(PDF) Towards a Digitization Framework: Pakistani Perspective

Vol. 15, Issue 1 (2014) PJIM&L Towards a Digitization Framework: Pakistani Perspective Muhammad Rafiq Department of Information Management, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Email:

Kanwal Ameen Department of Information Management, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Email:

The study assessed the the country are now connected through fiber optic opinions of the Pakistani network. Telephone density or teledensity is the library experts in terms of: number of telephone connections for every hundred organization for individuals living within an area. Mobile financial digitization work services have recently been launched by various (execution of digitization operators in Pakistan, with transactions worth Rs3.76 work & staffing patterns); billion via online banking (Sheikh, 2013). Such funding patterns; and developments show the transformation into a digital access patterns for economy where information access is pivotal. digitization projects. The study opted qualitative Digitization has transformed the modes of accessing research design and in- information and knowledge resources. The education depth interviews were sector is a major one to make use of digital conducted to collect the data from purposely technology to enrich the educational experiences at all selected library experts from different parts of stages of the learning journey (Joint Information Pakistan. The findings bring forward an outline of Systems Committee, JISC, 2005). University libraries digitization framework in terms of execution of are digitizing their valued print resources to offer digitization work, staffing patterns, funding online access and meet the information needs of the patterns and access patterns. academic community world over. In Pakistani context, Ameen and Rafiq (2009) reviewed different Keywords: Digital Access, Digital Library, digital libraries of the country that were the outcome Digitization Framework, Library Funding, Pakistan, of some digitization activities. It was also noted in an Library Staffing. other study that digital information resources are preferred by information users in the higher education sector of Pakistan (Rafiq & Ameen, 2012). 1. Introduction The Higher Education Commission (HEC) initiated a The digital revolution in Pakistan is accelerating fast. number of projects to transform the Pakistani higher The low speed dial-up connection got replaced with education sector. A breakthrough project was the the broadband, and the most recently 3G and 4G Pakistan Education and Research Network (PERN), mobile internet has been launched. High-speed launched in 2002, to enhance the communication Internet connectivity has enabled faster searches and infrastructure of the institutes of higher learning and seamless access to a wealth of media through research organizations to meet their networking and common interfaces. According to Internet Service internet needs. Currently, it is serving 183 academic Providers Association of Pakistan (ISPAK), the and research institutes. HEC-National Digital Library number of estimated Internet users has reached 25 Programme (HEC-NDL) and the digital Pakistan million, while Teller (2013) reported 30 million Research Repository (PRR) projects aimed to address Internet users and 120 million mobile/cell phone the researcher’s information needs. NDL offers online subscribers. The Government of Pakistan is spending access to more than 23000 e-journals and 40000 e- Rs. 22 billion on rural telecom development through books of international publishers (NDL, 2014). PRR the Universal Service Fund. The country’s total is a digitization project of HEC that offers online open teledensity has been increased to 72 % (Ministry of access to PhD dissertations produced in Pakistani Finance, 2013) and over 250 towns and cities across PAKISTAN JOURNAL OF INFORMATION MANAGEMENT & LIBRARIES 22 Vol. 15, Issue 1 (2014) PJIM&L degree awarding institutes (Pakistan Research planning or implementing digitization projects. The Repository, 2014). framework was prepared by the NISO Framework Working Group with support from the Institute of University libraries in Pakistan are striving hard to Museum and Library Services, USA. The framework improve their human, financial, knowledge and other provided an overview of some of the major material resources. Their services has been improved components and activities involved in digitization, with the access to global knowledge reservoirs identified existing resources (books, web resources, through NDL. The university libraries initiated guidelines, etc.) that supported the development of digitization programmes. However, digitization to sound local practices for creating and managing date in university libraries of Pakistan is at budding digital collections; and encouraged community stage and born out of the heat of new technology. A participation in the ongoing development of best study (Rafiq & Ameen, 2013) reported that one-third practices for digitization. The Framework provides of university libraries of Pakistan were engaged in criteria for goodness, organized around four core digitization activities. Nonetheless, this study revealed types of entities: Collections (organized groups of that digitization activities were taking place in objects); Objects (digital materials); Metadata isolation in absence of a formal digitization policy. (information about objects and collections); and Digitization projects require considerable amount of Initiatives (programs or projects to create and manage financial, human, and technological resources. It was collections). A number of principles have been assumed that international guidelines in terms of recommended for building digital collections. project execution might not work in the local context without adaptation. It requires a uniform digitization The Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) framework to meet the national needs. Thus, it published a report in 2005 that suggested need for a seemed necessary to seek the opinions of library UK digitization framework. This report was based on experts regarding a possible digitization framework the Loughborough University’s study on digitised for the country. content in the UK research libraries and archives sector (Bultmann, Hardy, Muir, & Wictor, 2005). It 2. Aim of the study reported that the investment in digitisation project had amounted to £130 million over 10 years, in UK. The The aim of the study was to assess the opinion of the study discussed the digitised resources in the UK; library digitization experts of Pakistan on different standards, formats and guidelines; funding structures aspects of the digitization work that will help to and opportunities for digitisation projects. The report outline a digitization framework. The focus was on advocated the need for a UK digitization framework practical aspects of digitization project execution and recommended to adopt a flexible framework that instead of technical standards. The study assessed the would assist in filling gaps in provision of digitised opinion of the key respondents in terms of: contents and should enable coordination of existing organization for digitization work (execution of services related to digitization. digitization work & staffing patterns); funding patterns; and access patterns of digitization projects. Tharani (2012) proposes “a service-oriented framework for academic libraries to reimagine and 3. Literature review mobilize collections’ digitization as part of broader library services”. The proposed framework is based A number of guidelines covering a wide range of on the Service Framework for Digital Libraries digitization aspects including digitization methods, developed by the Digital Library Federation (DLF), techniques, digital imaging, selection criteria, whereby digitization activities have been formalized metadata, taxonomy, etc. are available. Their focus into discrete processes and functions. The issues and remains on technical aspects instead of practical challenges that academic libraries may face in aspects of digitization project execution. The focus of mobilizing digitization services are also discussed in this study was on project execution hence, the the context of a collaborative community digitization researchers excluded the guidelines which covered initiative undertaken by two Canadian academic methods, techniques, digital imaging, selection libraries. criteria, metadata, taxonomy etc. The following section reviews the most relevant and available works. In the perspective of developing countries, especially with the similarities in social, political and economic NISO (National Information Standards Organization, environment with Pakistan, Indian literature discusses 2007) recommended A Framework of Guidance for the issue of framework development. For example, Building Good Digital Collections for cultural Qureshi and Khan (2006) discussed a framework with heritage organizations and funding bodies that were a foces on data capture, data storage and data PAKISTAN JOURNAL OF INFORMATION MANAGEMENT & LIBRARIES 23 Vol. 15, Issue 1 (2014) PJIM&L dissemination. The authors “emphasised on the Table 1: Interviewees’ Profile suitability of the methods to deal with the varied requirements of the digital library initiatives”. They Variables Freq. Percentage discussed framework in the context of a digital library Type of Parent Institution and not of digitization processes. Natarajan and Public sector 16 64 Bhakta (2008) presented the issues and problems in Private sector 9 36 building a digitization framework in India. The study Primary Role listed the checklist for digitization with the key issues for managing the technology including the project Library Practitioner 19 76 planning, resource management, feasibility studies Faculty/Teaching 6 24 and costing of the project. The digitization framework Provincial Representation was discussed in terms of an inventory of digitisation projects; raising awareness of digitisation; training Punjab 7 28 and re-skilling staff in digitization activities; Sindh 12 48 developing networks, collaborations and relationships Baluchistan 1 4 for digitisation activities; obtaining funding to support Federal Area/Capital 5 20 digitisation; instigating digitisation projects; enhancing the IT infrastructure; and strategic planning and policy development. The problems of getting Telephonic and email contacts were used to fix copyright clearance by contacting rights holders and appointments with the interviewees. Semi-structured the moral rights of authors were highlighted. in-depth interviews were conducted in the offices of However, the article did not present any empirical the interviewees, except two. The researcher visited data. A review of the local literature showed that the Karachi, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, and Lahore to studies on the use of various technologies in libraries conduct the interviews. The researcher did not visit have been perused, but this area has not been Quetta and Peshawar because of the deteriorated addressed. conditions of law and order in these cities. The interview of a library expert from Quetta was 4. Research Design & Methodology conducted in Karachi, when he was on a visit for The study used a qualitative research design to meet another meeting. its aim/s. Purposive sampling technique was used to The research used an interview guide comprised of explore the opinions of the professional experts. related themes for conducting the interviews instead Hence, twenty-seven library experts from different of structured questions. The themes were extracted parts of Pakistan were selected on the basis of their from the available body of literature on the topic. An positions, experience and established expertise in initial rapport was developed with the interviewees librarianship of Pakistan. The consultation with some before conducting formal interviews. All interviews senior professionals was also made to finalise the were recorded using an electronic voice recording sample. Attention was given to ensure diversity of the apparatus with the permission of the interviewees; sample and representation from all four provinces of hence they were comfortable with the recording. The the country. One interviewee from private sector was respondents were given option to talk in English or General Manager Archives of a major electronic Urdu languages to avoid language barrier in the media group. The decision to include him was taken pursuance of obtaining their real insight. The considering his vast experience in university interview themes were explored in an exhaustive librarianship as well as in digitization projects. Other manner. The duration of the interviews varies from 20 experts were also chosen carefully to make this study to 45 minutes. The recorded interviews were meaningful. Table 1 presents the profiles of the supported with notes taken during and just after the sample; 16 respondents were from public sector interviews to enhance the strength of the data. institutions and nine belonged to private sector. In terms of interviewees’ primary work responsibilities, Two respondents revealed their lack of knowledge 19 were library practitioners and six belonged to and insight in terms of library digitization during teaching faculty. Provincial representation also interviewing process. Those interview transcripts showed a good blend of interviewees (Table 1). were excluded from data analysis. Hence, the data presents the opinion of twenty-five experts. PAKISTAN JOURNAL OF INFORMATION MANAGEMENT & LIBRARIES 24 Vol. 15, Issue 1 (2014) PJIM&L A thematic analysis of textual data was conducted. Interpretation and Discussion The recorded interviews were transcribed in English A majority of the interviewees considered that with professional objectivity. A summary of the digitization work should be done in-house. They analysis was extracted from the interview transcripts opined that library staff should develop their skills manually. Comments and quotes from the transcripts required for digitization. They suggested that it should have been used to enhance the validity in begin with small scale projects so that librarians learn interpretation of the opinions and the content. The by doing it themselves. In-house execution of study ensured the anonymity of the interviewees by digitization work will empower the library staff. A referring the quotes from interview transcripts without chief librarian from Islamabad stated, “We need to their names. learn, train our staff, and understand the issues 5. Data Analysis involved in digitization work. We learnt all ourselves by doing an ETD (Electronic Theses & Dissertations) The identified themes regarding digitisation project. Had we outsourced we would have never framework were probed extensively during the become aware of the related aspects and issues”. The interviews. The analysis of data is presented below: findings are aligned with the reasons found in the favour of in-house digitization by Bultmann, Hardy, 5.1. Organization of Digitization Work Muir, and Wictor (2006). In their study on digitized contents in the UK research library and archives First of all, the interviewees were requested to share sector, a majority of the respondent institutions their insight about the ways of execution of favoured in-house digitization because of: (i) better digitization work in libraries. The opinion was control of procedures and handling of the originals (ii) collected on two sub themes: 1) Execution of preferred to keep the original onsite (iii) development digitization work, and 2) Staffing pattern. of staff skills (iv) small-scale projects and (v) the presence of internal expertise. 5.1.1. Execution of digitization work Five interviewees rejected the option of outsourcing Table 2: Execution of digitization work (N=25) in the current scenario. One of the reasons mentioned by a few interviewees was the non-availability of Content Analysis of the Responses Freq. companies offering digitization services in the In-house execution of digitization work 15 country. Another chief librarian pointed out, “When should be done such projects are initiated, the companies emerge and out-sourcing can be done. But it will only happen Collaborative/resource sharing efforts 7 when a number of libraries show their desire. In other should be made words, right now, we need to do in-house digitization Decision of in-house or outsourcing 6 because at this time outsourcing options hardly exist execution depends on the type of project and will be very costly”. and library resources The execution of digitization work, of course, also Outsourcing is not feasible in the current 5 depends on the type of a project and strength of scenario library collections. It was mentioned that if the library staff has the expertise, ample technological resources Centralized setup for digitization work 1 and long-term commitment to digitization activities, it Separate units for digitization work 1 is appropriate to go for in-house digitization. However, if digitization work is a one-time activity Hybrid approach: Digitization of objects 1 and a library’s staff lacks the required expertise or should be in-house and post-processing time, and technological resources, or if there is a huge including metadata assigning, publishing, quantity of backlog to digitise, ,outsourcing should be etc. may be outsourced a better way to get it done. Developing a centralized setup; establishing separate The notion of doing it by university libraries in a units in libraries; and hybrid approach (mix of in- collaborative manner with sharing resources was also house and outsource) for digitization work was also expressed. Collaborative approach might be much mentioned with a single frequency for each. desired, however, as mentioned under the headings of ‘Major Issues’ and ‘Cooperation’, the scenario of Pakistani librarianship does not show impressive examples of resource sharing throughout its history. A number of interviewees mentioned that majority of PAKISTAN JOURNAL OF INFORMATION MANAGEMENT & LIBRARIES 25 Vol. 15, Issue 1 (2014) PJIM&L the librarians are working in isolation whereas digitization projects. Hence, they are in better position initiating resource sharing networks is more to make right decisions in terms of needed important. One interviewee mentioned that higher digitization. The interviewees firmly expressed that if administration is also not in favour of resource libraries want to sustain their digitization projects, sharing with other university libraries. Still libraries they need to train their professional staff members. are far from the basic form of formal lending like Nevertheless, the majority felt insecure from IT Inter Library Loan (ILL). Ameen (2008) also professionals and feared that they might replace mentioned certain technical, procedural, librarians in future. An interviewee stated, “We psychological, and behavioural barriers hindering should train our own library professionals to expand resource sharing. Hence, collaboration in this regard the professional canvas. If we will induct computer seems merely wishful thinking. science professionals, we will shrink the canvas for There were also some other suggestions mentioned by LIS graduates”. Some interviewees mentioned that IT interviewees, i.e., development of a centralised professionals should be under the librarian. “Libraries facility to digitize libraries’ material; establishment of need IT professionals for assistance not for dictation”, specialised units for digitization work within libraries; one chief librarian of a public university said. The and a hybrid approach meaning scanning and basis of this fear may be traced from the past conversion of documents in-house while post experiences of libraries. For example, a chief librarian processing including metadata assigning, and system of a private university shared, “Traditionally, we used settings outsourcing. Though, a wish for a centralised IT people in automation projects, but computer setup for university libraries was expressed, it seems professionals tried to dominate and assert authority hard to establish as it requires a strong commitment over the library professionals”. Nevertheless, they for generating and sharing resources besides an admitted that a number of digitization tasks can be agreed upon mechanism that lack among university handled by IT professionals in more efficient and libraries. Furthermore, interviewees seemed not fully effective way, e.g. building and maintaining library aware of all the intricacies of digitization. systems to offer online access to digitized objects. They have also mentioned that all LIS professionals 5.1.2. Staffing pattern for digitization are not well-versed in technological application. It seems appropriate to induct IT professionals for A few sentences to introduce this part telling what the specialised works like system creation and theme/or point was in exploring this. maintenance. It is a fact that library resources, processes, and services are becoming generally Table 3: Proposed staffing pattern for digitization technology dependent. Hence, library needs staff with work in libraries (N = 25) the required IT skills. It was also stated by the respondents that in LIS schools, students learn some Contents Analysis of the Responses Freq. basic IT skills but not enough. Their opinion may be Should train and use existing library staff 23 summed as follows: libraries need to add IT professionals to develop, install, and maintain the IT professionals may be also hired 10 technological systems while librarians should select If IT professionals are hired, they should 3 the material for digitization and make decisions about work under the library administration, access patterns. It is necessary to join hands with computer/IT professionals to carry out digitization More involvement of IT professionals may 3 projects successfully and create digital libraries. It replace librarian in future may be accomplished by creating new positions like Libraries can get volunteers 2 system programmer, web developer, etc. in the library’s staffing pattern, as suggested by a Induct new LIS staff with needed skills for 2 respondent. digitization projects 5.2. Funding Sources for Digitization Projects/ Activities Interpretation and Discussion Digitization is a costly process and requires a A vast majority of interviewees were in favour of significant amount of continuous funding for training and using the existing library staff for equipment, processing, post-processing of digitized digitization work. The most noteworthy claim made material and sustainability. Therefore, it felt necessary by them was that only librarians know the information to gather the opinion of the interviewees about the needs and seeking behaviour of their users. It is a funding pattern that Pakistani university libraries may fundamental pre-requisite for the success of opt. The analysis is as follows: PAKISTAN JOURNAL OF INFORMATION MANAGEMENT & LIBRARIES 26 Vol. 15, Issue 1 (2014) PJIM&L Table 4: Funding sources for digitization projects receive this grant to purchase the following (N=25) equipments/books for library: Contents Analysis of the Responses Freq.   Photostat machine, Scanner.  Libraries should welcome funding from 21 Reference books, rare books etc.  any source for this purpose Research Journals. Software, Subscription database ( to provide Start digitization by internal funds, and 15  Personal computers maximum number up to 05 electronic resources by subject) later on explore alternative sources Be self-sufficient and generate funds 3 (to use the database in libraries), provided if internally already not available Funding pattern depends on budgetary 2 This grant is for a one-time purchase of equipment, policy of the institution library material, etc. It is not a regular grant and offers HEC should provide funds specifically for 2 a small amount as compared to the costs of a digitization projects digitization project. The nature of digitization projects requires the funds for staffing, equipment and process Big or national level projects need to 1 execution. It was proposed by a couple of the explore alternative financial resources interviewees that libraries need to use funds from both Generate funds by offering fee based 1 internal and external resources. Funds from external access to some digitized contents resources, e.g. HEC, may be used to acquire technological equipments but internal funding may be Libraries need to devise/extend the policy 1 obtained for staff salaries etc. in terms of alternative funding Some respondents also talked about alternative funding channels from international foundations, Analysis of opinions illustrates following mix model institutions and private donors. Procuring such grants for getting funds based on internal as well as external requires exploring funding sources, preparing the case resources to support digitization activities in and proposals. It is the researchers’ observation that university libraries (Table 4). librarians generally lack these skills. Moreover, libraries need to devise/extend the policy in terms of Interpretations and Discussions alternative funding for university libraries, which is not yet an explored option. Out of 25 respondents, 21 explicitly suggested to welcome the funds irrespective to the funding body. 5.3. Access Patterns However, fifteen respondents suggested that initially libraries should start digitization activities by internal Deciding on access pattern (i.e., fee vs. free; single vs. or regular funding. They agreed that it is easy to multiple interfaces etc.) to digitize contents is secure alternative funds by demonstrating some pilot considered an important part of any digitization projects. They considered that libraries may project (or framework). Therefore, it seemed accomplish such pilot projects by internal funding that necessary to probe the interviewees’ opinion about will be a good justification to attract alternative access pattern that may be adopted for digitization funding. activities/projects. University libraries of the country hold many Table 5: Access pattern to digitized contents collections rich in cultural, historical and scholastic (N=25) value. These resources include manuscripts, rare Contents Analysis of the Responses Freq. books, artefacts, old journals, etc. The respondents considered that such valuable resources have the Single interface and central repository 16 potential to get support for digitization and marketing Full text online access for free 13 of these resources may be instrumental for getting funds. Depends on the type and objectives of the 8 project The role of HEC was also considered important in providing funds for digitization projects. HEC Fee based access 8 provides Pak Rupees (US$ 11765/-) grant to libraries Central repository of bibliographic data, 7 under the head of “Institutional Strengthening /Up- and full text access through institution’s Gradation of Laboratories”. Libraries are entitled to library website PAKISTAN JOURNAL OF INFORMATION MANAGEMENT & LIBRARIES 27 Vol. 15, Issue 1 (2014) PJIM&L Hybrid model 5 may be beneficial in the users’ perspective. Central repository, mentioned by a couple of interviewees Central repository under the HEC 3 would stop the duplication of digitization efforts for Central Repository may stop the 2 the same contents. Nevertheless, to go for the second duplication of digitization work option, it will be necessary to follow some uniform standards for the purpose of interoperability and data exchange. Moreover, establishing a central repository Interpretation and Discussion requires the provision of sophisticated infrastructure, The Majority of interviewees favoured open access to human resources, maintenance, ample financial their digitized contents. Eight interviewees considered resources and an agreed upon administrative setup. that full-text fee based access is viable. Five Furthermore, the transportation of documents to and interviewees explicitly favoured the adoption of a from the centralized repository would need safety hybrid model of access. Two types of hybrid models measures to avoid any damage to the rare materials. were suggested: Three interviewees considered that the central repository should be under the HEC. In the beginning, 1. Free full-text access to general contents and fee HEC may formulate a group of experts to initiate such based access to special collections. a repository by providing funding and administrative support. However, it will be on part of the university 2. Free full text access for Pakistani academia and libraries to establish such a repository. It will require fee based access to foreign institutions collaborative efforts from the university libraries. As far as the first model is concerned, some Resource sharing and consortia approach may be interviewees considered that fee based access to effective in this regard. information is against a library’s philosophy and might be a hindrance in promotion of education and 6. Conclusions research in a country like Pakistan. It might be hard In the light of collective input obtained through for the local users to spend money for accessing interviews and their analysis, it may be concluded that digital contents. Digital culture is just beginning and in-house execution of digitization work may be fee-based access will deter users. In terms of the preferred; however, this decision should be based on second type of mode , some respondents stated that the type of project and strength of institutional we need to get attention of global researchers about resources. Collaborative approach is essential and can the resources available in Pakistani libraries. They be an effective approach for the success of digitization mentioned that libraries cannot get enough money by projects. Collaborative approach may also address the fee-based access unless they become commercial sustainability issues of these projects in long terms. In vendors. It will be inappropriate to adopt fee based terms of staffing patterns, libraries may use existing access pattern at the current stage because libraries are library staff to do digitization, however, IT at the early stage of digitization. professionals may also be hired for technical and Access through a single interface and central digitized system support. Nevertheless, it was found that a fear repository appeared a favourite one. However, a exists among LIS professionals about the hiring of IT professionals in libraries. In the beginning, libraries central digital repository may be seen in terms of two may start digitization projects by internal funds and aspects i.e. i) Central repository to digitize printed alternative funding sources may be explored later on material, and ii) Central repository to access digital content. The example of Pakistan Research by showcasing already accomplished digitization Repository (PRR), a project operated by a private work. Single interface, open access, central repository company for Higher Education Commission of was preferred. However, a hybrid model was also Pakistan (HEC), may be considered in the context of recommended by considering the nature of digitized this debate. PRR digitizes PhD theses produced by the collection. doctorate students at Pakistani universities to make 7. Recommendations them available through a single interface. PRR adopted a mechanism to collect the copies of doctoral 1. A collaborative approach might be opted for theses through university libraries. However, a wider access and long-term sustainability of the number of theses were still not available with PRR. It digitization projects. Universities should join seems hard for an agency to digitize special hands to meet the demands of this digital era. collections of different university libraries. Resource sharing networks and consortia approach will be instrumental to address the user In terms of second option, the access through a single needs and digitizing library resources. interface by sharing the copies of digitized material PAKISTAN JOURNAL OF INFORMATION MANAGEMENT & LIBRARIES 28 Vol. 15, Issue 1 (2014) PJIM&L 2. In terms of staffing patterns, libraries should use ISPAK. (2013). Internet Service Providers existing library staff, however, as IT skills are Association of Pakistan (ISPAK). Retrieved increasing required for digitization work; it is November 17, 2013, from http://www.ispak.pk/ recommended to enhance the IT skills of library Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC), U. staff by supporting their continuing professional (2005). Digitisation in the UK: The case for a UK development activities. framework. UK. 3. Libraries may start digitization projects in the Ministry of Finance, G. o. P. (2013). Pakistan beginning by internal funds and explore Economic Survey 2012-2013. Islamabad: alternative funding sources later on by projecting Ministry of Finance, Government of Pakistan. their accomplishments. Of course, digitization is Natarajan, M., & Bhakta, U. (2008). Developing a a costly process and libraries should explore and framework for digitisation: Issues and problems. welcome every source of funding to support their Paper presented at the National Conference on digitization endeavours. Recent Technological Trends in Management and Library System: Issues and Challenges, Asia- 4. It seems reasonable that specialised units for Pacific Inst of Management, New Delhi digitization work may be established in large http://knowgate.niscair.res.in/jspui/bitstream/123 libraries which have a large number of valued 456789/78/3/DEVELOPING%20A%20FRAME resources for digitization. WORK%20FOR%20DIGITISATION.pdf National Information Standards Organization. (2007). 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