2 4 0 /2 3 1 ) od .jednd kápku vodá (T 2 7 3 :2 5 2 /3 2 8 ) vóda vs . (T 2 7 3 :2 3 7 /2 3 2 ‫ ״‬l i s t e d as Asg) vódu (T 2 1 8 :2 3 9 /2 5 0 , T 2 7 3 :2 3 1 /2 3 4 , Tg 188: 239/ 250 ) vóda (0 9 7 :2 3 3 /3 4 1 — used as Asg) NWBg zé voda (T 2 7 2 :3 0 4 /3 4 0 ) nósu vódu (T 2 7 3 :3 2 7 /3 4 9 ) né vödи (T 2 7 3 :2 2 1 /3 4 8 ) (Note t h a t th e o n ly two examples o f end s tr e s s In Asg forms o f t h i s noun a re when i t i s used in a p a r t i t i v e c o n s t r u c t io n . ) TWBg g la v ű (T 2 1 8 :2 4 3 /3 4 4 ) vs. r U vu (T 2 1 8 :2 3 9 /2 5 0 , ib id :2 4 3 /3 4 4 , T 27 3 :2 3 1 /2 3 4 , Tg 19 2 :2 3 9 /2 5 0 , Tp 5 6 :i b i d , 0 110 : 233/ 341 ) NWBg d lg n ú l g la vá and ne d ig a g lá v u glévu (T 273:221/348) (T 2 1 8 :3 ^ 3 /3 3 3 ) TWBg u .jédnu góru (T 2 7 2 :2 5 8 /3 0 1 ) prekó .jędrni góru (T 2 7 3 :2 3 9 /2 5 0 , Tg 187: i b i d ) n lz edná góra (KK 5 8 5 :2 2 9 /2 3 0 ) NWBg goré (T 2 7 2 :3 4 3 /3 3 3 ) vs. góru (T 2 1 8 :3 2 7 /3 4 1 ) TWBg n o s íle su kósu (T 2 7 2 :2 4 0 /3 3 1 ) kósu (T 2 1 8 :3 3 5 /3 2 0 ) vs. nósat kosé (T 272:409/322) .ļa nose kosé (T 2 7 2 :3 4 5 /3 2 6 ) Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 00 0 4 6 9 6 0 ‫ ־‬114 ‫־‬ (None o f these forms a re g iv e n i n c o n te x t and i t i s th u s u n c le a r w h e th e r th e y mear. " h a ir " o r "s c y th e ".) A survey o f the above data shows t h a t s te m -s tre s s e d Asg forms a re n e a r ly tw ic e as fre q u e n t i n TWBg (25 examples o f stem s tr e s s v s . 13 o f end s tr e s s ) as i n NWBg (10 examp ie s o f stem s tr e s s v s . 8 o f end s t r e s s ) . Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 00046960 -115- 2 .7 When stem s tr e s s i n Asg i s a t t e s t e d , does i t sen t re c e s s iv e m o b ilit y ? re p re - To re s o lv e t h i s q u e s tio n , we must know w hether a cce n t f a l l s on a p re c e d in g p r e p o s it io n o r n o t. My data i n t h i s re s p e c t u n fo r t u n a t e ly re s o lv e th e q u e s tio n o n ly i n a m in o r it y o f cases* ETk Compare: ná vodu (C in , VR, В 2 7 9 :2 1 6 /3 3 *) ü vodu (CT 397, В 279:216/334, B r 2 4 7 :2 1 3 / 306) dó vodu (В 27 9:216/334) ná vodu and na vódu (Tk) but 2a vódu и vódu TWBg S of NWBg ná ná ná ná voda voda vodu voda (B r 292:236/309) (B r 24 5:216/306) (T 273:235/236 (Sp 45) (T 2 7 3:221 /34 8) (T 27 2:304/340) EMac ná voda and od vódá CWTk dó p i a vu ód g la v u pó g la v u (MDA: Z e l) (В 279:210/247) ( ib id ) (B 27 9:157/300) ná g la v u (Sarb) b u t na g lá v u i n a d ja c e n t DP ETk ná g la v u (B r 289:236 /30 9, В 279:200/322, i b i d : 220/334, i b i d : 2 2 3 /3 2 4 ) ü g la v u (B 279:206/33^ is p ó d g la v u (B 2 7 9 :2 1 6 /3 3 4 —n o te t h a t s tr e s s does n o t o c c u r on I n i t i a l s y l l a b l e o f p r e p o s it io n ) ná g la v u and na g lá v u na g lá v u (C in ) (K r) Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access - TWBg K ju s 116 - u g lá v u (B r 2 1 3 :2 0 9 /2 3 3 ) ná g la v u (T 2 3 1:244 /32 9) pó g la v u (T 2 3 1 :2 3 9 /2 5 0 , Tp 5 0 :2 3 9 /2 5 0 ) p re z g lá v a (K j 79) but d ó g la v a - - l i s t e d as an adverb ( i b i d ) S of n á g la v a - - l i s t e d as an adverb EMac po g lá v a 2a g lá v a (MDA: Z e l) ( ib id ) na g lá v a ( ib id ) NE KR pžd g la v u и g la v u CWTk ETк u góru ú goru (Sg 44) (KRs 322) ( ib id ) (S il) (CT kako l i s 397) ná goru (В 30 9 :2 4 2 /3 0 3 , ib id : 219/ З І З ) TWBg ű goru TWBg o t dzvézdu SWTk od zémnju i z zémnju CWTk ná zem 1.1и (В 2 7 9 :1 5 7 /3 0 0 ) vs . na zémlju (S arb) ú zeml.ļu (VR, В 3 10:2 23/300) ó zem lju (B 310:233/316) ЕГГк (T 231:231/234 ) (T 2 7 3 :3 3 5 /3 2 0 ) (Bkg Г4) (Bkv 44) vs. od z é m lju (B 3 1 0 :2 1 6 /3 3 4 ) na zévnu (B 3 0 9 :2 2 5 /3 0 4 ) ETk p re k ó zimu , (B 2 8 0 :2 1 6 /3 3 4 — n o te n o n i n i t i a l s t r e s s on th e p r e p o s it io n ) Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access SWTk préd zoru (Вкр 189 ) vs . и dzóru ( ib id : 2 0 0 ) CWTk u zóru ЕГГК do zóru (В 3 1 0 :1 5 5 /3 1 9 ) ú zoru (К г ) SWTk ETk (S il) za nógu (B r 135:159/229) zá nogu (В 2 7 9 :2 1 6 /3 3 4 ) pód nogu ( i b i d ) vs. na nógu (K r) TWBg K jus NE KR zá pó ná na ETk ná reku TWBg 1Î SWTk CWTk ETk nogu nogu noga nogu (T 2 3 2 :2 4 0 /3 3 1 ) (Tp 5 0 :2 3 5 /2 5 0 ) (K j 78‫ ־ ־‬l i s t e d as an adverb) (KRs 322 ) (V r) vs. p ro k a j réku (В 3 1 0 :2 3 6 /3 0 9 ) reku (T ? 3 1 : 2 3 1 /2 3 * ) pokraé reku (T 3 2 3 :2 3 9 /2 5 0 ‫ ־ ־‬n o te again n o n i n i t i a l s tr e s s on p r e p o s it io n ) na rJku (T rg , Dj 104) ná ruku ná ruku (Sarb) (Cin) zá гики (В 2 7 9 :2 1 6 /3 3 4 ) ná ruku and na n īk u (VR) TWBg í z ruku (T 2 3 2 :2 4 0 /3 3 1 ) vs . na rūku (T 2 7 2 :3 1 4 /3 4 9 , Tp 5 0 :2 3 9 /2 5 0 ) p re kó ruku (Tp 5 0 :2 3 9 /2 5 0 ) NWBg i z roka (T 3 2 2 :3 1 4 /3 4 9 ) Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access SW KR zèi ru ku, nâ ruku NE KR и ru ku, zå ruku TWBg d svin.ļu SWTk и tò rb u (Pas) ETk ú tr a v u Sof u tré v a (с т 39 7 ) (T 3 2 2 :3 2 7 /2 4 8 ) (E) (KRs 372) (т 231 : 240/ 331 ) I have d e fin e d re c e s s iv e m o b i l i t y i n nouns as an a l t e r n a t i o n between d e s in e n t ia l s y l l a b l e and a b s o lu te i n i t i a l s y lla b le . The examples is p ò d g la v u , p re k ò zim u, pokraé reku and prekò ruku i n th e above l i s t i n g c o n t r a d ic t th is , however: s tr e s s i s on th e l e s t s y l l a b l e o f th e p re p - o s i t i o n and n o t th e f i r s t . Hsg form s o f a l l b u t one o f th e s e lexemes do have expected end s t r e s s i n th e p e r t in e n t a re a s , however ( g la v á , zim á, re k á , b u t r ü k a ) . On th e o th e r hand, p a ir s such as (T 2 7 3 : 327 / 34 9 ) / n e r o d u or NWBg vóda SW KR rû k a /z â ruku ( i b i d : 221/348) (E) a ls o f a i l t o conform t o t h i s d e f i n i t i o n : i n i t i a l s tr e s s in Asg p r e p o s it io n a l phrase i s opposed to stem s t r e s s ( in s t e a d o f expected end s tr e s s ) i n Nsg. Both th e above in s ta n c e s are s ig n a lle d on c h a r ts by an a s t e r i s k f o l l o w i n g th e [M] ( [ M * ] ) . U nless s p e c if ic n o t ic e t o the c o n tr a r y i s g iv e n i n th e t e x t , t h i s symbol w i l l r e f e r to a c c e n tu a tio n o f th e ty p e vóda/ná vodu [M *] Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 ‫ ־‬119 ‫־‬ I a ls o encountered examples o f m o d ifie d re c e s s iv e m o b ile a c c e n tu a tio n (stem s tr e s s i n Nsg ve. i n i t i a l s tre s s i n Asg p r e p o s it io n a l p h ra se) i n t r i s y l l a b i c nouns o f the ty p e p ia n in a . The o r i g i n a l q u e s tio n n a ire l i s t in c lu d e d te n nouns o f t h i s ty p e ( p ia n in a , p o io v in a , v i s in a , dubin a , d u ž in a , ro d n in a , s la n in a , go dina and ta m n ln a ) , b u t o f these o n ly p o lo v ln a and p ia n in a c o u ld be e l i c i t e d w ith any c o n s is te n c y . I re cord ed th e f i r s t w it h s t e m - f in a l b a ry to n e s is (p o lo v in a ) i n a l l my t e s t a re a s ,a s i n the s td l g . The o n ly evidence o f re c e s s iv e m o b i l i t y a re B e l i ć *s examples: SWTk ETk ú p o lo v in ű p o lo v in (B 305:155/233) (B 305:206/328) C o n tra s t w ith t h i s th e more common ETk и p o lo v ín u na p o lo v in (as i n my own d a t a ) . (В 319:233/316) (В 305:200/322) Of the seeming la c k o f desinence i n form s l i k e 15 p o lo v in , B e lić n o te s , slogova na na g u b i se nomin, "Kod im enica od v iž e i akuz. k r a j n j i v o k a l, ta ko da iz g le d a da su one osnove na s u g la s n ik . " ( i b i d . ) P ia n in a shows a v a r ie t y o f a c c e n tu a l p a t te r n s , none o f w hich agree c o m p le te ly w ith s td SC re c e s s iv e m o b ili t y p la n ln a / p lS n ln u . B e lić and Broch g iv e i n i t i a l b a ry to n e - s i s , b u t w it h r e t r a c t i o n to a p re c e d in g p r e p o s it io n f o r ETk. Compare: ETk p lá n ln a p lá n in u (В 382:225/335, i b i d : 2 2 7 / 339, i b i d :2 1 6 /3 3 4 , i b i d :229/324) Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access í z p ia n in u ná p ia n in u (В 2 8 0 :2 1 6 /3 3 *) ( i b i d :224/303) p 6 p ia n in u ( i b i d : 218/ 344, i b i d : 216/334) ű p ia n in u ( i b i d : 200/322, i b i d : 21 6/334, i b i d :2 0 9 /3 3 4 , ib id :2 2 9 /3 2 4 , B r 242: CWTk 2 3 6 /3 0 9 , i b i d :209/233) p lá n in a p lá n in u (В 382:153/314) but и p lá n in u SWTk (B r 267:156/317, B r 160:157/300) p lá n in a p lá n in u (В 382:155/233) (по d a ta w ith p r e p o s it io n ) T h is was th e case a ls o i n th e m a jo r it y o f my in v e s t i g a t i o n p o in t s , e xce p t f o r th e a l t e r n a t e form p ia n in a (a lo n g s id e p l á n i n a ) i n K r (ETk) and S i l (CWTk). I e l i c i t e d s t r e e s on th e p r e p o s it io n ( ű p i a n i n u ) o n ly i n Sarb (CWTk). i d ' s m a t e r ia l o f f e r s an i n t e r e s t i n g h y b r id : p la n in u / ű p i a n i n S ta n o je v - p la n in á (CT 398) where the a c c e n tu a tio n o f th e Nsg and p r e p o s it io n p h ra se suggested re c e s s iv e m o b i l i t y , as i n th e s td lg (8 n d presum ably a c c o rd in g to th e in h e r it e d a r c h a ic p a t t e r n ) , b u t th e Asg d id not conform . NMac and EMac a c c e n tu a tio n i s s i m i l a r to th a t found i n th e b u lk o f Tk d i a l e c t s : p lá n in a / p lá n in e ( p l á n i n i i n a p p r o p r ia t e e a s te rn a re a ) w it h a lt e r n a t e form p ia n in a a t - t e s t e d in s e v e r a l p l a c e s (V 109, MDA: Z e l ) . I n th e S o fia a rea o f WBg we f in d th e f o llo w in g : Sof p la n in á p ia n in a (Sg 29 ) (T 22 1:314/242) p lá n in a (T 2 2 2 :3 2 7 /3 4 8 ) Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 0 00 4 6 9 6 0 ‫ ־‬121 ‫־‬ NWBg b u t o n ly vos p lá n in a (T 6 1 :3 3 2 /2 4 0 ) n o te a ls o p lá n in a (T 2 2 2 :3 2 7 /3 4 8 ) (no form s w it h p r e p o s it io n a t t e s t e d ) KB has s t e m - f in a l b a ry to n e s is » th e Nsg w it h s tr e s s placem ent as expected by com parison w it h th e s td l g ( t a k ‫־‬ in g p a ro x y to n e s is i n t o a cco u n t) and Asg w it h s tr e s s s im i‫־‬ l a r to th e Nsg: NE KR p la n ìn a p ia n in u SW KR c f. p ia n in a , p ia n in u (E ). It (KRt 104, KRs 307-308) th us appears t h a t a m o b ile noun has been t r a n s ‫־‬ fe r r e d t o th e b a ry to n ie c la s s , w it h p la c e o f a cce n t v a r i a b le a lth o u g h fa v o r in g i n i t i a l b a r y to n e s is . The o n ly non‫־‬ v a r y in g remnant o f re c e s s iv e m o b i l i t y i n t h i s noun appears to be th e occurrence o f i n i t i a l s tr e s s i n a p r e p o s i t i o n a l p h ra se . In o th e r nouns o f t h i s c la s s , th e fra g m e n ta ry i n - fo rm a tio n I was a b le t o g a th e r su p p o rte d t h i s tr e n d , a l ‫־‬ though i t d id n o t always agree w it h B e l i ć . Where B e lić and Broch have ETk d lc b in á d lb in ű d ib in a (В 3 8 1 :3 0 7 /3 1 6 ) (В 3 0 9 :2 1 3 /3 3 7 ) but (В 9 4 :2 3 3 /3 1 6 , ib id :2 2 1 /2 4 2 , ib id :2 0 7 /3 1 6 , B r 2 8 2 :2 3 6 /3 0 9 ) d ib in a [ s i c ] (B 1 2 2:213 /33 7) Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 0 00 4 6 9 6 0 ‫ ־‬122 - d l b í пи (В 9 4 :2 2 0 /5 3 * , i b i d :2 2 3 /3 3 5 , i b i d :2 2 3 /3 2 2 ) d lib in u (B 12 2:209/334) I e lic ite d ETk d lb ïn a and d lb in á g lib in u (K r) (C in ) Where Beli<5 has ETk v is i n á (В 3 8 1 :2 2 7 /3 3 9 , ib id :2 0 0 /3 2 2 , i b i d : 2 1 6 /3 3 4 ) I e lic ite d ETk v ls in a v is in u (VR) (K r) CWTk d lu ž in a (В 155:158/337) but ETk d lž ln a (В 3 8 1 :2 2 3 /3 3 2 ) ETk d lu ž in u Where B e lić has I heard (K r) Where B e lić and Broch have CWTk tám nina (В 3 8 2:157 /30 0) ETk tom nína (В 38 2 :1 5 5 /3 1 9 , B r 2 8 6 :2 3 6 /3 0 9 ) I have a l l th re e a c c e n tu a l p o s s i b i l i t i e s : SWTk td m n in a /u tém ninu и tém ninu CWTk (T rg ) [B] (Gra?) but tom nina (Pas) to v n in a ( S ii) и to v n in u and [NB] d to v n in u ( i b i d ) Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 - 123 ‫־‬ ETk F in a lly , temnlná and to m n ín a /u tom ninu (K r) f o r ro d n in a and s la n ln a ; ETk ro d n in á Cin, (В 3 8 2 :2 0 0 /3 2 2 , 2 1 6 /3 3 *; K r, VR) (Sarb) but CWTk ro d n in á ETk ro d n in á /ró d n in u [M] (CT 398) and ETk ETk s la n ín a (В 3 8 2 :2 1 6 /3 3 *) s la n ín a /s la n in u ( e l l my i n v e s t i g a t i o n p o in ts ) but s le n in á /s le n ín u (CT 398) [b] [m] Exemples o f th e re c e s s iv e m o b i l i t y seen in e p re p o s i t i o n a l p h ra se in c lu d in g such nouns a re t o be found in p u b lis h e d so u rce s, v i z . ETk f z v is ln u ná v i s ln u d v is in (B 2 8 0 :2 1 6 /3 3 * ) (В 2 8 0 :2 0 7 /3 3 8 ) (В 3 0 5 :2 0 0 /3 2 2 ) 15 d l i b i n u (В 3 1 0 :2 3 5 /3 2 5 ) 15 d ü b l n (В 2 8 0 :2 1 9 /3 3 0 , ib id :2 3 3 /3 1 6 ) d d ib in (В 1 2 2 :2 3 3 /3 1 6 ) d ta v n in (В 2 8 0 :2 1 9 /3 1 3 ; CT 398) I was n o t a b le t o e l i c i t examples o th e r than th o se m entioned above ( d p ia n in u , и p lá n in u [once e a c h ], and и tomninu [ t w i c e ] , u témninu and d to v n in u [once e a c h ]). My g e n e ra l im p re s s io n , however, i s t h a t a c c e n t on th e p re p o s i t i o n o ccu rs more o fte n i n the e a st than i n th e west, and Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access -1 2 4 - more o f te n i n r e l a t i v e l y t a c t i c c o n s tr u c tio n s . f ix e d phrases th a n i n o th e r syn- C e r t a in ly B e l i ć 's data suggest th a t t h i s phenomenon i s more p r e v a le n t i n the e a s t, s in c e a l l o f h is examples are from th e TL d i a l e c t and none a re from SZ o r JM. R ecessive m o b i l i t y i n a l l ^ - d e c le n s io n nouns seems in g e n e ra l to be w e ll a t t e s t e d o n ly i n th e more e a s te rn areas (ETk, WBg), and th e n o n ly in f r e q u e n tly o c c u r r in g f ix e d p h ra se s. In NMac i t i s unknown; c f . V id o e s k i: "Osobina e na a k c e n to t, . . . d a ne se p r e f r l a od im e n k ite v rz p r e d i o z i t e . " (1962:120) T h is seems a ls o t o be t r u e o f EMac v illa g e s , except f o r one o c c u rre n c e o f ná voda in Z e lig o v o near K riv a Pp la n ka . T h is i s one o f th e most common s e t phrases ( i n T o ria k th e form i s ná vodu) i n a r u r a l e n v iro n ment, s in c e g o in g to th e w e l l o r s p r in g " f o r w a te r" i s p e rhaps th e most e s s e n t ia l o f d a i l y ta s k s , and i t p r is in g th a t i t i s n o t s u r- r e t a in s an o th e rw is e o b s o le te a c c e n tu a tio n . Compare ЕГГк v r z vódu (В 3 1 0 :2 3 6 /3 0 9 ) where i n a le s s f r e q u e n t l y o c c u r r in g c o n te x t th e head noun r e t a i n s th e a c c e n t. O th e r common p h ra se s such as ná noge, zá ru k u , d ru k e , ná g la v u , a lm o s t alw ays o c c u r w it h p re p o s it io n a l s tre s s . J o v id n o te s f o r th e T r s t e n i k d i a l e c t (NE KR), t h a t whereas r e t r a c t i o n o f a c c e n t o n to th e p re p o s itio n i s o p t io n a l, it is " im p o r t a n t " o n ly i n th e case o f Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 - 125 ‫־‬ " p a r t i c u l a r e x p re s s io n s ", c i t i n g examples such as nâ vodu i n th e sense o f іб nk vodu ( c f . ab o ve ), and prfed g la v u i n th e sense o f a cu rse such as pred g la v u t i b i l o ila r ly , (1 9 6 8 :3 6 ). Sim‫־‬ S im ić no te s t h a t most o f th e examples w ith re c e s s iv e m o b i l i t y in th e L e v a i d i a l e c t (NE KR) re p re s e n t "se k ve n ci sa n e š to izm enjenim padeinim zna čen jem ." (1972:323) F in a lly , i n WBg areas where th e Asg form has been l o s t , phrases such as d ő g la v a , nánoga a re known as adverbs ( c f . Kj 78-79) • Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 00 0 4 6 9 6 0 -126- 2 .8 W it h in T o r ia k , it i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o te t h a t bota B e l ić and S ta n o je v ić found m o b i l i t y i n c e r t a i n cases where I heard o n ly o x y to n e s is ( o r b a r y t o n e s is ) . ETk Compare: ïénu (В 3 8 5 :2 1 6 /3 3 * ) and ?end (B 3 8 5 :2 1 6 /3 3 * , CT 39?) žend b u t only (Cin, KR) ( a lth o u g h žend and zénu b o th i n VR) ETk ćsu (CT 397) vs . ETk osd (Cin, KR, VR, S t a j - R a d ) CWTk osd ( S ii) ETk ( p ) ž e ld and ( p ) 6 é lu [s ic ] (CT 397) vs. ETk p íe ltí (K r, VR, S ta j-R a d ) CWTk p č e ld ( S ii) ETk svéíu (В 3 4 7 :2 2 3 /3 ^ 1 , ib id :2 0 8 /3 * l, and svečd ETk CWTk SWTk ETk ‫־‬ svečd svečd s v e id s é s tru i b i d : 216/334, ib id :2 3 6 /3 0 9 ) (В 3 4 7 :2 2 3 /3 4 1 , i b i d : 213/341, CT 39?) vs. (C in , K r, VR, S ta j-R a d ) (Sarb, DP, S i i ) (T rg ) (B 3 4 7:216 /33 4) and s é s trd (В 3 *7 :2 2 5 /3 3 5 , ib id :2 2 7 /3 3 9 , ib id : 2 1 6 / 3 3 * , CT 398) Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 -1 2 7 - CWTk s e s tr ú (В 3 *7 :2 0 8 /2 3 5 ) ETk CWTk sestrú sestrú vs. (Kr, VR, S ta j-R a d ) (S a rb , S i i ) ETk snáu ETк CWTk (B 30 9:225/335) and snaú (B 3 *7 :2 2 5 /3 3 5 , i b i d ;2 00/322, i b i d : 2 1 6 /3 3 *) vs. snaú (Cin, Kr, VR) snaü (S a rb , DP) ETk zímu (В 3 * 6 :2 1 6 /3 3 * ) zímu and zimú (CT 397) vs. zimú (Cin, Kr, VR) ETk ETk CWTk pétu and p e t ű (CT 397) vs. (Cin, Kr, VR, S ta j-R a d ) p e tú (S a rb , S i i ) petií ETk rósu rosú ETk CWTk rosú rosú (CT 397) and (B 3 * 7 :2 2 5 /3 3 5 ) vs. (Cin, Kr, VR) (Sarb) The data a re n o t c o n c lu s iv e (and i t i s n o t even s u r- p r i s i n g t h a t such a la r g e body o f data as B e l i d 1s should y i e l d more v a r i a t i o n t h a t e i t h e r S ta n o je v id ■ s o r my more Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 00 0 4 6 9 6 0 - 128 - modest sam ples), b u t n e v e rth e le s s o f f e r t e n t a t i v e support t o my t h e s is t h a t o x y to n e s is was more common among th e s e forms in 1970 than in 1905 o r 1911 , i . e . t h a t t h i s p a t t e r n has been extended t o more lexemes. Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 -1 2 9 - 2 .9 The num erativ e form (used i n T o ria k d i a l e c t s a f t e r nu- m e ra ls ) i s g e n e r a lly i d e n t i c a l w ith th e p l u r a l form in fe m in in e and n e u te r nouns, e .g . dve žene, dva s e la . B e lić c i t e s and *‫־‬£ f o r fe m in in e s , and - i and -_e f o r n e u te rs . (fe m in in e ) ETk sedum d ű s l sez g ò d in ( n e u te r ) ETk obe s é l i For example «• o th e r desinences a tte s te d le s s fr e q u e n tly i n th e Nmv, v i z . -1 (В 3 2 8 :2 1 6 /3 * *) ( i b i d : 227/339) (В 333:206/328) 45 d f v e t i (В 3 3 * :209/337) deset v é d r l (В 3 3 3 :2 0 8 /3 *1 ) dve mèste ( i b i d : 233/316) I d id n o t re c o rd any o f th e s e v a r i a n t forms d u r in g my f i e l d w ork, a p a r t from th e forms l i k e k r í l e t i t h a t a re used i n th e p l u r a l as w e ll as th e n u m e ra tiv e . I n term s o f a cce n t, th e fe m in in e and n e u te r Nmv forms a re i d e n t i c a l w ith th e re s p e c tiv e p l u r a l fo rm s. Where B e lić g iv e v a c i l l a t i o n i n the a c c e n tu a tio n o f a Nmv form , e .g . ETk kóze (В 328:224/303) közé vs . (В 328:225 /33 5, i b i d : 229/324) he had a lre a d y recorded v a c i l l a t i o n i n th e p l u r a l forms o f th e same nouns. I n th e f i e l d I observed no a c c e n tu a l d i s - t i n c t i o n w hatsoever between Nmv forms and p l u r a l forme o f fe m in in e and n e u te r nouns. M a s c u lin e nouns behave d i f f e r e n t l y , however. The Nmv Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access - 130 - o f m a sculine nouns n o r m a lly ends in -a , and i s thus f o r m a lly i d e n t i c a l w ith th e Asg form o f anim ate nouns. B e lid noted a few in s ta n c e s o f p l u r a l form s b e in g used as Nmv, e .g . SWTk ETk t r i ndži (В 33 0:157/230) dva v o l ő v i (В 331:208/341) and r a r e cases o f such n o n p lu r a l forms as ETk dve v o lé t a (В 33 4:221 /242) I d id n o t re c o rd any such form s in my f i e l d work. Nmv form s f o r in a n im a te m a s c u lin e nouns showed th e same a c c e n tu a tio n as th e Nsg fo rm s. G e n e r a lly , th e Nmv o f m a s c u lin e anim ate nouns showed th e same a c c e n tu a tio n as Asg; th e homonymy was th u s co m p le te . I n ETk t h i s meant t h a t b o th form s were e i t h e r e n d -s tre s s e d ( ednoga v o lá /d v a v o l á ) o r s te m -s tre s s e d ( ednoga s ín a /d v a s in a ) i n WTk w ith i t s c o n s t r a i n t on s tr e s s i n f i n a l open s y l l a b l e s , a l l form s were s te m -s tre s s e d ( ednoga v<$la/dva v ő la ) . in two o f my i n v e s t i g a t i o n p o in t s (K r and S ii), However, Asg and Nmv were c o n s is t e n t ly d is t in g u is h e d by means o f end s tr e s s i n Asg and stem s tr e s s i n Nmv. ETk Compare: ednoga v o lá /d v a v ő la (K r) ednoga kon .lá/dva kőn.ja (K r) ednoga p e t lá / d v a p é t la ednoga .juncá/dva JiSnca CWTk (K r) (K r) ednoga veprá/dva vépra (Sii) ednoga volá/dva vőla (Sii) ednoga konjá/dva kőnja (Sii, and possibly Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 -1 3 1 - CWTk ednoga ednoga ednoga ednoga petlá/dva pétla (Sil, T rg ) orlá/dva órla (Sil) moljcá/dva móljca (Sii) juncá/dva jdnca (Sii) Broch a ls o recorded t h i s o p p o s itio n once i n C u r lin a near N ig , (ETk‫ ־‬SZ) [ 236/ 317 ] and once i n V la s o t in c e (CWTk, ne ar b o rd e r w ith SZ) [2 0 8 /2 5 8 ] as f o llo w s : ETk СѴГГк samo .jednóga k o n já ; nach Z a h lw o rte n aber m it W urzelbetonung, dva k ó n ja , p e t , s to k ó n ja (B r 2 7 1 :2 3 6 /3 1 7 ) and imam jednóga k o n já a b e r dva k ó n ja (B r 59: 208/ 258 ) F u rth e rm o re , Broch c i t e s WTk dva óvna, pedeset óvna (B r 162:157/300) and ЕГГк (TL) dva óvna (B r 3 2 0 n :2 *2 /3 1 5 ) B e lić r e j e c t s both these form s as i n c o r r e c t : U ovim j e rečim a, svakako, povučen a kce n a t pod u tic a je m k n jiïe v n o g je z ik a , j e r se o b l i k uz b r o j dva u im enica mugkog roda i и ovom d i j a l e k t u , kao и srpskom je z ik u uopgte, ne r a z l i k u j e od o b lik a g e n i t i v a j e d n [ i n e ] . ( B l l *2 ) B e lić 1s own E lk data a re a l l from th e TL zone: ЕГГк t r i k o n já (В 3 3 0 :2 2 9 /3 2 *) f e t i r i k o n já v o lá (В 3 3 0 :2 1 3 /3 *1 ) (В 3 3 0 :2 2 5 /3 3 5 , i b i d :2 1 6 /3 3 * — i d e n t i ‫־‬ f i e d as n u m e ra tlv e ) These fo rm s, as w e ll as my ETk d a ta , c o n fir m e n d -s tre s s e d Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access Nmv i n th e d i a l e c t . I n Leskovac (1 5 7 /3 0 0 — 23 km from S ii), however, B r o c h 's m a t e r ia l i s p ro b a b ly c o r r e c t . The tw o a re a s where t h i s phenomenon i s a tte s te d a re n o t g e o g r a p h ic a lly c o n tig u o u s . d i a l e c t zone o f ETk and Sii Kr (203/310) i s i n th e SZ ( 1 * 3 /2 5 * ) i s i n th e JM d i a l e c t zone, some 96 k ilo m e t e r s away, separated from K r by th e main th o r o u g h fa r e w i t h i n th e T o r ia k zone, th e Južna Morava R iv e r . The e x t e n t o f p a r o x y to n e s is i s r e s t r i c t e d i n both a re a s, b u t i s n o t ic e a b ly more im p o r ta n t th a n i n th e easternm ost T o ria k d ia le c ts (su ch as i n C in o r VR, f o r exam ple). p a r o x y to n e s is i s a f a c t o r h e re , i t Whether o r n o t i s s u r e ly s i g n i f i c a n t t h a t everyw here ro u g h ly t o th e e a s t o f the n o r th - s o u th b e l t in c lu d in g K r and S ii, th e form s concerned a re e n d -s tre s s e d ( ednoga v o lá /d v a v o l á ) , and everyw here ro u g h ly t o th e west th e y are s te m -s tre s s e d ( ednoga v ó la /d v a v ó l a ) . th u s v e ry i n t e r e s t i n g , as i t The p o s it io n o f T rg i s i s s itu a te d q u it e c lo s e t o a c l e a r l y d i s c e r n i b l e is o g lo s s o f p a ro x y to n e s is . though p a r o x y to n e s is i s That i s , a l‫־‬ s tr o n g , as i n o th e r SWTk d i a l e c t s , we f i n d more v a c i l l a t i o n (o c c u rre n c e o f f i n a l s tr e s s ) here than i n th e r e s t o f SWTk. One c l e a r in s ta n c e o f th e Asg/^mv a l - t e r n a t io n i s a t t e s t e d i n T rg ( ednoga p e tlá / d v a p é t l a ) ; t h e r case o f v a c i l l a t i o n ano- ( k o n já / k ó n j a ) may be an example o f Asg opposed t o Nmv, b u t I was n o t a b le t o e l i c i t unambiguous c o n f ir m a t io n . A l l th e above examples a re o f nouns d e n o tin g a n im a ls . I was n o t a b le t o e l i c i t unambiguous Nmv (as opposed t o Asg) Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 ‫ ־‬133 ‫־‬ i n any nouns d e n o tin g human b e in g s . T h is i s p o s s ib ly because human b e ing s do n o t tend t o be counted i n th e same o b je c t iv e way as a n im a ls . My e xp e rie n ce w it h in fo rm a n ts was such t h a t any tim e th e c o n te x t c l e a r l y in d ic a t e d a s p e c i f i c number o f p r ie s ts , shepherds, e t c . , o n e ," i . e . p l u r a l ) , (as opposed t o s im p ly '1more th a n each was enumerated and i d e n t i f i e d by name, p la c e o f re s id e n c e , o r some o th e r m ark. However, the f a c t t h a t Todorov was a b le t o re c o rd th e forms S of dva svetcá (T 2 8 1 :3 1 8 /2 4 4 ) and NWBg Ses popá (T 2 8 1 :2 3 0 /3 5 0 ) suggests t h a t my f a i l u r e to re c o rd Nmv form o f nouns d e n o tin g humans i s perhaps due t o in e x p e rie n c e i n f i e l d w o rk. These d a ta , a lo n g w ith NWBg dva v o lé (T 2 8 0 :2 5 0 /4 0 2 ) dva k o n já a ls o suggest, i n c i d e n t a l l y , (T 2 8 0 :2 4 7 /3 3 9 ) t h a t no Asg/Nmv a l t e r n a t i o n i s known i n th ese WBg d ia le c t s f o r anim ate nouns, human o r nonhuman. I n WBg d ia le c t s c lo s e r t o th e ETk b o rd e r zone ( i . e . TWBg g ro u p ), t h i s may n o t be th e ca se . the M a t e r ia l f o r KK (th e area around B o s ile g ra d ) shows TWBg dva dvna (KK 5 9 7 :2 2 9 /2 3 0 , i b i d :2 2 2 /2 3 7 ) vs. ednoga óvná (KK 5 9 1 :2 2 2 /2 3 7 ) dva óvná ( i b i d ) Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access dva pòpe (KK 59 6:220 /223) o t dbata pópa ( i b i d ) d e v e t kón.ja (KK 5 8 1 :2 3 6 /2 3 2 ). The Asg form s o f pop and k o n j u n f o r t u n a t e ly do n o t o c c u r i n th e 47 pages o f acce nted t e x t s . The a l t e r n a t i o n i s c l e a r l y a t t e s t e d i n T ró n , however, v i z . TWBg v o lá (Tg 1 7 6 :2 3 9 /2 5 0 ‫ ־‬-n o te d as Asg) vs. dva v ő la (Tg 179:239/250) c f . a ls o dva pópa ( i b i d ) T here may w e ll be v a c i l l a t i o n he re as th e re i s i n KK, however. F in a lly , th e n o r th e r n TWBg v i l l a g e o f Osane seems to show an a l t e r n a t i o n between Asg and Nmv, b u t w ith th e p la c e o f accent re v e rs e d , v i z . TWBg tó g a v ó la /d v a v o lá (0 9 7 :2 3 3 /3 * 1 ) N ote a ls o i n S of ( o u t s id e th e TWBg zone), S of d vá ta v ó le (Sp 31) W ith o u t f u r t h e r d a ta , however, one must be c a u tio u s . In Tk, however, I am q u it e c e r t a i n t h a t th e a l t e r n a t i o n e x is t s as I have d e s c rib e d i t i n K r and S i i , a t le a s t among m a s c u lin e $ nouns d e n o tin g nonhuman b e in g s . The c le a r a t t e s t a t i o n o f i t i n two areas a s i g n i f i c a n t d is ta n c e a p a rt se rves f u r t h e r t o c o n fir m i t s im p o rta n c e . Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 ‫ ־‬133 ‫־‬ 2 .1 0 C ha rt 2 summarizes th e s g / p l a c c e n t p a t t e r n s i n fe m i- n in e a -d e c le n s io n nouns. p i) O x y to n e s is (end s tr e s s i n sg and i s sym bolized [ o ] , e .g . ETK ig lá /iftlé (K r) [o ] Stem s tr e s s in b o th sg and p i , o r b a r y to n e s is , [b ], i s sym bolized e .g . SWTK íg la /íg le (G rač) [b ] M o b i l i t y i s de sig n a te d by [m ], e .g . ETK ig lá/íg le (Cin) [m] When s tr e s s i s on a p r e p o s itio n p re c e d in g th e p l u r a l form , t h i s i s re c e s s iv e m o b i l i t y , ETK noftá/ná noge sym bolized [M ], e . g . (Cin) [M] . Of th e 36 fe m in in e a -d e c le n s io n nouns a p p e a rin g on th e questio n n a ir e , s ix a re l i s t e d as o x y to n ic by D a n ič ič , 29 as mo- b i l e and one as b a ry to n ie i n s td SC. I n PS1, th e m a jo r it y were m o b ile ( c ir c u m f le x ) and th e re m a in d e r o x y t o n ic . The f a c t t h a t o n ly one b a ry to n ie noun was in c lu d e d in th e quest i o n n a i r e l i s t i n g was an o v e r s ig h t . D u rin g a c t u a l f i e l d worK, however, my e a r was a c u te ly tuned t o c a tc h s tr e s s on f i n a l open s y lla b le s re g a rd le s s o f g ra m m a tic a l c a te g o ry o r l e x i c a l meaning, and a l l such cases were c a ta lo g u e d . I can c o n f id e n t - ly say t h a t no fe m in in e a -d e c le n s io n nouns marked as b a r y to n ie by Daniči<5 appear w ith f i n a l a c c e n ts w it h any s i g n i f i c a n t re g u l a r i t y i n any TK d i a l e c t . S ince a l l b u t one o f th e q u e s tio n n a ir e ite m s have monos y l l a b i c stems, I co u ld e s t a b lis h the presence o f re c e s s iv e Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access mobility unambiguously in these nouns only when accent appeared on th e p r e p o s it io n i n a p r e p o s i t i o n a l p h ra s e . U n fo r- t u n a t e ly , o n ly a few o f th e se ite m s o c c u rre d i n p r e p o s i t i o n a l phrases w it h any r e g u l a r i t y . I n f a c t , I can s u b s t a n t ia t e r e - c e s s iv e m o b i l i t y o n ly i n th e two nouns ru ka and noga, and th e n o n ly i n a m in o r it y o f my i n v e s t i g a t i o n p o i n t s . ETk nogá/ná nogę The d a ta ; (Cin) [M] (VR) [m] but nogá/na nòge and nogá/ná noge and na nóge compare zá noge ná noge (K r) [JJ] (B 3 1 6 :2 1 6 /3 3 4 ) (B 3 1 6 :2 1 6 /3 3 4 , i b i d :2 2 3 /3 4 1 ) but SWTk od nóge (В 3 1 6 :2 1 6 /3 3 8 ) nóga/ná noge SW KR NE KR n&ga/p&d noge (E) n&ga (KRs * 8 ), na noge na n£>ge [ M* ] [M *] ( i b id : 3 2 2 ) and ( i b i d 28) [^ ] Note a ls o th e f o llo w in g fe m in in e nouns a t t e s t e d in WBg: TWBg K ju s ná noge (T 2 3 1 :2 3 9 /2 5 0 ) nánodze (K j 78— i d e n t i f i e d as an a d v e r b ia l fo rm a tio n ) CWTk SWTk ruká and rdka/zá ru k e rilka/11 ruke (T rg ) SW KR NE KR rû k a /u ruke (E) rdka (KRs 2 9 9 )/z a _ ru k e , na ruke (KRs 322 ) (Sarb) [ļjļ#] [M# ] [M *] [M] Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 00046960 -1 3 7 - NE KR c f . however dao ml rA ru k e vs• p a lo mi na rùke [™] (KRt 33) compare a ls o ETk ná ruke (В 2 7 9 :2 1 6 /3 3 *, ib id :2 2 5 /3 3 5 ) ű ruke (В 2 7 9 :2 1 6 /3 3 *, ib id :2 3 6 /3 0 9 , i b i d :2 0 7 /3 2 4 ) pód ruke K ju s nárace (В 2 7 9 :2 2 3 /3 *1 ) and th e WBg a d v e r b ia l form (K j 78) A l l o th e r examples o f s g / p l m o b i l i t y o f th e s o r t zmi.1á/2mfj e c o u ld be re c e s s iv e , b u t i n th e absence o f c o n c lu s iv e data I have termed them А-m o b ile [m ]. O nly th e example p e tá /n a p é te n o n re c e s s iv e • (VR) i s unam biguously I n NSV and i n NMac, however, th e p a t t e r n i s a l - ways unam biguously n o n re c e s s iv e as a cce nt never appears on th e p r e p o s it io n i n e i t h e r lo c a le , c f . V id c e s k i 120 and Mladenov 1 3 1-1*2. Nouns o f th e ty p e p ia n in a have re c e s s iv e m o b i l i t y i n s td SC (p la n ln a / p la n in e ) , b u t a re u s u a lly i n i t i a l b a r y to n ie i n Tk, NMac, EMac and WBg. Compere: EMac (B 382:225/335, i b i d : 2 2 7 / i b i d :216/334 , i b i d : 229/324, C in , [в] VR) [В ] p lá n in a / p lá n in e (В 382:153/314) [В ] p lá n in a / p lá n in e (В 382:155/233, T rg ) p lá n in a / p lá n in e (MDA: K a i, K is , Rank, [В ] NMac Z e l) p lá n in a / p lá n in e ETK CWTk SWTk p lá n in a / p lá n in e (V 109) [В ] Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access Note however t h a t i n NMec and th e westernmost area o f EMac w have a ls o NMac EMac p l a n f n a /p lá n in u (V IO9 , MDA: Z e l) WBg, however, has s t e m - i n i t i a l b a r y to n e s is : TWBg WBg p lá n in a / p lá n in e p lá n in a / p lá n in e (KK 589 : 2 3 ? / 232) (Mih 109 ) [B] [В] w h ile NE KR has s t e m - f i n a l b a r y to n e s is : NE KR In fa c t, p la n ì n a / p la n ln e (KRt 104) [b ] o n ly i n CTim do we f i n d th e re c e s s iv e m o b ile s g / p l a l t e r n a t i o n o f th e s td l g : ETK p la n in á / p lá n in e (CT 398) ( b u t c f . Asg p ia n in u [ i b i d ] ) Compare a ls o i n CTim: ETk s la n in á / s lá n in e (b u t Asg s la n in u ) (CT 398) r o d n in á /r ó d n in e ( w it h expected Asg ró d n ln u ) ( ib id ) [м] and th e f o llo w i n g re c o rd e d by B e lić and Broch: ETK d lo b in á (В 3 8 1 :2 0 7 /3 1 6 , C in ) opposed to th e p i form d í b in e (B 9 4 :2 2 7 /3 3 9 ) [M] v s . th e much more fr e q u e n t s t e m - f in a l a cce nt i n th e sg: ETK d lb í n a (В 9 * :2 3 3 /3 1 6 , ib id :2 0 7 /3 1 6 , B r 2 8 2 :2 3 6 /3 0 9 , C in ) d lb í n a (В 122:213/237) and Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 ‫ ־‬139 ‫־‬ ETk v ls ln â (В 381:227/339» ib id :2 0 0 /3 2 2 , i b i d :2 1 6 /3 3 4 ) v is ín a V8 * (VR) opposed t o th e p i form v í s in e (B 3 8 1 :2 2 7 /3 3 9 ) •• S tre s s on a p re c e d in g p r e p o s it io n was found i n two ETk areas: ETk p<$ p la n in e (В 2 8 0 :2 1 8 /3 * * , 33*) i b i d :2 1 6 / [M*] I n WBg, a p i form w it h p r e p o s it io n i s a t t e s t e d o n ly i n th e S o fia a re a , w ith d e s in e n t ia l s t r e s s : S of po p la n in á (T 2 7 7 :3 * 9 /^ 3 9 ) T o g e th e r w it h the sg form p la n in á (s g 2 9 :3 2 1 /2 *2 )» t h i s i s an o x y to n ic s g / p l r e la t i o n s h ip . The f o l l o w i n g fo rm s, however, (marked by Todorov as A sg), a re a ls o g iv e n f o r th e w estern S o fia d i a l e c t : S of p ia n in a (T 2 2 1 :3 1 * /2 * 2 ) p lá n in a (T 2 2 2 :3 2 7 /3 *8 ) B a ry to n e s is i s p r a c t i c a l l y th e o n ly ty p e o f s g / p l a c c e n tu a tio n encountered in d i s s y l l a b i c fe m in in e a -d e c le n s io n nouns i n SW KR, SWTk and NMac. Only th e d u a l a cce n t ïénà heard i n Grač h in t s a t a p o s s ib le А-m o b ile paradigm th e r e as w e ll. S in c e b o th sg and p i forms o f fe m in in e a -d e c le n s io n nouns te r m in a te i n a vow el, i t i s c le a r t h a t th e c o n s t r a in t a g a in s t s tr e s s i n open f i n a l s y l l a b l e s d e te rm in e s b a r y to n ie a c c e n tu a tio n in these nouns• Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 2 .1 1 Only T rg p re s e n ts s i g n i f i c a n t d e v ia tio n s w ith re s p e c t t o t h i s s ta te m e n t. S e v e ra l l e x i c a l ite m s ( b ra z d a , s e s tra , g o ra ) a re m o b ile in CWTk and ETk (areas n o t s u b je c t t o p a ro x y to n e s is ) and b a r y to n ie i n o th e r SWTk a re a s , b u t v a c i l l a t e between m o b i l i t y and b a r y to n e s is i n T rg . More s i g n i f i c a n t l y , many lexemes which a re b a r y to n ie in T rg a re m o b ile in the » n e x t two v i l l a g e s t o th e e a s t, S ta j and Rad. These a re : važķa, b ra z d a , zvezda, buha, g la v a , g re d a , z m ija , m edja, magla, muha, noga, osa, p e t a , p č e la , ru k a , s v i n j a , and suza. I n a d d it io n , Rad. i g l a i s b a r y t o n ie i n T rg b u t o x y to n ic i n S t a j- T h is i s more th a n h a l f o f th e e n t i r e t e s t l i s t , and c l e a r l y in d ic a t e s t h a t an im p o rta n t is o g lo s s should be drawn between T r g o v is te and S ta je v a c -R a d o v n ic a . T h is area l a i n f a c t a b o rd e r zone: T rg i s w i t h i n th e SWTk d i a l e c t re g io n b u t c lo s e t o B g-speaking t e r r i t o r y , and th u s n e a r th e e a s te rn l i m i t s o f the p a ro x y to n ic a re a . S ta j and Rad a re s it u a t e d i n th e f o o t h i l l s o f th e m ountain range w hich forms th e S e r b ia n /B u lg a r ia n language boundary. E s s e n t ia lly th e same phenomenon can be n o te d , a lth o u g h t o a le s s e r degree, i n S arb, w hich i s s itu a te d a t th e NE p e rip h e ry o f th e CWIfc zone. T h e re , seven lexemes (buha, voda, R ia v a , g re d a , zima, m e tia and r u k a ) v a c i l l a t e between m o b il‫־‬ i t y and b a r y to n e s is . F u rth e r, t o th e so u th e a st o f S arbanovac, i n DP, a v i l l a g e 11 k ilo m e te r s 12 o f th e 36 t e s t form s, which a re e i t h e r b a r y to n ie o r v a c i l l a t i n g in Sarb, a re unambiguously m o b ile . These a re : buha, voda, g la v a , ż m ija , koza, kosa*, Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 ‫ ־‬1 4 1 - p kosa , medja, m e tia , noga, p l e l a , г и к а , snaha and suza) . On th e c h a r t , th e a c c e n tu a tio n o f b o th T rg /S ta j-R a d and Sarb/4)P i s sym bolized as fo llo w s : where th e a c c e n tu a tio n o f the n e ig h b o rin g v i l l a g e d i f f e r s from t h a t o f th e m ajor i n v e s t i g á tio n p o in t , a s la s h sep arates th e tw o symbols. The symbol t o the r i g h t o f the s la s h always re p re s e n ts th e easternm ost p o in t , v i z . S taj-R a d and DP, r e s p e c t iv e ly . In ETk, however, p r a c t i c a l l y a l l t e s t item s were mob ile . The o n ly e x c e p tio n s i n my f i e l d n o te s o ccu r in K r: th e r e reka i s b a ry to n ie and s v e la and i g l a a re o x y to n ic . a d d it io n , rosa i s o x y to n ic i n C in . In The CWTk area p re s e n ts an i n t e r e s t i n g t r a n s i t i o n between th e c o n s is te n t b a ry to n e s is o f SWTk and the c o n s is te n t m o b i l i t y o f ETk. As th e c h a r t i n d i - c a te s , c e r t a in lexemes, such as re k a , z o r a , kosa, zima, g re d a , g o ra , magla, g la v a , z e m lja , suza, t o r b a , t r a v a , are u s u a lly b a ry to n ie in CWTk w h ile o th e r s , e .g . s v e la , ?ena, s e s t r a , koza, kosa, m e tia , and ovea, a re u s u a lly m o b ile . Sketch I i l l u s t r a t e s th e g e o g ra p h ic a l v a r i a t i o n w it h in Tk w ith re s p e c t t o c e r t a in o f th e s e lexemes. The symbols i n » d ic a te th e f o llo w in g s ix lexemes, alw ays i n th e same o rd e r: brazda svela s e s tra gora ifila suza F o r in s ta n c e , th e n o ta tio n b b m b b b Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 LEGEND_______________ - 1 4 2 • МУ -------- d ia le c t boundaries ■ p o litic a l b o u n d a rie s Kr towns or v illa g e s ETk d ia le c t areas #N09 .«Saf Sketch I : S g /p l a l t e r n a t i o n i n s i x a - d e c le n s io n nouns in Tk Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access f o r T rg means t h a t i n T rg a l l a re b a ry to n ie b u t sve<5a, which i s m o b ile . W ith re fe re n c e t o s g / p l, an a -d e c le n s io n noun i s mo‫־‬ b i l e o r b a r y to n ie , depending on w hether th e Nsg e x h ib it s f i n a l s tr e s s o r n o t . A q u e s tio n a r is e s : i s th e s i g n i f i c a n t v a r i a t i o n re p re s e n te d by th e se two is o g lo s s e s sim p ly due to th e random e f f e c t s th ro u g h o u t th e le x ic o n o f p a ro x y to n e s is ( t h a t i s , a g e n e r a l l y " s t r i c t e r " r e s t r i c t i o n upon s tr e s s in f i n a l open s y l l a b l e s ) , o r a re c e r t a i n s p e c i f i c l e x i c a l item s somehow more prone t h a t o th e rs t o p a ro x y to n e s is ? W hile w ork- in g i n Sarbanovac, I devoted one sessio n w ith in fo rm a n ts p a rt i c u l a r l y t o t h i s q u e s tio n . My in fo rm a n ts were a l l women who had m a rrie d i n t o a Sarb fa m ily b u t who had grown up in two c lo s e ly n e ig h b o rin g v i l l a g e s t o th e w est, Mužinac (one k i l o m eter away) and Vrmdža (3 k ilo m e te r s away). They had re ta in e d th e d i a l e c t o f t h e i r n a tiv e v i l l a g e s b u t were conscious o f the d if f e r e n c e s between t h e i r speech and t h a t o f t h e i r new fa m ilie s . They were p a r t i c u l a r l y c o n s c io u s , i t tu rn e d o u t, t o th e v a r i a t i o n s o f stem s tr e s s v s . f i n a l s tr e s s in nouns endin g i n -a . W orking w ith th e women as lon g as t h e i r i n t e r e s t remained focused on the problem , I e l i c i t e d th e f o llo w in g comp a r a t iv e l i s t i n g . (The l a s t he ad ing , "down i n th e v a l l e y " , in d ic a t e s th e women! s f e e l in g about how th e group o f v i l l a g e s i n th e v a l l e y im m e d ia te ly t o th e e a st say th e words in questio n [th e l e f t - t o - r i g h t p ro g re s s io n o f columns i n t h i s l i s t corresponds t o a w e s t - to ‫ ־‬e a s t g e o g ra p h ic a l p r o g r e s s io n ]: Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 -144- Vrmdia s é s tra кбга Sarbanovac óvca Mužinac s e s trá kozá ovcá s v ín ja s v in já ïéna íená ovcá s v in já 2ená svéïa sve íá sveíá s v in já zená sve?á grána grána péta graná petá graná p e tá dáska daská ig lá slaná *Igredá daská ig lá s la n á gredá zmí ja sűza gréda zóra *zm ijá z m ijá suzá *gredá suzá gredá zorá g lá va •gláva *rósa *brázda péta dáska í g la slána gréda zmí j a siiza gréda zára g lá v a rósa brázda rűka nóga vóda média réka zém lja í g la slána gréda rósa brázda rúka nóga vóda média réka zém lja s e s trá *kozá "Down s e s tr á kozá ovcá *zorá g la v á rosá brazdá ruká nogá *nīka nóga vóda méd ïa vodá mediá reká z e m ljá réka zém lja (Items marked with an asterisk in the Sarbanovac listin g above were elicited with opposite accentuation during my informant work elsewhere in Sarbanovac.) Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 -1 4 5 T h is e x a m in a tio n o f th e Soko Banja area shows t h a t p a ro x y to n e s is i s unam biguously more r e g u la r i n th e west than i n th e e a s t. I t i s a ls o c l e a r l y i n th e process o f p a s s in g from an o p t io n a l t o an o b lig a t o r y f a c t as concerns those l e x i c a l ite m s marked w ith an a s t e r i s k . W hile such a c le a r - c u t l i s t i n g i s an i n t e r e s t i n g i l l u s t r a t i o n o f c lo s e range v a r i a t i o n , i t CWTK a re a . can be m is le a d in g i n term s o f th e la r g e r C e r ta in lexemes which a re s te m -s tre s s e d i n Sarb (m edja, kosa, noga, osa, p č e la , snaha) n e v e rth e le s s are ends tre s s e d i n S i i , f u r t h e r t o th e sou th w e st. One f a c t o r seeiLs more o r le s s c o n s ta n t b o th w ith r e spect t o th e n a rro w ly d e fin e d Soko Banja re g io n and t o th e . b ro a d e r CWTk zone, however: nouns which denote anim ate b e ing s a re e n d -s tre s s e d w ith o u t e x c e p tio n in S i i . L ik e w is e , th ose nouns w hich a re c o n s is t e n t ly e n d -s tre s s e d i n most o f th e Soko B anja re g io n ( th e f i r s t seven ite m s o f th e l i s t on th e p re c e d in g page) a l l denote anim ate b e in g s . Since a num- b e r o f anim ate nouns a re s te m -s tre s s e d i n Sarb ( z m ija , muha, osa, p č e la , snaha) , and in a n im a te nouns a re a tte s te d w ith end s tr e s s i n b o th v i l l a g e s , t h i s can be termed o n ly a te n dency and n o t a g e n e ra l r u l e . 22 I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g , however, t h a t Broch re co rd e d th e v a c i l l a t i o n s v in já v s . s v in ja (as w e ll as ovcá v s . óvca and kozá v s . kóza i n Lukovo, n o tin g Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access -146- Schon aus den wenigen h i e r gesammelten B e is p ie le n f f i l l t es a u f, w ie u n te r den u r s p r ü n g lic h o x y t o n i r te n Femina a u f -a besonders Thiem am en f ä h ig s in d , d ie a l t e Betonung zu bewahren. (B r 55) As m entioned e a r l i e r , m o b i l i t y i s a lm o s t th e o n ly a c c e n tu a tio n found i n ETK i n these nouns. O x y t o n e s is / m o b ilit y v a r i a t i o n occurs i n th e extreme east o f th e TK zone, however. Compare th e f o llo w in g examples o f v a c i l l a t i o n ( s in c e the sg i s e n d -s tre s s e d in a l l th e se forms in a l l ETK a re a s , o n ly p i forms a re g iv e n ) : ETk ženē (В 316:213/337, ib id : 2 1 6 / 3 * 3 , В 326:225/335, в 3 4 5 :2 1 6 /3 3 4 ) ženē and žēne (CT 397) žēne (C in , K r, VR) közé (В 328:225/335, i b i d : 229/324, В 346:216/334, i b i d : 2 0 0/322 , i b i d : 213/341, В 348:213 /34 1, ib id :2 1 8 /3 4 1 ) TWBg ETk [о ] [° ] [m] [о ] vs. kóze (В 328:224/303, B r 3 1 0 :2 4 8 /3 4 8 , C in, K r, VR) c f . a ls o kóze (T 284:236/1250) [m] snaé (В 347:227/339) snaé and snâe (CT 397) [о ] [° ] vs. 8náe TWBg snâe (Cin, K r, VR) c f . a ls o (Ma 179:248/304) deveté snâe (T 3 1 8 :2 3 4 /3 3 2 ) [m] [m] [m] Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 00 0 4 6 9 6 0 О -147- 2 .1 2 I n th e TWBg d i a l e c t s lo c a te d c o n tig u o u s t o ETk imme- d i a t e l y on th e o th e r s id e o f th e S e rb ia n /B u lg a ria n b o rd e r, we f i n d s i m i l a r a c c e n tu a tio n , i . e . most a -d e c le n 8 io n fe m in in e nouns a re m o b ile . M o b ilit y / o x y t o n e s is v a r i a t i o n i s a t - te s te d o n ly in th e f o llo w in g example: TWBg ïe n é (T 219:243/344) ièn e vs. (T 220:235 /23 6 , Ma 178:248/304) The m a jo r d if f e r e n c e between ETk and TWBg i s t h a t b a ry to n e s is (w h ich i s unknown i n ETk) i s a t te s te d i n in s ta n c e s i n TWBg ( voda, g la v a , zima and t r a v a ) . I n EMac, m o b i l i t y i s lik e w is e th e predom inant p a t t e r n . V a r i a t i o n i s a t te s te d in th e f o llo w in g examples: EMac zená ( b u t na žēna m l) / ? é n i (MDA: î é n a / ï é n e (MDA: Rank) ï e n â / ï é n l (MDA: Gab, K is , K a l) b ú a /b ű i b u á /b ú i b o á /b á i (MDA: Zel) (MDA: Gab) (MDA: K is , K a i) z m iá /z m ií (MDA: K is ) z m ijá / z m í i (MDA: K a i, Zel) Zel) [o ] [b ] [m] [b ] [m] [m] [o ] [m] Zel) mdá/múi (MDA: mda/mdi (MDA: K is , K a i) 6 8 á /6 s i (MDA: osá/<5si (MDA: K is , K a i) Zel) Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access -1 4 8 - EMac s v in .iá /s v in .ie (MDA: Z e l, Gab) [m] s v ín j a / s v i n j á ta [ s i c - - t h i s form was spec i f i c a l l y marked as th e p l u r a l o f s v in j a ] (MDA: K a l) s n a á /s n á l (MDA: K a l) s n á a /no p l g iv e n [m] (MDA: K is ) I n th e r e s t o f WBg, a l l th r e e typ e s o f a c c e n tu a tio n a re a t t e s t e d . b ility I n NSV and NWBg d i a l e c t s , o x y to n e s is and mo- a re a p p r o x im a te ly e q u a lly a t t e s t e d , w h ile c o m p a ra tiv e - ly few examples o f b a r y to n e s is a re fo u n d . F a r th e r so u th , i n K ju s and CWBg, th e number o f examples w it h b a r y to n e s is and m o b i l i t y i s a p p ro x im a te ly e q u a l, b u t o x y to n e s is i s p o o r ly a t te s te d . The d i a l e c t o f S o fia sta n d s out i n t h a t th e m a jo r it y o f examples a re b a r y t o n i c - - n e i t h e r o x y to n e s is n o r m o b i l i t y i s w e ll a tte s te d . In a d d i t i o n , one fin d s examples o f B - m o b ilit y ( i n v a r i a t i o n w it h o t h e r a c c e n tu a l ty p e s ) : v ó d a /v o d í (Sk 24) [n ] v ő d a /v ó d i (Sk 49) [b ] g ó ra /g o rí (Sr 24) In ] but s n á a /s n a í (3g 24) but s n a á /s n a í (Sp 246) g lá v a [n ] to ] (Sp 246, Sg 2 7 )/ g l á v i T 2 8 2 :3 1 8 /2 4 4 ) (S k 24, [£ ] but Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 00 0 4 6 9 6 0 - 1 4 9 ‫־‬ Sof t r i g la v i múha/muhi (T 2 8 2 :3 1 8 /2 4 4 ) (Sp 304) [n ] c f . a ls o mJa (T 217:321 /24 5, Sg 9 )/m u Í 314/242) t réva / t r e v i (Sp 246) b u t n o te u tr é v a (T 322:324/331 ) / t r é v i (T 282: [n ] [n ] (Sg 56) [b ] U s u a lly , end s tre s s i n th e p l o f fe m in in e a - d e c le n s io n nouns im p lie s end s tr e s s i n th e sg ( i . e . th e n g o rá ) . It i f g o r i [ o r g o ré ] , i s p ro b a b le t h a t th e s e e x c e p tio n s t o t h i s found i n S o fia a re due t o th e in f lu e n c e o f d e f i n i t e forms w ith end s tr e s s ( e . g . g o r í t e ) ; see be low , sec. 2 . 2 3 In NE KR, the occurrence o f th e d i f f e r e n t ty p e s o f a c c e n tu a l a l t e r n a t i o n s depends on th e le n g th o f th e p r e - f i n a l s y l l a b l e , w hich i s in n e a r ly a i l th e se nouns th e i n i t i a l s y l la b le . As s ta te d above (s e c . 1 .1 2 ), from a l l s h o r t f i n a l s y lla b le s i n KR. i c t u s has been r e t r a c t e d I n NE KR, however, i f th e p e n u lt i s lo n g , accent rem ains on th e u l t im a . Thus, th o se stems w ith lo n g r o o t v o ca lism w hich a re o x y to n ic i n th e s td l g ( b ra z d a , zvezda, re k a , sveča) a re o x y to n ic i n NE KR a ls o . B ut th o s e w it h lo n g r o o t v o ca lism w hich i n th e s td l g a re m o b ile tend more o f te n i n NE KR t o be o x y t o n ic . J o v id (1968:102) g iv e s s in g u la r rdka and p l u r a l r ű k e /rű k e w it h th e n o te t h a t " a k u z a tiv Je d n in e i n o m in a tiv /a k u z a t iv m n o iin e su o b i č n i j i sa ' im p ly in g t h a t a l l th o se stems marked by D a n if id as Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access -150- m o b ile i n t h i s way have the same p a t t e r n . He m entio ns th e tendency o f m o b ile stems t o o x y to n e s is tw ic e more: U ovom govoru akcenat n o m in a tiv množine im enica ove v r s t e [ty p e s v i n j a ] o b ič n o j e i s t i kao i и n o m in a tiv je d n in e . ( 1968: 28 ) and N a jb itn ija [ r a z l i k a prema k n již e v n o m j e z i k u ] j e , svakako, t e i n j a da se e l i m i n i l e t i p s p o k re tn im a lt e r n a c ijo m gråna grgnu g rà n e . ( i b i d : 105 ) I n Leva?, however, m o b i l i t y appears t o be more common than o x y to n e s is , c f . S im ić : "Akcenat л d a le k o j e o b i f n i j i и o b lik u N p-A p -V p," c i t i n g as examples g lž v e , zvêzde, ôvce, rQke, s v î n je ( 1972 : 299) . The above remarks a p p ly t o th e s g / p l a c c e n tu a l a l t e r n a t io n as i t i s found i n Tk d i a l e c t s . I n KR, t h i s a l t e r n a ‫־‬ t i o n must be d e fin e d more n a rro w ly as N s g /ttp l, s in c e stems w ith o u t m o b i l i t y between Nsg and N p l form s o fte n have d i f f e r e n t a c c e n tu a tio n i n Gpl o r I p l fo rm s. Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 151‫ ־‬- 2.13 The e a s t - t o ‫ ־‬west d i s t r i b u t i o n o f a c c e n tu a l p a tte rn s i s shown in schem atic form in s ke tch I I . f a c t about t h i s tre n d i l l u s t r a t e d The most s t r i k i n g in th e diagram i s the o u t- s ta n d in g preponderance o f m o b i l i t y in ETk pnd ‫׳‬TWBg. A l l poss i b l e p a tte r n s a re re p re s e n te d i n WBg d i a l e c t s , and the WTk and KR a c c e n tu a l d i s t r i b u t i o n s a re more o r le s s determ ined by p h o n o lo g ic a l/d is tr ib u tio n a l fa c to rs . But in ETk, where t h i s s o r t o f d i s t r i b u t i o n a l c o n s t r a in t does n o t o p e ra te , th e m o b ile p a t t e r n appears to have been extended th ro u g h o u t th e le x ic o n to a g re a t e x t e n t. Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 NSV ‫ ־‬1 5 2 - Sketch I I : S g /p l in fe m in in e a -d e c le n s io n nouns i n T k , KB, NMac, EMac and WBg Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 -153- 2.14 C ha rt 3 summarizes th e a c c e n tu a l r e la t io n s h ip o f s g / p i i n n e u te r nouns. A l l fo u r ty p e s o f c e n t r a l a lt e r n a t io n s a re a t te s te d in Tk f o r d i s s y l l a b i c n e u te r nouns. ETk žfto/žita (Cin) vedrő/vedrá (Cin) rebró/rébra (Cin) krf lo A rilá (Cin) Compare; [b] [о] [m] [n] An a s t e r i s k n e x t t o a symbol i n th e c h a r t in d ic a t e s th a t an expanded p l u r a l form is a t t e s t e d , e .g . SWTk v lé k n o /v lá k n iti (Pas) v e d r ó /v e d r ín ja (Rad) [b # ] [o *] I hf*ve marked n e u te r nouns o f th e ty p e vreme w it h an a s t e r is k o n ly when they are a tte s te d w ith a p l u r a l fo rm a tio n o t h e r th a n th e -e n - found i n s td . SC ETk vréme/vrémena Thus: (Cin) [b] but K ju s vréme/vremenjá ETk fme/iména (K j 69) [N * ] (K r) [n ] but íme/lmetína A ll (Cin) [n#] instances of expanded plurals will be quoted specifically in the text. A ccent r a r e ly appears on th e p r e p o s it io n i n a p re p o s i t i o n a l p h ra se in v o lv in g th ese nouns. When i t does, i t is a lm o st alw ays an example o f a f ix e d phrase ( o r in th e case o f most WBg d i a l e c t s , an a d v e r b ia l fo r m ) . Compare: Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access ETk u ré b ra ETk S of и s é lo (B r 2 9 1 : 2 6 / 3 1 7 ‫) ל‬ po s é la (Sp 257) ETk n í z b rd o K ju s lik o lo ETk 1Ï o g j SW KR na о к о , й o d i KJus J o fi ETk и rivo, и l i g i (K r) (B 2 8 1 :2 2 5 /3 0 0 ) ( i d e n t i f i e d as an a d v e rb ) (K j 78) (В 2 7 9 :2 2 9 /3 2 4 , ib id :2 1 6 /3 3 4 ) vs. и Öko, и <5či (K r) (E) ( a d v e r b ia l) za vivo K ju s S of 1Î vreme ЕГГк ná ramo (K j 78) (K r) (B r 2 6 7 :2 5 6 /3 1 7 ) (K j 78‫ ־‬a d v e r b ia l) ná vreme (Sg 4 5 * a d v e r b ia l) (C in ) vs. na rámo (K r) SWTk na rámo K ju s S of náramo náramo (T rg ) (KJ 197- a d v e r b ia l) (Sg 4 1 - a d v e r b ia l) I n term s o f s g / p l a c c e n tu a tio n , b a r y to n e s is i s orce more th e o n ly ty p e found i n SW KR, SWTk and NMac, unless th e re i s an expanded p l u r a l fo r m a tio n , e . g . Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 00 0 4 6 9 6 0 ‫ ־‬155 - SWTk NMac rároo/raménje (Pas) vréme/vreména ( a ls o v r é m in ja , v r e m ín ja ) (V 142) [n ] In NE KR b a r y to n e s is i s th e o n ly ty p e found w it h s h o rt-v o w e l stems, w h ile w ith lo n g ro o t v o c a lis m o x y to n e s is i s u s u a l. In CWTk and ETk, b a ry to n e s is and m o b i l i t y seem t o o c c u r w ith a p p ro x im a te ly th e same fre q u e n c y . O x y to n e s is i s n o t as r a re in n e u te r nouns as i n fe m in in e a - d e c le n s io n nouns, n o r do th e in s ta n c e s o f f i n a l l y - s t r e s s e d p l u r a l form s c l u s t e r as s t r o n g ly around b o rd e r p o in ts as th e y do i n fe m in in e a d e c le n s io n nouns. Compare f i r s t th e in s ta n c e s o f o x y to n ic p a tte r n s in T o r ia k : ETk gn.jezd6/gn,j ezûé and gnjézda v e d ró /v e d rá v r e 1 6 /v r e Iá k o ld A o lá (C in ) (C in , K r, VR) (C in , VR) to ] [o ] [o ] (VR) d rv < j/d rv é and d fva [° ] (VR) 1°] There a re o n ly two in s ta n c e s o f В- m o b i l i t y i n Tk in these nouns: ETk SWTK k r f l a / k r i l á (and k r f l a ) dfvo /á rvé ( S ta j) (C in ) F i n a l l y n o te th e c lo s e -ra n g e e a s t- to - w e s t v a r i a t i o n in th e a c c e n tu a tio n o f k r i l o i n th e c o m e r o f SWTk n e a r ETk and TWBg: SWTk k r lló A r llá k r l l ó Ą r i la k r í l o / k r í la (Rad) ( S t a j) (T rg ) [o ] ]‫[ ״‬ [b ] Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 2.15 I n th e m ain, WBg and EMac have s i m i l a r a c c e n tu a tio n . The f o llo w i n g d e v ia t io n s from th e d i s t r i b u t i o n a lre a d y noted f o r TK o r v a r i a t i o n s w i t h i n areas o f WBg a re n o te w o rth y , however: (K j 69 ) K ju s v lá k n o /v lá K n a CWBg NWBg v la K n ó /v la k n á and v lá n a [ s i c ] (M ih 113) vla K n ó and vláRno (T 2 2 7 :3 2 7 /3 4 1 ) / TWBg no p l u r a l g iv e n v la K n ó /v lá K n a [ m] S of g n j ézdo/gnj ezdá [n ] NWBg g n j ezdó/gnj ezdá (G 144) b u t gnjézda (T 229 : 240/ 346 ) g n j ézd o/gnjézda (K j 69 ) gnezdó/gnezdá (M ih 111) gnézdo/gnézda (MDA: K a l) but gnezdó (MDA: K is ) K ju s CWBg EMac NWBg (Sg 24) K r iló A r ilá (G 144) but K r ílo (Sp 3 0 4 :3 4 8 /2 5 4 — c it e d as a d i a - [b ] [ °m] [b ] [o] [b ] [о ] l e c t a l f e a t u r e o f O r x a n ije [ i n NWBg] s p e c i f i c a l l y d i s t i n c t from th e ESof K ju s NSV d ia le c t ) A r i l a (T 2 2 9 :2 5 5 /3 *9 ) K r ilo A r ila (K j 69 ) k r ilò A r ila (Mns 148) [b ] [ra] NWBg v edrò /v e d rá [о ] (G 144) but vé d ro (T 2 2 8 :3 5 1 /2 5 5 ) and Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access ve d rò (T 2 2 7 :3 2 5 /3 3 9 )/v é d ra (T 2 2 9 :3 1 1 / CWBg NSV 3*5, ib id :3 5 1 /3 1 7 ) v e d rò /v é d ra (Mih 113) v ftd rò /vé d ra (Mns 1*7) [m] [ni] [m] EMac v é d ro /v é d ra (MDA: K is , K a l) [b ] NWBg r e b r ò /r e b r á but (G 1 * * ) [о ] Sof K jus ré b ra (T 2 8 5 :3 1 * /3 *9 ) r e b r ò /r e b r á (Sg * 9 ) r é b r o /r é b r a (K j 69) EMac s é lo /s é la CWBg K jus s é lo / s é la (M ih 112) s é lo / s é la (K j 69) but u s e lò e (K j 142) s é lo / s e là (G 144) but NWBg Sof (MDA: [° ] [m] Zel) [b ] [b ] [n ] s e lò (T 228:240/346) s e lò and sé lo (Sp 247, Sg 2 4 )/ s é la (Sp 257, T 285:318/244) s e là TWBg S of vs. (Sg 24, T 285:310/244) d fv o (0 1 1 0 :2 3 3 /3 *1 ) but dorvò (KK 6 0 8 :23 9/227) / d orvé (T 229: 2 3 1/23*) d f v o / d f v ja (Sg * 9 ) vs . d fv o /d r v à (Sp 247) drvesá [b ] [n ] vs . (Sg 24— marked as " r a r e r " ) Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access K ju s d fv o /d fv a (K j 69) and d rv à (KJ 83) [£ ] EMac d fv o /d rv à (MDA: Gab) vs. [n ] d fv o /d fv a (MDA: K a i, K is ) vs. [b ] dfvo/dfva as well as drvâ-za-goren.ie (MDA: Zel) [k] NSV d o rv ò /d é rv a [m] S of iito /ïlté NWBg iíto to (Mns 1*8) (Sp 246, Sg 24) [n ] (T 2 2 9 :2 4 0 /3 4 6 ‫ ־ ־‬a c c e n t placem ent assumed t o be u n a ffe c te d by postposed a r t ie le ) /2 itá (T 2 9 9 :3 4 5 /3 3 9 , ib id : 3 1 4 /3 ^ 9 ) NSV z a r n ő /z é m a K ju s o k ó , oSé NWBg [n ] (Mns 148) (b o th l i s t e d as sg) vs. ô k o /d g i (KJ 69 ) <Sko/<5či (G 144) [m] (KJ 84) [™] • [b ] [b ] and K ju s EMac 6 ii (T 2 2 9 :2 5 6 /3 4 2 ) vs. o il (T 2 2 5 :4 0 6 /3 3 1 ) u Sé и Sé ( l i s t e d as 3g)/úS± ( p l ) ( l i s t e d as s g ) / ű í i ( p l ) vs. (KJ 84) (MDA: K a l) [m] [m] ugé ( l i s t e d as s g ) / u j f i ( p l ) (MDA: K is ) [о ] Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 - 159 ‫־‬ The o n ly data I was a b le to f i n d on n e u te r nouns i n KR s u g g e s ted t h a t b a ry to n e s is i s th e p r e v a i l i n g p a t t e r n , e .g . r e b r o / re b ra , s e lo / s é la , b r d o /b r d a , d r v o / d r v a , kvè lo / k M a (KRs 2 7 3 ). In nouns w ith lon g r o o t v o c a lis m , end s tr e s s w ould be expecte d i n NE KR, e .g . k r i l o (KRs 2 7 4 ), b u t no o th e r s p e c i f i c m ention was made o f t h i s . Of nouns l i k e vreme, o n ly th e f o llo w in g forms were found: NE KR vréme (KRs 5 1 ) /vremena (KRs 48) [o ] ime (KRs 2 8 3 )/n o p i a t t e s t e d ramena (KRs 283) /n o sg a t t e s t e d Note a ls o SW KR ramo/râmena (E) [b ] Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 2 .1 6 When a t t e s t e d w ith in h e r it e d -e n ‫ ״‬i n th e p l u r a l , nouns o f th e ty p e vreme a re u s u a lly b a ry to n ie i n Tк b u t m o b ile in Mac and Bg. ЕГГк Compare: vréme/vrémena (C in ) [b ] but vréme/vreména (K r) [n ] vs. TWBg vréme/vreména (Ma 179:248/304) [n ] NMac NWBg vréme/vreména vréme/vremenà (V 142) (G 144) [n ] [N] c f. vremená (T 229:306/347, i b i d : 252/400, i b i d :2 50 /40 2) NSV vrémo/vremená (Mns 215) [N] CWTk rámo/rámena (Sarb, Sii) rámo/rámena (C in , K r, VR) [b] [b] ETk (G144) [N] vs. NWBg rámo/ramená Sof rámo (Sg 2 8 )/ramená and ram ené/( Sg 24) [n ] but raména råmena ETk SWTk (T 229:318/244, т 285:327/348) (T 285:318/244) Іт е /Іт е п а (B r 21 8:209/233) but [b ] íme/iména íme/imena (K r) (Grač) [n ] [b ] vs. NWBg CWBg íme/imená íme/imená (G 144) (Mih 112) [n ] [N] NSV íme/ímena (Mns 148) [b ] and f o r vlme (w hich i n Tk has o n ly p l u r a l s w ith o u t - e n - ) , the Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 ‫־‬ 161 ‫־‬ WBg d a ta : CWBg УІше/vim ená (Mih 112) [N] (Mns 148) [b ] vs. NSV vime/vfmena The a cce nt o f th e sg forms vimé imé and ramé recorded by Broch i n Leskovac (B r 193:157/300) a re q u it e unexpected. B elief d is c o u n ts them a lt o g e t h e r , n o tin g t h a t B ro ch 1s i n f o r ‫־‬ mant in Leskovac gave o th e rw is e u n r e lia b le data as w e l l . In NE KR, a c c e n tu a tio n o f the s td l g seems t o be th e norm, except f o r th e r e t r a c t i o n o f a cce n t from s h o rt open u ltim a t o s h o r t p e n u ltim a . NE KR vréme Thus: (KRs 5 ! ) /vrem ena (KRs 48) [o ] No examples o f th e ty p e ime were g iv e n ; one assumes NE KR Ime/imigna [n ] V ery o f te n , however, th ese nouns have d i f f e r e n t expanded p l u r a l forms than expected. The most commonly o c - c u r r in g expandermorpheme i s - i n j - ( o r i t s v a r ia n t - e n j- ) , v iz . NMac (MDA: Rank, Zel, Gab) (MDA: P saf) (MDA: K is , K a l) v ré m fn ja (and vreména) (V 142) K ju s EMac vrem enjá (KJ 69) v im ín ja (MDA: Rank, Psač, Gab, CWTk v im ín ja EMac vremínja vréminja vrémenja Zel) (sg vime in a l l except Zel where i t is vímé) vimlnja (MDA: K is , K a l) (B r 1 6 4 :1 5 7 /3 0 0 -‫ ־‬r e je c te d by B e lić [В 11 4 8 ]) Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 -1 6 2 - g o lé m i v im in e a (B r 1 6 5 :1 5 7 / 3 0 0 - - lik e w is e r e je c t e d by B e lid [ B l l 5 2 ]) SVTTk vím en.ia (T rg ) NMac ím in ja SWTk Í m e n ja and im é n ja CWTk ím in ja ím in ja im í n ja (V 104) (T rg ) (B r 10 6 :1 5 5 /2 3 3 , Pas) (B r 1 3 8 :200 /22 9) (B r 1 8 1 :2 0 8 /2 5 8 , ib id : 1 5 7 / 3 0 0 ‫ ־ ־‬th e l a t t e r f o r m a g a i n r e j e c t e d by B e l i d ( B l l 4 8 ]) K ju s ímen.ia, ím in .ia SWTk rám en Ja (T rg ) ra m é n ja (P a s ) CWTk EMec TWBg NSV K ju s NWBg SWKR (K j 69 ) rámenja (and rá m e n a ) (S ii) ré m in ja (MDA: Gab) rémenja (MDA: K i s , K a i ) rám enje (T 285 : 222/ 237 ) ram enjá rám on j e rámenj a (KK 185) (Mns 54) ( K j 69 ) rámon.jete (T 2 3 0 :2 4 8 /3 4 5 — d e f i n i t e fo rm , c it e d f o r shape o f de sine nce r a t h e r th a n p la c e o f a c c e n t) ramênj e a lo n g s id e ramena (E) I n f a c t , I re co rd e d t h i s p a r t i c u l a r ty p e o f expanded p l u r a l o n ly tw ic e w it h nouns n o t o f th e vreme ty p e , v i z . SWTk v e d r d / v e d r í n ja s íto /s ítln ja From th e above d a ta , i t (Rad) (Pas) [o *] Tb* j appears t h a t th e p l u r a l expander Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access morpheme - i n j - / - en.i - i s most common in th e s o u th e rn p o r tio n s o f th e areas in c lu d e d in t h i s s tu d y : SWTk (9 o c c u rre n c e s ), EMac (14 o c c u rre n c e s ) and K ju s (4 o c c u rre n c e s ). The l im it e d nunber o f l e x i c a l ite m s in c lu d e d i n th e i n v e s t i g a t i o n does n o t a llo w us t o say w hether a p a r t i c u l a r s tr e s s p a t t e r n i s a s s o c ia te d w it h t h i s morpheme o r n o t . However, i t does seem t h a t near Kumanovo and K riv a Palanka (MDA: Z e l, Rank, Gab, Psač) t h i s s u f f i x i s more o fte n s tr e s s e d , w h ile i n EMac ne ar D elčevo (K is , K a l) , K ju s , and SWTk, form s w it h t h i s s u f f i x a re u s u a lly s te m -s tre s s e d . It i s w e l l known t h a t the s tre s s e d p l u r a l s u f f i x - í n ja i s e x tre m e ly p r o d u c tiv e i n NMac d ia le c t s (Kumanovo and o th e r a re a s ), f r e e l y fo rm in g p l u r a l s f o r nouns .w h ic h a re e t y m o lo g ic a lly n o t m o b ile , d e v o jč f n ja . such as d e v d jč e / V id o e s k i n o te s t h a t i n th e Ovče P o lje - K r a to v o and S tip - S tr u m ic a d i a l e c t re g io n s t h i s s u f f i x i s alm ost a l ways s tre s s e d , whereas f u r t h e r t o th e west i t i s sometimes s tre s s e d ( e . g . d e č i n j a ) and sometimes n o t ( e . g . v r á p c in ja ) (V 1 0 4 ). The use o f - l n j ‫ ־‬/ e n j - i n p l u r a l s i n SWTk d ia le c t s may be a borrowed Macedonian t r a i t ( c f . B l l 4 8 ), a lth o u g h in T o r ia k t h i s expander morpheme i s n o rm a lly n o t a cce n te d . A lth o u g h nouns o f the ty p e vreme a lm o s t always appear w ith expanded p l u r a l s (e x c e p tio n s t o t h i s i n my f i e l d n o te s a re réme/ráma i n G ra f and vím e/vím e [unchanged i n th e p l u r a l ] i n Grač and P a s), s e v e ra l o th e r q u e s tio n n a ir e nouns a ls o were e l i c i t e d w it h expanded p l u r a l s ( c f . e n t r ie s on th e c h a r t marked w ith an a s t e r i s k ) . The most common s u f f i x by f a r i s Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access - e t - , a t t e s t e d w ith th e f o llo w in g lexemes: ETk k r iltS A r í l e t i a ls o k r í la ( ib id ) d fv o /d rv é ti (K r) [m# ] (K r) [n *] cf. d rv é ti CWTk (В 326:227/322) k o lé ti (В 3 3 * :2 1 6 /3 3 1 ‫ ־ ־‬noted as a Nmv form) fm e ti (В 3 3 * :2 2 4 /3 0 5 --n o te d as a Nmv form) v im e /v im e ti (K r) [b *] v lo k n ő / v lo k n é t i ( S il) to *] z fn o ( 5 i l ) / z r n é t l rá m o /rá m e tl (DP) SWTk (в 3 3 * : 155/319) tb*] v ím e /v ím e ti ( S il) re b ró /re b ré tl ( S t a j -Rad) a ls o ré b ra ( ib id ) tb *] [S #] df v e t i (B 326:155/233) lá k n o / la k n é t i (D vor) (The l a s t i s c i t e d o n ly t o show th e expanded p l u r a l form , as it i s from th e area w ith fix e d p e n u ltim a te s t r e s s . ) I n a l l th e above examples, - e t - was fo llo w e d by th e desinence - i in s te a d o f th e norm al n e u te r p l u r a l desinence -a . It i s a tte s te d w ith -a^ much le s s f r e q u e n t ly , and o n ly i n th e easternm ost Tk o r NSV areas (and one example from S o fia ) : ETk NSV im e /im e ta (B r 2 9 9 :2 5 6 /3 1 7 ) vím e/vím e ta ( ib id ) [b *] Kiívno/KŰvnöta (Mns 53 Ì ïito (Mns 1 4 8 ) / ï f t e t a (Mns 53) s íto /s íte ta (Mns 53) tb *] [b *] [b *] [b *] Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 00 0 4 6 9 6 0 ‫ ־‬165 ‫־‬ Sof kriló (Sp 304) A r ilé ta (Sp 258 ) [о *] O fte n a second expander morpheme i s added: ETk CWTk NWBg kolóĄoletija (Cin, CT 396‫־־‬noted as " r a r e " i n CTim) k o le t f ja (В 396 :n p ) [o *] Íme/imetíja (VR) ime/lmetína (Cin) imetija (B r 249:228/308) vime/vimetija (also víma) (Cin) vime/vimetija (B r 272:256/317) note also kolia (Sp 259:3*8/254) [n*] [n*] ] Expanded p l u r a l s w ith d i f f e r e n t p h o n e tic v a r ia n t s o f th e morpheme - i t 1- are a tte s te d as f o llo w s : ETk CWTk SWTk koló/kolí?i (also kóla) (K r íme/imíd1i (Sarb) íme/ímiK1i (Sii) vime/vimič1i (Sil) vlákno/vlókniti (and vlákna) F in a lly , o in*] [b*] [n * ‫נ‬ (Pes) > r! I must m ention th e f o llo w in g n e u te r p l u r a l forvr.s occurring with plural expanders which are more often a tte s te d in masc. nouns: ETk S of dfvo/dfvje (Cin) dčvo/dfvja and drvéta dfvo/dfvja (Sg 4g) and brdóvl (B 3!9:np) (CT 396) [b*] [£*] [b*] Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 ‫־‬ 2.17 166‫־‬ Does th e p i c t u r e o f a c c e n tu a l a l t e r n a t i o n s d i f f e r when d i s s y l l a b i c s in g u la r form s o f n e u te r nouns a re opposed t o t r i s y l l a b i c p l u r a l form s r a t h e r than t o th e e t y m o lo g ic a lly expected d i s s y l l a b i c p l u r a l forms? i s d i f f i c u l t t o say. F o r in s ta n c e , th e noun K r i l o has A-mo- b i l e a c c e n tu a tio n i n one v i l l a g e the expanded p l u r a l , ETK (K r) b o th w ith and w ith o u t v iz . K r i l ć Ą r i la (K r) k r il3 /k r ile ti S im ila r ly , From my l i m i t e d data i t (K r) [m*] th e noun K o lo i s o x y to n ic b o th w ith and w ith o u t expanded p l u r a l s , ETK [m] i n c o n tig u o u s areas v iz . K o l ő A o l é t i (C in ) [ о*] R o l ó Ą o l i ć i (K r) K o l ò A o lá (VR) [о *] [o ] On th e o th e r hand, n o te examples such as: CWTK SWTK r e b r ò /r é b r a ( S il) [m] but re b rò /re b ré ti ( S il) v e d ró /v é d ra (Rad) [о *] [m] but v e d r ó / v e d r in ja [о *] ETK k o ló A ő la but K o l ó Ą o l i c 1i (Rad