(PDF) Историческая глобалистика. XIX век

Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ Ɇ. ȼ. Ʌɨɦɨɧɨɫɨɜɚ Ɏɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɘ. ȼ. Ɂɢɧɶɤɢɧɚ, Ʌ. ȿ. Ƚɪɢɧɢɧ, ɂ. ȼ. ɂɥɶɢɧ, Ⱥ. ɂ. Ⱥɧɞɪɟɟɜ, ɂ. Ⱥ. Ⱥɥɟɲɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ɋ. Ƚ. ɒɭɥɶɝɢɧ, Ⱥ. ȼ. Ʉɨɪɨɬɚɟɜ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɫɬɢɤɚ Ɍɨɦ 2. XIX ɜɟɤ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɹ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ «ɍɱɢɬɟɥɶ», ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ 2017 94 63.3 -63 Ⱥɜɬɨɪɵ: . . , . . . . . , . . . . . , . . . . . , . . . . . , . . . . . , . . . . . , . . . ɇɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɪɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɵ: . . , . . . . . , . . . -63 ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɫɬɢɤɚ. Ɍɨɦ 2. XIX ɜɟɤ / . . - . – . : « »; , 2017. – 392 . ISBN 978-5-7057-5180-8 « - »– - , - , . « - XIX »– , , - , . « »– - XIX XX ., , - - . , - , , - , , - . 94 63.3 , № 15-18-30063 « : , - , - , ». ISBN 978-5-7057-5180-8 © . . , 2017 © « », 2017   3   ɋɈȾȿɊɀȺɇɂȿ ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ .............................................................................................. 5 Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ 1. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚ- ɰɢɢ XIX ɜ. ........................................................................11 1. ..........................................14 2. ...........................................25 3. XIX . ............................................................................................ 38 4. XIX . ............................................................................................. 53 5. XIX . ................................................... 72 6. . ...........80 Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ 2. ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ XIX ɜ. ..................................................................................88 7. .....................................................91 8. ......................104 Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ 3. ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ XIX ɜ. ...121 9. . ......................................................126 10. - ....141 11. - ....155 12. .................172 13. ..............180 14. ......193 Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ 4. ɋɨɰɢɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ XIX ɜ. ................203 15. .........205 16. .......................................................................217 17. ...................226 18. ................231 4 И я .Т 2   Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ 5. Ɂɟɧɢɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ (1870–1914 ɝɝ.) ....242 19. . ........................................................244 20. - ...........................................................258 21. .......................................271 Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ. . .293   ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 1. , - ..............................................................297 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 2. 1896 1906 . ...300 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3. 1870–1924 . ............................................313   Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ..................................................................................350 5   ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ XIX . , - , - , - , - - ( ). . . , , , , , - , ( - 2014: 41). , - :« , - , , . - , , - , »( 2005: 90–91). « » - , - , , - . , , « » ( ) , 6 И я .Т 2   ( , ), , , , - , , (Christian 2004). - , - ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ (ɨɛ- ɳɟɩɥɚɧɟɬɚɪɧɵɯ) ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɤɨɷɜɨ- ɥɸɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɨɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ( , 2010; 2012; 2013 ; 2013 ; . 2013). - , XIX . , - , - . XIX – « - ». - « : - 1789–1848» ( 1999 ), « : 1875–1914» ( 1999 ) « : 1848–1875» ( 1999 ) « XIX »: 1789 . , : , , - . , - . XIX – . - , 1876 . – , . XIX . . , XIX ., , . 7   XIX . - 4 . . (« »), , – - . . - . , - , XIX . - , . 1840- . - . - . XIX . . - . - . – . XIX . - ( ). . 1858 . - - . XIX . « » , - . , . 1874 . - - . 1875 . - . 1853 . - , - 8 И я .Т 2   , - . - . . XIX . - . (1860), (1878), (1897), (1900). XIX – . 1844 . . (1896) - . 1866 . I - . 100- 14 1889 . , - - . . . . , XIX ., « » - . « » (1848) : . - . - - . , - , – , , , - , - , , . , , , - . 9   - - . , - . . - - , - ( , 1955 [1848]: 428). XIX – , . , 1863 ., – «Singer Company» – , XIX . . , « XIX », - , , , , – . XIX . : - 60 %, – 2% 6% . :« XIX »– - . - XVIII . XIX . . 3–5 - . , , XIX . - . 50 XIX . , 100 – 10 . 1910 . 54 %, 1911 . – 51,5 %. - , 10 И я .Т 2   , - XIX . XX ., - , . . - . XIX . - , . 1860- . - « ». « » - - . – , , , - , , . , - , . 1. Т э 11   ɊȺɁȾȿɅ 1. ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ɂ ɗɄɈɇɈɆɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ɌɊȺɇɋɎɈɊɆȺɐɂɂ XIX ȼ. - , - . , , - , , - ( ). - , ,– - . . 1920- . . . , (50–60 ) , XVIII . - ( 40–60 ) , - . : ( - 20–30 ). - ( , ), – - . - 1 . . - . , - .                                                              1 .: 1925; 2002; , 1992; , 1993; 2009; 2001; 2010 ; 2012 ; 2013; - , 2012; 2014 ; , , 2011; , 2012; Goldstein 1988; Kleinknecht 1987; Modelski 2001; Grinin, Korotayev, Tausch 2016. 12 И я .Т 2   - ( ) 1780- . 2020- . , . , . . , 1780- . , , , , - . , - - – ( ). , , , . , , , . , - , - , , . . , (40–60 ) - (7–11 ) – , ( - - ), - , . , - , - . - , . - . . , 1. Т э 13   . - - . , - 20 30 . . , - . . - , - . - . ( – 2020–2060- .). : – (1780 – 1840- .): - ; – ( 1840–1890- .): , ; – (1890- – 1940- .): , - ; – ( 1940- – 1980- .): - , , ; – ( 1980- – ~2020 .): , , ; – ( , ~2020–2060- .): , , (3D- ), - . . 14 1. Т э   ȽɅȺȼȺ 1. ɉȿɊȼɕɃ ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɂɃ ɍɄɅȺȾ 1.1. ɈɋɇɈȼɇɕȿ ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽɂɂ ɉȿɊȼɈȽɈ ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɈȽɈ ɍɄɅȺȾȺ - . 1730 . . - : . . - (1730- – 1760- .) - , ( .: , 2016: . 4). ( ) 1760–1770- . - « » - – , - ( 1937 [1906]: 184; - 1959–1964, . 1; - 2008 [1894]). - ( .: 1940), , , . « » , « », - - . ( , - ) 8 , 80 . . , - , . 1788 . 20 .« », - ( .: - 1. ы 15   1940). ; « - » 1810- . , , . , - - , - ( ., : 1959–1964; - 2008 [1913]). . - - . . . - (water- frame – ), , . , ( ), , ( ), . 1770- . - , « , , , – » ( 1937 [1906]: 184). , ( , .), . 1780 1820 . 16 ( - 1978: 51). 1801 . , 200 ( 2006: 83). , - ( - ; ., - : 1986; 1963: 207; . : Lucas 2005; Nef 1987; 16 1. Т э   Hall 1980), , . , - . , , - , 2 . ( . 1956: 75, 78; 1972: 79). XVIII . . , - . - , - ( . 2013: 17; . : 2014). - ( 1970). 70- . XVIII . , - . 1810 . - 5 . , 1826 . – 15 . 25 . . ( 1979: 385; 1978: 51; 2006: 84; Crafts 2004; Kanefsky 1979; Allen 2009). – . - XVIII–XIX . ( , 1989: 9; 1986: 288; Woodbury 1961; Cantrell, Cookson 2002), , - . , , - .                                                              2 .: 1937 [1906]; . 1956: 76–91; 2014: 230–235 . 1. ы 17   - . , , . , : - ( . : 1988: 28, 33; . 1956: 141). XVIII . – , , - . - , , . . (1988: 33 ), - . , XIX XX . , ( XIX . , XVIII . . .). , - : , - , , , . . 30- . XIX . - , 160 . ( .: 2014: 252; Crafts 2004; Kanefsky 1979). – 1822 . - ( - , ), - – 1825 1830 .– - , - . - 1834 . - , , - , . - . ? - 18 1. Т э   , . , - , - . , 1831 . 80 %, - – 20 % ( 225 . 50 . [ - 1940]). , , - , , - ( ) , - . , , - ( . ) 1814 ., ( 1818 . – - , 1825 . – ). , . XIX . - . , , , - 60- . XIX . « – . – - », – . . (1955; . : 1983: 216; 2014). , « - , , , - - ( , , . – .) » (Cipolla 1976: 14). , - , , , . , , - - 1. ы 19   , . - , , . 1.2. ȼɕɌȿɋɇȿɇɂȿ ɊɍɑɇɈȽɈ ɌɊɍȾȺ , - - . . , - , ( ., : 1959–1964; - - 2008 [1913]). , - , - . - , . . , 1840- . 150 . - 60 . , 15 - ( 1940). , , - , . - , - . , , - , . . , - , . - , 1840–1850- ., , - 20 1. Т э   , , , . . 1.3. ɋɌɊȿɆɂɌȿɅɖɇɕȿ ɌȿɆɉɕ ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂə ɉȿɊȼɈȽɈ ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɈȽɈ ɍɄɅȺȾȺ . , 1780–1825 . 33 , 1780–1800 . - ( .: 1959–1964, . 1: 124–125). , , , - ( . 3 4). , - , 1788, 1793 1797 . - , – - – . , - , - . - . , 1786–1800 . - ( : 124, 312). - , . ( , , ) - , – - . - XVIII . ( , 1793 1797 .) , - ( 1793 .), - , , , 1. ы 21   ( 1797, 1810 .), - « »( 1815 1819 .). - , , - (Payne 1978; North 2002; 2014). . 1834 . , - . 1834 . 60 - 200 . ( 1940). 1.4. ɋɌɊȿɆɅȿɇɂȿ Ʉ ɊȺɋɒɂɊȿɇɂɘ ɗɄɋɉɈɊɌȺ ɌɄȺɇȿɃ ɂ ɄɊɂɁɂɋɕ 1810- . - , , . - - ( 1959–1964, . 1: 125, 353). - . , - . , - . , , 1810 . . , - XIX . - ( ) - . 1810, 1815 1819 . . 1810 . ( .: 1938: 67–69), 1812 . , I - ( .: 1958; 1992: . XI). , - 22 1. Т э   . , - , , - . - , , , - , . . , - , ( . : - 1959–1964, . 1: 288–289). 1815–1816 . ( , ), - - 1812–1814 ., . - , - . , , - . 1819 . - , - . - , 1816 . - - , , ( , 2010). XIX . - , , - , ,– 1820- ., - , - . ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ:  1. - ? 1. ы 23   2. ? 3. - . Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ . . 1993. - - . .: . . . 2012. , . : / . . . . , . . - , . . , . . , . . , . 222–262. - : . . . 2013. .Ф 3: 29–59. . . 1955. . 1492–1870 . .: . .- . - - . . 2013. , ! - . .: - - . . . 2002 [1926]. . - . / . . . , . 341–400. .: . ., . 1992. , - . 10: 49–57. . . 2006. : - - . .: . ., . 2004. . . 1. .: , Terra Fantastica. ., ., ., . 2004. - . . Э . . .: . 24 1. Т э   . 1999 . . 1789–1848. / .: . . 1999 . . 1748–1875. / .: . . . 2010. XIX–XX . .: URSS. Grinin L., Korotayev A. 2015. Great Divergence and Great Con- vergence. A Global Perspective. New York: Springer. 2. 25   ȽɅȺȼȺ 2. ȼɌɈɊɈɃ ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɂɃ ɍɄɅȺȾ 2.1. ɈɋɇɈȼɇɕȿ ɏȺɊȺɄɌȿɊɂɋɌɂɄɂ ȼɌɈɊɈȽɈ ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɈȽɈ ɍɄɅȺȾȺ ( 1840- – 1890- .), – . . , 1850 . 18 1,5 , 400 (Smil 1994: 186–187; - 2014: 280). . , 600 , 4 ( 1937: 351). 1830 1850 . – 15 49 ( 1999 : 69). - , ,– 1860–1870- . - , , - ( , .), , , . - , ( - - ), - , ( ), . , , – , . , ( - ) ; - ; - 26 1. Т э   ( ) ; . - - ( ). , - ( ) : , . . . , - ( , ). , ( - ) . , , , - , , . , . , , , , - . . ( ., : 2003: 103; . 2004: 225). - , , - , - . . 1870–1880- .; - , . - , ( ), , . , 1847 . 2. 27   , , . 1857–1866 . , - - , , - . ( , - , ). - , - , – , , , – , ( 1959–1964, . 1: 626). - , . 1890 . : 31 % , – 18 %, – 16 %, – 7 % ( 1960: 46). , , - , - . - , XIX . . - . , , « »( . 5 ). 2.2. ɂɁɈȻɊȿɌȿɇɂȿ ɂ ȽɅɈȻȺɅɖɇɈȿ ɊȺɋɉɊɈɋɌɊȺɇȿɇɂȿ ɀȿɅȿɁɇɕɏ ȾɈɊɈȽ , , XIX ., 28 1. Т э   - (Berend 2013: 136; Bogart 1942: 146). – , - . - , , XIX (Berend 2013: 136–137). – - . – ( , ), (Bogart 1942: 146). XIX . , , , - , - . - 1803 . (Wolmar 2011: 6; Bogart 1942: 147); , , . - , « » . , 1825 . , - , 1830 . – - – (Bogart 1942: 147; Berend 2013: 137). : 1838 . - 500 , 1855 . – 6635 , 1870 . 15 . (Bogart 1942: 149). , 1830- . - - . , - 2. 29   , - , – , , - (Wolmar 2011: 12). - , , ( , ), - , (Ibid.: 17–18). , - , . , - - (Ibid.: 33). - , 1837 . , - , 1850 . – - ; , (Ibid.: 40). XIX . - . , 1844 . - ( - - , ). - 1853 . (Ibid.: 49–53). 1855 . ( ) (Ibid.: 64). 1856 . (Ibid.: 184). , XIX . - – 1850- . - , 1869 . (Ibid.: 134–144); XIX - 5, 1915 . 3 (Ibid.: 144–154). XIX . - , - 30 1. Т э   ; - 1910 . (Wolmar 2011: 154). , 1891–1916 . ( ) - 7 . (Ibid.: 159–171). XIX . . 1870 . 336 235 ; 1912 . 1,3 520 . 1910 . - 5 (Berend 2013: 137). - ; , . , ( ), . , ( , ) (Ibid.: 138–139). - ( - – - ) , , (Ibid.: 139; Wolmar 2011: 191–217). 2.3. ɂɁɈȻɊȿɌȿɇɂȿ ɂ ȽɅɈȻȺɅɖɇɈȿ ɊȺɋɉɊɈɋɌɊȺɇȿɇɂȿ ɉȺɊɈɏɈȾɈȼ - , . - , , 2. 31   . , - , 1770–1820 . 1807 ., - , , - . , - , 1787 . - , . 1818–1820 . . 1825 . 580 , - ( 1961: 265). , - . 1830- . , , - (Berend 2013: 131). 1819 . , , - . 1821 . - . – - ( , Great Western, - 1838 .). - , , – - , XIX . . « XIX » - – 4 1800 . 33 1914 ., (Ibid.: 133). - - 32 1. Т э   , - , . , - . – 1825 . 100 , 1880- .– 8 - (Berend 2013: 132). , , - ( ) , - - , ( - , , , . .), ( , .). 2.4. ɂɁɈȻɊȿɌȿɇɂȿ ɂ ȽɅɈȻȺɅɖɇɈȿ ɊȺɋɉɊɈɋɌɊȺɇȿɇɂȿ ɌȿɅȿȽɊȺɎȺ - , . - (1832 .), - (Huurdeman 2003: 54). 1837 . - ( - ), . . . 1839 . - ; 13 (21 ). , 1850 . 12 . - 3600 (Ibid.: 67–70). 1838 . . - « - 2. 33   »; . - . . 1843 . - (Huurdeman 2003: 58–60). 1843 . (Ibid.: 74). 1845 . ; (Solymar 1999: 54). 1851 . – (Huurdeman 2003: 88). . , . , (1857 .) - . 1858 . 11 , , 3 - , 732 , - (Oslin 1992: 169–172; Solymar 1999: 70–71). , 1866 . , , – - - (Oslin 1992: 174). 1868–1869 . - (Ibid.: 178). 1848 . , III, - - ; 1855 . (Huurdeman 2003: 107). 1851 . 34 1. Т э   - , 1854 . – - , 1855 . – - , , 1863 . – ( ) (Huurdeman 2003: 109). 1861 ., 8 , (Ibid.: 99–100). , - , . - , , , - , - ( - ). ( ), , , - (Solymar 1999: 81–83). 1887 . - 70 % ; 1901 . , - – 63 % (Headrick 1991: 28). 1870–1872 . 2900 . 1870 . 11 000 , - ; ; , , , (Huurdeman 2003: 87, 124). 1869 . , - - ; 1871 . – (Ibid.: 113–115; Headrick 1991: 43–44). 1870- . . 1879 . - , , - 2. 35   ; 1885 . - - (Huurdeman 2003: 137). 1876 ., . . , - ( - ) 1 50 . , 20 . (Ibid.: 88–90). - – - 2–3 . , - ; - – 35 - , - - (Headrick 1991: 32–34). - , - . , , - 10 , – - (Hoag 2006). , 1/6 0,25 - (XIX – XX .) (Chilosi, Federico 2015). – , ( ), - , - (Martland 2014; Hodge 1984). , - , 36 1. Т э   ; , (Hodge 1984). . ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ: 1. ? 2. - . 3. . 4. - . Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ . . 1993. - - . .: . . . 2012. , . : / . . . . , . . - , . . , . . , . . , . 222–262. - : . . . 2013. - .Ф 3: 29–59. . . 1955. . 1492–1870 . .: . .- . - - . . 2013. , ! - . .: - - . . . 2002 [1926]. . - . / . . . , . 341–400. .: - . ., . 1992. , - . - 10: 49–57. 2. 37   . . 2006. - : - . .: . ., . 2004. . . 1. .: , Terra Fantastica. ., ., ., . 2004. - . . Э . . .: . . 1999 . . 1789–1848. / .: . . 1999 . . 1748–1875. / .: . . . 2010. - XIX–XX . .: URSS. Grinin L., Korotayev A. 2015. Great Divergence and Great Convergence. A Global Perspective. New York: Springer. 38 1. Т э   ȽɅȺȼȺ 3. ɗɄɈɇɈɆɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ɄɊɂɁɂɋɕ XIX ȼ. ɉȿɊȼȺə ɄɈɇȾɊȺɌɖȿȼɋɄȺə ȼɈɅɇȺ 3.1. ɄɊɂɁɂɋɕ ȾɈ 1825 Ƚ. ɉɪɟɞɵɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɨɜ. - ( .: , 2010). , - . , , . . - , - ( ) , - , . - , - , 1611 . 1747 . 44 (Spray 1964: 212; 2007: 39). , , « ( “ ”) » - 1620–1630- . , , - . XVIII . , - . , , ( ). ( .: 2009; , 2009). - . 3. Э ы XIX . 39   ɉɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ. - XVIII . - , « » - , . - - . , , - XIX . ( ). , - . - , , . , XVIII . - 10 ( .: 1959; 1986–1992, . 2: 270). 1763 . , - ё ( 1877; 1986–1992, . 2). 1772–1773 ., - 1771–1772 . , , - 1772 . ( ). , 1780–1783 ., ( - ), - 1780 . ( .: 1986–1992, . 2). XVIII . , - « », , , , . ( - ), ( 1959–1964, . 1), 1825 . , - 40 1. Т э   (9–11 ) ( 2013). , - 1810, 1815–1816 1819 ., 1825 . . 3.1 1 2 3 , VII . - . . / , III . . . ( ) VI . . . XIV . . . - ( ) - VIII XVI . - XVI . 30- . XVII . « ( “ ”) » 1662 . ( - ) 1710–1721 . 1716–1720 . - 1763 . - - - , - 1772–1773 . - - , 3. Э ы XIX . 41   . 3.1 1 2 3 1780–1783 . - - , , - 3.2 XVIII – XIX . 1788 . - 1793 . - 1797 . , 1810 . , ; 1815–1816 . 1819 . , - ɇɚɱɚɥɨ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɢɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟ- ɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɨɜ. 1825 . - . - XVIII – XIX . , . - - , , - - . , - - , - . , - , . 42 1. Т э   (7–11- ) - ( - ) – - , - , ( - ). : 1) , ; 2) , , - , . - . ( , , ). - , - ( ). , ; 3) , - , , ; 4) , , - 3 : , . , . , , - . - ( , - , , , , ,                                                              3 , . (1819–1905), - (Juglar 1862; 1889 [1862]). – , , , ( .: , 2009). . : , - 2009: 109–112; , , 2010; , , 2011; - , 2012; 2014 . 3. Э ы XIX . 43   , , , . .), - . - , , , , , , . . - - ( , , ). « » ; , , ; ; - , - , ; , , - , ( ) ; ; - . . - , , , , , , , - . . . - , , - , , (2–3 ) ; - , - . . - 4 .                                                              4 . . (Juglar 1862; 1889 [1862]), . (1908), . (1960 [1867]; 1961), . . - (2008 [1913]), . (1922), . . (1930) . . (Burns, Mitchell 1946), . . (1978 [1936]), . . (1937), . (2008 [1937]; Haberler 44 1. Т э   3.2. ɄɊɂɁɂɋɕ ɉȿɊȼɈɃ ɉɈɅɈȼɂɇɕ XIX ȼ.5 ɉɈɇɂɀȺɌȿɅɖɇȺə ɎȺɁȺ ɉȿɊȼɈɃ ɄɈɇȾɊȺɌɖȿȼɋɄɈɃ ȼɈɅɇɕ 3.2.1. ɄɊɂɁɂɋ 1825 Ƚ. ( ) 1825 . . - , , - , , , , , 1815 . 1825 . , , , - ( - - ). (1825 .) - , - , , , . - , ,, – . ȼɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ. ɍɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɢɧ- ɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ. 1810–1820- . - ,                                                                                                                                      1964 [1937]), . . (1959–1964), . (Minsky 1983; 1985; 1986; 2005), . (1959), . . (1993: 432–442), . . . . (2009; . : 1994), . (1982; Schumpeter 1939), . . (von Hayek 1931; 1933), . (von Mises 1981 [1912]; 2005), . (1925), . (Pigou 1929), . (2002), . . (2008: 361–502) . .: Grinin, Korotayev, Malkov 2010; Grinin 2012; , , 2010; , 2012; 2014 ; 2014 . 5 XIX . : , 2010; . : 2009; - 2008 [1913]; 1959–1964, . 1; 1963. 3. Э ы XIX . 45   , , ( - ). , - , 1824 1825 . ( - 2008 [1913]: 92), , , - . - - , « ». - , , 5–10 % , ( ; 1963: 117). , , ( – - ). ɉɟɪɟɝɪɟɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɢ ɤɪɢɡɢɫ. 1824 . - , , 6 , , - ( ) - . ( , ) - , , , ( )7. - .                                                              6 - - , . , , . . 7 , - . . 46 1. Т э   . , . - , - . . , ( , - ). , - ( 1963: 121, 126), .« ,– . ,– , » (Juglar 1889: 339). , , . ɋɮɟɪɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɦɢɪ-ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ. , - 1825 ., 1826 . - . 1825 . ( , - , ) , ( - ) , , - , ( . : - 1959–1964, . 1: 347–349). , 1826–1827 ., ( . : 1959: 140–142). 3.2.2. ɄɊɂɁɂɋ 1836–1837 ȽȽ. , , - , - . ( .: 1959–1964, . 1: 359). 1816 1848 . - 40–50 % ( 1999 : 59). , . . 2/5 1833–1836 . 2/3 1837 . . 3. Э ы XIX . 47   ( 1959–1964, . 1: 371). ɉɟɪɟɝɪɟɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɢ ɤɪɢɡɢɫ. 1834 . , 1835 . 1836 . . - . - , 1835 ., - ; - ( - 1963: 135). , , 1836 . . , . , - ( .: - 2008 [1894]: 110–111). 1836 . , , . - , - . , « » ( 1963: 139). , - , ( . ), . - , , . - 2,5 . . , - , 38 . . – - , . , - , - 48 1. Т э   , 1825 ., 1837 . . 3.2.3. ɄɊɂɁɂɋ 1847 Ƚ. 1847 . . , - . , ( - ), – - , , , , - . 1847 . - ( ) - , , . . 1847 . , - . - , ( .: 1979: 237). , - . , , , , - . ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ. , , . . . , , . , , ( . 2). 1847 . - - 3. Э ы XIX . 49   , , , . ɉɟɪɟɝɪɟɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɢ ɤɪɢɡɢɫ. , 1845 . - , 1845–1846 ., . - , , . 1845 1847 . 3% 50 % ( 1963: 155). , , . - , ( , - ). , . - , , - . , , . , - , , , . - , - 1845–1846 . . , , - . , , - , . - , , - , ( - ) . – 1847 . ( ), , - . , « » , - 50 1. Т э   . , 1847 . , 1847 . , , . , 1847 . , , - , « - » , . 1848 . ɋɮɟɪɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɦɢɪ-ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ. - ; . , - 1848 . ( . 11). - , , . 3.3 XIX . ( ) - - - - , - / - 1 2 3 4 5 1825 . - - , - - - - - - 1836– - - 1837 . , - - - - - - 3. Э ы XIX . 51   . 3.3 1 2 3 4 5 1847 . , - - - , - – - , - , - - , 1845– 1846 . - , ( ) , - . ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ: 1. ? 2. . 3. XIX . Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ . . 2009. . - . .: - . . .( .) 1937. 1848– 1935 . . 1. .: . . 1877. . .: . . ., . . 2010. - . : / . . . . . .: . . ., . . 2012. , , - . , - , , / . . . . . .: . 52 1. Т э   . ., . ., . . 2010. - . - / . . . , . . , . . , . . , . 286–299..: . . . 1959–1964. . . 1–3. .: - .- . - . . 1930. Э : - . .: . . . 1963. (1821–1938 .). .: - . - . . 2008 [1913]. - . .: . . 2008 [1937]. : - . : . . 1959. Э . .: - . - . . 1982. . .: - . . . 1999. , , . .: . 53 4. Э ы XIX .   ȽɅȺȼȺ 4. ɗɄɈɇɈɆɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ɄɊɂɁɂɋɕ XIX ȼ. ȼɌɈɊȺə ɄɈɇȾɊȺɌɖȿȼɋɄȺə ȼɈɅɇȺ 4.1. ɄɊɂɁɂɋɕ ɌɊȿɌɖȿɃ ɑȿɌȼȿɊɌɂ XIX ȼ. ɉɈȼɕɒȺɌȿɅɖɇȺə ɎȺɁȺ ȼɌɈɊɈɃ ɄɈɇȾɊȺɌɖȿȼɋɄɈɃ ȼɈɅɇɕ XIX ., , - . 4.1.1. ɄɊɂɁɂɋ 1857 Ƚ. 1857 . , - , - . , , . , 1857 ., (1853–1856 .) , - ( , ), - . , . 1848 . . - - , (1850–1860 .) . ( ) , . - . ɍɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ. - , , - . . ( 54 1. Т э   ). 50- . XIX . - . – ( ). . , - . ( , , ). - , , ( . - : 1963: 177–179). , ( - ). 1856–1857 . , - . , . , , , . , 1857 . ɉɟɪɟɝɪɟɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɢ ɤɪɢɡɢɫ. 1856 ., , - , , , - . 1856 . , 1857 . . ( 1973: 348). 1857 . . . - , , - 1857 . . 17–27 % ( 1963: 197). - 4. Э ы XIX . 55   , . - – . ( ) 1857 . 1857 . ( 1973: 348) , , . - , . ɋɮɟɪɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɦɢɪ-ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ. , . , - 1857 . 30 %, - , . . , , - , , . , . 4.1.2. ɄɊɂɁɂɋ 1866 Ƚ. 1866 . , ( ). , . 1862 . , - , - 8 . , - , , ; - , – , , . - , - ,                                                              8 , , . 56 1. Т э   , . - . - , – . - . 1865 . , . , , - , 1865 1866 . 1866 . . , , 1869 . , ( .: , 2010: 71–76). 4.1.3. ɄɊɂɁɂɋ 1873 Ƚ. , , . Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ 1860-ɯ – ɧɚɱɚɥɟ 1870-ɯ ɝɝ. , - , , . - . - , , , , - . , , , . , , 1870- . ( .: 1992: 87). , - 4. Э ы XIX . 57   , . ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ. , - - . 1871–1873 . , , . , , . - , - . , 1870- . - - , - ( 1959–1964, . 2: 17–18). , , , - . ȼɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɢ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɢɧ- ɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ. , - , . - . , - , - . - . , 1870 . - ( 2005: 125), - . « » . , , 1884 ., 1873 . . , 58 1. Т э   ( 1870 1873 .) 2 , 70 ( 1959–1964, . 2: 35). , - , - , 1873 . - . - . , - , , :« - 1873 . 1870 - , , , , »( : 36). ɉɟɪɟɝɪɟɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɢ ɤɪɢɡɢɫ. , , Economist, - . - , - . 1873 . , . , - , , - . 300 , ( : 60, 61). , - , . 46 % ( 2005: 125). , . , 1873 . , , - - . . 1876–1878 . 9,5 . - ( 1959–1964, . 2: 138). 4. Э ы XIX . 59   ɋɮɟɪɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɦɢɪ-ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ. , 1873 . XIX ., - .« 1873 . - , … , , ; - , , , - . “ ” , … », – « » ( 1877: 366). 1873 . , , , . . , - 1825–1847 . - 11 , 9–10 . XIX . 8–10 , . 7 . 7–11 . 4.1 XIX . ( ) , / - - 1 2 3 4 5 1857 . , - - , , - - , - 60 1. Т э   . 4.1 1 2 3 4 5 1866 . , - - - - - - - 1873 . , - - , , – , - , . - , , - - . . - - - - . - , 1850–1870- . - . , « » . 1857 . , - , , , 1866 . - , . - 1873 . . 4.2. ɄɊɂɁɂɋɕ ɉɈɋɅȿȾɇȿɃ ɑȿɌȼȿɊɌɂ XIX ȼ. ɉɈɇɂɀȺɌȿɅɖɇȺə ɎȺɁȺ ȼɌɈɊɈɃ ȾɅɂɇɇɈɃ ȼɈɅɇɕ Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ. 1870- . , 4. Э ы XIX . 61   . « - », – . , - . . . - « - » (2008 [1913]), 1894 ., , - . , , : , , , . - , - - - . , - . - . 4.2.1. ɄɊɂɁɂɋ 1882 Ƚ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɨɦ. 1870- . , , - ( .: Supple 1976: 340). 1870–1880- . . -– , , - . (1960, . 1: 381; . 2: 313–318). , - , . ; - 1867 ., 1878 . ( . 19; . : . 2004: 183, 228). « » , 62 1. Т э   - , - - . 1873 . - , ( 1963: 316). ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ. 1873 . . 1879 . . , , 1873 1885 . (Smith 1893). . 1873 1879 . 65 - , « » (Long Depression). ( ., : Fels 1949: 69). ɍɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ. ( , – - ). : ( ), - . . - - , . , , - . « » ( 1873 .), , . - - . , - - . ( ) - 4. Э ы XIX . 63   , - , , . - - , . - ( .: - 2003: 103). ɉɟɪɟɝɪɟɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɢ ɤɪɢɡɢɫ. 1882 . , , - ( , , ). - - , ( ). 1878–1879 . , - . - - , , 1881 . , - . ( .: 2008: 366). - 1882 . . 1882 . - , l’Union Générale. « » - , . . 1886 . 1873 ., , , . 1884 . - , , 64 1. Т э   ( 1963: 352). , , . , , - - 3 ( : 353). . . (1908: 148), 1884 . - « , , ». . - . , - . ɋɮɟɪɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɦɢɪ-ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ. 1882 . ( - ). « » , - . . - , - . , - , . 4.2.2. ɄɊɂɁɂɋ 1890–1893 ȽȽ. ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ. 1880- . - , . - , . - , , . . - , , . 1880- . - - . - 4. Э ы XIX . 65   . , , , . ( 1882 .). ( - ). , . , ( .: 1959– 1964, . 2: 305). . , . ɍɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ. - 1880- . , , - ( - , l’Union Générale ). , . . , 1880- – 1890- . - , 1870- ., - ( ). - , - . - , - . , - ( 1959–1964, . 2: 337). - 66 1. Т э   - . ɉɟɪɟɝɪɟɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɢ ɤɪɢɡɢɫ. 1880- . : - 1887–1888 ., 1890 . . , - 1893 . . - 1890 . . , 1889 ., - – , - 9 . « » . - 1890 ., , . 1880- . , , - . . , 1880- . . - , , - , - , . , . , ,– ( .: - 2008 [1913]: 199–200). , , ; , -                                                              9 . . : 1990; 2009. 4. Э ы XIX . 67   , ( 1959– 1964, . 2: 317; 1960: 255). , - ( 40 %). 1890 . , - , , - ( 1959–1964, . 2: 315). 1891 ., – 1892 ., - 1893 . 1892 . 1893 . - , , . , . « » , , - 60 . . - , , . . . . , « - » ( : 337). 1893 . 15 .( : 337, 340). 1889–1893 . , ( 1873 .). 4.2.3. ɈȻɓɂȿ ɑȿɊɌɕ ɐɂɄɅɈȼ ɂ ɄɊɂɁɂɋɈȼ   ɉɈɋɅȿȾɇȿɃ ɑȿɌȼȿɊɌɂ XIX ȼ.  , - , , ( ). . - 68 1. Т э   ( .: 1959–1964, . 2: 267; Fels 1949), , - , - , , , -  . , - . , , 1880- . - ( ., : - 2008 [1913]: 195). -  . , . , , , ,  (Bairoch 1976). – - , , ( , ). ( , , - .)  . -  , . , , - - . 4. Э ы XIX . 69   4.2 XIX . ( ) - / - , - - 1 2 3 4 5 1882 . , - , - , - , - - - - - - , - - - , . . - - - - - - ( , , - ( .) ) 1890– , - – - 1893 , - . - . , , , - - - ( , - , ); , - ( - - ); , 70 1. Т э   . 4.2 1 2 3 4 5 - . - ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ: 1. - 1857 .? 2. - 1873 .? 3. - XIX . 4. - 1882 .? 5. - 1890–1893 .? 6. - 1882 .? 7. - XIX . Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ . . 2009. . - . .: - . . . 1937. ( .) 1848– 1935 . . 1. .: . . 1877. . .: . . ., . . 2010. - . : / . . . . . .: . 4. Э ы XIX . 71   . ., . . 2012. , , - . , - , , / . . . . . .: . . ., . ., . . 2010. - . - / . . . , . . , . . , . . , . 286–299. .: . . . 1959–1964. . . 1–3. .: - .- . - . . 1930. Э : - . .: . . . 1963. (1821–1938 .). .: - . - . . 2008 [1913]. - . .: . . 2008 [1937]. : - . : . . 1959. Э . .: - . - . . 1982. . .: - . . . 1999. , , . .: . 72 1. Т э   ȽɅȺȼȺ 5. ȼȿɅɂɄȺə ȾɂȼȿɊȽȿɇɐɂə XIX ȼ. XVIII . - . XVIII . - , , ( , , ) , . – – . XIX . , : - , - XVIII . - XIX . ; - , , , – . XIX . - - , 2000- . « - » ( ., : Pomeranz 2000; Goldstone 2008; 2012; Clark 2007; Allen 2011; Grinin, Korotayev 2015; , 2009; . 2010; . 2010; , , 2010). XX . 1970- ., , 1980- ., , - ( ., : Sala-i- Martin 2006; Korotayev et al. 2011, 2012; Spence 2011; Derviş 2012; Korotayev, de Munck 2013; Grinin, Korotayev 2014a; 2014b; Korota- yev, Zinkina 2014; , 2009; . 2010; . 2010; , , 2010). - - ( . . 5.1 5.2): 5. я я XIX . 73   4000 4 000 3500 3 500 3000 3 000 2500 2 500 ВВП  ВВП аа д. . . . в  вт аа ах Запада а За а а 2000 2 000 1 500 1500 ВВП  ВВП аа д. . . . в  ов таль а ь о  и е 1 000 1000 500 500 00 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 . 5.1. , 1800–1920 . ( 1990 .) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 . 5.2. ( ) , 1800–2008 . : Maddison 2010. 74 1. Т э   , XIX . - . , , , XIX . - ( ) - ( - ). ( . . 5.3). 100 и и 90 Ц 80 П и ия 70 60 ы а ш 15 50 40 а 30 20 10 П 0 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 Г ы . 5.3. , 1800–2000 . : 1996; Morrison, Murtin 2006: Table 4; UNESCO 2010. - , - . , , - - ( ., : 1996; . 1999; Denison 1962; Scholing, Timmermann 1988; Lucas 1988). ( , , 2007: 95–100) - 1800 . ( .: , 5. я я XIX . 75   2009). , , - - , , - , - . , , - . . (Allen 2009; 2011). - . XIX . , XVIII . - . , – , . . , - , , - : 1) ; 2) - ( ). - ( ) . , , , , – ( , - , ) . - , - , - . ( ) , . XIX . - - - , XIX . , 76 1. Т э   , , . - . , ( , , , ). , XIX . , , , - . / - – , - , - . - : - – – - – – - – - – . . - . - - , - . , XX ., - - , - , - . XIX . - , . , 5. я я XIX . 77   ( . 6). XIX . - ó ( . . 5.4). 80% 80 % "Запад" 70% 70 % 60% 60 % 50 % 50% 40 % 40% 30 % 30% 20 % 20% 1800 1825 1850 1875 1900 1925 . 5.4. 1800 . ( . ) : Maddison 2010. - 90 % ( . . 5.5): 78 1. Т э   100 90 80 70 60 % 50 40 30 20 10 0 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 Запад  Developed Т ет   3rd World . 5.5. , 1840–1920 . : Thompson 2014. - , , ( ) (Grinin, Koro- tayev 2015: 7). ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ: 1. ? 2. - . 3. ? 5. я я XIX . 79   Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ . 2013. : / . . .: - - . . 2014. ? - , 1500–1850. .: - - . . ., . . 2016. , . .: . . - « - », 2016. . . 1996. . .: - . Grinin L., Korotayev A. 2015. Great Divergence and Great Con- vergence. A Global Perspective. New York: Springer. 80 1. Т э   ȽɅȺȼȺ 6. ɉɈȾɑɂɇȿɇɂȿ ȼɈɋɌɈɄȺ.   ɄɈɅɈɇɂȺɅɖɇɕɃ ɊȺɁȾȿɅ ɆɂɊȺ 6.1. ɉɊȿȾɕɋɌɈɊɂə , , XV ., . , , XIX ., . (Blaut 1993; 2000; Goody 1996; 2004; Wong 1997; Frank 1998; Lee, Wang 1999; Lieberman 1999; 2003; Pomeranz 2000; 2002; Goldstone 1991; 2000; 2002; 2008; 2013; Hobson 2004; Rosenthal, Wong 2011; 2014; Vries 2013) , : XIX . ( - ), , ( - - ). - ́ , . , , . , - , - , ( ), - , . , , . - . , XVII . ( . 24 ; . : , 1974; Gunn 2003; Laver 2011; - 2007: 79–80). , , . - , - . 5. 6. я я XIX . 81   , ( - ) , - , - ( ). ó , - . - , . , XVIII ., , 1% ( , 1986: 55; Feuerwerker 1969: 2; Chang Chung-li 1962: 291–317). , 1720 . 5,5 %, – 19 %, – 82 % (O’Rourke et al. 2010: 106). - - . . , ( ) , , , , - . , ( , , - ). , - . 6.2. ɇȺɋɂɅɖɋɌȼȿɇɇɈȿ ɈɌɄɊɕɌɂȿ ɄɂɌȺə, əɉɈɇɂɂ ɂ ȾɊɍȽɂɏ ɋɌɊȺɇ XVI–XIX - : , « - 82 1. Т э   ». , , , , , . - - , - . , - - (Korotayev, Malkov, Khaltourina 2006), - , - . – – 118 (Cao Shuji 2001: 455–689; Huang 2002: 528). , XIX . ( ). , , . - , . - . , ( - 2005; Liu, Smith 1980; Feuerwerker 1980; Fairbank, Liu 1980; Chu, Liu 1994; 2014: . 3). ( , , ) . - , , XIX . . - , , - . 6.3. ɈɄɈɇɑȺɌȿɅɖɇɕɃ ɊȺɁȾȿɅ ɆɂɊȺ XIX . - . , . 5. 6. я я XIX . 83   ( ). . , , , , , - . . 1860–1870- . . - ( « - ») , ( ), , 1907 . . . - , , ( 1900 ., « » , - ). , 1904–1905 . . - , - 1904–1905 . , , 1898 . . , - . 6.4. ɌɈɊȽɈȼɈ-ɗɄɈɇɈɆɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ɈɌɇɈɒȿɇɂə ɁȺɉȺȾȺ ɂ ȼɈɋɌɈɄȺ ȼ ɉȿɊɂɈȾ ȼȿɅɂɄɈɃ ȾɂȼȿɊȽȿɇɐɂɂ - . - , , , , , – , . , , , - . 84 1. Т э   , , , - , . , - , - , . , - - . , . - - 1830–1870- . - , - ( .: 1996: 126–127). ( .: Allen 2011). , - - , - , . , , XVIII . – - XIX . , , 1/10–1/6, - 0,1 0,2 % ( 1996: 129; Bairoch 1992: 446). , . (Maddison 2001; 2010), , - - – - , - . - . 1830–1850- . 60 (!) ( 2004: 423). . , , - , 150 . 30 . ( )10.                                                              10 - - , , , 1834–1835 . :« . ». , , - 5. 6. я я XIX . 85   , , 1842 . ( ., : Pomeranz 2000; 1973; - 2005). - . « 300 ». 1842 . , - ( .: - 2008 [1894]: 122). . 1842 1845 . 1/3 ( 1963: 150). , , - ( ) - , , - , 11 – . . - , , , , , - ( , , , , , [ – – ]). - - , - ( ). - , . ,                                                                                                                                      . (1960 [1867]), . , - . 11 , , , ( . ; . : Cuno 1985; Issawi 1947; Owen 1969; Hunter 1999; Goldschmidt 2004). 86 1. Т э   , , ( , - ) 1850- . - - ( - 1857 .) , - . , , - , ( ) - ( . - , : 1989, . 2: 78; . 2010; .: Clark 2007: 346–369; 2013). 1850- – 1860- . 5 . ( 1959–1964, . 1: 610). - , , , ( .: Clark 2007; 2013). - . . , - - , , - - - . , , , - . - - ( ) . 5. 6. я я XIX . 87   ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ: 1. . 2. , ? 3. - . 4. - ? Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ . 2014. ? - , 1500–1850. .: - - . . ., . . 2016. , . .: . . - « - ». . . 1996. - . .: - . . . 1974. Э (1864– 1894 .) / . . . . . .: , . . . - . Grinin L., Korotayev A. 2015. Great Divergence and Great Con- vergence. A Global Perspective. New York: Springer. 88 2. И - я . 2 XIX .   ɊȺɁȾȿɅ 2. ɋɈɐɂȺɅɖɇɈ-ȾȿɆɈȽɊȺɎɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ɌɊȺɇɋɎɈɊɆȺɐɂɂ XIX ȼ. ȼ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ XIX ɜ. ɫɥɟɞɭ- ɟɬ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢ- ɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɭɫɬɨ- ɹɜɲɟɟɫɹ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ – ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ. ȼ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɩɨ- ɥɨɠɧɢɤɨɜ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ, ɤɚɤ ɍ. Ɍɨɦɩɫɨɧ, Ɏ. ɇɨɭɬɫɬɚɣɧ, Ⱥ. Ʌɚɧɞɪɢ, Ʉ. Ⱦɷɜɢɫ, ɜ ɱɶɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɭɞɚɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɟɜɪɨ- ɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ (Thompson 1929; Landry 1934; Davis 1945; Notestein 1945). Ⱦɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɨɬ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ, ɤ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɬɢɩɭ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɟɦɭɫɹ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɪɨɠɞɚɟ- ɦɨɫɬɶɸ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɨ ɜ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ; ɟɦɭ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɜɨ- ɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ȼɵɞɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮ Ⱥ. Ƚ. ȼɢɲɧɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɞɚɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɣ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟ- ɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ. ɇɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɧɢɠɟ- ɧɢɟ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ; ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɨɬ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧ- ɧɨɝɨ ɤ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɬɢɩɭ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɦɢɪɚɥɨ «ɨɬ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧ- ɧɵɯ ɫ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ – ɨɬ ɝɨɥɨɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɣ, ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɪɚɡɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ, ɨɬ ɬɭɛɟɪɤɭɥɟɡɚ, ɧɚɫɢɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɶɸ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.» (ȼɢɲɧɟɜɫɤɢɣ 2005: 42); ɞɜɭɦɹ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ Ⱥ. Ƚ. ȼɢɲɧɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɟɟ ɩɪɟɠɞɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɢɦɨɫɬɶ. ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɵɟ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɦɨ- ɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶ- 2. - XIX . 89   ɫɬɜɢɟɦ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨ- ɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɧɚɞ ɩɨɞɨɛ- ɧɵɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɬɪɚ- ɝɢɜɚɸɬ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ – ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ «ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ [ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ], ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧ- ɧɨɣ ɜ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɧɨɪɦɚɯ, <…> ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɪɨɠɞɚɟ- ɦɨɫɬɶ», ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɫɥɭɠɢɜɲɚɹ ɝɚɪɚɧ- ɬɢɟɣ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɜɵɦɪɟɬ (ȼɢɲɧɟɜɫɤɢɣ 2005: 111), ɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ. «ɇɢɡɤɚɹ ɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ… ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɧɢɡ- ɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɫɬɢ- ɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ (ɩɪɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɟɝɤɚ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ – ɜ ɰɟɥɶ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚ- ɧɢɹ ɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ» (Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ: 114). Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɫɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɛɢɪɚɟɬ ɬɟɦɩɵ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚ- ɬɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɠɢɜɟɬ ɭɠɟ ɛóɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ɂɟɦɥɢ (ɢ ɞɨɥɹ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ ɩɪɨ- ɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɪɚɫɬɢ). Ɋɟɲɚɸɳɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɩɪɢɲɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ XX ɜ., ɧɨ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ XX ɜ. ɛɵɥ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɦ ɜ ɦɢɪ-ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ (ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ), ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɟɞɲɢɦ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡ ɜ «ɞɨɥɝɨɦ XIX ɜɟɤɟ» Ɇɢɪ-ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɜ XIX ɜ. ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ ɦɚɥɶɬɭɡɢɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɥɨɜɭɲ- ɤɢ. ɗɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɜ ɫɟɥɶ- ɫɤɨɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɭɳɟɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɦɢɪ-ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶ- ɫɬɜɢɟɦ. ȼ XIX ɜ. ɜ ɦɢɪ-ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɟɥɶ- ɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɧɟɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɯɧɨ- ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ; ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɡɚɧɹɬɵɟ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɯ (ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧ- 90 2. И - я . 2 XIX .   ɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ, ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɵ, ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɵ, ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɵ, ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɢ ɨɛɪɚ- ɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.) ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɚɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɢɡ ɦɚɥɶɬɭɡɢɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɥɨɜɭɲɤɢ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɦɨɳ- ɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦ ɤɚɧɚɥɚɦ. Ɉɧ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ (ɧɚ ɮɨɧɟ ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ), ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɹ ɪɟɡɤɨɟ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɨɜ ɞɟɦɨ- ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ, ɱɬɨ ɭɠɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɜɟɫɶ- ɦɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, «ɜɵɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɟ» ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɞɟɪɟɜɧɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶ- ɧɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɭɪɧɵɦ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɜ ɫɟɥɶ- ɫɤɨɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟ (ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠ- ɞɚɟɬ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢɡ ɦɚɥɶɬɭɡɢɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɥɨɜɭɲɤɢ), ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ (ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ) ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɪɭɤ. Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ: ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɦɚɥɶɬɭɡɢɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɥɨɜɭɲɤɢ (ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɩɨɞɭɲɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ), ɩɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɨɡɧɚ- ɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ, «ɜɵɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɟɦɨɟ» ɢɡ ɞɟɪɟɜɧɢ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨ- ɞɹɳɟɟ ɨɬ ɞɟɪɟɜɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ ɤ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɦ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ; ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜɵɯɨɞ ɢɡ ɦɚɥɶɬɭɡɢɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɥɨɜɭɲɤɢ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɦɨɳɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɨɣ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢ- ɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɡɤɭɸ ɢɧɬɟɧ- ɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ; ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɢɡ ɦɚɥɶɬɭɡɢɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɥɨɜɭɲɤɢ ɩɨɡɜɨ- ɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɞɨɥɸ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɤɨɬɨ- ɪɵɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬ ɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɦɚɥɶɬɭɡɢɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɥɨɜɭɲɤɟ ɚɝɪɚɪɧɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ. ȼ «ɞɨɥɝɨɦ XIX ɜɟɤɟ» ɷɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɨɯɜɚɬɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɦɢɪ-ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ (ȿɜɪɨɩɭ ɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɭɸ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɭ), ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɤ ɧɚɱɚɥɭ ɉɟɪɜɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɛóɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɥɚɫɶ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɦɢɪɚ. Ɉɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɨɧɵ Ɇɢɪ-ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ, ɛɵɥɢ ɨɯɜɚɱɟɧɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚ- ɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɭɠɟ ɜ XX ɜ. 7. я 91   ȽɅȺȼȺ 7. ȾȿɆɈȽɊȺɎɂɑȿɋɄɂɃ ɉȿɊȿɏɈȾ ɂ ȼɁɊɕȼɈɈȻɊȺɁɇɕɃ ɊɈɋɌ ɇȺɋȿɅȿɇɂə ȼ ɉȿɊȼɈɆ ɆɂɊȿ Ⱦɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɜɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜɤɪɚɬɰɟ ɨɛ- ɪɢɫɭɟɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ. 7.1. ɋɇɂɀȿɇɂȿ ɋɆȿɊɌɇɈɋɌɂ ɇȺ ɉȿɊȼɈɃ ɎȺɁȿ ȾȿɆɈȽɊȺɎɂɑȿɋɄɈȽɈ ɉȿɊȿɏɈȾȺ. ɗɉɂȾȿɆɂɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɂɃ ɉȿɊȿɏɈȾ Ʉɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɬɨɦɟ, ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɩɨ Ⱥ. Ƚ. ȼɢɲɧɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɥɚ ɢɡ «ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ» ɢ «ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨ- ɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ» ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ. «Ʉɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɵ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɬɪɟɯ ɝɭ- ɛɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɬɭɪɛɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ: ɝɨɥɨɞɚ ɜ ɧɟɭɪɨɠɚɣɧɵɟ ɝɨ- ɞɵ, ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɣ ɢ ɜɨɣɧ» (ȼɢɲɧɟɜɫɤɢɣ 2005: 45). Ʉɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ ɬɨɦɟ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɢɱɟ- ɫɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɜɧɟɫɥɢ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ XVII–XVIII ɜɜ., ɤɚɤ ɪɨɫɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚ- ɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɇɨɜɨɝɨ ɋɜɟɬɚ, ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɪɚɧɬɢ- ɧɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ. ɋ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɠɟ XVIII ɜ. ɜ ɚɜɚɧɝɚɪɞɟ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɢɨɧɟɪɚɦɢ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɢɥɢ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɲ- ɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ – Ⱥɧɝɥɢɹ ɢ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ. Ɍɚɤ, ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɜɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɞɨ 5 ɥɟɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɥɚɫɶ ɫ 474 ɧɚ 1000 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ (ɩɨ- ɱɬɢ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ!) ɜ 1740–1749 ɝɝ. ɞɨ 306 ɧɚ 1000 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɜ 1820–1830 ɝɝ. ȼ ɒɜɟɰɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɧɢɡɢɥɫɹ ɫ 344 ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ XVIII ɜ. ɞɨ 250 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨ- ɜɢɧɟ XIX ɜ. (Vallin 1991: 56–57). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫ 1820–1830 ɝɝ. ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚ- ɧɚɯ ɋɟɜɟɪɨ-Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɬɢɥɨɫɶ, ɢ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɫɹ ɫɬɚ- ɛɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɞɨ 1870 ɝ. – ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, 92 2. - XIX .   ɝɞɟ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥɚ ɫɧɢɠɚɬɶɫɹ. Ɂɚɦɟɞɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɟɣ (ɧɢɡɤɨɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɸ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɤ ɨɬ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɬ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ). ȼ ɋɟɜɟɪɨ-Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɟ- ɫɤɚɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɥɚ ɫ ɞɨɥɟɣ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɝɨɪɨ- ɞɚɯ ɫ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɜɵɲɟ 20 ɬɵɫ. ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ. ȼ 1880-ɯ ɝɝ. ɬɪɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɫ ɧɚɢɜɵɫɲɟɣ ɞɨɥɟɣ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ – Ⱥɧɝɥɢɹ (ɢ ɍɷɥɶɫ), Ȼɟɥɶɝɢɹ ɢ ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɵ – ɢɦɟɥɢ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ 142, 158 ɢ 175 ɞɟɬɟɣ ɧɚ 1000 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɇɨɪ- ɜɟɝɢɢ ɢ ɒɜɟɰɢɢ, ɝɞɟ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɥɨ ɦɟɧɟɟ 14 % ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɷɬɨɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥ 96 ɢ 107 ɞɟɬɟɣ ɧɚ 1000 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬ- ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ (Burnett 1991: 159). ȼ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɚɜɚɧɝɚɪɞɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ (ɧɚɱɚɜɲɟɟɫɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɧɨ ɩɨ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɦ ɦɟɪɤɚɦ) ɩɪɟɤɪɚɬɢɥɨɫɶ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɚ 50 ɥɟɬ ɢ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɪɟɬɢ XIX ɜ. (Wrigley, Schofield 1981; Caselli 1991). ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɸɸ ɬɪɟɬɶ XIX ɜ. ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ «ɦɟ- ɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ», ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɟɞɲɟɣ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɦ Ʌ. ɉɚ- ɫɬɟɪɚ, Ɋ. Ʉɨɯɚ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. ɩɨ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɨɜ, ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɸ ɦɢɤɪɨɛ- ɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɟ ɢ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ, ɜɧɨɫɢɜɲɢɯ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫ ɢɫ- ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɚɤɰɢɧ ɢ ɫɵɜɨɪɨɬɨɤ (ɫɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: Ɍɚɛɥ. 7.1). 7.1 ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɉɚɪɢɠɟ ɨɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɜ 1876–1905 ɝɝ., ɧɚ 100 000 ɱɟɥ. ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɉɪɢɱɢɧɚ 1876– 1881– 1886– 1891– 1896– 1901– ɫɦɟɪɬɢ 1880 ɝɝ. 1885 ɝɝ. 1890 ɝɝ. 1895 ɝɝ. 1900 ɝɝ. 1905 ɝɝ. Ɍɢɮɨɡɧɚɹ 69 88 41 22 19 12 ɥɢɯɨɪɚɞɤɚ Ɉɫɩɚ 35 21 9 4 5 – Ⱦɢɮɬɟɪɢɹ 94 88 70 44 13 17 Ɇɟɧɢɧɝɢɬ 115 110 77 58 45 36 И : Biraben 1991: 231. 7. я 93   Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ «ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɟɣ» ɦɨɠ- ɧɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɪɹɞ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɧɟɣ ɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɧɟɫɲɢɯ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤ, ɭɠɟ ɤ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ XIX ɜ. ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɯ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɯɨɥɟɪɵ, ɯɨɬɹ ɞɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɟɟ ɦɟɞɢɤɚɦɟɧɬɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɟɳɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (ɬɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɢ- ɥɢɫɶ ɥɢɲɶ ɤ ɤɨɧɰɭ ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ), ɭɠɟ ɜ 1850-ɟ ɝɝ. ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɯɨɥɟɪɨɣ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɡɚɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦ ɜɨɞɵ. ɍɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɟɫɤɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ- ɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɸ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɢɬɶɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɯɨɥɟɪɨɣ, ɢ ɬɢɮɨɦ. ɑɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣ- ɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɬ- ɯɨɞɨɜ. ȼ 1883 ɝ. Ɋ. Ʉɨɯɨɦ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɚ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɹ (ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɯɨ- ɥɟɪɵ) ɯɨɥɟɪɧɵɣ ɜɢɛɪɢɨɧ; ɫ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɦɟɪɵ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɧɟɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɣ ɷɬɨɣ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ, ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɥɢɫɶ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɨɥɨɝɢ- ɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɬɟɫɬɚɦɢ ɜɨɞɵ. Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɫɵɝɪɚɥɚ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤ, ɤɚɤ ɩɢɬɶɟ ɤɢɩɹɱɟɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛ- ɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɢɳɭ ɦɵɬɵɯ ɮɪɭɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ, ɱɚɫɬɨɟ ɦɵɬɶɟ ɪɭɤ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. (Bourdelais 1991: 125–128). ɋ 1864 ɝ. ɫɜɨɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚɞ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ ɨɛɟɡɡɚɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨ- ɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɞɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬ Ʌɭɢ ɉɚɫɬɟɪ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɢɣ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɚɫɬɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɧɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɫɬɟɪɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ, ɧɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɝɢɛɟɥɢ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɟɬɜɨɪɧɵɯ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪ- ɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ, ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ, ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɹ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɢɳɭ. ȼ ɩɟɪ- ɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɩɚɫɬɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥɚɫɶ (ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ- ɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɟɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɧɭɬɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ) ɞɥɹ ɫɵɪɨɝɨ ɦɨɥɨɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɥɭɠɢɥɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɱɢɤɨɦ ɛɨ- ɥɟɡɧɟɬɜɨɪɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ (ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɫɦ.: Biraben 1991). Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɉɚɫɬɟɪɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɫ 1890-ɯ ɝɝ., ɢɦɟɥɨ ɨɫɨɛɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɞɥɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɪɨɜɶɟ ɦɨɥɨɤɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɦɚ- ɥɟɧɶɤɢɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ (McKeown 1976: 162). 94 2. - XIX .   Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɢɞɟɢ Ʌ. ɉɚɫɬɟɪɚ ɢ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɢɪɭɪɝɚ Ⱦɠ. Ʌɢɫɬɟ- ɪɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɪɚɱɟɣ ɜ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɥɟɝɥɢ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɚɧɬɢɫɟɩɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɭɸ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɨɛɟɡɡɚɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ, ɜɤɥɸ- ɱɚɹ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɵɬɶɟ ɪɭɤ ɯɢɪɭɪɝɨɦ ɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚ- ɥɨɦ, ɫɬɟɪɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɜɫɟɯ ɯɢɪɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɢɩɹɬɤɨɦ, ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ – ɩɚɪɨɦ ɜ ɚɜɬɨɤɥɚɜɟ, ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɟɪɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɟɪɱɚɬɨɤ, ɛɟɥɵɯ ɯɚɥɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɬ. ɞ., ɱɬɨ ɞɚɥɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠ- ɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ (Biraben 1991: 227–228). ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ XIX ɜ., ɧɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ – ɫ 1880– 1890-ɯ ɝɝ. ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ (ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ, Ȼɟɥɶɝɢɢ, ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɢ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɤɨɦɧɚɬ ɠɢɥɵɯ ɞɨɦɨɜ, ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɩɨɬɨɥɤɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɨɤɨɧ, ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɦɟɠ- ɞɭ ɞɨɦɚɦɢ, ɲɢɪɢɧɵ ɭɥɢɰ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. ɋɬɚɪɨɟ ɬɪɭɳɨɛɧɨɟ ɠɢɥɶɟ ɩɨɫɬɟ- ɩɟɧɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɫɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ (Burnett 1991: 174). ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ «ɞɨɥɝɨɝɨ XIX ɜɟɤɚ» (ɫ ɤɨɧɰɚ XVIII ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɞɨ 1913 ɝ.) ɩɪɢɧɟɫ ɫ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɨɥɨɫɫɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɧɨ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɠɢ- ɞɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ (Ɉɉɀ). ȼɟɫɶɦɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɧ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɟɞɲɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ, ɝɞɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ Ɉɉɀ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟ- ɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤ, ɪɢɫɤ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ 5–10 ɥɟɬ ɫɧɢɡɢɥɫɹ ɧɚ 85 % ɤ 1913 ɝ. ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ 1740–1749 ɝɝ., ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ 10–15 ɥɟɬ – ɧɚ 75 %, ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ 0–5 ɥɟɬ – ɧɚ 66 %, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɯ 20–55 ɥɟɬ – ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɧɚɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ (Vallin 1991: 54). Ɇɟɠɞɭ 1740–1745 ɢ 1909–1913 ɝɝ. ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɢɡ- ɧɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɜɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɜɵɪɨɫɥɚ ɫ 24,7 ɞɨ 50,4 ɥɟɬ (Ibid.: 47). Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɫɦɨɝɥɢ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɭɫɩɟɯɨɜ. ɉɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ ɀ.-ɇ. Ȼɢɪɚɛɟɧɚ, ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɬɪɭɞɨɜ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚ- ɮɢɢ, Ɉɉɀ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚ ɥɢɲɶ 27 ɥɟɬ ɜ 1750 ɝ. (Biraben 1979: 16). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɱɭɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɡɚ 150 ɥɟɬ, ɤ ɩɟɪɜɨɦɭ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɸ 7. я 95   XX ɜ., ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɫɦɨɝɥɢ ɩɪɟɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɤɚɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ ɜ 1,5, ɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ 2 ɪɚɡɚ (ɫɦ. Ɍɚɛɥ. 7.2). 7.2 ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɤɚɧɭɧɟ ɉɟɪɜɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɋɬɪɚɧɚ ɉɟɪɢɨɞ, ɝɝ. ɠɢɡɧɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ Ⱦɚɧɢɹ 1911–1915 57,7 ɇɨɪɜɟɝɢɹ 1911–1921 57,2 ɒɜɟɰɢɹ 1911–1920 57,0 ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɵ 1910–1920 56,1 ɂɪɥɚɧɞɢɹ 1910–1912 53,8 Ⱥɧɝɥɢɹ ɢ ɍɷɥɶɫ 1910–1911 53,5 ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɹ 1910–1911 52,3 Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ 1908–1913 50,4 Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ 1910–1911 49,0 ɂɬɚɥɢɹ 1910–1912 46,9 Ɏɢɧɥɹɧɞɢɹ 1911–1920 46,3 ɂɫɩɚɧɢɹ 1910 41,7 И : Vallin 1991: 47. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɵ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɨɬ- ɦɟɱɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɞɟɦɨ- ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɧɟɭɤɥɨɧɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɥɚɫɶ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜ 1750– 1850 ɝɝ. ɜ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɒɜɟɰɢɢ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɵɟ ɬɟɦɩɵ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟ- ɧɢɹ Ɉɉɀ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ 1 ɦɟɫɹɰɚ, ɬɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1850–1880 ɝɝ. ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɚɯ ɢ ɋɒȺ Ɉɉɀ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɧɚ 2 ɦɟɫɹɰɚ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨ, ɜ 1900–1930 ɝɝ. – ɧɚ 5,2 ɦɟɫɹɰɚ (Livi-Bacci 2012 : 123–124). ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɢɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ, «ɫɬɚɪɬɨɜɚɜ- ɲɢɦ» ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ 75 ɥɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨ 150 ɞɨ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɱɟɦ 50 ɞɟɬɟɣ ɧɚ 1000 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ, ɜɫɬɭɩɢɜ- ɲɢɦ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɫɬɚɞɢɸ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɩɨɡɠɟ, ɪɚɜɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ, ɩɨɧɚɞɨɛɢɥɨɫɶ ɥɢɲɶ 20–25 ɥɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ (Chesnais 1992: 77). 96 2. - XIX .   7.2. ȼɌɈɊȺə ɋɌȺȾɂə ȾȿɆɈȽɊȺɎɂɑȿɋɄɈȽɈ ɉȿɊȿɏɈȾȺ. ɋɇɂɀȿɇɂȿ ɊɈɀȾȺȿɆɈɋɌɂ ɇɚɱɚɥɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ (ɧɚ ɮɨɧɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ) ɡɧɚɦɟɧɭɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟ- ɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɭɸ ɫɬɚɞɢɸ. ɉɨ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɸ Ⱥ. Ƚ. ȼɢɲɧɟɜɫɤɨ- ɝɨ, «ɭɫɤɨɪɢɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɪɨɫɬ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɪɟ- ɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɞɟɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɟɦɟɣ <…> ɫɞɟɥɚɥɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ. <…> ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɥɢ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨ- ɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɬɚ- ɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ» (ȼɢɲɧɟɜɫɤɢɣ 2005: 115). ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɛɪɚɱɧɨɦ ɩɨɜɟ- ɞɟɧɢɢ (ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɜɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜ ɛɪɚɤ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɬɚɪ- ɲɟɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ (ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɠ- ɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ) (Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ: 114–137). ɗɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɧɟɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨɝɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ 10 % ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɵ- ɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ (Livi-Bacci 2012 : 128). ɉɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɪɢ- ɡɧɚɤɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ Ɂɚɩɚɞ- ɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ XVIII ɜ. – ɜ ɚɜɚɧɝɚɪɞɟ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ; ɫɩɭɫɬɹ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɟ, ɜ 1875–1880 ɝɝ., ɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɫɧɢɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɬɪɚɧ: ɒɜɟɰɢɢ, ɇɨɪɜɟɝɢɢ, Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ, ɍɷɥɶɫɟ, ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɚɯ, Ȼɟɥɶɝɢɢ, Ɏɢɧɥɹɧɞɢɢ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ: Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ, Ⱥɜɫɬɪɢɢ, ɑɟɯɢɢ, ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɚɧɝɥɨɝɨɜɨɪɹɳɟɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɢɢ ɢ ɇɨɜɨɣ Ɂɟɥɚɧɞɢɢ; ɨɤɨɥɨ 1900 ɝ. – ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɝɭɛɟɪɧɢɹɯ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɜ 1920-ɟ ɝɝ. – ɩɨɜɫɟ- ɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɜ ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɘɝɨ-Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ (ɜ Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɢɢ, Ƚɪɟ- ɰɢɢ, Ɋɭɦɵɧɢɢ, ɘɝɨɫɥɚɜɢɢ, ɉɨɪɬɭɝɚɥɢɢ) (Chesnais 1992: 112–113). ȼ XIX ɜ. ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɟɥɹ ɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨ- ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɛɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɛɪɚɤɨɜ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɬɚɪɲɢɯ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɯ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɞɨɥɟɣ ɥɢɰ, ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɜɲɢɯ ɜ ɛɪɚɤ (ɫɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: Hajnal 1965; Lesthaeghe 1980; Watkins 1981; Coale, Watkins 1986). ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ 1900 ɝ. ɜ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ 75 % ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ 20–24 ɥɟɬ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɦɭɠɟɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ – ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ- 7. я 97   ɥɹɥɨ ɥɢɲɶ 25 %; ɞɨɥɹ ɥɢɰ, ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɜɲɢɯ ɜ ɛɪɚɤ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢ- ɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ 10–20 % ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ 5 % ɜ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ; ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɜɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɛɪɚɤ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥ 26–27 ɥɟɬ ɜ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ 21–22 ɥɟɬ 12 ɜ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ (Chesnais 1992: 100–101). Ɉɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬ- ɫɬɜɢɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɧɚɞ ɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡ- ɪɚɫɬɚ ɜɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɛɪɚɤ ɫ 18 ɞɨ 23 ɥɟɬ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ- ɦɟɪɧɨ ɧɚ 1,5–2 ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ ɧɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɭ (Livi-Bacci 2012 : 175). ɑɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɦɢɪɚ, ɡɞɟɫɶ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ XIX – ɧɚɱɚɥɟ XX ɜ., ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɜ ɥɚɬɢɧɨɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ Ⱥɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɚ, ɍɪɭɝ- ɜɚɣ, ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ – ɑɢɥɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɨɠɞɚɟ- ɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɦɫɹ ɦɢɪɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɩɨɡɠɟ, ɜ 60–70-ɟ ɝɝ. XX ɜ. (Ibid.: 174). 7.3. ȼɁɊɕȼɈɈȻɊȺɁɇɕɃ ɊɈɋɌ ɇȺɋȿɅȿɇɂə ȼ ɉȿɊȼɈɆ ɆɂɊȿ ȼ XIX ɜ. (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ) ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɢ ɟɟ ɩɟɪɟ- ɫɟɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɹɯ/ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɞɜɚ ɞɟɦɨ- ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ, – ɜɟɪɧɟɟ ɞɚɠɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬ- ɫɹ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ – ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫ- ɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɨɜ, ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ XIX ɜ. ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ȿɜ- ɪɨɩɵ ɤɚɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ ɭɞɜɨɢɥɨɫɶ – ɬɚɤ, ɩɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɦ Ʉ. Ɇɚɤɗɜɟɞɢ ɢ ɑ. Ⱦɠɨɭɧɫɚ, ɨɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɨɫɶ ɫɨ 180 ɞɨ 390 ɦɥɧ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ (McEvedy, Jones 1978: 18). ɗɬɨ ɛɵɥ ɛɟɫɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɡɚ ɜɫɸ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ XVIII ɜ., ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɨɥɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ (ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ, ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɫ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɢɦ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɨɦ XVII ɜ.), ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɜɵɪɨɫɥɨ «ɥɢɲɶ» ɧɚ 50 % – ɫɨ                                                              12 ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɜɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɛɪɚɤ – ɧɢɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬɫɭɬ- ɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɨɪɦɵ, ɩɨɨɳɪɹɸɳɢɟ ɨɬɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɛɪɚɤ, – ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶ- ɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨ «ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɦ» ɬɢɩɟ ɛɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ. 98 2. - XIX .   120 ɞɨ 180 ɦɥɧ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɷɬɢ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɰɢɮɪɵ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨ- ɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɨɥɨɫɫɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɸ ɢɡ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɢ (ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɵɲɟ ɦɵ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɨ Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ). Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɋɒȺ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ XIX ɜ. ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɨɫɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ – ɫ 6 ɦɥɧ ɜ 1800 ɝ. ɞɨ 76 ɦɥɧ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɜ 1900 ɝ. (McEvedy, Jones 1978: 287). ɋɨɬɧɢ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɵ ɟɜɪɨ- ɩɟɣɰɟɜ ɷɦɢɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɢɸ (Ibid.: 328), Ⱥɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɭ ɢ ɑɢɥɢ (Ibid.: 313–314), Ʉɚɧɚɞɭ (Ibid.: 284) ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɫɢɥ ɩɥɚɧɤɭ «ɩɪɨɫɬɨɝɨ» ɭɞɜɨɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ Ⱥ. Ɇɷɞɞɢɫɨɧɚ, ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ (ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ Ɋɨɫɫɢɟɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɹɦɢ/ɬɟɪɪɢ- ɬɨɪɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɘɠɧɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ Ɉɤɟɚɧɢɟɣ) ɭɜɟɥɢ- ɱɢɥɨɫɶ ɫ 257 ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɜ ɜ 1820 ɝ. ɞɨ 689 ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɜ ɜ 1913 ɝ. (ɫɦ. Ɋɢɫ. 7.1). 700 Миллионы 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 Ɋɢɫ. 7.1. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ (ɜ ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɚɯ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ), 1500–1913 ɝɝ. И : Maddison 2010; ɬɨɱɤɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ 1650 ɝ. ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɚ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɞɟɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ XVII ɜ., ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɵɯ Ⱦɠ. ɉɚɪɤɟɪɨɦ (Parker 2013). 7. я 99   ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɧɟɬɪɢɜɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɫɬɚɜɲɢɣ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɦ, – ɪɚɡɜɟɪɬɵɜɚ- ɧɢɟ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɨɬ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɤ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. ɇɚ ɩɟɪ- ɜɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɨɬ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɤ ɫɨɜɪɟ- ɦɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɬɢɩɭ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɟɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ. ɇɚɱɚɥɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ (ɧɚ ɮɨɧɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɫɧɢɠɟ- ɧɢɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ) ɡɧɚɦɟɧɭɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɭɸ ɫɬɚɞɢɸ. ȼɚɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɵɦ ɡɚɩɨɡɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɨɛɨɛ- ɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ (ɫɦ. Ɋɢɫ. 7.2). Ɋɢɫ. 7.2. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ (ɫɦ.: Ʉɚɩɢɰɚ 1999) : ɬɨɱɟɱɧɚɹ ɥɢɧɢɹ – ɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ; ɩɭɧɤɬɢɪɧɚɹ ɥɢɧɢɹ – ɫɦɟɪɬ- ɧɨɫɬɶ; ɫɩɥɨɲɧɚɹ ɥɢɧɢɹ – ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɦɩɵ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɫɨ- ɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɡɪɵɜɨɦ. Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ Ɋɢɫ. 7.2 ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬ ɜɫɟɣ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ. Ⱦɟɥɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɟ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɚɹ ɥɢɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɬɟɦɩɨɜ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɭɫɬɨɣ- 100 2. - XIX .   ɱɢɜɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɨɜ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ, ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɨɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɨ-ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɞɪɚɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɦɭ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɢɱɟ- ɫɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɨ ɞɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 5 %, ɚ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ – 4,5 %. ɗɬɨ ɭɠɟ ɞɚɫɬ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɜ 0,5 % ɜ ɝɨɞ. Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɬɨɣ- ɱɢɜɨɦ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɵɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ (ɤɨɝɞɚ, ɫɤɚɠɟɦ, ɩɪɢ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨ- ɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ 10 ɦɥɧ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ 50 000 ɜ ɝɨɞ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ 50 ɦɥɧ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ – ɭɠɟ 250 000). ɗɬɨ ɩɨɱɬɢ, ɧɨ ɜɫɟ-ɬɚɤɢ ɧɟ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɜɡɪɵɜ. ɇɨ ɱɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɦ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟ- ɧɢɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɮɨɧɟ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɪɚɫɬɭɳɟɣ ɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ (ɱɬɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ) ɢ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ? ɑɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɨɫɬɟ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ 10 ɞɨ 50 ɦɥɧ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɩɚɞɟɬ ɫ 4,5 % ɞɨ 2,5 %13 ɩɪɢ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ? Ɍɚɤ ɜɨɬ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢ- ɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɦɩɵ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɚɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɹɬɶ ɪɚɡ: ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɩɟ- ɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥ 0,5 % ɜ ɝɨɞ; ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɨɧ ɭɠɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ 2,5 % ɜ ɝɨɞ. ȼ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɦ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɟ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɟɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɹɸɳɟɣ, ɜɟɞɶ ɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɜ ɩɹɬɶ ɪɚɡ – ɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɟ ɝɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɦɩɵ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɚɬɫɹ ɫ 50 000 ɧɟ ɞɨ 250 000, ɚ ɞɨ 1 250 000 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɜ ɝɨɞ. Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɟ ɬɟɦɩɵ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɚɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɜ 5, ɚ ɜ 25 ɪɚɡ! ɉɨɞɨɛ- ɧɨɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɚɱɟ ɱɟɦ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɡɪɵɜɨɦ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɭɠɟ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɪɚɡɦɚɯ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɡɪɵɜɨɜ, «ɩɪɨ- ɝɪɟɦɟɜɲɢɯ» ɧɚ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɩɥɚɧɟɬɟ ɫ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ XIX ɜ., ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨ- ɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɟ ɧɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɣ ɢɥɢ                                                              13 Ⱥ ɷɬɨ ɜɟɞɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɞɚɠɟ ɫɤɪɨɦɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɨ- ɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɞɨ 40 ɥɟɬ. 7. я 101   ɜɟɤɨɜ, ɚ ɬɵɫɹɱɟɥɟɬɢɣ. ȼɨɬ ɤɚɤ, ɫɤɚɠɟɦ, ɜ ɬɵɫɹɱɟɥɟɬɧɟɦ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɟ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɜɡɪɵɜ (ɫɦ. Ɋɢɫ. 7.3). 700 600 500 Миллионы 400 300 200 100 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 Ɋɢɫ. 7.3. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ (ɜ ɦɥɧ ɱɟɥ.), 1–1913 ɝɝ. И : Maddison 2010; ɬɨɱɤɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ 1650 ɝ. ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɚ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɞɟɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ XVII ɜ., ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɵɯ Ⱦɠ. ɉɚɪɤɟɪɨɦ (Parker 2013). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɜɡɪɵɜɚɦɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ ɜ XX ɜ. (ɢ ɜ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧ- ɫɤɢɦ) ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɜɡɪɵɜ XIX ɜ. ɜɵɝɥɹ- ɞɢɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ «ɛɥɟɤɥɨ» (ɫɦ. Ɋɢɫ. 7.4). 102 2. - XIX .   1 000 900 800 700 Миллионы 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 Западная Европа Африка Ɋɢɫ. 7.4. ɋɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɢ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚ, 1–2009 ɝɝ. И : Maddison 2010. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɡɪɵɜɚ, ɤɨ- ɧɟɱɧɨ ɠɟ, ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɠɟɧ – ɜɟɞɶ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɧ ɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɥ ɡɧɚ- ɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɣ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɜɡɪɵɜ; ɜɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɨɧ ɠɟ (ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɣ, ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨ- ɝɢɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɟɦɶɢ) ɫɨɡɞɚɥ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɟɝɨ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ. ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ: 1. ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ? 2. Ɉɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɝɨ- ɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ. 7. я 103   3. Ʉɚɤɨɜɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɢɜɲɢɟ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ- ɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɜ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɜ XIX ɜ.? 4. Ɉɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɟɜɪɨ- ɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ ɧɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ. 5. Ʉɚɤɨɜɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ XIX ɜ. ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟ- ɧɢɸ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɷɩɨɯɚɦɢ? Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ȼɢɲɧɟɜɫɤɢɣ Ⱥ. Ƚ. 2005. . 2-ɟ ɢɡɞ. Ɇ.: ɇɚɭɤɚ. Chesnais J.-K. 1992. The Demographic Transition: Stages, Pat- terns, and Economic Implications. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Livi-Bacci M. 2012. A Concise History of World Population. 5th ed. Malden, MA; Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. Vallin J. 1991. Mortality in Europe from 1720 to 1914: Long-Term Trends and Changes in Patterns by Age and Sex. The Decline of Morta- lity in Europe / Ed. by R. Schofield, D. Reher, A. Bideau, pp. 38–67. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 104 2. - XIX .   ȽɅȺȼȺ 8. ɍɊȻȺɇɂɁȺɐɂɈɇɇɕɃ ɉȿɊȿɏɈȾ ȼ ɉȿɊȼɈɆ ɆɂɊȿ 8.1. ȾɂɇȺɆɂɄȺ ɍɊȻȺɇɂɁȺɐɂɂ ȼ ɆɂɊȿ ɂ ȼ ȿȼɊɈɉȿ ȼ XIX ȼ. ȼ 8 ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɬɨɦɚ «ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɫɬɢɤɢ» ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ XXI ɜ. (ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɫ ɨɛɨɫɬɪɟɧɢɟɦ) ɫɚɦɵɣ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɬɪɟɧɞ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɨɞ- ɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ɇɢɪ-ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɢɱɧɨ-ɝɢɩɟɪ- ɛɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɸ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɞɢɧɚ- ɦɢɤɢ ɜ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɟ (ɫɦ. Ɋɢɫ. 8.1) ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɞɨɫɬɚ- ɬɨɱɧɨ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɪɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɢɪɚ: 1) ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ IV – ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ III ɬɵɫ. ɞɨ ɧ. ɷ.; 2) I ɬɵɫ. ɞɨ ɧ. ɷ.; 3) XVIII–XXI ɜɜ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɬɪɟɬɢɣ ɷɬɚɩ (ɜ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ XIX ɜ.) ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɷɩɨɯɢ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɜɪɟ- ɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ. ɉɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɟɦ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɭɪɧɚɹ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ȿɜɪɨɩɭ ɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɭɸ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɭ. ȼ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ (ɡɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟ- ɧɢɹɦɢ) ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɨ- ɥɢ ɝɨɪɨɠɚɧ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ (ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɵɣ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɫɹ ɜ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɜ XIX ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɢ) ɧɚɱɧɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ XX ɜ., ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɱɟɦɭ ɦɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɤɜɚɥɶɧɨ «ɜɡɥɟɬɢɬ» ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɡɚ ɨɞ- ɧɨ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɟ – ɫ ɦɟɧɟɟ 200 ɦɥɧ ɜ 1900 ɝ. ɞɨ 2,86 ɦɥɪɞ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɜ 2000 ɝ. (ɫɦ. Ɋɢɫ. 8.2). ɉɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ Ɋɢɫ. 8.2 ɜ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɟ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɤɚ- ɡɚɬɶɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɷɩɨɯɨɣ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ XX ɜ. ɫ ɟɝɨ ɜɡɪɵɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɚ- ɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɟɦ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɟɡɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (ɫɤɚɠɟɦ, II ɬɵɫɹɱɟɥɟɬɢɹ ɧ. ɷ.) ɜ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɥɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɬɪɟɧɞɚ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɣ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɠɟ ɜ XVIII ɜ., ɜ XIX ɠɟ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ (ɫɦ. Ɋɢɫ. 8.3). 8. 105   10000 1000 100 10 1 0,1 0,01 ‐4000 ‐3500 ‐3000 ‐2500 ‐2000 ‐1500 ‐1000 ‐500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Ɋɢɫ. 8.1. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ɇɢɪ-ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɟ, 4000 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ. ɷ. – 2015 ɝ., ɫ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɨɦ ɞɨ 2150 ɝ. И : Modelski 2003; Gruebler 2006; UN Population Division 2016. Ⱦɠ. Ɇɨɞɟɥɫɤɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɢɪɚ (ɞɥɹ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɫ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ 10 000 ɨɛɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ) ɞɨ 1000 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ. ɷ., Ⱥ. Ƚɪɸɛɥɟɪ – ɫ 900 ɝ. ɧ. ɷ. ɩɨ 1950 ɝ., Ɉɬɞɟɥ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɈɈɇ – ɫ 1950 ɝ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɢɪɚ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1000 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ. ɷ. – 900 ɝ. ɧ. ɷ. ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɧɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ Ɍ. ɑɷɧɞɥɟɪɚ (Chandler 1987) ɩɨ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɢɪɚ, ɨɛɢɬɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɜ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ (> 40 000 ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ). 106 2. - XIX .   3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 Ɋɢɫ. 8.2. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ɇɢɪ-ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɟ, 1000–2000 ɝɝ., ɦɥɧ ɱɟɥ. И : Gruebler 2006; UN Population Division 2016. 10000 1000 100 10 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 Ɋɢɫ. 8.3. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ɇɢɪ-ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɟ; 1000–2000 ɝɝ. ɧ. ɷ., ɦɥɧ ɱɟɥ. И : Gruebler 2006; UN Population Division 2009. 8. 107   ȿɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɹɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɨɥɶ XIX ɜ. ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɢ ɧɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɣ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɨɠɚɧ, ɚ ɢɯ ɞɨɥɢ ɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɦ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ (ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɭɪɛɚɧɢ- ɡɚɰɢɢ) (ɫɦ. Ɋɢɫ. 8.4). 50% 50 % 29,4 % 12,0 % 6,6 % 6,0 % 55% % 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 Ɋɢɫ. 8.4. Ⱦɨɥɹ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɢɪɚ, 1500–1950 ɝɝ., ɥɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛ И : Ʉɨɪɨɬɚɟɜ 2007: 37. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ XIX ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɤɚɪɞɢɧɚɥɶ- ɧɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ. ɏɨɬɹ ɪɚɧ- ɧɟɟ ɇɨɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɷɩɨɯɨɣ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛ- ɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ (ɫɦ. 6 108 2. - XIX .   ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɬɨɦɚ «ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɫɬɢɤɢ»), ɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɭɪɛɚɧɢ- ɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɧɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɟɫɥɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ. ɑɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɪɨɞ- ɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɥɚ, ɧɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶ- ɧɨ ɫ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɞɨɥɹ ɝɨɪɨɠɚɧ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɣ. Ɍɚɤ, ɩɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɉ. Ȼɚɣɪɨɤɚ, ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɞɨɥɹ ɝɨ- ɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ (ɩɪɢ ɭɱɟɬɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɫ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ 5 ɬɵɫ. ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɢ ɜɵɲɟ) ɜɵɪɨɫɥɚ ɫ 10–11,5 % ɜ 1500 ɝ. ɥɢɲɶ ɞɨ 12–13 % ɜ 1700 ɝ. (Bairoch 1988: 176). ɉɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɦɵɦ ə. ɞɟ ȼɪɢɡɨɦ, ɜ 1800 ɝ. ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥ ɥɢɲɶ 10 % (de Vries 1984: 45). ȼ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ – ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚ- ɰɢɢ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦ ɫ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɛɵɥ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɢɠɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ, ɜ Ʉɢɬɚɟ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɛɨɝɚɬɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɟɣ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ XIX ɜ. ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥ 6–7,5 % (ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɫ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɜɵɲɟ 5 ɬɵɫ. ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ) (Bairoch 1988: 358). ȼ əɩɨɧɢɢ ɜ 1700 ɝ. ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɫ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɜɵɲɟ 5 ɬɵɫ. ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɥɨ 11– 14 % ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ (Ibid.: 360) – ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ, ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɵɣ ɫ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ. Ⱥ ɜ XIX ɜ. ɞɨɥɹ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɭɞɜɚɢɜɚɟɬ- ɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ – ɫ 6,6 % ɞɨ 12 %. ȼɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɡɚ ɞɨɥɝɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɨɫɬ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɝɨɧɹɟɬ ɪɨɫɬ ɧɚɫɟ- ɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ XIX ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨ- ɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɜɧɟɫɲɟɦɭ ɤɨ- ɥɨɫɫɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɷɩɨɯɚɦɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɨɫɶ ɜɵɲɟ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɞɨɥɢ ɝɨ- ɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ XIX ɜ. ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɫɹ ɜ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ. Ɉɞɧɚ- ɤɨ ɢ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɸ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɢ ɭɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ, ɝɞɟ ɤ ɤɨɧɰɭ XIX ɜ. ɜ ɝɨ- ɪɨɞɚɯ ɠɢɥɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. Ⱦɪɭ- ɝɢɟ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɩɪɨɲɥɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɫɚɦɵɟ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɷɬɚɩɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. Ⱦɚɠɟ ɜ Ȼɟɥɶɝɢɢ ɢ ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɚɯ, ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɥɢ- ɞɟɪɚɯ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɧɚ 1890 ɝ. ɩɪɨɠɢ- ɜɚɥɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɬɪɟɬɢ ɢɯ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɢ ɡɚ 1800–1890 ɝɝ. ɞɨɥɸ ɝɨɪɨɠɚɧ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜ ɬɪɢ ɪɚɡɚ, ɞɨɜɟɥɢ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɤ 1890 ɝ. ɥɢɲɶ ɞɨ 13,2 % (ɫɦ. Ɍɚɛɥ. 8.1 ɢ Ɋɢɫ. 8.5). 8. 109   8.1 Ⱦɨɥɹ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ XIX ɜ., % ɋɬɪɚɧɚ/ 1800 ɝ. 1850 ɝ. 1890 ɝ. ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɹ 20,3 40,8 61,9 Ȼɟɥɶɝɢɹ 18,9 20,5 34,5 Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ 5,5 10,8 28,2 Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ 8,8 14,5 25,9 ɂɫɩɚɧɢɹ 11,1 17,3 26,8 ɂɬɚɥɢɹ 14,6 20,3 21,2 ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɵ 28,8 29,5 33,4 ɉɨɪɬɭɝɚɥɢɹ 8,7 13,2 12,7 ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɢɹ 4,6 5,8 13,2 ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɹ 3,7 7,7 16,0 ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ 10 16,7 29,0 И : de Vries 1984: 45–46 (ɞɥɹ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɫ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ 10 ɬɵɫ. ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ). ɉɨɫɥɟ 1890 ɝ. ɬɟɦɩɵ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɡɧɚɱɢ- ɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɫɤɨɪɢɥɢɫɶ, ɤ 1910 ɝ. ɞɨɥɹ ɝɨɪɨɠɚɧ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɪɨɫɥɚ ɞɨ 41 %. ɉɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɨ ɷɬɨ ɧɚ ɮɨɧɟ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟ- ɧɢɹ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ (ɫɦ. 7), ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɪɨɫɬ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣ- ɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɫɹ ɩɨɢɫɬɢɧɟ ɜɡɪɵɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ: ɜɫɟɝɨ ɡɚ ɱɭɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɟɤɚ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɪɨɠɚɧ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɫɟɦɶ ɪɚɡ – ɫ 19 ɦɥɧ ɞɨ 127 ɦɥɧ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ (Bairoch 1988: 217). Ʉɚɤ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ ɋ. ɏɷɦɟɪɨɭ, ɨɫɨɛɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɚɛɫɨ- ɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɤɪɭɩ- ɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚɯ: «ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɪɚɫɬɭɳɢɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɦɟɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɫɟ, ɜ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥ ɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɚɜɢ- ɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ; ɡɞɟɫɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɦ- ɦɟɪɰɢɢ, ɤɪɟɞɢɬɚ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɥɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɚɦɛɢɰɢɨɡɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ»; ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɫɥɭɱɚ- ɥɨɫɶ ɢ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɬɟɦɩɚɦ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɢɯ ɨɛɝɨɧɹɥɢ ɝɨɪɨ- 110 2. - XIX .   ɞɚ – ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜ (Hamerow 1989: 94–95). 60 50 40 л   ель Е ропа   цело 30 Фра ц ер а 20 е цар Ска д а 10 0 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880   Ɋɢɫ. 8.5. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ XIX ɜ., % И : ɫɦ. Ɍɚɛɥ. 8.1. 8.2. ɊȿɄɈɇɎɂȽɍɊȺɐɂə ɊȺɋɉɊȿȾȿɅȿɇɂə ɄɊɍɉɇȿɃɒɂɏ ȽɈɊɈȾɈȼ ɆɂɊȺ, 1800–1914 ȽȽ. Ɋɨɫɬ ɨɫɨɛɨ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɜ XIX ɜ. ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ. ɇɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ (ɢ ɋɒȺ) ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɥɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɵɦɢ ɬɟɦɩɚɦɢ (ɫɦ. Ɍɚɛɥ. 8.2). 8. 111   8.2 Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ (ɬɵɫ. ɱɟɥ.) ɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ (%) ɪɨɫɬ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ 1800–1914 ɝɝ. 30 ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ (ɩɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ ɧɚ 1914 ɝ.) ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɦɢɪɚ Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɩɪɢ- ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɨɫɬ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ «ɞɨɥɝɨɝɨ Ƚɨɪɨɞ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ «ɞɨɥɝɨɝɨ XIX ɜɟɤɚ», % XIX ɜɟɤɚ», ɬɵɫ. ɱɟɥ. (ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ 1800 ɝ. = 100 %) 1 2 3 4 1. Ʌɨɧɞɨɧ 6558 761,7 2. ɇɶɸ-Ƀɨɪɤ 6637 10534,9 3. ɉɚɪɢɠ 3453 631,3 4. Ȼɟɪɥɢɧ 3328 1934,9 5. Ɍɨɤɢɨ 2815 410,9 6. ɑɢɤɚɝɨ 2420 Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɩɨɫɥɟ 1800 ɝ. 7. ȼɟɧɚ 1918 830,3 8. ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 1913 869,5 9. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1557 627,8 10. Ɏɢɥɚɞɟɥɶɮɢɹ 1692 2488,2 11. Ȼɭɷɧɨɫ-Ⱥɣɪɟɫ 1596 4694,1 12. Ɇɚɧɱɟɫɬɟɪ 1519 1875,3 13. Ȼɢɪɦɢɧɝɟɦ 1429 2012,7 14. Ɉɫɚɤɚ 1097 286,4 15. Ʉɚɥɶɤɭɬɬɚ 1238 764,2 16. Ȼɨɫɬɨɧ 1269 3625,7 17. Ʌɢɜɟɪɩɭɥɶ 1224 1610,5 18. Ƚɚɦɛɭɪɝ 1183 1011,1 19. Ƚɥɚɡɝɨ 1041 1239,3 20. Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥɶ 555 97,4 21. Ɋɢɨ-ɞɟ-ɀɚɧɟɣɪɨ 1046 2377,3 22. Ȼɨɦɛɟɣ 940 671,4 23. Ȼɭɞɚɩɟɲɬ 996 1844,4 24. ɉɟɤɢɧ –100 –9,1 25. ɒɚɧɯɚɣ 910 1011,1 26. ȼɚɪɲɚɜɚ 831 1108 112 2. - XIX .   . 8.2 1 2 3 4 27. ɋɟɧɬ-Ʌɭɢɫ 804 5360 28. Ɍɹɧɶɰɡɢɧɶ 655 503,8 29. ɉɢɬɬɫɛɭɪɝ 773,5 51567 30. Ʉɚɢɪ 649 295,2 И : Chandler 1987. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɟɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɟ- ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɦɢɪɚ ɩɨ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɩɥɚɧɟɬɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ 1800 ɢ 1914 ɝɝ. (ɱɬɨ ɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɦɚɧɢɮɟɫɬɚɰɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ ɞɢɜɟɪɝɟɧɰɢɢ, ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɲɥɚ ɪɟɱɶ ɜɵɲɟ, ɜ 5), ɱɬɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɦ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɥɨɧɨɤ 1800 ɢ 1914 ɝɝ. ɜ Ɍɚɛɥ. 8.3. 8.3 30 ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɦɢɪɚ ɜ 1800 ɢ 1914 ɝɝ. (ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɢ ɋɒȺ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɩɨɥɭɠɢɪɧɵɦ ɲɪɢɮɬɨɦ) 1800 ɝ. 1914 ɝ. ɇɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɇɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ 1800 ɝ., ɜ 1914 ɝ., ɬɵɫ. ɱɟɥ. ɬɵɫ. ɱɟɥ. Ƚɨɪɨɞ ɋɬɪɚɧɚ Ƚɨɪɨɞ ɋɬɪɚɧɚ 1 2 3 4 5 6 ɉɟɤɢɧ Ʉɢɬɚɣ 1100 Ʌɨɧɞɨɧ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚ- 7419 ɧɢɹ Ʌɨɧɞɨɧ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚ- 861 ɇɶɸ- ɋɒȺ 6700 ɧɢɹ Ƀɨɪɤ Ʉɚɧɬɨɧ Ʉɢɬɚɣ 800 ɉɚɪɢɠ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ 4000 ɗɞɨ əɩɨɧɢɹ 685 Ȼɟɪɥɢɧ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ 3500 Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧ- Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɚɹ 570 Ɍɨɤɢɨ əɩɨɧɢɹ 3500 ɬɢɧɨɩɨɥɶ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ ɉɚɪɢɠ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ 547 ɑɢɤɚɝɨ ɋɒȺ 2420 ɇɟɚɩɨɥɶ ɇɟɚɩɨɥɢɬɚɧ- 430 ȼɟɧɚ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɢɹ 2149 ɫɤɨɟ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜ- ɫɬɜɨ 8. 113   . 8.3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ɏɚɧɱɠɨɭ Ʉɢɬɚɣ 387 ɋɚɧɤɬ- Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ 2133 ɉɟɬɟɪ- ɛɭɪɝ Ɉɫɚɤɚ əɩɨɧɢɹ 383 Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ 1805 Ʉɢɨɬɨ əɩɨɧɢɹ 377 Ɏɢɥɚ- ɋɒȺ 1760 ɞɟɥɶɮɢɹ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ 248 Ȼɭɷɧɨɫ- Ⱥɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɚ 1630 Ⱥɣɪɟɫ ɋɭɱɠɨɭ Ʉɢɬɚɣ 243 Ɇɚɧ- ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢ- 1600 ɱɟɫɬɟɪ ɬɚɧɢɹ Ʌɚɤɯɧɚɭ ɂɧɞɢɹ 240 Ȼɢɪɦɢɧ- ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢ- 1500 (ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢ- ɝɟɦ ɬɚɧɢɹ ɬɚɧɢɹ) Ʌɢɫɫɚɛɨɧ ɉɨɪɬɭɝɚɥɢɹ 237 Ɉɫɚɤɚ əɩɨɧɢɹ 1480 ȼɟɧɚ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɢɹ 231 Ʉɚɥɶɤɭɬɬɚ ɂɧɞɢɹ 1400 ɋɢɚɧɶ Ʉɢɬɚɣ 224 Ȼɨɫɬɨɧ ɋɒȺ 1304 ɋɚɧɤɬ- Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ 220 Ʌɢɜɟɪ- ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢ- 1300 ɉɟɬɟɪ- ɩɭɥɶ ɬɚɧɢɹ ɛɭɪɝ Ⱥɦɫɬɟɪ- Ƚɨɥɥɚɧɞɢɹ 195 Ƚɚɦɛɭɪɝ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ 1300 ɞɚɦ ɋɟɭɥ Ʉɨɪɟɹ 194 Ƚɥɚɡɝɨ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢ- 1125 ɬɚɧɢɹ Ɇɭɪɲɢ- ɂɧɞɢɹ 190 Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧ- Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɚɹ 1125 ɞɚɛɚɞ (ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢ- ɬɢɧɨɩɨɥɶ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ ɬɚɧɢɹ) Ʉɚɢɪ ȿɝɢɩɟɬ 186 Ɋɢɨ-ɞɟ- Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɹ 1090 ɀɚɧɟɣɪɨ Ɇɚɞɪɢɞ ɂɫɩɚɧɢɹ 182 Ȼɨɦɛɟɣ ɂɧɞɢɹ 1080 Ȼɟɧɚɪɟɫ ɂɧɞɢɹ (ȼɟɥɢ- 179 Ȼɭɞɚɩɟɲɬ ȼɟɧɝɪɢɹ 1050 (ȼɚɪɚɧɚɫɢ) ɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɹ) Ⱥɦɚɪɚ- Ȼɢɪɦɚ (Ɇɶɹɧɦɚ) 175 ɉɟɤɢɧ Ʉɢɬɚɣ 1000 ɩɭɪɚ ɏɚɣɞɚ- ɂɧɞɢɹ (ȼɟɥɢ- 175 ɒɚɧɯɚɣ Ʉɢɬɚɣ 1000 ɪɚɛɚɞ ɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɹ) Ȼɟɪɥɢɧ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ 172 ȼɚɪɲɚɜɚ ɉɨɥɶɲɚ 906 114 2. - XIX .   . 8.3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ɉɚɬɧɚ ɂɧɞɢɹ (ȼɟɥɢɤɨ- 170 ɋɟɧɬ- ɋɒȺ 804 ɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɹ) Ʌɭɢɫ Ⱦɭɛɥɢɧ ɂɪɥɚɧɞɢɹ 165 Ɍɹɧɶɰɡɢɧɶ Ʉɢɬɚɣ 785 Ʉɢɧɬɟɱɟɧ Ʉɢɬɚɣ 164 ɉɢɬɬɫ- ɋɒȺ 775 ɛɭɪɝ Ʉɚɥɶɤɭɬɬɚ ɂɧɞɢɹ (ȼɟɥɢɤɨ- 162 Ʉɚɢɪ ȿɝɢɩɟɬ 735 ɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɹ) И : Chandler 1987. Ʉɚɤ ɦɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜ 1800 ɝ. ɥɢɲɶ 3 ɢɡ 10 ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɦɢɪɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, ɬɨ ɜ 1914 ɝ. ɭɠɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɫɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɦɢɪɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɢɥɢ ɋɒȺ. ȿɞɢɧ- ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ, Ɍɨɤɢɨ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɭ ɬɟɯ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɢɛɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ əɩɨɧɢɢ ɭɞɚ- ɥɨɫɶ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɪɟɚɥɚ ɜ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɶ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ (ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɢɧ- ɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ). ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɣ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ 30 ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɦɢɪɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ 1800 ɢ 1914 ɝɝ. ɫɬɨɥɶ ɠɟ ɜɡɪɵɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɢ ɜɵɲɟ ɞɥɹ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ (ɫɦ. Ɋɢɫ. 8.6). Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɦɢ ɤɪɭɩ- ɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɦɢɪɚ ɡɚ 1800–1914 ɝɝ. ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɢɠɟ ɧɚ Ɋɢɫ. 8.7. 8. 115   60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 Ɋɢɫ. 8.6. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɣ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ 30 ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɦɢɪɚ, 1650–1914 ɝɝ., ɦɥɧ ɱɟɥ. И : Chandler 1987. 116 2. - XIX .   8000 8 000 7 000 7000 6 000 6000 Ло до 5 000 5000 Нь ‐Йорк Пар ж 4 000 4000 ерл Ток о 3 000 3000 ка о е а 2 000 2000 1 000 1000 00 1800 1825 1850 1875 1900 1925 Ɋɢɫ. 8.7. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɦɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɦɢɪɚ, ɬɵɫ. ɱɟɥ., 1800–1914 ɝɝ. И : Chandler 1987. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɢ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ, ɡɚ ɷɬɢɦ ɤɪɨɟɬɫɹ ɬɨ ɨɛɫɬɨɹ- ɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɬɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɢ ɞɜɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ. 8. 117   8.3. ɂɁɆȿɇȿɇɂȿ ɈȻɅɂɄȺ ȽɈɊɈȾɈȼ ȼ XIX ȼ. – ȼɈɁɇɂɄɇɈȼȿɇɂȿ ȽɈɊɈȾɈȼ ɋɈȼɊȿɆȿɇɇɈȽɈ ɌɂɉȺ ɋɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ XIX ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ – ɜ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɥɨɫɶ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ Ʌɚɧɤɚɲɢɪ ɢ ɑɟɲɢɪ 198 ɢɡ 1000 ɞɟɬɟɣ ɭɦɢɪɚɥɢ ɟɳɟ ɞɨ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɞɧɹ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ – ɜɞɜɨɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ (Bairoch 1988: 67). ȼɨ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɦ Ʌɢɥɥɟ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɶ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɭɦɢɪɚɥɚ, ɧɟ ɞɨɠɢɜ ɞɨ 3 ɥɟɬ (Lees Ⱥ., Lees L. H. 2007: 143). Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɧɚɛɥɸ- ɞɚɥɚɫɶ ɢ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ. Ɉɫ- ɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɝɪɹɡɶ ɢ ɚɧɬɢ- ɫɚɧɢɬɚɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚɯ, ɜ ɞɨɦɚɯ (ɜ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɤɜɚɪɬɚɥɚɯ) ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɤɨɪɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɚ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɫ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ: ɬɚɤ, ɦɟɞɢɤɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɪɨɥɶ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ; ɛɵɥɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɹɜɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠ- ɞɭ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɟɦ ɢ ɦɨ- ɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɝɨɪɨɠɚɧ; ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨɛ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɥɢɹ- ɧɢɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟ- ɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ (Schultz 1989: 112). ɉɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨ- ɥɨɜɢɧɟ XIX ɜ. ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɫɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ – ɜɟɪɧɟɟ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨ- ɞɨɛɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚ ɫɦɟɧɭ ɜɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɤɨɥɨɞɰɟɜ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ – ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɜ ɋɒȺ ɤ ɤɨɧɰɭ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ 40 ɢɡ 50 ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ (Ibid.: 164). ɇɚ ɫɦɟɧɭ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦ, ɜɵɜɨɡɢɜɲɢɦ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ (ɱɚɫɬɶ ɡɚɛɢɪɚɥɢ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɵ ɧɚ ɭɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɭɬɢɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɫɨɜɟɪ- ɲɟɧɧɨ ɚɧɬɢɫɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ – ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɫɜɚɥɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɢ ɫɥɢɜɚ- ɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɨɜɪɚɝ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɚɢɧɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɥɢɛɨ ɜ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɛɥɢɡɥɟɠɚɳɢɣ ɜɨɞɨɟɦ), ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɗɬɢ ɞɜɚ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɦɨɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɥɢɰ, ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.) ɫɵɝɪɚɥɢ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ 118 2. - XIX .   ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɢ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɚ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɟɪɯ- ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ. ɉɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɦɢ ɱɢɫ- ɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ 500 ɬɵɫ. ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɢɦɢ ɨɫɬɪɨ ɜɫɬɚɥɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɨɪ- ɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ – ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ, ɜ ɨɬ- ɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɦɟɫɥɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ, ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɠɢɥɢ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɉ. Ȼɚɣɪɨɤɭ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɪɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ 1828 ɝ. ɜ ɉɚɪɢɠɟ, ɧɚɫɱɢɬɵ- ɜɚɜɲɟɦ ɬɨɝɞɚ 800 ɬɵɫ. ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, – ɩɨɹɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɥɢɧɢɹ ɨɦɧɢ- ɛɭɫɚ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɢɡ ɉɚɪɢɠɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɪɚɫ- ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɢɥɚɫɶ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɦɭ ɦɢɪɭ: ɭɠɟ ɜ 1829 ɝ. ɭɫɩɟɯ ɉɚɪɢɠɚ ɜɞɨɯɧɨɜɢɥ Ʌɨɧɞɨɧ, ɚ ɜ 1831 ɝ. ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥ ɇɶɸ-Ƀɨɪɤ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɜɚ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɯ ɝɨɪɨ- ɞɚɯ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ. Ɉɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɧɚɛɢɪɚɥ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶ – ɬɚɤ, ɭɠɟ ɤ ɤɨɧɰɭ 1850-ɯ ɝɝ. ɨɦɧɢɛɭɫɵ ɜ Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɟ ɢ ɉɚɪɢɠɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɢɥɢ ɩɨ 40 ɦɥɧ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɜ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨ (Bairoch 1988: 281; Clark 2009: 273). ȼ 1850-ɯ ɝɝ. ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɪɟɥɶɫɨɜɵɣ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɬɪɚɦɜɚɣ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɣ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ, ɛɵɥ ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɮɢɪɦɨɣ Siemens ɜ 1879 ɝ. ɢ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɚɥ ɜɨ Ɏɪɚɧɤɮɭɪɬɟ ɜ 1881 ɝ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɢɮɢ- ɤɚɰɢɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪ- ɬɚ – ɧɚɤɚɧɭɧɟ ɉɟɪɜɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɦɟɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɟɧɚ ɮɭɧɤ- ɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɜ 12 ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɦɢɪɚ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ Ʌɨɧɞɨɧ (ɫ 1863 ɝ.), ɇɶɸ- Ƀɨɪɤ (1868), ɋɬɚɦɛɭɥ (1875), Ȼɭɞɚɩɟɲɬ (1897), Ƚɥɚɡɝɨ (1897), ȼɟɧɚ (1898), ɉɚɪɢɠ (1900), Ȼɨɫɬɨɧ (1901), Ȼɟɪɥɢɧ (1902), Ɏɢɥɚɞɟɥɶɮɢɹ (1907), Ƚɚɦɛɭɪɝ (1912), Ȼɭɷɧɨɫ-Ⱥɣɪɟɫ (1913) (Bairoch 1988: 282). Ƚɨɪɨɞɫɤɚɹ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ. ȼɚɠɧɨɣ ɧɨɜɟɥɥɨɣ XIX ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɚ ɢɞɟɹ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɚ ɢ ɠɢɥɨɣ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ. ɂɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɚ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɥɚ ɉɪɭɫɫɢɢ, ɝɞɟ ɜ 1808 ɝ. ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɢɬɟɬ ɛɵɥ ɨɛɹɡɚɧ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɶ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬ, ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɡɚ ɦɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɭɥɢɰ ɢ ɭɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɞɪɟɧɚɠɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɬɪɨɬɭɚɪɨɜ (Lees A., Lees L. H. 2007: 123). ɇɟɨɬɴɟɦɥɟɦɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɝɚɡɢɧɵ, ɜ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ( Б , ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɚɝɚɡɢɧ, 8. 119   ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɣ ɜ ɉɚɪɢɠɟ ɜ 1852 ɝ., ɥɨɧɞɨɧɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɩɪɨ- ɞɨɥɠɚɸɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɢ ɜ ɧɚɲɢ ɞɧɢ. ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɣ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɪɨɞ (ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ) ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɜ XIX ɜ. ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɥ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɛɭɦ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɦɚɝɚɡɢɧɨɜ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɢɯ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɜɵɪɨɫɥɨ ɧɚ 300 % ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ XIX ɜ.; ɜ ȼɟɧɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɦɚɝɚɡɢɧɨɜ ɭɬɪɨɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ 1870–1902 ɝɝ., ɚ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɫɬɶɹɯ ɉɚɪɢɠɚ ɡɚ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢ- ɥɨɫɶ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜ 8 ɪɚɡ. Ʉ ɤɨɧɰɭ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɨ- ɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɟ ɦɚɝɚɡɢɧɵ (Clark 2009: 266). Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɥɶɹ. ɍɠɟ ɤ ɫɟɪɟ- ɞɢɧɟ XIX ɜ. ɜ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɯ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɞɨɦɚɯ ɢɦɟɥɚɫɶ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ; ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ ɷɬɨ ɧɨɜɨɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɢ ɜ ɞɨ- ɦɚɯ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ɇɚɤɚɧɭɧɟ ɉɟɪɜɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ 93 % ɥɨɧ- ɞɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɞɨɦɨɜ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ (Ibid.: 272). ȼɚɠɧɟɣɲɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɫɵɝɪɚɥɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɜ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɬɭɚɥɟɬɚ (ɫɨ ɫɦɵ- ɜɨɦ). ɗɬɨ ɩɨɜɥɟɤɥɨ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɞɨɦɨɜ – ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɝɢɟɧɢɱɟ- ɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ, ɱɬɨ, ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɫɦɟɪɬ- ɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɥɨ ɤɨɧ- ɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ ɞɨɦɨɜ ɤ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦɭ, ɡɧɚɤɨɦɨɦɭ ɧɚɦ ɜɢɞɭ (Schultz 1989: 164). ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ: 1. Ʉɚɤɨɜɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ɇɢɪ-ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ XIX ɜ. ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ- ɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɷɩɨɯɚɦɢ? 2. Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɨɫɶ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɦɢɪɚ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ XIX ɜ.? 3. Ɉɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɜ XIX ɜ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ Ʉɨɪɨɬɚɟɜ Ⱥ. ȼ. 2007. Ɇɚɤɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɇɢɪ-ɋɢɫ- ɬɟɦɵ: ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ. И : - / Ɉɬɜ. ɪɟɞ. ɋ. ɘ. Ɇɚɥɤɨɜ, Ʌ. ȿ. Ƚɪɢɧɢɧ, Ⱥ. ȼ. Ʉɨɪɨɬɚɟɜ, c. 21–39. Ɇ.: ɄɨɦɄɧɢɝɚ. 120 2. - XIX .   Bairoch P. 1988. Cities and Economic Development. From the Dawn of History to the Present. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Clark P. 2009. European Cities and Towns: 400–2000. Oxford: Oxford University Press. de Vries J. 1984. European Urbanization 1500–1800. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Lees A., Lees L. H. 2007. Cities and the Making of Modern Europe, 1750–1914. New York: Cambridge University Press. 3. - XIX . 121   3. - XIX . ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɬɪɢ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ: ɪɚɧɧɟɟ – ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɟ – ɡɪɟɥɨɟ ɝɨɫɭ- ɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ (Claessen, Skalník 1978; 1981; Claessen et al. 2008; Grinin 2008; Ƚɪɢɧɢɧ 2010a). ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɪɨɥɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɪɨɫɬɚ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ XVIII ɜ. ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɭɠɟ ɤ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɡɪɟɥɨɝɨ ɝɨ- ɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɧɨ ɟɳɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɠɧɟɝɨ ɚɪɯɚɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ. ɉɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟ- ɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɢ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɧɟɣ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɝɪɚ- ɦɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ, ɝɚɡɟɬ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚ- ɧɢɹɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣ- ɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɚ ɚɪɯɚɢɤɚ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɢɫ- ɱɟɡɥɚ. Ɋɚɧɧɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ – ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɨ- ɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɹɸɬ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɨ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɣ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜ- ɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ. Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ – ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨ- ɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɣ Ⱦɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɋɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɜɟɤɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɧɧɟɝɨ ɇɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ɂɪɟɥɵɟ – ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɩɨɯɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ Ɋɢɦɫɤɨɣ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɩɪɢɲɥɚ ɜ ɭɩɚɞɨɤ ɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɬɵɫɹɱɟɥɟɬɢɹ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɪɚɧɧɟɝɨ (ɚɪɯɚɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ) ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪ- ɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɥɵɯ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɣ ɪɚɡɞɪɨɛɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɟɰɟɧ- ɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ (ɫɦ. ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ: Ƚɪɢɧɢɧ 2011; 2010 ; Ƚɪɢɧɢɧ, Ʉɨɪɨ- ɬɚɟɜ 2007). ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɰɟɥɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɫɬɪɚɧ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɋɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɜɟɤɨɜ ɢɦɟɥ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɲɟ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ. Ʉɢɬɚɣ, ɂɪɚɧ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɋɚɫɚɧɢɞɨɜ, ɚɪɚɛɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɥɢɮɚɬɵ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɝɨɫ- ɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ, ɂɧɞɢɢ, ɂɧɞɨɤɢɬɚɹ, Ʉɨɪɟɹ, əɩɨɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɧɨ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɰɟɜ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɥɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɥɢɛɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɣ ɟɦɭ. ɉɪɚɜɞɚ, ɧɟ ɜɫɟ ɝɨ- ɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢ ɷɬɨɬ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ 122 3. - . 2 XIX .   ɥɢɲɶ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ – ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜ- ɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ (ɢɥɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ). Ɂɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟ- ɧɢɟɦ Ʉɢɬɚɹ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɞɨɥɝɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ (ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ)14. ȼ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɦɭ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɶɸ ɭɲɟɥ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɨɬ ɜɚɪɜɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜ, ɧɨ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɧɧɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ (ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ). ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɟ-ɱɬɨ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɢɡ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɚɪɚɛɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɞɨ ɇɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɧɧɢɦɢ (ɢɥɢ ɚɪɯɚɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ), ɫɨ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ, ɧɟ- ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɣ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ, ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɨɩɨɪɨɣ ɧɚ ɞɜɨɪɹɧɫɤɨɟ ɨɩɨɥɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɞɥɹ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɣɧ. ɉɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɚɪɦɢɢ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜ XV–XVI ɜɜ. ɩɟɪɟɲɥɢ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɱɟɦɭ ɨɫɨ- ɛɟɧɧɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɪɦɢɢ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɫ ɨɝɧɟ- ɫɬɪɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɚɪɬɢɥɥɟɪɢɟɣ. ɇɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɡɠɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɦɢ. «Ɂɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɞɜɨɪɚ ɢ ɩɪɚ- ɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɥɢɲɶ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɚɹ, ɢ ɩɨɪɨɣ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜ- ɥɟɧɢɹ… ȼɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɝɭɛɟɪɧɚɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɡɚɦɟɫɬɢɬɟɥɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɦ ɞɟɥɟ- ɝɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɤɨɪɨɥɶ. ɇɨ ɨɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ XVII ɜ. ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɩɨ- ɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɦɢ ɫɟɧɶɨɪɚɦɢ. ɋ ɪɚɡ- ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɛɟɡ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɨɥɹ ɨɧɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɦɟɫɬɧɭɸ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɭɪɭ» (Ʌɟ Ɋɭɚ Ʌɚɞɸɪɢ 2004: 15). ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɶ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɫɭ- ɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɫ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɋɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɛɭ- ɞɟɬ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ, ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ XVII ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ. ȼ XVIII ɜ. ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɟ                                                              14 ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɷɩɨɯɢ ɦɚɦɥɸɤɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨ XVI ɜ. ȿɝɢɩɟɬ ɦɨɝ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɝ- ɲɢɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɫ XVIII ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɚ ɢ əɩɨɧɢɢ, ɚ ɜ XIX ɜ. – ɜɧɨɜɶ ȿɝɢɩɟɬ ɢ Ɍɭɪ- ɰɢɹ (ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɫɦ.: Ƚɪɢɧɢɧ 2010 ). 3. - XIX . 123   ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɢɥɢ ɪɵɜɨɤ, ɧɨ ɢ Ʉɢɬɚɣ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɹɥ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɟ, ɢ ɜ XVIII – ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹɯ XIX ɜ. ɨɧ ɞɨɫɬɢɝ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢ- ɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɩɟɯɨɜ. ɉɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ Ʉɢɬɚɣ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɢɥ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɟ ɝɨɫɭ- ɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɸ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɤɚɦ ɬɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɥɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ, ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɚɦ ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ ɛɵɥ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶ- ɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ, ɯɨɬɹ Ʉɢɬɚɣ ɛɵɥ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢɟɣ, ɱɟɦ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɟ. Ɍɚɤ, ɩɪɢ 400-ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ XIX ɜ. ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 20 ɬɵɫ. ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɚ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ – 7 ɬɵɫ. (Ʉɪɸɤɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ. 1987: 34). Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜɵɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɵ ɢ ɫɚɦɚ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɪɚɜɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɤɚɞɪɨɜ. Ɉɬɛɨɪ ɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɞɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɦɢɫɫɢɸ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ, ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ Ʉɢɬɚɹ. ȼ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɷɤɡɚɦɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɭɱɟɧɨɟ ɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɤɪɚɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɚɦɧɟɦ ɤɨɧɮɭɰɢɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ ɜ Ʉɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɣ ɢɦ- ɩɟɪɢɢ (Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ: 32–34). Ɉɬɥɢɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ-ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɣ, ɱɟɦ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɣ. Ɍɵɫɹɱɢ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɤɧɢɝɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɟ ɧɚɞ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɝɪɚɧɞɢɨɡɧɵɯ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɢ- ɥɹɰɢɣ (Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ: 31). ɉɪɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ (ɐɢɧ) ɛɵɥɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɞɨɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɞɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ- ɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ (ɋɢɦɨɧɨɜɫɤɚɹ 1974: 172), ɩɨɱɬɢ ɩɨɝɨ- ɥɨɜɧɨ ɧɟɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɨɝɨ (ɧɚɞɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ Ʉɢɬɚɣ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɫɬɭɩɚɥ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɜ XVIII ɢ ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ XIX ɜ.). ȼ Ʉɢɬɚɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɩɨ- ɦɨɳɶ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɝɨɥɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɨɦɟɪɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɤ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɦ, ɤɨ- ɝɞɚ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ (Skinner 1985: 283). ȼɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɱɟɪɬɵ – ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ – ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɡɪɟɥɨɝɨ, ɚ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ. ɇɨ ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ Ʉɢɬɚɟ ɷɤɨ- ɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɛɚɡɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɟɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɛɟɡɨɝɨɜɨ- ɪɨɱɧɨ ɤ ɡɪɟɥɵɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɦ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ 124 3. - . 2 XIX .   Ʉɢɬɚɣ ɩɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɨɦ ɡɪɟɥɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ15. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɤ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ XIX ɜ. ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɝ- ɥɨ ɢɞɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɟɪɟɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɚɝ- ɪɚɪɧɨɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɛɚɡɢɫɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɦ ɢ ɧɟɭɫɬɪɚɧɢɦɵɦ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɥ ɫɧɢɠɚɬɶɫɹ. ȼ XIX ɜ. ɧɚɥɨɝɢ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɛɨɪɵ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɪɨɫɥɢ (ɫɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: ɂɥɸ- ɲɟɱɤɢɧ 1967: 19–21), ɱɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɜɧɭɬ- ɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɚ. Ʉɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɤɪɚɯɭ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɢ ɟɝɨ ɜɨ- ɟɧɧɨ-ɦɨɪɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɢɥɚɦɢ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ ɢ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ. ȼɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɨ ɝɥɭɛɨ- ɱɚɣɲɢɣ ɤɪɢɡɢɫ ɢ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɵ, ɫɨɬɪɹɫɚɜɲɢɟ Ʉɢɬɚɣ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɶ ɜɟɤɚ (ɫ 1840 ɩɨ 1864 ɝ.). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɩɪɟɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɟɜɪɨɩɟɣ- ɫɤɢɯ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɣ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɹɫɧɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɞɨ- ɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɥɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɢɧ- ɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟ, ɚ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ. ɂ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢ- ɩɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɟɣ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɲɟɣ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɫɢ- ɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɪɦɢɢ ɢ ɮɥɨɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɥɢ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜɫɟɨɛɳɟɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚ- ɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ (ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ ɢ Ƚɨɥɥɚɧɞɢɢ), ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚ- ɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɚ. ɗɬɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɜɟɞɭɳɟɣ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ. Ɉɝɪɨɦɧɵɣ Ʉɢɬɚɣ ɧɟ ɦɨɝ ɫɭɳɟ- ɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɛɟɡ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ (ɥɸɛɨɟ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɤɨɪɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɦ ɤɚɬɚɤɥɢɡɦɚɦ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɚɦ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ). ɇɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢ- ɱɢɣ ɩɨ ɫɨɫɥɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ ɛɨ-                                                              15 ɇɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɟɳɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɚɪɯɚɢɱɧɵɦ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ 1861 ɝ. ɛɵɥɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɨ ɜɟ- ɞɨɦɫɬɜɨ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɟɥɚɦɢ. ɇɨ ɨɧɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɨ ɦɢɧɢ- ɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɥ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɢ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɢ ɩɨ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢ- ɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭ ɢ ɛɵɥɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɟɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɵ, ɱɬɨ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɥɨ ɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɵ ɫ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɚɦɢ (Ƚɭɞɨɲɧɢɤɨɜ 1999: 176). 3. - XIX . 125   ɝɚɬɫɬɜɚ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɢɢ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɫɭ- ɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ. Ʉɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɛɟɡ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɨ- ɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɡɪɟɥɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ. ɇɨ ɜɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɷɬɚɩ ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɪɟɥɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ȿɜɪɨ- ɩɵ ɢ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɨ ɧɚ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨ-ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɧɭɮɚɤ- ɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ. ȼ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ, ɬɨɜɚɪɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ, ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɢ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɚɯɚ. ɂ ɷɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤ- ɬɭɪɭ (ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ «ɨɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɢ- ɜɚɧɢɟ» ɞɜɨɪɹɧɫɬɜɚ, ɪɚɫɫɥɨɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɫɬɜɚ, ɪɨɫɬ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɫɨ- ɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɤɪɢɡɢɫ ɰɟɯɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɚɟɬ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɬɚɤ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɚɱɟ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ. ȼ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ ɦɟɪɟ (ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɠɟɫɬɤɨ) ɷɬɨɬ ɪɭɛɟɠ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɦɨɝ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɜɟ- ɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɢɡɦɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ XVIII ɜ. ɭɫɬɚ- ɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ (ɫɦ.: Ɋɨɝɢɧɫɤɢɣ 1994). ɗɬɨ ɷɩɨɯɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵ- ɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ, ɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɚɪɦɢɢ, ɧɚɥɨɝɨ- ɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɚ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɤɨɥɨ- ɧɢɣ ɢ ɬ. ɩ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚɦɢ (ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɭɞɚɱɧɵɦɢ) ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɟɣ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜ- ɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɭɞɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɮɟɨɞɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥ, ɧɟ- ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɹɬɶ ɩɨɞɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɟ, ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɦɹɝɱɢɬɶ ɧɪɚɜɵ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɤɨ- ɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɩɪɨ- ɢɡɨɲɥɢ ɭɠɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɡɠɟ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɥɢɛɨ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɯ ɫɨɰɢ- ɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɨɜ ɢ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɣ, ɥɢɛɨ ɧɚɱɚɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɪɨɬɚ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɚɪɦɢɸ. 126 3. - XIX .   9. . 9.1. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɜɨɡɪɨɫɲɟɣ ɪɨɥɶɸ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ XVIII ɜ. ɟɜɪɨ- ɩɟɣɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɭɠɟ ɤ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɡɪɟɥɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɧɨ ɟɳɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɠɧɟɝɨ ɚɪɯɚɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭ- ɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ. Ɂɪɟɥɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ – ɷɬɨ: – ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɞɢɧɵɣ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧ- ɧɵɣ ɭɞɨɛɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɹɦɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɡɚɛɨɬɚ ɨ ɟɝɨ ɮɭɧɤ- ɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ (ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɟ, ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɪɵɧɤɚɯ) ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɩɨ- ɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɚɫɭɳɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ. ȼɚɠɧɭɸ (ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɭɸ) ɪɨɥɶ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛ- ɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟ- ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ ɡɪɟɥɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɝɨ ɡɚ- ɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɢɡ- ɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ, ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ, ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɤ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟ- ɫɤɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɥɨɝɚɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜ ɡɪɟɥɨɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟ ɝɭɛɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ16. – Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɣ ɫɢ- ɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɣ. ȼ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟ ɦɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɢɞɢɦ ɦɧɨɝɨɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɦ ɜɵɫɲɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɜɟ- ɬɵ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ ɧɚɦɟɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬ- ɧɵɯ ɥɢɰ.                                                              16 ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɨɞɢɨɡɧɵɟ ɧɚɥɨɝɢ, ɤɚɤ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɛɨɪɵ ɢɥɢ ɭɛɢ- ɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɸ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɟ ɫɛɨɪɵ, ɢɫɱɟɡɚɸɬ. Г 9. 127   – Ɂɪɟɥɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɨɩɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɚɰɢɸ (ɧɚɰɢɢ), ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡ- ɜɢɬɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɨɛɳɟɧɧɨɟ ɢ ɠɢɜɭɳɟɟ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɵɦɢ ɦɢɪɤɚɦɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɝɞɟ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɨɨɬ- ɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɡɪɟɥɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɫ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɣ. Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɨɡɚɛɨɱɟɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɷɬɭ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɧɚɞ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ (ɜ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧ- ɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ, ɫɭɞɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ), ɪɟɥɢɝɢɟɣ, ɨɛɪɚ- ɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɬ. ɩ. ȼ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦ (ɢɥɢ ɢɧɚɹ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞ- ɫɬɜɚ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɢɜ- ɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɫɬɨ- ɪɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.). ɂɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢɡɦɚ. – Ɂɪɟɥɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɨɩɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɨɛɳɟ- ɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɝɨɫɭ- ɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɚɦ ɜ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɷɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɟɱɚɬɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ). ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢ- ɬɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɪɟɞɤɢɦ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɧɢɝ ɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢ- ɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɪɭɤɚɯ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ, ɬɨ ɜ ɡɪɟɥɵɯ ɭɠɟ ɜ XVIII–XIX ɜɜ. ɷɬɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɦ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ ɦɚɫɫɚɦ. Ɉɬ- ɫɸɞɚ ɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɫɬɢɥɢ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɧ- ɬɚɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɦ. – ɗɬɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɨ-ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɟ- ɩɟɧɧɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ (ɪɨɥɶ ɫɨɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɨɧɟɦɧɨɝɭ ɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɬ, ɚ ɪɨɥɶ ɨɬɧɨɲɟ- ɧɢɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟ- ɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɚɬɶ)17. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɤɚɪɞɢɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɚɡɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ: ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɨɩɢ- ɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɫɨɫɥɨɜɢɣ (ɞɜɨɪɹɧɫɬɜɚ, ɤɪɟ- ɫɬɶɹɧɫɬɜɚ, ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɢɢ), ɡɪɟɥɨɟ – ɧɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ, ɮɨɪɦɢ- ɪɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɨ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦ ɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨ- ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ.                                                              17 ɇɨ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɨɜ, ɪɨɫɬɚ ɪɨɥɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶ- ɧɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɸ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɩɨ- ɫɥɟɞɧɟɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɡɪɟɥɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ци . 128 3. - XIX .   – ɂɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ. Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɧɟ ɩɵɲɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɨɪɚ, ɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɦɨɝɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɰɢɢ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɩɪɚ- ɜɟɞɥɢɜɵɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɢ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. – ȼɚɠɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɡɪɟɥɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟ- ɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ, ɧɚ ɤɨ- ɬɨɪɵɣ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɥɨɫɶ ɦɚɥɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ. ȼɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɪɨɥɶ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɞɟɹ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ. 9.2. ȼ ɡɪɟɥɨɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟ ɜɫɟ ɬɪɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪ- ɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨ-ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ (ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧ- ɧɵɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ, ɧɚɥɨɝɢ ɢ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ) ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ. ɗɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ (ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɚɦɢ), ɧɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɜɫɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɟɟ ɨɩɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɫɨɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɫɥɨɢ ɢ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɢɸ, ɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɨɜ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɢ ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɧɢ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɢɞɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɤɭɸ ɫɬɪɚɬɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɰɟɜ, ɝɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ (ɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ) ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨ- ɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ, ɜɵɪɚɠɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɚɞɦɢ- ɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ (Ɇɢɡɟɫ 1993: 41). ɑɢɧɨɜɧɢɱɟ- ɫɬɜɨ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ, ɚ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɣɤɭ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɟɝɨ. Ɋɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɬɭ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɭɸ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɩɟɪɟɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ. ɉɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ- ɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɡɪɟɥɨɫɬɢ ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɹ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɡɚɪɭ- ɛɟɠɧɭɸ ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɸ ɤɚɤ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɤɨɥɥɟɝ, ɪɚɜɧɵɯ, ɞɨɫɬɨɣɧɵɯ ɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɠɚɧɢɹ. Ⱥ ɷɬɨ, ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɫɨ- ɡɞɚɟɬ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɫɨɩɟɪɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɢɧ- Г 9. 129   ɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɸ ɜɵɫɲɟɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɯɨ- ɪɨɲɟɝɨ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɨɜ, ɟɫɬɶ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ. Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɡɪɟɥɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɢɡɨɛɢɥɭɟɬ ɮɚɤɬɚɦɢ ɩɥɨɯɨ- ɝɨ ɢ ɧɟɭɦɟɥɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ, ɤɨɪɪɭɩɰɢɢ ɢ ɡɥɨɭɩɨɬɪɟɛ- ɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɚɫɬɶɸ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɡɢ- ɫɨɜ, ɞɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɨ ɢɫɬɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬ. ɩ. ɂ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ, ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɢ ɡɪɟɥɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɤɚɞɪɨɜɵɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɰɟɜ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ, ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ, ɡɚɛɨɬɚ ɨ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɰɟɜ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦ ɢ, ɱɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɫɨ- ɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɤɚɞɪɨɜ. ɇɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ ɇɚɩɨɥɟɨɧ I ɩɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɥ ɦɵɫɥɶ, ɱɬɨ «ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɨɪɭɞɢɟɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ» (ɒɟɧɨɧ 1938: 263). ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɷɤɡɚɦɟɧɵ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɫɬ (ɜ Ʉɢɬɚɟ, ɜɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɜɟɤɨɜɚɹ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹ). ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɨ ɟɳɟ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ XIX ɜ., ɜ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ – ɜ 70-ɟ ɝɝ. XIX ɜ. (ɫɦ.: Ƚɪɚɮɫɤɢɣ 2001: 429). Ɍɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɬɪɨɝɨɣ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜ ɋɒȺ (ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɬɚɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ɫɢ- ɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɦɟɧɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɥɢɰ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɜɵɛɨɪɚɦɢ), ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɝɪɚɥɢ ɸɪɢɫɬɵ. ɇɨ ɢ ɜ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ ɜ 1883 ɝ. ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɚ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ (Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ: 451–452). ȼɟɡɞɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɜɢ- ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɢɠɟ ɜ 15 16. ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɬɨ- ɜɢɬɶ ɤɚɞɪɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɰɟɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɫ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ XIX ɜ. ɩɪɨ- ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɨɜ, ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɭɡɨɜ, ɝɢɦɧɚɡɢɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɚɦɢ ɤɚɞɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɨ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɨɜɚɬɨɪ- ɫɬɜɨɦ ɞɚɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɤɚɤ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ, ɝɞɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟ- ɧɢɣ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɡɪɟɥɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ – ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɱɟɬɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ 130 3. - XIX .   ɪɨɬɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɞɪɨɜ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɜɟɪɯɨɜɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ. Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɟ ɛɨɥɶ- ɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɨ ɢɧɵɦ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɦ (ɪɨɞɨɜɢɬɨɫɬɶ, ɡɧɚɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨɤɭɩɤɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɪɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.). ɉɨɱɬɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɢ- ɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɭɬ- ɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧ, ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɸ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɮɟɨɞɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɢɢ. Ɇɧɨɝɨɟ ɜ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ, ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɦɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦɢ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɭɪɛɚ- ɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ. ȼɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɚ XVIII ɜ. (Ɇɚɬɶɟɡ 1995: 117–118). ȼ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ, Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɢɢ, ɇɨɜɨɣ Ɂɟɥɚɧɞɢɢ ɨɧɚ ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɥɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ. ȼ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜ XIX ɢ XX ɜɜ. ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ. ɉɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ XVII ɜ. ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɨɛ- ɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɭ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɶ Ɏɪɷɧɫɢɫɚ Ȼɷɤɨɧɚ (1972 [1625]) ɢ ɍɢɥɶɹɦɚ ɉɟɬɬɢ (1993 [1662]). ɇɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜ (ɑɟɪɧɢɤɚ 1995: 12). ȼ XVIII ɜ. ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɧɚɥɨɝɨ- ɨɛɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɦɢ. ȼɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɧɚɥɨɝɚɯ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɛɵɥ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɟɳɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɮɢɫɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ. ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶ- ɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɥɢɛɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɥɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɶ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɨɥɭɱɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɥɢɛɨ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɫɢɸɦɢ- ɧɭɬɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɪɵɫɬɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɜɢ- ɬɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (ɫɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: ɋɦɢɬ 1935, ɬ. 2: 341–343). ȼ XIX ɢ XX ɜɜ. ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɤ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɛɚɬɨɜ (ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɛɵɥɢ ɜ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ ɢ ɋɒȺ ɩɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɨɛ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɲɥɢɧɚɯ ɜ XIX ɜ.) ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɧɚɥɨɝɚɦ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɨɫɶ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɡɧɵ, ɧɨ ɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧ- ɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨ-ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ. ɗɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ XIX – ɧɚɱɚɥɟ XX ɜ. ɧɚɱɚ- ɥɚɫɶ ɫɦɟɧɚ ɤɭɪɫɚ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ, ɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɬɚɤ ɞɨɥɝɨ ɛɨ- Г 9. 131   ɪɨɥɢɫɶ, ɤ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɰɢɨɧɢɡɦɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɥ ɡɚɳɢɬɢɬɶ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧ- ɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ (ɫɦ.: Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɶɟɜɚ 2001ɛ: 160). 9.3. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɟ ɜ ɡɪɟɥɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ, ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɨɪɹɞ- ɤɚ ɫɦɟɧɵ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɜɟɪɯɨɜɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɚɤɢɟ-ɬɨ ɡɚ- ɤɨɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɦɤɢ. ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɚɤ- ɬɵ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɹɪɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ (Ȼɢɥɥɶ ɨ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ, ɡɚɤɨɧ ɨ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɩɢɦɨɫɬɢ, Ⱥɤɬ ɨ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥɨɧɚɫɥɟɞɢɢ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɭɬ ɨɛ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɚ [Ʉɟɪɬɦɚɧ 1968; Ȼɚɞɚɤ ɢ ɞɪ. 1996 : 177; 1996 : 219; Ʌɚɛɭɬɢɧɚ, Ʉɟɬɤɨɜɚ 1994: 136–138]) ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɢ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɪɟ- ɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɟɪɨɜ XVIII ɜ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɜ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ (ɫɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢ- ɦɟɪ: ɀɢɞɤɨɜ, Ʉɪɚɲɟɧɢɧɧɢɤɨɜɚ 1999; ɑɟɪɧɢɥɨɜɫɤɢɣ 1973: 362). Ɂɪɟɥɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ – ɷɬɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɫɹ ɜɧɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫɚɦɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɦɨ- ɧɚɪɯɢɹɯ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɡɪɟɥɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɧɚɪɯ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ Ʌɸɞɨɜɢɤɭ XIV, ɟɳɟ ɦɨɝ ɡɚɹɜɢɬɶ: «Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ – ɷɬɨ ɹ!» (ɢ ɬɨ ɜ XVII, ɚ ɧɟ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɏɏ ɜ.), ɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɯ ɷɬɨ ɭɠɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɚɜɬɨ- ɧɨɦɢɹ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɢ ɚɪɦɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɤɢɣ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɥɢ. ɗɬɨɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɣ ɧɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ, ɫɭɞɟɛɧɭɸ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ, ɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɜɥɚ- ɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɭɠɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɬɪɨɣɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɡɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɥɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɶ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɜɵɞɜɢɠɟɧɰɟɜ ɤ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɪɨɥɢ ɩɪɚ- ɜɚ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɦɨɳɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟ- 132 3. - XIX .   ɧɢɟɦ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɧɹɬɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɡɚɩɪɟɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɸ, ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɭ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ. ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɤɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɭɞɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞ- ɫɬɜɚ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɸɪɢɫɬɨɜ18. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɢ- ɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɫɭɞɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɬ ɜ ɡɪɟɥɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɧɟɫɪɚɜɧɢɦɨɝɨ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɷɩɨɯɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɫɨ- ɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɚ. ɂ ɧɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɵ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ: ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɹ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ. ɂ ɭɠɟ ɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɦɭ, ɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɭ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɜɵɫɲɚɹ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɞɨɛɥɟɫɬɶ (ɫɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: Ȼɟɪɦɚɧ 1994: 46–47). Ⱦɚɠɟ ɜ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɬɨɬɚɥɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɨɰɢ- ɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ, ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ, ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɫɲɟɣ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ. ȼɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟ- ɫɬɜɚ. ɉɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɪɟɞɤɚɹ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɟɝɚɥɶɧɨ ɤɪɢɬɢ- ɤɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ (Ⱥɪɨɧ 1993: 62). Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɪɨɥɶ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɨɜ (ɭɱɟ- ɧɵɯ, ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɩɭɛɥɢɰɢɫɬɨɜ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɟɛɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɥɚɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɡɥɨ, ɤɚɤɨɜɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ, ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɭɸ ɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ. Ɉ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɪɚɫɬɭɳɟɣ ɪɨɥɢ ɝɚɡɟɬ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɭɠɟ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɮɚɤɬ: ɜ ɋɒȺ ɫ 1870 ɩɨ 1900 ɝ. ɨɛɳɢɣ ɬɢɪɚɠ ɝɚɡɟɬ ɜɨɡɪɨɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɜ 5 ɪɚɡ (Ƚɪɢɝɨ- ɪɶɟɜɚ 2001 : 31). ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɤ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɥ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɱ- ɧɢɤɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɫɹ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɧɟ ɦɨɧɚɪɯ (ɢ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚ- ɬɢɹ), ɚ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɢ. Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɢ ɨɠɟɫɬɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɡɚ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢ-                                                              18 ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɞɟɤɫɵ ɇɚɩɨɥɟɨɧɚ I ɜɨ Ɏɪɚɧ- ɰɢɢ (Ɍɚɪɥɟ 1992: 145–147; ɒɟɧɨɧ 1938). Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɧɟɦɟɰ- ɤɨɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ. ɍɠɟ ɜ XVIII ɜ. ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɉɪɭɫɫɤɨɟ ɡɟɦɫɤɨɟ ɭɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 1794 ɝ., ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɞɟɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɠ- ɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ (Ƚɪɚɮɫɤɢɣ 2001: 336–338). Г 9. 133   ɦɟɪ ɜ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ, ɷɬɚɩɵ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜ XIX ɜ. ɱɟɬɤɨ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɫ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ. Ⱦɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜɟɫɶ ɩɨɥɢ- ɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬ. Ⱦɟɥɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ, ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞ- ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɭ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ- ɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ, ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɵ ɩɨ- ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɬɢɣ, ɩɪɨɮɫɨɸɡɨɜ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ – ɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ «ɩɪɢɜɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɦɧɹɦɢ» ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɤ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɬɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɹ ɜɫɟ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɟɟ ɭɱɢɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɛɟɡ ɫɥɨɦɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɂ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɬɨɦɭ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ ɫɨɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɢ ɫɥɨɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɧɹɥɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɡɪɟɥɨɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟ ɷɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨ- ɧɟɪɵ ɧɟɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ (ɧɟɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɵɯ, ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ) ɨɪɝɚɧɢ- ɡɚɰɢɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɧɹɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ. ȼɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɞɚɱɧɵɦ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɷɜɨɥɸ- ɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɬɚɤɨɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨ- ɩɨɪɰɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ «ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɱɢɤɨɜ» ɢ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɬɟɯ ɧɟɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ. ɉɟɪɟɤɨɫ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɫɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɢ, ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ «ɪɚɡɛɭɯɚɧɢɸ» ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɪɚɛɨɳɟɧɢɸ ɢɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. Ɇɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨɫɭɞɚɪ- ɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɥɟɱɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɞɟɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɫɭ- ɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ. ɉɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟ – ɧɚɪɨɞ, ɚ ɰɟɥɶ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ – ɛɥɚɝɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɧɚɰɢɢ, ɫɬɚɥɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɫɬɪɨɱɤɚɦɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɹɯ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɩɪɢ- ɡɧɚɧɧɨɣ ɢɞɟɟɣ. 9.4. , ȼɫɟ ɡɪɟɥɵɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɢɞɟɢ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɨɪ- ɝɨɜɥɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɚɪɟɧɟ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɚ- ɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɨɬ 134 3. - XIX .   ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɧɟɢɡ- ɛɟɠɧɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ, ɡɚɛɨɬɵ, ɩɨɤɪɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟ- ɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɜɥɢ- ɹɥ ɧɚ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɧɤɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢ- ɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɫɩɨ- ɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɯɨɡɹɣ- ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɪɨɫɥɚ ɪɨɥɶ ɩɪɚɜɚ. ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɢɧɞɭ- ɫɬɪɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɩɨɡɠɟ ɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɚɪɢɡɦɚ, ɚ ɩɨɡɠɟ ɬɨɬɚɥɢɬɚɪɢɡɦɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɝɢɝɚɧɬɫɤɢɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɲɥɚ ɧɟ ɨɬ ɥɟɝɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɣ, ɚ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ – ɨɬ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɣ ɤ ɥɟɝ- ɤɨɣ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ əɩɨɧɢɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɚɪɫɟɧɚɥɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɵ ɟɳɟ ɞɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɯɥɨɩɱɚɬɨɛɭɦɚɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɹɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ (ɇɨɪɦɚɧ 1961: 89). Ⱥ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɋɋɋɊ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɥɚ ɩɨɞ ɥɨɡɭɧɝɨɦ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɚ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɣ (ɱɢɬɚɣ: ɜɨɟɧɧɨɣ) ɩɪɨ- ɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɞɨɪɨɝ, ɬɟɥɟɝɪɚɮɚ, ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɱɬɵ, ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɝɨɫɭ- ɞɚɪɫɬɜ (ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ) ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɚɫɶ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ. ȼɧɟ ɜɫɹɤɨ- ɝɨ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɹ, ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɛɚɡɢɫ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɪɟɥɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɟ- ɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɦɟɧ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɫ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɪɵɧɤɨɦ ɢ ɨɛɳɢɦɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɞɟɥɨɦ ɞɧɟɣ ɢ ɱɚɫɨɜ, ɚ ɧɟ ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ ɢ ɥɟɬ. ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɚ ɤ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɧɨ- ɜɨɣ ɷɬɧɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ – ɧɚɰɢɢ. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨ- ɡɨɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɚ ɜɫɟ: ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɟ, ɷɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ. ɂ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɢɧɵɦɢ. Ⱥ ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɹɳɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɧɟ ɭɫɩɟɜɚɥɢ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɚɦɢ, ɜɨɡɧɢ- ɤɚɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ. Г 9. 135   9.5. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟ, ɛɵɫɬɪɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɭɪɛɚ- ɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɞɟɹ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɨɥɢ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ ɱɟ- ɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɪɨɫɬ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɭɝɧɟɬɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɰɢɣ – ɜɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɩɪɟɠɧɸɸ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ- ɝɨ ɝɨɥɨɫɚ ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɛ- ɥɚɞɚɥɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ. ȼ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɜɟɫɶ XIX ɜɟɤ (ɧɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ 1830-ɯ ɝɝ.) – ɷɬɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɡɚ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɪɶɛɚ ɡɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɧɟɪɚɡɪɵɜɧɨ ɫɥɢɥɚɫɶ ɫ ɛɨɪɶɛɨɣ ɡɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶ- ɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ, ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ, ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚ- ɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ. Ɍ. ɏɷɦɟɪɨɭ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ: «ɂɡ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟ- ɮɨɪɦ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ XIX ɜ., ɧɢ ɨɞɧɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞ- ɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɟɡɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɚ ɫ ɩɪɨɲɥɵɦ, ɱɟɦ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɟ ɢɡ- ɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ. ɇɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɨ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɡɧɚ- ɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶ- ɫɬɜɚ, ɝɞɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɦɭ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɟ ɜɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. …ɂɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɢɡɲɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢɡ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢ- ɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɨɜɫɟɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɐɟɥɶ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨ- ɪɵɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɤɚɤ ɜɧɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɟɢɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɦɵɟ …Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ 1815 ɝ. ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɧɢɡɲɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ» (Hamerow 1989: 285). Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɛɢɪɚ- ɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɤ ɧɚɱɚɥɭ ɉɟɪɜɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɢɦɟɥɨɫɶ ɭ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɥɢɛɨ ɭ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɪɲɟ ɨɩɪɟ- ɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ. ɗɬɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ Ɍ. ɏɷɦɟɪɨɭ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɞ- ɥɢɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɪɨɬ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ, ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɟɞɲɢɣ ɧɟɧɚ- 136 3. - XIX .   ɫɢɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ: ɷɥɢɬɚɪɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɜ ɪɭɤɚɯ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧ- ɧɢɤɨɜ, ɭɫɬɭɩɢɥɚ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ. ȼ ɧɢɠɟɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ Ɍɚɛɥ. 9.1 ɞɥɹ ɪɹɞɚ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ (ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ Ⱥɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɵ ɢ ɍɪɭɝɜɚɹ) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɪɟɮɨɪ- ɦɚɦ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɲɢɦ ɤ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɷɥɟɤɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ. ȼɚɠɧɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥ. 9.1 ɰɢɮɪɵ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɝɨɥɨɫɚ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɢɯ ɞɨɥɸ ɜ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɢ, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɟɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɭ ɢ ɩɨɥɭ, – ɢɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɞɨɥɸ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɫɬɚɪɲɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ, ɨɯɜɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ. ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɬɚɤɨɜɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ. 9.1 ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɪɟɮɨɪɦ ɩɨ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɸ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɝɨɥɨɫɚ (ɫɪɟɞɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɭ ɢ ɩɨɥɭ) Ⱦɨɥɹ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ Ⱦɨɥɹ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ Ƚɨɞ ɪɟ- ɋɬɪɚɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɝɨɥɨɫɚ ɞɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɝɨɥɨɫɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ, % ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ, % Ⱥɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɚ 1912 ? ȼɫɟ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ Ⱦɚɧɢɹ 1849 3 73 Ɏɢɧɥɹɧɞɢɹ 1906 9 87 Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ 1848 3 91 Ƚɪɟɰɢɹ 1864 ? ȼɫɟ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɹ 1884 36 64 1918 64 89 ɂɬɚɥɢɹ 1912 32 90 ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɵ 1917 69 95 ɇɨɪɜɟɝɢɹ 1898 43 90 ɂɫɩɚɧɢɹ 1868 11 ȼɫɟ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɒɜɟɰɢɹ 1907/09 34 78 1918/20 78 96 ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɹ 1848 ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ȼɫɟ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɨɬ ɤɚɧɬɨɧɚ ɍɪɭɝɜɚɣ 1918 63 ȼɫɟ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ И : Collier 1999: 28. Г 9. 137   Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɜ XIX ɜ. ȼ ɋɒȺ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɟ ɗ. Ⱦɠɟɤɫɨɧɟ (ɢɡɛɪɚɧ ɜ 1828 ɝ.) ɛɵɥɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɨ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚ- ɧɹɜɲɟɟɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɛɟɥɵɯ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ – ɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɟɜ ɫɨɛ- ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɠɟɤɫɨɧ ɭɛɟɞɢɥ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɟ ɲɬɚɬɵ ɨɬɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɥɨ ɢɡɛɢɪɚ- ɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɛɚɡɭ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɧɟɛɨɝɚɬɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɚɬɶ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɭɸ Ⱦɠɟɤɫɨɧɨɦ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟ- ɫɤɭɸ ɩɚɪɬɢɸ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ 1830-ɯ ɝɝ. ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɟ ɛɟɥɨɟ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɋɒȺ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɝɪɚɠ- ɞɚɧɟ, ɧɨ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɲɬɚɬɚɯ ɢ ɧɨɜɨɩɪɢɛɵɜɲɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɰɵ, ɧɚɱɚɜ- ɲɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟ Ƚɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬ- ɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɚɦɢ ɤ Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɝɨɥɨɫɚ ɢ ɡɚ ɱɟɪɧɵɦ ɦɭɠɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ. ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɤ ɧɚɱɚɥɭ XX ɜ. 15 ɲɬɚɬɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɝɨɥɨɫɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦ, ɚ ɜ 1920 ɝ. ɷɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ (Dwyre 2010: 33; Testi 1998: 387–388). ȼ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɩɢɨɧɟɪɨɦ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɡ- ɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɬɚɥɚ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɜ 1792 ɝ. ɜɫɟ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɟ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɝɨɥɨɫɚ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɛɪɚɧɢɢ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɬɚ19. ɇɚɩɨɥɟɨɧ Ȼɨɧɚɩɚɪɬ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ; ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢ Ɋɟɫɬɚɜɪɚ- ɰɢɢ Ȼɭɪɛɨɧɨɜ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɚɦ – ɩɪɚɜɨ ɝɨɥɨ- ɫɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɬɟɦ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɥɢ ɜ ɝɨɞ 300 ɮɪɚɧɤɨɜ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜ (ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 0,3 % ɨɬ ɜɫɟ- ɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ). ȼɫɟɨɛɳɟɟ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɟ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ 1848 ɝ. ɫ ɩɪɨɜɨɡɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟɦ ȼɬɨɪɨɣ Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ; ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɨɪɚɬ ɜɵɪɨɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ – ɫ 300 ɬɵɫ. ɞɨ 9,3 ɦɥɧ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ (Hamerow 1989: 305); ɜɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɇɚɩɨɥɟɨɧ III ɜɫɤɨɪɟ ɩɚɪɚɞɨɤɫɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜɨɫ- ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɷɬɢɦ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɢɦ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ- ɛɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɛɳɟɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɞɭɦɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɜɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ȼɬɨɪɭɸ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɸ.                                                              19 ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɬ – ɜɵɫɲɢɣ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɉɟɪɜɨɣ Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ. 138 3. - XIX .   ȼ Ȼɟɥɶɝɢɢ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɢ 1831 ɝ., ɩɪɚɜɨ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɞ- ɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɩɚɥɚɬɭ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ, ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨ ɭɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɜɲɢɟ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɧɚɥɨɝɚ ɜ ɝɨɞ; ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɹɯ ɷɬɚ ɫɭɦɦɚ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɨɬ 20 ɞɨ 100 ɮɥɨɪɢ- ɧɨɜ. ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɫɮɨɪ- ɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɟɟ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ, ɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɨɫɶ ɤɚɤ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɟ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪ- ɧɨ ɜ 1860-ɯ ɝɝ. ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɡɚ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɟɟ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɟ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɫɬɚɪɲɟ 25 ɥɟɬ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɚɦɢ ɤ Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɢ ɜ 1893 ɝ. ȼ ɪɟ- ɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɨɪɚɬ, ɩɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ, ɭɜɟɥɢ- ɱɢɥɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ (Carstairs 1980: 49–51). ȼ ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɚɯ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ XIX ɜ. ɷɥɟɤɬɨɪɚɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɥ ɢɡ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɫɬɚɪɲɟ 23 ɥɟɬ ɫ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ (ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ ɤ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ) ɢ ɧɚɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɥ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɤɨɥɨ 2,5 % ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ɋɟɪɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɨɪɦ ɩɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɸ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɨɪɚɬ ɞɨ 6,5 % ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ (1887 ɝ.), ɡɚɬɟɦ ɞɨ 12 % (1896 ɝ.) – ɢ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɜ 1917 ɝ. ɛɵɥɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɨ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɟɟ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɟ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ, ɚ ɫɩɭɫɬɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɞɜɚ ɝɨɞɚ, ɜ 1919 ɝ., – ɜɫɟɨɛɳɟɟ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɟ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ (Ibid.: 61). ȼ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɚ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚ- ɥɚɫɶ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɟ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɟ 1832 ɝ. ɷɥɟɤɬɨɪɚɬ ɜɵɪɨɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɜ ɩɨɥɬɨɪɚ ɪɚɡɚ; ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɟɣ; ɜ 1867 ɝ. ɨɧ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɞɜɨɟ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɝɨɪɨɠɚɧ – ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ; ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɪɟɮɨɪ- ɦɚɦ 1884 ɝ. (ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɨ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ) ɢ 1918 ɝ. (Hamerow 1989: 302–304; Carstairs 1980: 189–190; Self 2000: 6–9, 13–18). ɋɟɜɟɪɨɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɸɡ ɜɜɟɥ ɩɪɹɦɵɟ, ɪɚɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɜɵ- ɛɨɪɵ ɜ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬ ɜ 1867 ɝ., ɬɨɝɞɚ ɠɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɟɟ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɟ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ; ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɫ 1871 ɝ., ɚ ɫ 1918 ɝ. ɛɵɥɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ Ɉɬɬɨ ɮɨɧ Ȼɢɫɦɚɪɤɨɦ ɥɟɠɚɥɨ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ Г 9. 139   ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨ- ɛɨɞ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɤɨɪɨɧɵ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɦɚɫɫ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɛɵ ɨɩɟɪɟɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɡɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɫɨ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɢɟɣ (Hamerow 1989: 306–307; Carstairs 1980: 162). ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɛɟ- ɪɟɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɜ ɉɶɟɦɨɧɬɟ, ɱɶɹ Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɹ ɢ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢ- ɫɬɟɦɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɫɟ Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɨ ɂɬɚɥɢɹ ɜ 1861 ɝ. ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɝɨɥɨɫɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ 2 % ɧɚɫɟɥɟ- ɧɢɹ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ – ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɵɟ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɫɬɚɪɲɟ 25 ɥɟɬ, ɢɦɟɜɲɢɟ ɨɩɪɟ- ɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ. ȼ 1882 ɝ. ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɛɵɥ ɩɨ- ɧɢɠɟɧ ɫ 25 ɞɨ 21 ɝɨɞɚ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɵ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚ- ɧɢɹ ɤ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɜ 1912 ɝ. ɩɪɚɜɨ ɝɨɥɨɫɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɜɫɟ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɫɬɚɪɲɟ 30 ɥɟɬ ɜɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɨɬ 21 ɞɨ 30 ɥɟɬ, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɜɲɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɢɟ ɜɨɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɥɨɫɶ ɤ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɟɦɭ, ɚ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɵ- ɪɨɫɥɨ ɫ ɦɟɧɟɟ 3 ɦɥɧ ɞɨ ɩɨɱɬɢ 8,5 ɦɥɧ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ (Carstairs 1980: 149– 150; Hamerow 1989: 307; Romanelli 1998: 12–13). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, XIX ɜɟɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɜɟɤɨɦ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɚɠ- ɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ, ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɪɟɬɲɟɝɨ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ – ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ. ɇɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɋɒȺ, Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɢɢ, ɇɨɜɨɣ Ɂɟɥɚɧɞɢɢ, Ⱥɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɟ, ɍɪɭɝɜɚɟ, ɑɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɢɫɶ ɪɟ- ɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɲɚɝɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ ɜɤɥɸɱɚ- ɥɢ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɨɬɦɟɧɭ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛ- ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ (ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ) ɨɬɦɟɧɭ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɰɢɸ ɩɨ ɪɚɫɨ- ɜɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɭ ɢ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɢɡɛɢɪɚ- ɬɟɥɟɣ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɢ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ XIX ɜ.: ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜɚɠ- ɧɨɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ – ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɤɨɧɟɰ «ɞɨɥɝɨɝɨ XIX ɜɟɤɚ», ɧɨ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ – ɭɠɟ ɧɚ XX ɜ. ɋɪɟ- 140 3. - XIX .   ɞɢ ɩɢɨɧɟɪɨɜ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɤɚɤ ɇɨɜɚɹ Ɂɟɥɚɧɞɢɹ (1893 ɝ.), Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɢɹ (1894 ɝ.), Ɏɢɧɥɹɧɞɢɹ (1906 ɝ.), ɇɨɪ- ɜɟɝɢɹ (1913 ɝ.), Ⱦɚɧɢɹ (1915 ɝ.), Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ, ɒɜɟɰɢɹ ɢ ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɵ (ɜɫɟ ɜ 1919 ɝ.) ɢ ɞɪ. : 1. ɇɚɡɨɜɢɬɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɡɪɟɥɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɨɬ- ɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ. 2. ȼ ɱɟɦ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɯ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɯɚ- ɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨ-ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢ- ɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɡɪɟɥɨɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɦɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪ- ɫɬɜɚɦɢ? 3. ȼ ɱɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧ- ɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɨɛɳɟ- ɫɬɜɨɦ ɜ ɡɪɟɥɨɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɦɢ? 4. ɇɚɡɨɜɢɬɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɟ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɜ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɜ XIX ɜ. я и Ƚɪɢɧɢɧ Ʌ. ȿ. 2007. Э : . . Ɇ.: ɄɨɦɄɧɢɝɚ. Carstairs A. M. 1980. A Short History of Electoral Systems in West- ern Europe. London; Boston; Sydney: George Allen & Unwin. Collier R. B. 1999. Paths toward Democracy: The Working Class and Elites in Western Europe and South America. Cambridge: Cam- bridge University Press. Hamerow T. D. 1989. The Birth of a New Europe. State and Society in the Nineteenth Century. Chapel Hill; London: The University of North Carolina Press. Г 10. - щ 141   10. - 10.1. - 10.1.1.   ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɨɬ ɚɝɪɚɪɧɨ-ɪɟɦɟɫɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟ ɤ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ, ɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɦɭ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɢ ɫɨɰɢ- ɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ (ɫɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: ɋɦɢɬ 1935, ɬ. 1: 348, 351). ɉɪɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɠɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɚɯ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɳɧɚɹ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɫ- ɫɥɨɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɫɨɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɥɟɬɚɪɢɚɬɚ ɫ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɫɥɨɣɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ. ɇɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɨɫɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɨ- ɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɢɝɟɧɰɢɹ (ɫɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: Ɏɪɟɣɞɡɨɧ 1999: 69 ɢ ɞɪ.). ɉɨɛɟɞɚ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɥɢɲɢɥɚ ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɵ ɥɸ- ɞɟɣ ɩɪɢɜɵɱɧɵɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ, ɚ ɷɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫ, ɧɨ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɵ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɷɬɢ ɢ ɞɪɭ- ɝɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɚɥɢ: 1. ɍɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɨɥɢ ɩɪɟɠɧɟɣ ɷɥɢɬɵ: ɞɜɨɪɹɧ-ɡɟɦɥɟɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɟɜ, ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ-ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɨɜ (ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɚɞ- ɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɤ ɜɵɫɲɟɦɭ ɫɥɨɸ ɞɜɨɪɹɧɫɬɜɚ) ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɨɞɚ ɢɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ. ȼ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱ- ɧɨɣ. ȼɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɮɨɧɞ ɛɵɥ ɩɟɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ, ɢ ɯɨɬɹ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɦɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ Ɋɟ- ɫɬɚɜɪɚɰɢɢ Ȼɭɪɛɨɧɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧɵ, ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɞɜɨɪɹɧɫɬɜɭ ɛɵɥ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɭɞɚɪ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɞɜɨɪɹɧɫɤɢɟ ɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɢɬɭɥɵ (ɛɚɪɨɧɫɤɢɟ, ɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɟ) ɫɬɚɥɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɟɡɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɛɭɪɠɭɚ- ɡɢɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɟɡɧɚɬɧɵɯ, ɧɨ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɯ ɫɟɦɟɣ ɪɨɞɧɢɥɢɫɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɛɪɚɤɢ ɫ ɫɟɦɶɹɦɢ ɨɛɟɞɧɟɜɲɢɯ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɨɜ, ɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ – ɩɪɟɠɧɢɟ ɡɚɩɪɟɬɵ ɞɜɨɪɹɧɚɦ ɧɚ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɟ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟɣ ɢɫɱɟɡɥɢ, ɢ ɞɜɨɪɹɧɫɤɚɹ 142 3. - XIX .   ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɢɹ «ɭɞɚɪɢɥɚɫɶ» ɜ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɟ ɫɩɟɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɰɢɸ. ȼ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɫɹ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɞɚɜɧɨ. 2. ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɨɥɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɚ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫ ɤɨɧɮɢɫɤɚɰɢɟɣ ɛɨɝɚɬ- ɫɬɜɚ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ ɢ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɵɪɟɣ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɜɟɪɨɢɫɩɨɜɟɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ ɪɨɥɶ ɞɭɯɨɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɫɧɢɠɚ- ɥɚɫɶ. ɂ ɨɧɨ ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ, ɤɚɤ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɜɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ, ɩɪɟɬɟɧɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɨɥɶ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɥɨɜɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɪɨɥɶ ɫɬɚɪɵɯ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɫɨɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɫɧɢɠɚɥɚɫɶ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ. ɇɨ ɪɨɥɶ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ, ɞɜɨɪɹɧɫɬɜɚ ɟɳɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɞɨɥɝɨ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ. 3. ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɦɟɫɥɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ (ɩɪɹ- ɞɢɥɶɳɢɤɨɜ, ɬɤɚɱɟɣ, ɭɝɥɟɠɨɝɨɜ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ – ɫɦ. ɧɢɠɟ). ɗɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɨ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɡɚɦɟɧɨɣ ɢɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧ- ɧɵɦ ɮɚɛɪɢɱɧɨ-ɡɚɜɨɞɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ. 4. Ɍɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɫɬɜɚ. ȼ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɚɱɚɥɫɹ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɞɚɜɧɨ, ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ XVIII ɜ. (ɫɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: ɏɨɛɫɛɚɭɦ 1999 : 28) ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥɫɹ ɜ XIX ɜ. ȼ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɠɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ «ɪɚɫɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ» ɛɵɥ ɫɜɹ- ɡɚɧ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɥɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɚɦɢ, ɧɨ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ – ɫ ɢɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɢ ɡɚ- ɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ «ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɯɨ- ɞɨɦ», ɜɵɡɵɜɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ, ɧɟɪɟɞ- ɤɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɫɤɢɯ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨ- ɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɢ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɫɜɨ- ɢɯ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ- ɫɬɟɣ, ɜ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɫɤɢɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ, ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɢɥɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɜɨɞɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤ- ɰɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɇɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧ (ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɚɹ) ɦɨɝɥɢ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɚɦɢ, ɚ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢ- ɥɢ ɜ ɭɩɚɞɨɤ. ɗɬɨ ɪɚɫɫɥɨɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧ ɧɚ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɨɜ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɛɨ- ɝɚɬɵɯ, ɧɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɟɦɧɵɯ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ, ɢ ɛɟɞɧɵɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɪɭɤɢ, ɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɪɨ- Г 10. - щ 143   ɫɬɭ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɥɟɬɚɪɢɚɬɚ, ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɚɪɟɧɞɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ – ɮɟɪɦɟɪɨɜ (ɫɦ.: Ɍɪɟɜɟɥɶɹɧ 1959; ɏɨɛɫɛɚɭɦ 1999 : 28). Ɉɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɚɝɪɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɢ, ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞ- ɫɬɜɢɟ, ɪɨɫɬɭ ɚɝɪɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ⱥ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɛɵɫɬ- ɪɨɣ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɟɥɶɱɚɧ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɝɨɥɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɬ), ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɟɥ ɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɟɧɶ ɜ ɝɨ- ɪɨɞɤɢ ɢ ɬ. ɩ. 10.1.2.   ȼɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɜɹ- ɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɫ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ, ɫɬɚɥ ɛɵɫɬɪɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ: ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɢɢ (ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɬɨɪɝɨɜɰɟɜ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɫɬɨɜ, ɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɟɜ ɫɭɞɨɜ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.) ɢ ɧɚɟɦɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɠɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɧɭɸ ɩɥɚɬɭ. ɑɢɫɥɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɤ ɤɨɧɰɭ ɜɟɤɚ ɧɚɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɥɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɢ ɦɢɥ- ɥɢɨɧɨɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ (ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ 7 ɦɥɧ ɜ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ [Hartwell 1976: 370]), ɯɨɬɹ ɧɢɝɞɟ ɜ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟ- ɧɢɹ (ɜ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ, ɩɨ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɫɱɟɬɚɦ, ɤ ɤɨɧɰɭ XIX ɜ. ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 35–40 % ɨɬ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ). ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɢ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɏɏ ɜ. ɢɡ ɜɫɟɯ ɧɚɟɦɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɧɹɬɨ ɫɨ- ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ 42 ɢ 35 %; ɜ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɭɫɥɭɝ – 27 ɢ 22 %; ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧ- ɧɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ – 31 ɢ 42 % (Armengaud 1976: 36). ȼ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɡɚ- ɧɹɬɵɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ ɤ 1900 ɝ., ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ 46 ɢ 45 % (Hartwell 1976: 370). ɇɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ- ɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɥɚ. ɇɚ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɥɢ ɜɟɤɬɨɪ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. Ɉɛɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ. и и щ . Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣ- ɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɛɵɥ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɦɵ ɨɩɢɫɚɥɢ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɪɨɫɬ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɥ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɫɚ- ɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɯɨɡɹɟɜ (ɦɟɥɤɨɣ ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɢɢ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɥɢ ɝɨɪɨɠɚɧ (ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɰɟɜ, ɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɟɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɬɟɪɫɤɢɯ, ɯɨ- 144 3. - XIX .   ɡɹɟɜ ɤɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ, ɛɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɟɜɨɡ- ɦɨɠɧɚ). ɑɚɫɬɶ ɷɬɢɯ ɯɨɡɹɟɜ ɧɚɧɢɦɚɥɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ. ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɩɨ- ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɩɪɢɫɥɭɝɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɥɭɠɢɥɚ ɚɪɢɫɬɨ- ɤɪɚɬɚɦ ɢ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɦ ɝɨɪɨɠɚɧɚɦ20, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɜ ɬɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɛɵɥ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ (ɫɜɚɪɢɬɶ ɨɛɟɞ, ɩɪɨɬɨɩɢɬɶ ɞɨɦ, ɩɨɫɬɢɪɚɬɶ ɛɟɥɶɟ ɢ ɬ. ɩ. – ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɢ ɭɞɨɛɫɬɜ, ɜɫɟ ɞɟɥɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɜɪɭɱɧɭɸ). ȼ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ, ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɭɥɶ- ɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚɯ) ɪɟɡɤɨ ɜɨɡɪɨɫɥɨ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɩɪɟɞ- ɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɢɝɟɧɰɢɢ (ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɷɬɨɬ ɫɥɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɮɨɪɦɢ- ɪɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɜ XIX ɜ.), ɥɢɰ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɣ (ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɸɳɢɯ ɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɨɜ, ɜɪɚɱɟɣ, ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɯɭɞɨɠ- ɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.). Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɪɨɫɥɨ ɢ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ. ɇɟ ɡɚɛɭɞɟɦ ɢ ɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɠɚɳɢɯ, ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɱɢɫɥɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɥɨɫɶ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨ- ɝɨ, ɧɚɥɚɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɡɨɥɨɬɨɣ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɥɝɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɥɢ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɪɚɧɬɶɟ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɬɪɭɞɨɦ, ɚ ɠɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɞɨɯɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɨ ɫɜɨ- ɟɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ 21 . Ɂɚɠɢɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚɦɢ (ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɬɨɤɚ- ɪɹɦɢ, ɫɥɟɫɚɪɹɦɢ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɦɥɚɞɲɢɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɦ (ɦɚɫɬɟ- ɪɚɦɢ) ɧɚ ɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɯ, ɡɚɠɢɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɮɨɪɦɢ- ɪɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɪɨɫɥɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ ɜ 1851 ɝ. ɨɧ ɧɚɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɥ 10–15 % ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɥɬɨ- ɪɚ ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ (7 % ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ) ɡɚɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɥɢ 150 ɮɭɧ- ɬɨɜ ɫɬɟɪɥɢɧɝɨɜ ɜ ɝɨɞ (ɏɨɛɫɛɚɭɦ 1999 : 409), ɢɥɢ, ɜ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɟ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɟ ɞɟɧɶɝɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, 125 ɪɭɛ. ɜ ɦɟɫɹɰ, ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨ- ɤɨɟ ɠɚɥɨɜɚɧɶɟ. ɑɢɫɥɨ ɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɷɥɢɬɵ (ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ) ɛɵɥɨ, ɤɚɤ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ, ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɨ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɜ Ⱥɧ- ɝɥɢɢ ɜ 1871 ɝ. ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 100 ɬɵɫ. ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ (ɛɟɡ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɫɟɦɟɣ), ɢɥɢ ɱɭɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ 0,3 % ɨɬ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ (Mosse 1974: 12).                                                              20 ȿɟ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɪɨɫɥɚ ɜ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ ɫ 1851 ɝ. ɞɨ 1871 ɝ. ɫ 900 ɬɵɫ. ɞɨ 1 ɦɥɧ 400 ɬɵɫ. ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ (Mosse 1974: 14), ɱɬɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɨ ɪɨɫɬɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɚɧɝɥɢɱɚɧ. 21 ȼ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ ɜ 1871 ɝ. ɬɚɤɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɧɚɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 170 ɬɵɫ. (Mosse 1974: 14). Г 10. - щ 145   10.1.3. -   ɂɬɚɤ, ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɜɟɥɢ ɤ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɦɭ ɢɡ- ɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɡɚɦɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ, ɱɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɨ- ɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ. ɋɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɤɚɫɚɥɨɫɶ ɬɤɚ- ɱɟɣ ɜ 1830–1840-ɯ ɝɝ. ɇɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ Ⱥɧ- ɝɥɢɢ, ɤɚɤ ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɢ ɜ 1 ɢ 2, ɱɢɫɥɨ ɪɟɦɟɫɥɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɪɭɱɧɵɯ ɬɤɚɱɟɣ) ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɪɨɫɥɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɜɫɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɟɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɞɨɦɧɢ- ɤɨɜ, ɚ ɧɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɰɟɯɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧ- ɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɲɢɧ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɪɭɱɧɵɯ ɬɤɚɱɟɣ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɜɫɟ ɦɪɚɱ- ɧɟɟ. ɉɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɦ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɬɨɤɚ ɯɥɨɩɱɚɬɨɛɭɦɚɠɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲ- ɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ Ɍ. ɗɥɥɢɫɨɧɚ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɹɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1820–1830 ɝɝ., ɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɬɤɚɧɶɹ – ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1830–1845 ɝɝ. (ɫɦ.: Ɍɭɝɚɧ-Ȼɚɪɚɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ 2008 [1913]: 80). ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɷɬɢ ɩɹɬɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ – ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɥɟɬ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɜ ɤɨɧ- ɰɟ 1830-ɯ – 1840-ɟ ɝɝ., ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɪɟɡɤɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɚɧ- ɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɬɤɚɱɟɣ. ɂɯ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɩɨɱɬɢ 15 ɥɟɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɬɪɢ ɫ ɥɢɲɧɢɦ ɪɚɡɚ – ɫ 225 ɞɨ 60 ɬɵɫ. Ⱥ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɢ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɫɨɲɥɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɬ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɬɨɦɭ ɤɚɤ ɜ XVI ɜ. «ɨɜɰɵ ɩɨɠɪɚɥɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ» (ɩɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɸ Ɍɨɦɚɫɚ Ɇɨɪɚ), ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɧɚ ɨɜɰɟɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɲɟɪɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ ɪɚɡɨɪɢɥ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ «ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɩɨɠɪɚɥɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ». ɋɥɨɠɧɵɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɤɚɱɟɣ ɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ, ɝɞɟ ɞɚɠɟ ɜɫɩɵɯɢ- ɜɚɥɢ ɜɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ (ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɋɢɥɟɡɢɢ ɜ 1844 ɝ., ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɢ- ɲɥɨɫɶ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɣ ɜɨɣɫɤɨɜɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ [ɗɩɲɬɟɣɧ 1961: 483]). ȿɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɦ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɤɚɱɟɣ ɜ ɂɧɞɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɚɧɝɥɢɱɚɧɟ ɧɚɜɨɞɧɢɥɢ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɪɹ- ɠɟɣ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɢ ɞɟɲɟɜɵɦɢ ɬɤɚɧɹɦɢ (ɫɦ. 1). 10.2. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɪɚɫ- ɬɭɳɢɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ – ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɢɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟ- ɥɟɣ, ɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɟɜ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɢ ɧɚɟɦɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨ- 146 3. - XIX .   ɱɢɯ (ɩɪɨɥɟɬɚɪɢɚɬɚ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɟɡɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧ – ɜ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ - – , , ( ) - , – . ɂɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɥɚɦɢ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɰɟɥɹɦ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɥɢɰ, ɝɪɭɩɩ ɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɣ (ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɧɵɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ). ɇɨ ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜɫɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɜɡɚɢ- ɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ, ɤɚɠɞɨɟ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɟɦ, ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɟ ɜ ɥɢɱ- ɧɨ-ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɹɯ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɟɧɧɨ. ɋɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɵ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ Ʉ. Ɇɚɪɤɫɚ ɢ Ɏ. ɗɧɝɟɥɶɫɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɹ ɟɳɟ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɹ (ɫɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: Ɇɚɪɤɫ 1961: 268, 283; ɗɧɝɟɥɶɫ 1961; Ɇɚɪɤɫ, ɗɧɝɟɥɶɫ 1955). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɤɨɪɟɧɹɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɟ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ: 1) ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɢɡɢ- ɫɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɞɢɫɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɹɦɢ, ɩɟɪɟɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɦɢ, ɩɟɪɟɩɪɨɢɡ- ɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ, ɩɟɪɟɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ (ɫɦ. 3 ɢ 4); 2) ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɛɨ- ɥɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɪɚɛɨɬɢɰɵ; 3) ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ, ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ, ɨɫɬɪɨɣ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ. Ȼɪɟɦɹ ɠɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚ- ɧɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ ɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɨɡɥɚɝɚɟɬ- ɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ. ɋɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ. 1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɟɧ, ɧɨ ɨɧ ɨɬ- ɱɭɠɞɟɧ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɶ ɠɟ ɧɟ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧ ɜ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɢ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ, ɨɧ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɪɨɦ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɦ ɜɫɹ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɶ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡ- ɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɫɢɥɵ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ. Ɋɚɫɬɨɱɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɜɫɹɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɬɢɩɟ ɩɪɨ- ɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɟɡɪɚɛɨɬɢɰɟ ɢ ɱɪɟɡ- Г 10. - щ 147   ɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ. ɉɟɪɢɨɞ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɩɚ- ɞɟɧɢɸ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. 2. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɨɦɭ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ, ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ, ɤ ɨɫɬɪɨɣ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ, ɚ ɧɚɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ – ɤ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɬɪɟɧɢɹɦ. 3. ɇɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɟ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɪɚɞɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɜɵɝɨɞ, ɠɟɥɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɧɚ ɫɥɭɠ- ɛɭ, ɱɚɫɬɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɜɨɡɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɧɚɞ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ. 4. Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɯɢɳɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɣ, ɡɟɦɟɥɶ, ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ, ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɥɸɞɟɣ. ɇɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɩɨɪɚɯ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɹ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨ. ɍɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɧɟɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ, ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɞɟɬɹɦ, ɜ ɪɟ- ɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɬɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚɦɢ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɫɧɢɠɚɬɶ- ɫɹ, ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ (ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɪɟɦɟɫɥɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ) – ɭɯɭɞɲɚɬɶɫɹ. ȼ 1830–1840-ɯ ɝɝ. ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɢ ɞɟɬɢ ɞɨ 18 ɥɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ ɜɫɟɯ ɧɚɟɦɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɧɚ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɧɭɮɚɤɬɭɪɚɯ (ɏɨɛɫɛɚɭɦ 1999 : 76). ȼɨɡɧɢɤɥɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɜɦɚɬɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɧɚ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɧɚ ɷɬɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɭɠɟ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ XVIII ɜ. (ɫɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: Ɇɚɧɬɭ 1937 [1906]: 407–412). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɟɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶ- ɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ. ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɦɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɪɭɱɧɨɣ ɬɪɭɞ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɚ ɠɟ ɞɨɛɵɱɚ ɭɝɥɹ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɟɥɚɫɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɜɪɭɱɧɭɸ, ɪɭɱɧɨɣ ɛɵɥɚ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɢ ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɤɚ-ɩɨɝɪɭɡɤɚ. ɂ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɮɚɛɪɢɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɟɳɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚ- ɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɨɛɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ, ɱɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɨ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɲɟɜɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɫɢɥɵ. ȼ ɨɪɛɢɬɭ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɥɚɫɶ ɝɢɝɚɧɬɫɤɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟ- ɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɪɨɫɬ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ, ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɚ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ – ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɢ ɪɟɦɟɫɥɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ. ȼ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨ- ɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɟɳɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ, ɞɨɯɨɞɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢ- ɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɢɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ- ɛɵ ɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɬɵ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɢɠɟ, ɚ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶ- 148 3. - XIX .   ɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɞɧɹ – ɤɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ (ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɬɭɪɵ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɡɚɤɚɡɨɜ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɚɥ ɫɨ- ɝɥɚɲɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɡɚɪɩɥɚɬ). Ɍɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɥɫɹ ɩɭɬɶ ɤ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ: ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɞɧɹ, ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɲɬɪɚɮɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɪɩɥɚɬɵ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. ɉɨ- ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɨɜ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨ- ɱɢɯ, ɥɢɲɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɤ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɸ. ɇɨ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧ- ɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɭɪɨ- ɜɟɧɶ ɢɯ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɥɫɹ, ɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɟɣ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɢɡ- ɧɟɫɚ ɲɥɢ ɩɨ ɩɭɬɢ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢ- ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ (ɫɦ. ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ: Ƚɪɢɧɢɧ 2006). Ɉɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɨɣ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɫɥɚɛɚɹ ɩɨɤɭ- ɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɚɧɨ- ɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɦ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ, ɚ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɧ- ɮɥɢɤɬɵ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɵɦɢ. ɇɨ ɢɦɟɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɝɪɚɞɵ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɢ ɤ ɭɫɢ- ɥɟɧɢɸ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ. ɗɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɢɹ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɫɟɦɨɝɭɳɚ, ɤɚɤ ɪɚɛɨɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɘɝɟ ɋɒȺ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɫɲɚɹ ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢ- ɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɜɟɤɨɜɟɱɢɬɶ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ. ȼ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɢɹ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɥɚɫɶ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɶ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ, ɞɥɹ ɱɟɝɨ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɩɢɪɚɥɚɫɶ ɢ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɥɨɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɠɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɥɢ ɜɨɡ- ɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɮɨɪɦ ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɢɹ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɛɟɡɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞ- ɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɰɟɧɟ, ɨɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɚ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɦɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ. ȼɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɟ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɪɟɲɚɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɩɭ- ɬɟɦ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɱɬɨ ɲɥɨ ɜ ɭɜɹɡɤɟ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɠɢɡɧɟɧ- ɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ22. ȼ ɋɒȺ ɧɟɯɜɚɬɤɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɞɟɥɚɥɚ ɬɟɯɧɢɡɚ- ɰɢɸ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ.                                                              22 ɉɪɚɜɞɚ, ɜ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɞɨɯɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɣ, ɢ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɟɸ ɥɢɞɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. Г 10. - щ 149   ɉɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɬɪɭɞ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ, ɚ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɥ, ɩɨ- ɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɶ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨ- ɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɢɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɡɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦɢ. ɉɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢ- ɦɚɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɫɚɦɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɥɢ «ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ, ɫɛɟɪɟɝɚɹ ɫɢɥɵ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɶ ɛóɥɶɲɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ» (ȼɢɚɥɥɚ 1938: 423; ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ: ɒɭɦɩɟɬɟɪ 1995: 178). 10.3. 10.3.1. Ʉɚɤ ɦɵ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɢ ɜ 3 ɢ 4, ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɱɟɪɬ ɩɨ- ɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ XIX ɜ. ɛɵɥɢ ɪɟɡɤɢɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɬɵ ɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ: ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɰɜɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɪɩɥɚ- ɬɵ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɢ, ɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɛɟɞ- ɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɨɬ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɪɩɥɚɬɵ ɢ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ – ɨɬ ɛɟɡɪɚɛɨɬɢɰɵ. ȼɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɚɥɨ ɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɸ- ɡɵ (ɬɪɟɞ-ɸɧɢɨɧɵ ɜ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ). Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɡɚ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɟɥɟɝɤɨɣ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɜ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɞɨɛɢ- ɥɢɫɶ ɩɪɚɜ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ XIX ɜ. ɇɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɶ ɨɛɴ- ɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɣ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɥɨ ɢɦ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɬɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɚ. ȼ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɞ- ɸɧɢɨɧɨɜ ɷɬɢ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ. Ⱦɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɢ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ (ɧɟ ɞɜɨɪɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ) ɫɨɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɜɟɥɢ ɛɨɪɶɛɭ ɡɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜ, ɪɚɡɭɦɧɵɟ ɧɚɥɨɝɢ, ɫɧɹɬɢɟ ɜɫɹɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɩɪɟɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɫɜɨɛɨɞɭ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ ɫ ɧɚɟɦɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦɢ, ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɵɧɨɱ- ɧɵɦ ɫɢɥɚɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɛɟɫɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɨɣ ɢɞɟɟ Ⱥɞɚɦɚ ɋɦɢɬɚ ɨ «ɧɟɜɢɞɢɦɨɣ ɪɭɤɟ» ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɵɧɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɫɟ ɫɚɦɚ ɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɨɛ- ɪɚɡɨɦ. ȼ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɣ, ɪɟɮɨɪɦ ɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɜɨ- ɛɨɞɧɨɣ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɞɟɹ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɪɚɧɧɢɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦ (ɱɟɦ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɜ ɞɟɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɰɚ ɫɨ ɫɬɨ- 150 3. - XIX .   ɪɨɧɵ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɱɟɦ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɟɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɜ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ, ɬɟɦ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɩɨɣɞɭɬ ɞɟɥɚ), ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɢ ɟɸ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɦɚɫ- ɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɟɡɤɭɸ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɭ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɶ- ɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ, ɨ ɤɚɤɨɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɜɨɛɨɞɟ ɞɨ- ɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɧɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɦɚɥɨɥɟɬɧɢɯ ɞɟ- ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɚɬɚ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɠɢɬɶ? Ɉ ɤɚɤɨɦ ɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɢɢ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɜ ɫɞɟɥɤɟ, ɤɚɤ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɧɚɟɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ, ɦɨɝɥɚ ɜɟɫɬɢɫɶ ɪɟɱɶ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɨɬɧɢ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɛɟɞɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɝɨɪɨɠɚɧ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɥɢ ɨɬ ɛɟɡɪɚɛɨɬɢɰɵ? Ʉɚɤ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɦ ɡɚɩɪɟɳɚɥɢ ɨɪɝɚ- ɧɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɸɡɵ? Ɏɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɷɬɢ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɵ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɪɚɧɧɟɝɨ ɤɚɩɢ- ɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɥɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɫɬɚ- ɥɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɜɢɡɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɢɝɟɧɰɢɢ (ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɥɢɰ ɫɜɨ- ɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɣ), ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɤ ɦɢɪɭ «ɱɢɫɬɨ- ɝɚɧɚ» ɢ «ɧɚɠɢɜɵ». Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɧɟ ɫɤɚ- ɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɫɚɦɵɟ ɨɞɢɨɡɧɵɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨ- ɧɵ, ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɥɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɨɸ ɞɨɥɸ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɧɚɟɦ- ɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ. ɂ ɨɧɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɢ ɛɨɪɶɛɭ ɡɚ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨ- ɪɚɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɥɚ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɠɟɫɬɨɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ (ɫɦ. ɞɚɥɟɟ). ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ 1840-ɟ ɝɝ. ɛɵɥɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦɢ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɱɚɪɬɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɟɟ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ. ɍɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ ɱɚɪɬɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɨɮɨɪɦɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ 1836–1839 ɝɝ., ɛɨɪɨɥɢɫɶ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɭɠɟɫɬɨɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɛɟɞɧɹɤɚɯ, ɧɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚ- ɡɨɦ ɡɚ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɧɢ ɧɚɞɟɹɥɢɫɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɦɢɬɢɧɝɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɤ ɤɪɨɜɚɜɵɦ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹɦ ɫ ɩɨɥɢɰɢɟɣ. ȼ 1842 ɝ. ɱɚɪɬɢ- ɫɬɵ ɫɨɛɪɚɥɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɪɟɯ ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɜ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɟɣ ɩɨɞ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɯɚɪɬɢɟɣ, ɚ 1848 ɝ. – ɩɹɬɶ ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɜ. ɇɨ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬ ɧɟ ɩɨɠɟɥɚɥ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɢɯ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ (ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɟɣ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ Г 10. - щ 151   ɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɟ). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ 1847 ɝ. ɨɛ ɨɝɪɚɧɢ- ɱɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɞɧɹ 10 ɱɚɫɚɦɢ, ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɞɜɢɠɟ- ɧɢɹ ɱɚɪɬɢɫɬɨɜ. ɗɬɨɬ ɡɚɤɨɧ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɧɧɢɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ 1833 ɝ. ɨɛ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ, ɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɚ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɨ- ɝɪɟɫɫɭ. ȼ 1842 ɝ. ɛɵɥ ɜɜɟɞɟɧ ɟɞɢɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɨɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɧɚɥɨɝ ɫ ɨɬɦɟɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜ. ɍɫɩɟɯɢ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɜɞɨɯɧɨɜɥɹ- ɥɢ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɞɨ- ɛɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɥɭɱɲɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟ- ɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ. ȼ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɩɨ- ɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɛɨɪɶɛɚ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɥɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɫ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɨɮɫɨɸɡɧɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɦɨɳɢ «ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɷɤɨ- ɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ» (ɒɥɟɩɧɟɪ 1959: 386). ȼ Ⱥɧ- ɝɥɢɢ, ɝɞɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɪɢɦɨ ɲɢɪɟ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚ- ɦɢɪɚɧɢɹ ɱɚɪɬɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ 1830–1840-ɟ ɝɝ. ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɟ ɪɚ- ɛɨɱɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɥɢ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɂɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢ- ɱɟɫɤɚɹ (ɥɟɣɛɨɪɢɫɬɫɤɚɹ) ɩɚɪɬɢɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ XIX ɜ. 10.3.2.   Ⱦɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɦ – ɱɢɫɬɨ ɤɥɚɫ- ɫɨɜɨɟ (ɫɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: Weber 1998: 117), ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜ ɩɪɟɠɧɢɟ ɷɩɨɯɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɪɟɞɤɢɦ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɨɟ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɚ ɧɟ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭ- ɟɬ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɦɨɤ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɨɛɨ- ɡɧɚɱɢɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ. ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɧɨɦ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚ- ɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ. ɇɟɞɚɪɨɦ Ɍ. ɏ. Ɇɚɪɲɚɥɥ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥ, ɱɬɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ ɢɞɟɬ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɜ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ (Ɇɚɪɲɚɥɥ 2005 [1950]: 19). Ⱦɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦɢ ɦɟɯɚ- ɧɢɡɦɚɦɢ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɪɤɟɪɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɰɟɧɡ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟ- ɧɢɹ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɪɨɥɶ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɫɨɲɥɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɬ, ɚ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɥɫɹ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ. 152 3. - XIX .   ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɡɪɟɥɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬ (ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɞɭɸɬ ɧɚ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ) ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ (ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɫɦ.: Ƚɪɢɧɢɧ 2009). ɗɬɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ (ɩɪɨɮɫɨɸɡɵ, ɫɫɭɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɧɢɱ- ɧɵɟ ɤɚɫɫɵ, ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.) ɢ ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɢɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ, ɤɥɭɛɵ ɢ ɞɪ., ɧɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɮɫɨɸɡɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɟɦɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ (ɫɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: Bergier 1976). Ɍɚɤ, ɩɟɪɟɞ ɉɟɪɜɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɨɣ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɵ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɤɭɞɚ ɩɪɟ- ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ, ɧɚɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɥɢ 9 ɦɥɧ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ, ɚ ɱɢɫ- ɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɩɚɪɬɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ 4 ɦɥɧ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ (Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɶɟɜɚ 2001 : 496–497). ɑɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɢɢ, ɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɟɞɜɚ ɥɢ ɧɟ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ ɜ 1873 ɝ. ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɚ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɸɡɨɜ, ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚ- ɧɢɢ ɜ 70-ɟ ɝɝ. XIX ɜ. ɛɵɥɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɨ 77 ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɟɣ (ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɸɡɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɸɡɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚ- ɬɟɥɟɣ), ɚ ɜ 1890-ɟ ɝɝ. – ɭɠɟ 325 (Ɉɧɚ ɠɟ 2001 : 25). ȼɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɝɪɚɥɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɢ ɫɥɨɢ – ɨɬ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ ɞɨ ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɨɫɥɭɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɢ ɜɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ. Ɇɧɨɝɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɮɟɪ- ɦɟɪɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɥɢɰ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɣ. 10.3.3.   Ʉɚɤ ɦɵ ɜɢɞɟɥɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɱɢ- ɧɚɥɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɭ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɚ- ɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɥɨɜɢɸ, ɚ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɫɚ- ɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɚɯ (ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɨɣ). ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɥ ɨɬ ɟɝɨ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɟɧɶɝɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ, ɚ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚ- ɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɥɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. «Ʉɥɚɫɫɨɜɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫ ɞɟɧɶɝɚɦɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ» (Ȼɟɪɝɟɪ 1994: 69). ɇɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɥɢ- ɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɟɝɨ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Г 10. - щ 153   Ⱥ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɤ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɫɨɛ- ɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ, ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɡɪɟɥɨɦɭ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɭ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ. ɏɨɬɹ ɡɪɟɥɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ – ɷɬɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɨ-ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚ- ɬɢɜɧɨɟ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɚ, ɢɧɚɱɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɚɹ ɛɨɪɶɛɚ ɜɡɨɪɜɚɥɚ ɛɵ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ. ȼɥɚɫɬɹɦ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɜɦɟɲɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɨ- ɩɢɸɳɢɦɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɦɢ, ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ. ɋɥɨɜɨɦ, ɩɪɚɜɨɜɚɹ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɚɛɭɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ. Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɜɫɟ ɱɚɳɟ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɬɢɤɭ ɩɨɥɨɠɟ- ɧɢɹ ɧɚɞ ɫɯɜɚɬɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɧɟɜɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɥɚɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɛɨɧɚɩɚɪɬɢɡɦɚ, ɫɬɚɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɵ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɨ- ɯɪɚɧɹɬɶ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɢɪ. ɗɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɩɨɪɚɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɜ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɧɚɪɯ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɥ- ɫɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɱɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɣ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɢ Ɉ. Ȼɢɫɦɚɪɤɟ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɜɫɟ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɨɬ 25 ɥɟɬ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɹɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ. ɂ ɷɬɚ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɜ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɜɟɞɭ- ɳɟɣ. ȼ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɩɨɜɫɟɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɫɨ- ɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɢɧɵɟ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ. ɉɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɛɨɪɶɛɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɥɚ ɥɟɝɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɝɥɚɡɚɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ – ɫɚɦɚ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɬɶ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɡɚɤɨɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɢɪɧɵɟ, ɮɨɪɦɵ. ȼ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ (ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ XIX ɜ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɨ ɨɫɨ- ɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ ɏɏ ɜ.) ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, ɋɒȺ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɜ «ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ», ɞɚɠɟ ɩɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɨ. ɉɨɜɫɟɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɜɜɨ- ɞɹɬɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɞɚɠɟ ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ (ɫɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɛ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɢɢ: Ɇɚɥɚɯɨɜɫɤɢɣ 1971: 116–121; ɨ ɇɨɜɨɣ Ɂɟ- ɥɚɧɞɢɢ: Ɉɧ ɠɟ 1981: 96–101). ɂ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ, «ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɹ ɞɨɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟ- ɫɤɢɣ ɤɚɪɤɚɫ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɥɨɦɚɥ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶ- 154 3. - XIX .   ɤɨ ɩɪɟɝɪɚɞɵ, ɦɟɲɚɜɲɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɭ, ɧɨ ɢ ɬɟ ɨɩɨɪɵ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɧ ɫɚɦ ɞɟɪɠɚɥɫɹ» (ɒɭɦɩɟɬɟɪ 1995: 193). : 1. Ʉɚɤɨɜɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ- ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ XIX ɜ.? 2. Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɪɨɫɥɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ? Ʉɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ? 3. ȼ ɱɟɦ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɜɟɞɭɳɟɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɟ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɩɨɯɢ? 4. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɚɹ ɛɨɪɶɛɚ ɜ ɡɪɟɥɨɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟ? я и Ȼɟɪɝɟɪ ɉ. 1994. К . Ɇ.: ɉɪɨɝɪɟɫɫ; ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫ. Ƚɪɢɧɢɧ Ʌ. ȿ. 2006. . 3-ɟ ɢɡɞ. Ɇ.: ɄɨɦɄɧɢɝɚ/URSS. Ƚɪɢɧɢɧ Ʌ. ȿ. 2009. : - . Ɇ.: ɅɂȻɊɈɄɈɆ/URSS. ɏɨɛɫɛɚɭɦ ɗ. 1999. . 1789–1848. Ɋɨɫɬɨɜ ɧ/Ⱦ.: Ɏɟɧɢɤɫ. Г 11. - 155   11. - ȼ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɦ «ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ» ɫɬɚɥɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɪɨɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ XVII ɜ. (ɒɬɨɦɩɤɚ 1996: 369). ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ XVII ɜ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɵ, ɤɚɤ Ɍ. Ƚɨɛɛɫ ɢ Ⱦɠ. Ʌɨɤɤ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢ- ɜɚɥɢ ɟɟ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢɯ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɥɚɫɶ (ɫɦ.: Ƚɪɢɧɢɧ 2012 ). ȼ XVIII ɜ. ɨ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɹɯ ɧɟɦɚɥɨ ɩɢɫɚɥɢ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢ- ɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɟ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɢ (ɫɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: Ɇɚɛɥɢ 1950: 57–58; Ⱦɠɟɮɮɟɪɫɨɧ 1990; ɘɦ 1965: 713). ɇɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɣ ɪɟ- ɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ «ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ» ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɥɨɫɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ ɫɨ- ɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɫ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟ- ɜɨɪɨɬ ɢ ɢɞɟɣɧɵɣ ɫɞɜɢɝ. ɉɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ «ɤɨɧɬɪɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ», «ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ», «ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ»; ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɷɩɨɯɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɪɵɜɨɜ, ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶ- ɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɫɦ.: ɒɬɨɦɩɤɚ 1996: 369; Ⱦɪɚɛɤɢɧ 1968: 928). ȼ XIX ɜ. ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɣ ɢɡɭɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɚɤɬɢɜ- ɧɨ, ɛɥɚɝɨ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɣ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫɥɭɱɢɥɨɫɶ ɧɟɦɚɥɨ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ XIX ɜ. ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ Ⱥ. ɋɟɧ-ɋɢɦɨɧ, ɚ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɢ Ɉ. Ɍɶɟɪɪɢ, Ɏ. Ƚɢɡɨ, Ɏ. Ɇɢɧɶɟ ɢ ɧɟ- ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɞɟɥɚɥɢ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɲɚɝɢ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɪɟ- ɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɛɨɪɶɛɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ (ɫɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: ɋɟɧ-ɋɢɦɨɧ 1948, ɬ. II: 49–50; Ⱦɚɥɢɧ 1981: 7–41; Ƚɪɢɧɢɧ 2010 ; 2012 ). ȼ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɣ ɷɬɚ ɬɟɦɚ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟ- ɥɟɣ ɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɥɚɝɟɪɹ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɢ ɦɚɪɤɫɢ- ɫɬɨɜ (ɫɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: ȼɨɥɨɞɢɧ 1982)23. Ʉ. Ɇɚɪɤɫ ɢ Ɏ. ɗɧɝɟɥɶɫ ɫɞɟ- ɥɚɥɢ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜɵɜɨɞ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɟɣ ɫɢɥɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɢɞɟɹ (ɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ, ɤɚɤ                                                              23 ɏɨɬɹ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɛɵɥɨ ɧɟɦɚɥɨ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɦɵɫɥɹɳɢɯ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ, ɬɚɤ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɚɱɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɷɬɭ ɬɟɦɭ. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɶ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɭɸ ɤɧɢɝɭ Ⱥ. ɞɟ Ɍɨɤɜɢɥɹ «ɋɬɚɪɵɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɢ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ» (1997). 156 3. - XIX .   ɭɠɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɨɫɶ ɜɵɲɟ, ɨɬ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨɜ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ Ɋɟɫɬɚɜ- ɪɚɰɢɢ), ɱɬɨ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ – ɷɬɨ ɛɨɪɶɛɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. Ɋɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢ- ɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɪɨɦɚɧɬɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɞɟɦɨɧɢɡɢ- ɪɭɸɬɫɹ, ɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɵ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɟɪɨɜ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬ, ɜɵɪɚɠɚɹɫɶ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ ɉ. ɒɬɨɦɩɤɢ (1996: 369), ɩɪɨɦɟɬɟɟɜɫɤɢɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ (ɢɥɢ, ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɱɟɪ- ɬɵ ɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɡɥɨɞɟɟɜ24). 11.1. ? Ɋɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟ- ɧɢɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɬɵɫɹɱɟɥɟɬɢɣ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɷɥɥɢɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɢ Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɝɨ Ɋɢɦɚ, ɚ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ȼɨɫɬɨɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɜ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɟ ɤɚɤ ɛɨɪɶɛɚ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɡɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɟ- ɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ (ɫɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: ɋɨɪɨɤɢɧ 1992 ; 1994; ɇɟɮɟɞɨɜ 2007). ɇɨ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɢɯ ɫɢɥ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɇɨɜɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ (ɫɦ.: Ƚɪɢɧɢɧ 1997; ɋɟɦɟɧɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ. 2007; Ɍɪɚɜɢɧ, Ɇɚɪɝɚɧɢɹ 2004; Ƚɨɥɞɫɬɨɭɧ 2015). ɉɨɱɟɦɭ? ɋ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɦɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɟɜɨɥɸ- ɰɢɹɦɢ ɜ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ, ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ, ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ Ⱥɦɟ- ɪɢɤɢ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɭɫɤɨɪɟ- ɧɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɫɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: Ɍɪɚɜɢɧ, Ɇɚɪɝɚɧɢɹ 2004). ɋɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɚɪɵɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦɭ ɩɪɨ- ɝɪɟɫɫɭ. Ⱥɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɢ, ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɚɹ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɦɨɧɚɪ- ɯɚ, ɩɪɟɬɟɧɡɢɢ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɞɪ. ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɜ ɧɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɜɲɢɦɢɫɹ ɩɪɨ- ɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɧɚɭɤɨɣ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɣ, ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɭɳɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ɇɨ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɹ ɦɢɪɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ. ȼ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɪɹɞɚ ɨɛɫɬɨɹ- ɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɚ ɢ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɟɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɟ- ɜɨɥɸɰɢɸ. ȼ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɩɪɚɜɢ-                                                              24 Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝ Ƚ. Ʌɟ Ȼɨɧ (Ʌɟɛɨɧ), ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɢɫɚɥ ɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɜɟɥɢ- ɱɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɧɟɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɧɵɯ, ɨɛɟɡɞɨɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ «ɜɵɪɨɞɤɨɜ», ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɝɪɨɡɢɬ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨɣ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɫɹɤɨɣ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɷɬɚ ɚɪɦɢɹ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɟɧɚɜɢɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɨɛɳɟ- ɫɬɜɭ, ɝɞɟ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɟ ɧɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɫɬɚ, ɝɨɬɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ (Ʌɟɛɨɧ 1995: 426–427). Г 11. - 157   ɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɪɢɡɢɫ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɦɢ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɩɨ- ɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɜɨɣɧɟ, ɝɪɨɦɤɢɦɢ ɫɤɚɧɞɚɥɚɦɢ25 ; ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ (ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɫ ɧɟɭɪɨɠɚɹɦɢ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟ- ɧɢɹ, ɡɥɨɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɚɦɢ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.); ɧɚɤɨɩ- ɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɢɞ, ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɬɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ. ȼ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɯɨɞɢ- ɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɷɥɢɬɵ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɢ ɫɟɛɹ ɨɛɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɧɚɱɢ- ɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɢɝɟɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɛɪɚ- ɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɢ ɫɟɛɹ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɭ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ). Ɋɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɟɪɵ ɩɨɡɠɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɬɚɣɧɵɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧ- ɧɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɗɬɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɥɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɫ ɇɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɫɨɛɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɫɦɟɧɵ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ (ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶ- ɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ) ɪɟɠɢɦɚ. ɗɬɨ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɥɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɩɪɟɝɪɚɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨ- ɪɵɟ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɫɬɨɹɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ, ɢ ɭɫɤɨɪɹɥɨ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɢɞɭɳɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɮɟɪɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨ- ɪɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɜ ɫɨ- ɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ (ɗɣɡɟɧɲɬɚɞɬ 1999: 45). Ʉ. Ɇɚɪɤɫ ɢ Ɏ. ɗɧɝɟɥɶɫ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɢ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ «ɥɨɤɨɦɨɬɢɜɨɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɟɟ ɞɜɢ- ɠɭɳɟɣ ɫɢɥɨɣ», ɫɱɢɬɚɹ (ɪɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɨ), ɱɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɟɜɨɥɸ- ɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɟɣ ɤ ɫɱɚɫɬɥɢɜɨɦɭ ɛɟɫɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɨɦɭ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɭ. Ɋɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɫ ɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ (ɯɨɬɹ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɟ ɬɚɤ). ȼɨɬ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɢ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɢ ɜ XIX ɜ. ɱɚɫɬɨ ɪɨɦɚɧ- ɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɡɵɜɚɥɢ ɤ ɧɢɦ (ɯɨɬɹ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɪɟɜɨ- ɥɸɰɢɹɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵɦ ɢ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɵɦ). ɂɬɚɤ, ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɨɞɧɢɦ «ɢɡ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɪɚɞɢ- ɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ» (ɏɚɧɬɢɧɝɬɨɧ 1997: 33). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɧɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɰɟɧɵ ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɟɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɨɬ ɬɟɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɟɪɵ. ɋɦɟɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɫɛɨɣ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɵɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ. ȼɨɬ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɪɟ- ɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɧɵɦ ɫɩɨ-                                                              25 ȼ. ɂ. Ʌɟɧɢɧ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤ: «ȼɟɪɯɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɨ-ɫɬɚɪɨɦɭ». 158 3. - XIX .   ɫɨɛɨɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ (ɫɦ. ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ: Ƚɪɢɧɢɧ, Ʉɨɪɨɬɚɟɜ, Ɇɚɥɤɨɜ 2010: ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ; Ƚɪɢɧɢɧ, ɂɫɚɟɜ, Ʉɨɪɨɬɚɟɜ 2016: ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ). ȼɟɞɶ ɱɟɦ ɦɨɳɧɟɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ, ɬɟɦ ɫɢɥɶɧɟɟ ɟɣ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɜɨɣɧɚɦ, ɬɟɪɪɨɪɭ, ɪɟɩɪɟɫɫɢɹɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɬɹ- ɠɟɥɵɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦ. ɂ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɤɥɚ- ɞɵɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɤɨɩɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɦ ɢ ɦɢɪɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɬɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɳɢ- ɟɫɹ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɠɢɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɟɦ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɟɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɡɚɣɞɟɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɥɢɲ- ɤɨɦ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ, ɪɚɡɪɭɲɢɬ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɦɧɨɝɨ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɧɚɱɧɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɚ ɤ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ, ɚ ɭ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɤɬɚ- ɬɨɪ. «ȼɫɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɤɨɧɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ. ɗɬɨ ɧɟɨɬɜɪɚɬɢɦɨ, ɷɬɨ ɡɚɤɨɧ», – ɡɚɦɟɬɢɥ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɵɣ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ Ȼɟɪ- ɞɹɟɜ (1990: 29), ɜɵɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɢɣ ɷɬɭ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɭɸ ɢɞɟɸ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɩɵɬɨɦ. ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɹ ɫɜɨɸ ɦɵɫɥɶ, ɨɧ ɩɢɫɚɥ: «ɂ ɱɟɦ ɧɟɢɫɬɨɜɟɟ ɢ ɹɪɨɫɬɧɟɟ ɛɵɜɚɥɢ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ, ɬɟɦ ɫɢɥɶɧɟɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɟɚɤ- ɰɢɢ. ȼ ɱɟɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɣ ɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɟɫɬɶ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ ɦɚɝɢɱɟ- ɫɤɢɣ ɤɪɭɝ» (Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ). ɏɨɬɹ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɧɟɦɚɥɨ «ɦɹɝɤɢɯ» ɢ ɭɞɚɱɧɵɯ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɣ (ɫɦ.: Ƚɪɢɧɢɧ, Ʉɨɪɨɬɚɟɜ 2013; 2014 ), ɧɨ ɜ XIX ɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ XX ɜ. «ɡɚɤɨɧ Ȼɟɪɞɹɟɜɚ» ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɥɫɹ ɧɟ ɪɚɡ. ȼɟɥɢɤɚɹ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡ- ɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ (1789–1794 ɝɝ.) ɡɚɤɨɧɱɢɥɚɫɶ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɪɨɬɨɦ ɇɚɩɨɥɟɨɧɚ Ȼɨɧɚɩɚɪɬɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ȿɜɪɨɩɭ ɤ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɤɪɨɜɚ- ɜɵɦ ɜɨɣɧɚɦ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɹɬɧɚɞɰɚɬɢ ɥɟɬ, ɚ ɜ ɢɬɨɝɟ – ɤ Ɋɟɫɬɚɜɪɚɰɢɢ Ȼɭɪɛɨɧɨɜ ɜɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɋɜɹɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɚ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɨɜ, ɤɨ- ɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɛɨɪɶɛɭ ɫ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɹɦɢ. ɂɫɩɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɜɨ- ɥɸɰɢɢ 1808–1812, 1820–1823, 1834–1843, 1854–1856, 1868–1874 ɝɝ. ɨɞɧɚ ɡɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɥɢɛɨ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɟɪɟ- ɜɨɪɨɬɚɦɢ (ɚ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ 1820–1823 ɝɝ. ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢɢ, ɫɚɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɋɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɸ- ɡɨɦ). Ɋɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ 1820 ɝ. ɜ ɉɨɪɬɭɝɚɥɢɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɢɥɚɫɶ ɩɨɛɟɞɨɣ ɤɨɧɬɪ- ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɧɢɦɢ ɝɪɚɠ- ɞɚɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɜɨɣɧɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɩɪɚɜɞɚ, ɡɚɜɟɪɲɢɥɢɫɶ ɩɨɛɟɞɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɢ- ɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ. Ɋɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ 1848 ɝ. ɜɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ, ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɨɪɵ ɤɨɬɨ- ɪɨɣ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɥɢɫɶ ɤ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ, ɜ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɢɥɚɫɶ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɪɨɥɹ ɫɦɟɧɢɥ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ – Г 11. - 159   ɇɚɩɨɥɟɨɧ III (ɩɥɟɦɹɧɧɢɤ ɇɚɩɨɥɟɨɧɚ I). Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɭɞɚɱɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɟɱɧɵɟ, ɤɚɤɨɣ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ 1830 ɝ. ɜɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ. Ɉɧɚ ɫɜɟɪɝɥɚ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɸ ɧɚɞɨɟɜɲɢɯ Ȼɭɪɛɨɧɨɜ, ɩɪɚɜɢɜɲɭɸ ɫɬɪɚɧɨɣ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɜɭɯɫɨɬ ɥɟɬ, ɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɭ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɨ- ɪɨɥɹ ɢɡ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ (Ɉɪɥɟɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɮɚɦɢɥɢɢ, ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ Ȼɭɪ- ɛɨɧɚɦ). Ɉɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɥɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɞɜɨɪɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ, ɧɟ ɫɞɟɥɚɜɲɟɣ ɜɵɜɨɞɨɜ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɚ ɤ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɤɪɭɩɧɭɸ ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɢɸ. ɇɨ ɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɪɟɲɢɥɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɡɚ- ɞɚɱ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɨɫɟɦɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɥɟɬ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɡɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɨ- ɜɚɹ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ. ȼ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɞɚɱɧɵɦɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɨɛɟɠɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨ- ɪɵɟ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɨɞɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɥɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɤ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɚɦ. Ɍɚ- ɤɨɜɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ 1848 ɝ. ɜ ɉɪɭɫɫɢɢ, ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɡɟɦɥɹɯ ɢ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɢɢ. 11.2. Ƚɪɨɦɚɞɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɟɞɲɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɨ- ɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟ, ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɢ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɬɨɪ- ɝɨɜɥɢ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɝɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɜ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ (ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɬɨɪ- ɝɨɜɥɢ) ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɟ- ɧɢɹ ɚɝɪɚɪɧɨ-ɪɟɦɟɫɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɥ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɪɢɡɢɫ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɪɨɫɬ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɥ ɨɛɝɨɧɹɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɨ- ɫɬɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. ɗɬɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɚɥɶɬɭɡɢɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɥɨɜɭɲɤɢ (ɩɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɧɨɝɨ Ɍ. Ɇɚɥɶɬɭɫɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɱɢ- ɬɚɥ, ɩɪɚɜɞɚ, ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɦ ɩɪɟ- ɞɟɥɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ). ȼ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɚɦɟɬɢɥɫɹ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɢɡ ɦɚɥɶɬɭɡɢɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɥɨɜɭɲɤɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɢ ɜ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɜɨɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɥɨɜɭɲɤɢ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɧɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɞɢɫɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɢ: – ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ (ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɨɹɯ, ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɟɞɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ); 160 3. - XIX .   – ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɦ- ɤɚɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ, ɧɨ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ- ɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɥɨɡɟɦɟɥɶɟ ɢ ɚɝɪɚɪɧɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɨɫɬɪɵɦɢ); – ɞɢɫɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ (ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɪɨɫɬ ɞɨɥɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ); – ɧɟɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɚɜɚɧɬɸɪɚɦɢ; – ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɟɟ ɜɥɢɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɢɝɟɧɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɵɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ; – ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɣ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɟ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ. 11.3. - . ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɣ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ ɇɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɥɟɠɚɬ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɟ ɞɢɫɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨ- ɪɵɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɗɬɢ ɞɢɫɩɪɨ- ɩɨɪɰɢɢ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɵɦ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɞɨɥɢ ɝɨɪɨɠɚɧ ɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɢ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚ- ɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɫɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɨɜ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɚɬɚɤɥɢɡɦɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɟɜɨ- ɥɸɰɢɢ ɢ ɤɪɨɜɚɜɵɟ ɩɨɬɪɹɫɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɛɟɫɤɪɢɡɢɫɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɱɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɹɫɟɧɢɣ. Ɇɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ – ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɣ, ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɨ- ɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɬɪɹɫɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɹɦɢ. ɉɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɧɚɩɪɹ- ɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɣɤɚɯ, ɫɜɹ- Г 11. - 161   ɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟ- ɧɢɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɟ ɫɪɨɤɢ. ɇɚ ɢɡ- ɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɣ ɜ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɦɫɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɰɟɥɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɧɢɯ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɹɜ- ɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɨɫɬ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ (ɫɦ. ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɜ 7). ɑɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɫɟɥɟ- ɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɜ ɪɚɡɵ, ɚ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟ- ɦɟɧɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɂɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɚɝɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɭɸɳɢɯ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɬ. Ɇɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɚ ɫ ɧɟɣ ɢ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛ- ɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɜ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ XIX ɜ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɨɜɫɟ ɧɟ ɭɞɢɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ, ɢɧɵɯ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɫ 1830 ɩɨ 1870 ɝ. – ɷɬɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɢɞɟɨɥɨ- ɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɣ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɬɨɢɬ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɶ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬ- ɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ 1832 ɢ 1867 ɝɝ. ɜ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ, ɛɨɪɶɛɚ ɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɩɨ- ɦɢɧɚɥɚ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɸ, ɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɪɬɢɫɬɨɜ ɜ 1830–1840-ɟ ɝɝ., ɪɟɜɨ- ɥɸɰɢɢ 1830, 1848, 1870 ɝɝ. ɜɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ. 11.4. ȼ XIX ɜ. ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ. ɑɚɫɬɶ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨ- ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɤɚɫɚɥɢɫɶ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɨɪ- ɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ, ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥɨɧɚɫɥɟɞɢɹ ɢ ɬ. ɩ. (ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɜɨ- ɥɸɰɢɣ). ɇɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ. ȼɚɠɧɨ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɢɥɵ ɩɨɞ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɥɨɡɭɧɝɚɦɢ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɵ ɧɚ ɤɚ- ɤɨɟ-ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɫ ɩɪɢɡɵɜɚɦɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɨɩɪɟɞɟ- ɥɟɧɢɹ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɵɦɢ (ɥɢɛɨ ɧɟɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ, ɥɢɛɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɞɟ- ɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɟ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢ- ɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ). Ⱥɜɬɨɪɢɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɣ 162 3. - XIX .   ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɟɣ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɵ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɥɨɦɤɟ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɫɨ- ɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɤɨɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɪ- ɦɵ, ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɣ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɸɬ. ɗɬɨ ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ, ɩɨɱɟɦɭ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɹ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɥɚ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɣ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ XIX ɜ., ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ. ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɚ- ɜɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ, ɚ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɦɭ ɭɯɭɞ- ɲɟɧɢɸ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ. Ȼɟɞɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨɪɨɣ ɭɠɚɫɚɸɳɚɹ, ɚɧɬɢɫɚɧɢɬɚɪ- ɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɬ. ɩ. ɛɵɥɢ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɢɦɢ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɤɜɚɪɬɚɥɚɯ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɹɯ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɜ ɱɚɪɬɢɫɬɫɤɨɦ ɞɜɢɠɟ- ɧɢɢ ɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɭ ɞɧɹ «ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɜɢɥɤɢ ɢ ɧɨɠɚ», ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɧɢ ɞɨɛɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɱɧɨ ɩɢɬɚɬɶɫɹ, ɬɨ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣ- ɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɩɨɪɨɣ ɪɟɱɶ ɲɥɚ ɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟ- ɫɬɜɚ ɯɥɟɛɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɫɟɦɟɣ. Ɉɫɨ- ɛɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɥɢ ɧɚ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ 1840-ɯ ɝɝ., ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɟɭɪɨɠɚɢ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɬɪɚɧ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɢ ɪɨɫɬ ɰɟɧ ɧɚ ɩɪɨ- ɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɟ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ, ɧɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɢ ɝɨɥɨɞɚɸ- ɳɢɯ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɮɨɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɜɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɥɢ- ɰɢɟɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɜɭɯɞɧɟɜɧɨɣ «ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ» ɜ Ȼɟɪɥɢɧɟ ɪɚɧɧɟɣ ɜɟɫɧɨɣ 1847 ɝ. ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɡɝɪɨɦɥɟɧɵ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɥɚɜɤɢ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɜɵɛɢɬɵ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ ɜɨ ɞɜɨɪɰɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥɚ (Ʉɚɧ 1948: 38–39). Ɂɚ ɧɟɭɪɨɠɚɹɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨ-ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɪɢɡɢɫ, ɭɞɚɪɢɜɲɢɣ ɩɨ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ. ɉɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɦ ɢɫɬɨ- ɪɢɤɚ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɨɜ ɀ. Ʌɟɫɤɸɪɚ, «ɤɪɢɡɢɫ… ɛɵɥ… ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ» ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ (Ʌɟɫɤɸɪ 1908: 60). ɇɟɭɪɨɠɚɢ ɢ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɥɢ ɧɚ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɚɡɧɭ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɤɚɤ ɉɪɭɫɫɢɹ ɢ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɥɚɛɢɥɨ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɧɭɠ- ɞɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ ɞɟɧɟɝ ɢ ɧɚɥɨɝɚɯ, ɜɵɧɭɠ- ɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɡɚ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ. ɉ. ɋɨɪɨɤɢɧ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɜɲɢɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɢ ɬɢɩɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫ- ɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɣ ɜ Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ (ɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɫɚɯ Ƚɪɟɰɢɢ ɢ Ɋɢɦɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɛɨɪɶɛɚ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɡɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɟɞɜɚ ɥɢ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨ- Г 11. - 163   ɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɱɟɦ ɫɩɨɤɨɣɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ), ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɝɨɥɨɞ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɜɨɣɧɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɬɨɹɬ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ (ɋɨɪɨɤɢɧ 1992 ; 1992 ; 1994). ȼ. ɂ. Ʌɟɧɢɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɥ ɨɛɨɫɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɭɠɞɵ ɧɚɪɨɞ- ɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɫ ɫɜɟɪɯ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢ- ɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɧɨɣ ɪɚɡ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɪɹɫɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɮɨɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɨɫɬ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɝɨɧɹɟɬ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɦɩɵ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ. ɗɬɨ ɢ ɫɥɭɠɢɥɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɨɛ- ɳɟɫɬɜɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɟɪɧɭɬɶɫɹ ɜɡɪɵɜɨɦ, ɫɦɟɬɚɸɳɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɢ- ɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɹɦ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ɇɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɠɟ, ɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵ- ɫɨɤɢɦ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɥɨɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɨɫɬɪɹ- ɟɬ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɤ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢɞɟɸ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɵɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɨ- ɹɧɢɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ. Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɩɪɟɞ- ɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɢɝɟɧɰɢɢ (ɢ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɟɟ ɭɞɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɹɞɚ), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɞɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ (ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɨɛ- ɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ) ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɧɨ, ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɞɟɥɟɧɨ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɡɚɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɣ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɨɬɫɬɚɟɬ ɨɬ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɣ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɟ- ɥɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɜɤɭɩɟ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɩɢɸɳɢɦɢ ɧɚɪɭ- ɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɣ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɢɦɭɳɢɯ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ «ɝɨɪɸɱɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ» ɞɥɹ ɧɟɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɚ26. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɡɪɵɜɨɨɩɚɫɧɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɜɞɪɭɝ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɤɚɤɚɹ-ɬɨ ɩɚɭɡɚ (ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɧɟ ɜɢɧɨɜɧɵ, ɤɚɤ ɬɨ:                                                              26 ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Ⱥ. ɞɟ Ɍɨɤɜɢɥɶ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ «ɋɬɚɪɵɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɢ ɪɟɜɨ- ɥɸɰɢɹ» ɩɢɲɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɢ ɜ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɨɫɥɟɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɪɨɫɥɨ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ (ɞɨ 1789 ɝ.) ɥɟɬ (Ɍɨɤɜɢɥɶ 1997: 139). 164 3. - XIX .   ɧɟɭɪɨɠɚɣ, ɤɪɢɡɢɫ, ɪɨɫɬ ɰɟɧ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɧ ɧɚ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ). ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɫ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ (ɞɚ, ɜɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɢ ɷɥɢɬɵ) ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɬɶ, ɚ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɣ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ (ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚ- ɟɦɚɹ «ɤɪɢɜɚɹ Ⱦɷɜɢɫɚ» [Davies 1969; ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ: Ƚɪɢɧɢɧ, Ʉɨɪɨɬɚɟɜ 2012]). ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɡɪɵɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟ- ɧɢɟɦ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɡɪɵɜ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɛɵɫɬɪɵɟ ɧɟɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɫɢɥɢ- ɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɞɢɫɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɡɚɜɟɫɬɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɧɨɜɭɸ – – ɥɨɜɭɲɤɭ (ɫɦ. ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ: Ƚɪɢɧɢɧ, Ʉɨɪɨ- ɬɚɟɜ 2012; Grinin 2012), ɱɬɨ, ɤɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɪɟɜɨ- ɥɸɰɢɹɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɬɪɹɫɟɧɢɹɦ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜ ɧɟ- ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɛɵɫɬɪɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɵɦ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɹɦ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɞɚɱɧɨɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ (ɩɪɢ- ɦɟɪɨɦ ɱɟɦɭ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ əɩɨɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɟɫɬɚɜɪɚɰɢɢ Ɇɷɣɞɡɢ ɢɥɢ ȿɝɢɩɟɬ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɪɟɬɢ XIX – ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ XX ɜ.). 11.5. 11.5.1. ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɜɨɥɧɚ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɣ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ 1820-ɟ ɝɝ. Ɉɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɢɞɟɣ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɢ ɚɧɬɢɦɨɧɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟ- ɥɟɣ ɞɜɨɪɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɫɲɟɣ ɡɧɚɬɢ (ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɷɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɞɟɤɚɛɪɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɜɢ- ɠɟɧɢɹ 1816–1825 ɝɝ.). ɗɬɢ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɨɩɢɪɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɦɚɫɫɵ, ɚ ɧɚ ɭɡɤɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɡɚɝɨ- ɜɨɪɳɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɚɪɦɟɣɫɤɨɟ ɨɮɢɰɟɪɫɬɜɨ (ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɤɚɤ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɞɟɤɚɛɪɢɫɬɵ, ɜɫɹɱɟɫɤɢ ɛɨɹɥɢɫɶ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɶ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɤ ɚɧɬɢɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɞɟɣ- ɫɬɜɢɹɦ). ɇɨ ɥɨɝɢɤɚ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɩɨɪɨɣ ɞɟɥɚɥɚ ɢɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɦɢ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɫɥɭɱɢɥɨɫɶ ɩɪɢ ɚɧɬɢɬɭɪɟɰɤɨɦ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɢɢ ɜ Ƚɪɟɰɢɢ ɜ 1821– 1829 ɝɝ. Ʉ ɜɨɥɧɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɣ ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɢɣ 1820-ɯ ɝɝ. ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ, ɩɨ- ɦɢɦɨ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɟɭɞɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɤɚɛɪɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ, ɭɠɟ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɜ ɂɫɩɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɉɨɪɬɭɝɚɥɢɢ, ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɢɹ Г 11. - 165   ɜ ɂɬɚɥɢɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɚɜɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɧɟɭɞɚɱɧɵɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢ- ɨɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɜɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ. Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɠɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɡɚ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ 27 . Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɧɢ ɞɚ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɢɟ (ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɟ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ) ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɦɢ, ɜɫɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɵ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ, ɩɨɜɬɨɪɢɦ, ɢɫɩɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɡɝɪɨɦɥɟɧɚ ɜɨɣɫɤɚɦɢ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ. 11.5.2. ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɨɥɧɚ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɣ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ 1830–1831 ɝɝ. ɗɬɨ ɛɵ- ɥɢ ɭɠɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ, ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɞɚɥɢ ɬɨɥɱɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ. ȼɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ ɫ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɰɟɥɹɦɢ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧ- ɧɚɹ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɧɚɱɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɢɝɟɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ. Ʉɚɤ ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɢ, ɢɸɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ ɫɜɟɪɝɥɚ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɸ Ȼɭɪɛɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɚ ɤ ɜɥɚ- ɫɬɢ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɨɥɹ – Ʌɭɢ-Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɚ I (Ɉɪɥɟɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɜɟɬɜɢ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ Ȼɭɪɛɨɧɨɜ), ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɜ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ. ɇɨ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɨɥɢɰɟɬɜɨɪɹɥ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɞɜɨɪɹɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɣ ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɢɢ, ɧɟ ɪɟɲɢɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ. Ɋɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧ- ɧɵɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶ- ɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɜɟɞɟ- ɧɵ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚ- ɰɢɢ. ɋɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɜɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɸ, ɭɫɢɥɢɜ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɫɤɭɸ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɨɜɟ- ɞɟɧɚ ɜ 1832 ɝ. Ɉɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɪɚɡɢɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɂɬɚɥɢɢ, ɝɞɟ ɜ 1831 ɝ. ɜ ɧɟ- ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɢ ɪɟɜɨ- ɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɚɜɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɚɪɦɢɟɣ28. ȼ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ (Ȼɟɥɶɝɢɢ ɢ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ) ɷɬɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢ-                                                              27 Ɏɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɧɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɟɳɟ ɜ 1810 ɝ., ɧɨ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɣ ɜ ɂɫɩɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɉɨɪɬɭɝɚɥɢɢ ɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɜɟɪɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɦ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢɣ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɥɢ ɜ 1820-ɯ ɝɝ. ɧɨɜɭɸ ɫɢɥɭ ɢ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɢɥɢɫɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ. 28 Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɨɧɢ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɥɢ ɧɚ ɂɫɩɚɧɢɸ, ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɩɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨ- ɜɚɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɭ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ 1834–1843 ɝɝ., ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɵ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɢ ɜɵɲɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟ- ɩɟɧɢ – ɧɚ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɸ 1836 ɝ. ɜ ɉɨɪɬɭɝɚɥɢɢ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɛɵɥɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɟ- ɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɹ. 166 3. - XIX .   ɹɦɢ ɡɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɯɨɬɹ ɜ Ȼɟɥɶɝɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɦɵɲ- ɥɟɧɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɣ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ- ɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ; ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɨɫɫɬɚ- ɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɝɥɚɜɢɥɨ ɞɜɨɪɹɧɫɬɜɨ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɟ. ɂɸɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ ɜ ɉɚɪɢɠɟ ɜɞɨɯɧɨɜɢɥɚ ɧɚɪɨɞ Ȼɟɥɶɝɢɢ, ɤɨ- ɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɵɥ ɧɟɞɨɜɨɥɟɧ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɤ Ƚɨɥɥɚɧɞɢɢ (ɩɨ ɪɟ- ɲɟɧɢɸ ȼɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɫɚ 1815 ɝ., ɫɦ. ɨ ɧɟɦ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ; ɞɨ ɇɚɩɨɥɟɨɧɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɣɧ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ Ȼɟɥɶɝɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɥɚ Ⱥɜ- ɫɬɪɢɢ). ɍ ɛɟɥɶɝɢɣɰɟɜ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɥɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɚɫɶ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɝɧɟɬɟ- ɧɢɟ. ȼ Ȼɪɸɫɫɟɥɟ 25 ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ ɜɫɩɵɯɧɭɥɨ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɢɟ, ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨ- ɫɬɪɚɧɢɜɲɟɟɫɹ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ. ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɹ ɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯɞɧɟɜɧɵɣ ɛɨɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɦ ɢ ɝɨɥɥɚɧɞɫɤɢɦɢ ɜɨɣɫɤɚɦɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɬɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ, ɢ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ ɩɨɛɟɞɢɥɚ. Ⱥ ɜ ɧɨɹɛɪɟ ɢɡɛɪɚɧɧɵɣ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɧ- ɝɪɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɜɨɡɝɥɚɫɢɥ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ Ȼɟɥɶɝɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɚ. Ⱥɧ- ɝɥɢɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɚ ɜ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɢ ɜ ɪɟ- ɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ Ȼɟɥɶɝɢɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɚ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ. ȼ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɢɦɩɟ- ɪɢɢ, ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɜ ɧɨɹɛɪɟ 1830 ɝ. ɧɚɱɚ- ɥɨɫɶ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɪɨɫɥɨ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜ ɜɨɣɧɭ ɫ Ɋɨɫɫɢɟɣ. ȼɨɫɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɦɢ ɜɨɣɫɤɚɦɢ. ɂɸɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ ɜɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɚ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢ- ɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɨɫɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɢ (ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɫɤɨɦ ɫɨɸɡɟ), ɝɞɟ ɚɜɬɨ- ɧɨɦɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ (ɤɚɧɬɨɧɵ) ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɧɵɟ ɢ ɪɚɞɢ- ɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɤɥɟɪɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ – ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɟ 1847 ɝ. ȼ ɧɟɣ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɧɭɬɵɟ ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɬɨɧɵ ɩɨɛɟɞɢɥɢ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɪɢɧɹ- ɥɢ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɸ 1848 ɝ., ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧ- ɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɜ 1848 ɝ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ 1830 ɝ. ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɬɪɚɧ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɩɨɞ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞ- ɫɬɜɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɟɪɚ Ⱦɠɭɡɟɩɩɟ Ɇɚɞɡɢɧɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ: «Ɇɨɥɨ- ɞɚɹ ɂɬɚɥɢɹ», «Ɇɨɥɨɞɚɹ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ», «Ɇɨɥɨɞɚɹ ɉɨɥɶɲɚ» ɢ ɬ. ɩ., Г 11. - 167   ɩɨɡɠɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɜ «Ɇɨɥɨɞɭɸ ȿɜɪɨɩɭ» (ɏɨɛɫɛɚɭɦ 1999 : 172). Ɉɧɢ ɧɟ ɫɵɝɪɚɥɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɪɨɥɢ, ɧɨ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɟɹɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ. ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɟɣɲɚɹ ɜɨɥɧɚ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɣ ɧɚɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ 1848 ɝ., ɯɨɬɹ ɭɠɟ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ (1846–1847 ɝɝ.) ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɦɟɫɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨ- ɞɢɥɢ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɚɤɰɢɢ, ɪɨɫɥɢ ɪɟɜɨɥɸ- ɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ. 11.5.3.  1848  .  Ɋɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ 1848 ɝ. ɛɵɥɚ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ, ɞɚ, ɩɨ- ɠɚɥɭɣ, ɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ. ɇɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɧɢ ɞɨ, ɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɥɚɫɶ ɛɵ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɠɟ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ, ɫɬɨɥɶ ɠɟ ɫɬɪɟɦɢ- ɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ, ɛɭɤɜɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɢɦɚɹ ɜɟɬɪɨɦ ɪɟɜɨɥɸ- ɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧ (ɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɧɟɞɚɜ- ɧɸɸ Ⱥɪɚɛɫɤɭɸ ɜɟɫɧɭ, ɫɦ.: Ƚɪɢɧɢɧ, ɂɫɚɟɜ, Ʉɨɪɨɬɚɟɜ 2016). ɋɭɞɢɬɟ ɫɚɦɢ: 24 ɮɟɜɪɚɥɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɡɝɥɚɲɟɧɚ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ ɜɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ; ɤɨ 2 ɦɚɪɬɚ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ ɨɯɜɚɬɢɥɚ ɸɝɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ; ɤ 6 ɦɚɪɬɚ – Ȼɚ- ɜɚɪɢɸ, ɤ 11 ɦɚɪɬɚ – Ȼɟɪɥɢɧ (ɫɬɨɥɢɰɭ ɉɪɭɫɫɢɢ); ɤ 13 ɦɚɪɬɚ – ȼɟɧɭ (ɫɬɨɥɢɰɭ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ) ɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɠɟ ɜɫɸ ȼɟɧɝɪɢɸ; ɤ 18 ɦɚɪɬɚ – Ɇɢɥɚɧ ɢ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜɫɸ ɂɬɚɥɢɸ (ɏɨɛɫɛɚɭɦ 1999 : 16). Ɍɚ- ɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɧɚ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɢɥɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɨɬ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ ɞɨ ȼɟɧɝɪɢɢ, ɨɬ ɋɢɰɢɥɢɢ ɞɨ Ȼɭɯɚɪɟɫɬɚ, ɢɦɟɥɚ ɨɬɝɨɥɨɫɤɢ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɢ ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɥɚ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɸ, ɉɪɭɫɫɢɸ ɢ ɧɟɦɟɰɤɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, Ⱥɜɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɭɸ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɸ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɥɚ ɤɚɤ ɟɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ (Ⱥɜɫɬɪɢɸ ɢ ɑɟɯɢɸ), ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɬ- ɫɬɚɥɵɟ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ Ʉɚɥɚɛɪɢɹ ɢ Ɍɪɚɧɫɢɥɶɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ (Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ: 19). Ɋɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ 1848 ɝ. ɧɚɱɚɥɚɫɶ 12 ɹɧɜɚɪɹ 1848 ɝ. ɫ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɉɚ- ɥɟɪɦɨ ɜ ɋɢɰɢɥɢɢ (ɬɨɝɞɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɨɫɬɪɨɜ ɛɵɥ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɇɟɚɩɨɥɢɬɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɚ). ɇɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟɦ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɫɜɟɪɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɪɨɥɹ Ʌɭɢ- Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɡɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ 24 ɮɟɜɪɚɥɹ 1848 ɝ. ɜɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɟɟ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɚ- ɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ, ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɚɹ ɦɟɪɚ ɜ ɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɭɞɚ- ɥɨɫɶ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤ ɤɨɧɰɭ XIX ɜ. Ɉɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɡ- ɝɥɚɫɢɥɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɭ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɟɱɚɬɢ, ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɫɨɸɡɨɜ, ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɣ, ɩɪɟɩɨ- ɞɚɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɢ ɬ. ɞ Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ ɜ ɉɚɪɢɠɟ ɪɟɡɤɨ 168 3. - XIX .   ɭɫɢɥɢɥɚ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ. Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɬɚɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɟɥɢɤɨ. «Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɉɚɪɢɠ ɱɢɯɚɟɬ, ȿɜɪɨ- ɩɚ ɯɜɚɬɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɭɞɭ», – ɡɚɦɟɱɚɥ ɚɜɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɤɚɧɰɥɟɪ Ʉ. Ɇɟɬɬɟɪ- ɧɢɯ (Ⱦɷɜɢɫ 2005: 562). Ⱥ ȼɢɤɬɨɪ Ƚɸɝɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥ ɉɚɪɢɠ «ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶ- ɧɨɣ ɲɬɨɥɶɧɟɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɲɚɯɬ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ» (ɏɨɛɫɛɚɭɦ 1999 : 418). ɋɬɨɢɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɥɨɜɚ Ɏ. ɗɧɝɟɥɶɫɚ, ɱɬɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ – ɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɚɹ ɛɨɪɶɛɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɞɨɯɨɞɢɥɚ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɪɚɡ ɞɨ ɪɟɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ, ɤɚɤ ɦɵ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɢ ɜɵɲɟ, ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɨɯɜɚɬɢɥɢ ɉɪɭɫɫɢɸ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ, Ⱥɜɫɬɪɢɸ ɢ ɟɟ ɩɪɨɜɢɧ- ɰɢɢ, ɰɟɥɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ. ȼɟɡɞɟ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɩɨɪɚɯ ɪɟ- ɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɥɵ ɞɨɛɢɥɢɫɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɭɫɩɟɯɨɜ. ɇɟɞɚɪɨɦ ɷɬɢ ɫɨɛɵ- ɬɢɹ ɜɤɭɩɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ «ȼɟɫɧɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ». ɂɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢ ɛɟɠɚɥɢ ɢɡ ɫɬɨɥɢɰ, ɫɨɝɥɚɲɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɢ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɜɲɢɟ ɢɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ; ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɜɵɛɨɪɵ ɜ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɢ- ɬɭɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ, ɜɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. ɇɨ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɪɚ- ɞɢɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɢɥɵ ɨɬɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɲɨɤɚ ɢ ɩɚɧɢɤɢ, ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɨɩɚɫ- ɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɫɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɥɚ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɢ- ɥɵ, ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɢɝɟɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ, ɭɜɢɞɟɜ, ɱɬɨ ɭɫɬɪɟɦɥɟ- ɧɢɹ ɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɤɪɵɥɚ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɢ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɫ ɫɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɦɢ, ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪ- ɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɚɤɰɢɢ. ȼ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ, ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶ- ɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɜ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢ- ɜɚɥɢ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɟ. ȼ-ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɵɯ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɟ- ɧɵ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɣɫɤɚɦɢ (ɜ ɂɬɚɥɢɢ – ɚɜɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɢɦɢ, ɜ ȼɟɧ- ɝɪɢɢ – ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɦɢ). ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɨɳɧɵɦɢ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɞɧɨɬɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɜ ɉɚɪɢɠɟ. ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɦɵ ɜɢɞɟɥɢ ɜɵɲɟ, ɫɥɨɠɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɬɪɭɞɧɚɹ, ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɛɵɥ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɧɟɭɪɨɠɚɹɦɢ, ɰɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɵɪɨɫɥɢ, ɛɟɡɪɚ- ɛɨɬɢɰɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɞɨ- ɛɢɥɢɫɶ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɛɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɣ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɬɚɤ Г 11. - 169   ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɬɟɪɫɤɢɯ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ. ɇɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɜ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶ- ɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɭɠɟɫɬɨɱɚɬɶ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɢ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɹ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, 22 ɢɸɧɹ ɨɛɴɹɜɢɥɨ ɨ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɦɚɫɬɟɪɫɤɢɯ. ɗɬɨ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɨ ɜɨ- ɨɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ, ɝɨɪɨɞ ɩɨɤɪɵɥɫɹ ɛɚɪɪɢɤɚɞɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨ- ɪɵɟ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɸ 1848 ɝ. ɫɬɚɥɢ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɚɤɬɢɤɨɣ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɢɹ. ȼɨɫɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɚɪɬɢɥɥɟɪɢɢ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɨɦ Ʌ. ɗ. Ʉɚɜɟɧɶɹɤɨɦ 26 ɢɸɧɹ. ɉɪɨɬɢɜ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɜ- ɲɢɯ ɢ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɟɪɨɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɫɹ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɣ ɬɟɪɪɨɪ. ȼ ɞɟɤɚɛɪɟ 1848 ɝ. ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɨɦ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɫɬɚɥ ɩɥɟɦɹɧɧɢɤ ɇɚɩɨɥɟɨɧɚ I, Ʌɭɢ ɇɚɩɨɥɟɨɧ Ȼɨɧɚɩɚɪɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɝɨɞɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ- ɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɪɨɬɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɡɝɥɚɫɢɥ ɫɟɛɹ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɇɚɩɨɥɟɨɧɨɦ III. ȼ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ ɜɨɲɥɚ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦ ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɸɧɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɉɚɪɢɠɟ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 1848 ɢ 1849 ɝɝ. ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɩɨɜɫɟɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɬɟɪɩɹɬ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶ- ɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɣɫɤ ɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɫɥɚɛɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ. 11.5.4. 1848 .  ɉɨɫɥɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɣ 1848–1849 ɝɝ. ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ 1917–1923 ɝɝ., ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɞɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫ ɉɟɪɜɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɨɣ, ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɢɯ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɣ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ (ɞɚ ɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɉɟɪɜɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɢɦɢ, ɤɚɤ «ȼɟɫɧɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ»). ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɬɚɤ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ? Ɋɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ 1848 ɝ. ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟ- ɧɢɸ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɦɢ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɚɫ- ɫɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ, ɚ ɷɬɨ ɭɝɪɨɠɚɥɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ. Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɦɚɥɨɢɦɭɳɢɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɥɟɬɚɪɢɚɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ, ɨɧɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨ- ɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɵɦ ɧɢ ɥɢ- ɛɟɪɚɥɚɦ, ɧɢ ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɢɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɚɜɹɳɢɟ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢɢ, ɫɥɨɢ ɢ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ ɢɡ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɣ ɫɞɟɥɚɥɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɧɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɬɶ, ɚ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɪɟ- ɛɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ. ȼɨɬ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɟɫɹ- ɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɜɨ- ɥɸɰɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɦɢɪɚ (ɏɨɛɫɛɚɭɦ 1999 : 8). ɂɯ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɥɨ, ɤɚɤ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ, ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɜɵɫɲɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɲɥɢ ɧɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ, 170 3. - XIX .   ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɣ. ɗɬɢ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɜɹ- ɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɣ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɨɜ, ɫ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɛɨɞ, ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɤɚɩɢ- ɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɢ, ɩɪɢɜɟɥɚ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɬɵ ɧɚɟɦɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬ- ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɯ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɨɛ- ɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɜɵɫɢɥɫɹ. ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɤ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɚɦ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɥɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢ- ɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɫɜɨɸ ɞɨɥɸ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ. ɇɨ ɧɚɞɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ ɢɦɟ- ɥɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɤɨɜ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɬɹɝɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɩɨɞ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɩɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɛɢɪɚ- ɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɩɨɤɨɣɧɨɟ ɪɭɫɥɨ. 11.5.5. 1870–1871 .   ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɟɣ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟ- ɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ 1870 ɝ. ɜ ɉɚɪɢɠɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɚ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɡɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɣ ɚɪɦɢɢ ɨɬ ɉɪɭɫɫɢɢ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɇɚɩɨɥɟɨɧ III ɩɨɩɚɥ ɜ ɩɥɟɧ. Ɋɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ 4 ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɹ 1870 ɝ. ɫɜɟɪɝɥɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɸ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɚ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɭ (ɬɪɟɬɶɸ ɩɨ ɫɱɟɬɭ). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɨɣɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥ- ɠɚɥɚɫɶ. ɉɚɪɢɠ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɚɞɟ, ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɩɚɪɢɠɚɧ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɭɯɭɞɲɚɥɢɫɶ. ɂɡ ɝɨɪɨɠɚɧ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɚ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɚɹ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɜɚɪɞɢɹ, ɫɬɚɜɲɚɹ ɜ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɨɩɨɪɨɣ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɛɟɞɢɥɢ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɤɢ ɧɟɦɟɞ- ɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ (ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɨɡɨɪɧɨɝɨ) ɦɢɪɚ ɫ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɟɣ. ȼ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɨɫɚɞɚ ɫ ɉɚɪɢɠɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɧɹɬɚ, ɧɨ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɜɨ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɫ Ʌ. Ⱥ. Ɍɶɟɪɨɦ ɫɬɚɥɨ «ɡɚɤɪɭɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɝɚɣɤɢ» (ɨɬɦɟɧɢɥɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɫɨɥɞɚ- ɬɚɦ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɜɚɪɞɢɢ, ɫɧɹɥɨ ɦɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɣ ɧɚ ɜɵɩɥɚɬɭ ɞɨɥɝɨɜ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.). ȼɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɨ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɵ ɜ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɟ, ɚ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɣɫɤ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɢɬɶ ɚɪɬɢɥɥɟɪɢɸ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɜɚɪɞɢɢ ɫɩɪɨɜɨɰɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɢɟ, ɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɜ ɉɚɪɢɠɟ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɢɥ Г 11. - 171   ɧɨɜɵɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ – ɉɚɪɢɠɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɚ (ɩɪɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ- ɜɚɥɚ ɱɭɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ). ȼ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɞɟɣ, ɜɫɟɨɛɳɟɣ ɧɟɯɜɚɬɤɢ ɢ ɨɛɧɢɳɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɉɚɪɢɠɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɦɦɭ- ɧɵ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɧɨɫɢɥɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ (ɨɬ- ɦɟɧɚ ɞɨɥɝɨɜ, ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ, ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɠɚɥɨɜɚɧɶɹ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɚɦ, «ɭɪɚɜɧɢɥɨɜɤɚ» ɜ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɬɟ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.). ɉɚɪɢɠɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧ- ɬɨɦ. ɍ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɨɧ ɜɵɡɜɚɥ ɨɬɬɨɪɠɟɧɢɟ, ɧɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɵ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɥɟ- ɜɵɟ, ɫɬɪɟɦɢɥɢɫɶ ɩɪɨɜɨɡɝɥɚɫɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞ- ɪɚɠɚɧɢɹ. ȼɨɬ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɉɚɪɢɠɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɵ ɢɦɟɥɚ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. ɉɚɪɢɠɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɡ- ɝɪɨɦɥɟɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɣɫɤɚɦɢ, ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɟɪɵ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝ- ɥɢɫɶ ɠɟɫɬɨɤɢɦ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɫɢɹɦ. :  1. ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɟɣ ɫɢɥɨɣ ɜ ɇɨɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ? 2. Ʉɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ- ɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ? 3. Ʉɚɤɨɜɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɣ XIX ɜ.? 4. Ɉɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɣɬɟ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɭɸ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɣ ɜ ȿɜ- ɪɨɩɟ. 5. Ɉɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɣɬɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɸ 1848 ɝ. я и Ƚɪɢɧɢɧ Ʌ. ȿ. 2013. Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢ- ɡɚɰɢɢ. Ф 3: 29–59. Ƚɨɥɞɫɬɨɭɧ Ⱦɠ. 2015. . . Ɇ.: ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ ɂɧ-ɬɚ Ƚɚɣɞɚɪɚ. ɏɨɛɫɛɚɭɦ ɗ. 1999 . . 1789–1848. Ɋɨɫɬɨɜ ɧ/Ⱦ.: Ɏɟɧɢɤɫ. ɏɨɛɫɛɚɭɦ 1999 . 1848–1875. Ɋɨɫɬɨɜ ɧ/Ⱦ.: Ɏɟɧɢɤɫ. 172 3. - XIX .   12. 12.1. ȼɵɞɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɨɥɨɝ ɋ. ɏɚɧɬɢɧɝɬɨɧ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɸ «ɜɨɥɧ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ» – ɝɪɭɩɩ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ ɨɬ ɧɟɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɦ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸ- ɳɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɵ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (Huntington 1991: 16). ȼɫɟɝɨ ɭɱɟɧɵɣ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɬɪɢ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚ- ɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ; ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɟ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ XIX ɜ., ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɹ 1828–1926 ɝɝ. ɗɬɚ ɜɨɥɧɚ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɤ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ 1789–1799 ɝɝ. ɢ Ⱥɦɟ- ɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ 1765–1783 ɝɝ.; ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟ- ɧɢɟ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ (ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪ- ɫɬɜɚɯ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɟɟ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɢ, ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɹ, ɂɬɚɥɢɹ, ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɤɪɭɩ- ɧɵɯ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ Ⱥɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɚ) ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɧɚ XIX ɜ. (Ibid.: 16–17). ɇɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɟ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟ- ɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɜ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ – ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦɚ – ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧ- ɫɤɢɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤ Ⱦɠ. Ȼɢɥɥɢɚɫ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ XIX ɜ. ɨɧ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɬɪɢ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭ- ɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦɚ: 1776–1800 ɝɝ. ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ (ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɜɨ Ɏɪɚɧ- ɰɢɢ), 1811–1900 ɝɝ. – ɜ Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ 1848 ɝ. ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɣ (Billias 2009). я (1776–1800 .). ɉɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ Ⱦɠ. Ȼɢɥɥɢɚɫɚ, ɷɬɨ «ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɬɪɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ – ɛɪɢɬɚɧ- ɫɤɚɹ, ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɚɹ – ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɥɢɫɶ, ɨɧɢ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚ- ɥɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦ ɜɨ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɫ ɋɒȺ ɢ ɢɯ ȼɢɪɝɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɪɚɜ 1776 ɝ., ɡɚɥɨɠɢɜɲɟɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧ- ɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦɚ» (Ibid.: 56). ȼ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ 1787 ɝ., ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɚ Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɹ ɋɒȺ, ɫɱɢɬɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɟɣ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ Г 12. К 173   ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ. ȼ ɟɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɛɵɥ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ, ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɭɞɟɛɧɨɣ ɜɟɬɜɹɦɢ (ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɦ Ⱦɠ. Ʌɨɤɤɚ ɢ ɒ. Ɇɨɧ- ɬɟɫɤɶɟ ɢ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɢ ɋɒȺ). ȼ 1789 ɝ. ɛɵɥ ɩɪɢɧɹɬ, ɚ ɜ 1791 ɝ. ɜɫɬɭɩɢɥ ɜ ɫɢ- ɥɭ – ɩɟɪɜɵɟ 10 ɩɨɩɪɚɜɨɤ ɤ Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɢ ɋɒȺ, ɩɪɨ- ɜɨɡɝɥɚɲɚɜɲɢɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɭ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɪɨɢɫɩɨɜɟɞɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɫ- ɫɵ, ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɣ, ɡɚɩɪɟɬ ɠɟɫɬɨɤɢɯ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɤɚɡɚɧɢɣ, ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɸ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. ȼ 1787–1800 ɝɝ. ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɢ- ɬɭɰɢɣ: ɨɞɧɚ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ (1791 ɝ.; ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤ ɇ. Ⱦɷɜɢɫ ɧɚɡɜɚɥ ɟɟ «ɩɟɪɜɨɣ Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɟɣ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɪɨɞɟ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ» [Davies 1996: 699]), ɞɪɭɝɚɹ – ɜ ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɚɯ (1798 ɝ.) ɢ ɰɟɥɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧ- ɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɜɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ. Ɏɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɥɚ - 1789 ɝ., ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɫɥɭɠɚɳɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜ , ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɣ ɧɚ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶ- ɧɨɣ Ⱥɫɫɚɦɛɥɟɟ ɈɈɇ ɜ 1948 ɝ. я ( 1811 .). ɇɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ XIX ɜ. ɜ ɨɛɪɟɬɲɢɯ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢ- ɤɢ ɜɟɥɚɫɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɣ; ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɨɩɢɪɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɣ, ɚ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɢɣ ɨɩɵɬ. Ɍɚɤ, ɫɚɦɵɟ ɪɚɧɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɣ ɜ Ⱥɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɟ (1819, 1826, 1853 ɝɝ.), ȼɟɧɟɫɭɷɥɟ (1811 ɝ.), Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɟ (1824 ɢ 1857 ɝɝ.) ɢ ɑɢɥɢ (1833 ɝ.) ɦɨɝ- ɥɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɢɞɟɢ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ- ɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜɥɚ- ɫɬɹɦɢ (ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɣ ɛɵɥɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ), ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɣ ɧɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ, ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢ- ɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɢ ɫɭɞɟɛɧɭɸ ɜɟɬɜɢ, ɞɜɭɯɩɚɥɚɬɧɨɣ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟ- ɦɵ, ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɛɨɞ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. (Billias 2009: 125–136). Ɂɚɦɟɬɧɵɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ – ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɜ Ⱥɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ Ʉɨɧ- ɝɪɟɫɫɚ ɢɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɞɟɤɫɵ (ɛɵɥɢ ɢɡɞɚɧɵ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɣ, ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɣ, ɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɬɚ- ɬɟɣ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ Ƚɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɞɟɤɫɚ ɇɚɩɨɥɟɨɧɚ (Ibid.: 132–136). 174 3. - XIX .   я ( 1848 .). Ɍɪɟɬɶɹ ɜɨɥɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧ- ɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɨɯɜɚɬɢɥɚ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɜɨɥɧɨɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɣ 1848 ɝ. (ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ «ȼɟɫɧɨɣ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ»). ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɯ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɣ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɲɜɟɣɰɚɪɫɤɚɹ – ɨɞɧɚ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɡɚ- ɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ȼɬɨɪɨɣ Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɫ- ɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ, ɞɪɭɝɚɹ ɭɬɜɟɪɞɢɥɚ ɜ ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɢ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢ- ɤɭ (Carstairs 1980: 135). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɬɪɟɬɶɹ ɜɨɥɧɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɨɬɧɸɞɶ ɧɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɥɚɫɶ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɠɟ ɛɵɥ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɢɦɩɟɪɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɢ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɢɢ (ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚ- ɟɦɚɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɹ ɉɢɥɥɟɪɫɞɨɪɮɚ), ɨɛɟɳɚɜɲɟɣ ɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɢɟ ɜɫɟɦ ɧɚɰɢɹɦ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ; ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɥɟɬ ɡɚ ɷɬɢɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɩɨ- ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɢ ɟɳɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɣ (Ibid.:  123). ȼ ɢɸɧɟ 1849 ɝ. ɤɨɪɨɥɟɦ Ⱦɚɧɢɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɢ- ɬɭɰɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɡɧɚɦɟɧɨɜɚɜɲɚɹ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ Ⱦɚɧɢɢ ɤ ɤɨɧ- ɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢɢ (ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɚɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɹ ɨɬ 1665 ɝ. ɧɟɫɥɚ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢɢ). ȼ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ 1848 ɝ. ɛɵɥɚ ɞɚɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɹ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɭ ɉɶɟɦɨɧɬ (ɢ ɟɳɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɢɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɦ), ɩɶɟɦɨɧɬɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɹ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞ- ɫɬɜɢɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɜɫɸ ɂɬɚɥɢɸ (Ibid.: 149). 12.2.  ȼ XIX ɜ. ɡɚɪɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɨ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧ- ɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ – ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ. ȼɚɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɦ ɨ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɚɪɬɢɣ ɫɨɜɪɟ- ɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɢɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɥɭɛɨɜ, ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɨɤ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. (ɹɪɤɢɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ – ɤɥɭɛɵ ɹɤɨɛɢɧɰɟɜ ɢ ɠɢɪɨɧɞɢɫɬɨɜ ɜɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɜ ɷɩɨɯɭ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ). Ɉɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɱɟɪɬɚ- ɦɢ ɩɚɪɬɢɣ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: 1) ɩɪɟɟɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɪɝɚ- ɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ – ɢɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ «ɠɢɡɧɢ» ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɟɟ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɝɨ ɥɢɞɟ- ɪɚ; 2) ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɦɚɧɢɮɟɫɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ (ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ ɫ ɟɟ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɵɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ); 3) ɨɫɨ- ɡɧɚɧɧɨɟ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɞɟɪɨɜ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ (ɧɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɦ Г 12. К 175   ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ) ɤ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ; 4) ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɢɫɤ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ (LaPalombara, Weiner 1966: 5–6). ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɬɢɣ ɫɨɜɪɟ- ɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɜ XIX ɜ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɧɚɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɨɪɚɥɶ- ɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɨɜ ɩɨɩɪɨɫɬɭ ɧɟɬ ɧɭɠɞɵ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɠɟ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ (ɢɥɢ ɤɚɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ ɜ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɣ ɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ – ɜɵɛɨɪɚɯ) ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɪɨɥɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛ- ɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɯ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɵɟ ɫɩɨ- ɫɨɛɵ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɡɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɟɣ (Ibid.:  9; Self 2000: 23). ȼɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɬɢɣ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ: 1) ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪ- ɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɟɞɢɧɨɣ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɪɟɧɵ; 2) ɪɨɫɬ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɚɪɚ- ɫɬɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɛɨɫɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ; 3) ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɢ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɷɥɟɤɬɨɪɚɬɚ; 4) ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɞɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢ- ɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɯ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɥɢɞɟɪɨɜ (Chambers 1966: 82). Ʉ. ɮɨɧ Ȼaɣɦɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫ- ɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɬɢɣ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ: 1) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɥɟɣ, ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɩɚɪɬɢɣɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ; 2) ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɚɝɪɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ; 3) ɦɨɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬ- ɜɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ, ɜ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɵɛɨɪɚɯ; 4) ɪɟɤɪɭɬɢ- ɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɥɢɬɵ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ (von Beyme 1985: 13). Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɚɦɚɹ ɪɚɧɧɹɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɬɢɣ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɋɒȺ. Ɉɬ- ɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ «ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɬɬɟɪɧɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɭɸ ɫ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɨɣ ɦɚɫɫ, ɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶ- 176 3. - XIX .   ɧɵɟ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɟ ɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɟ ɜɵ- ɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ» (Chambers 1966: 89). Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɤ 1800 ɝ. ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɫɥɨ- ɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɞɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɩɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɪɟɬɚɜ- ɲɢɟ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɩɚɪɬɢɹɦɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ. Ɏɟɞɟɪɚ- ɥɢɫɬɵ ɜɨ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɫ Ⱥ. Ƚɚɦɢɥɶɬɨɧɨɦ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥɢ ɡɚ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶ- ɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɫɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɧɤ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɜɜɨɡɧɵɟ ɩɨɲɥɢɧɵ, ɚ ɜɨɡɝɥɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ Ɍ. Ⱦɠɟɮɮɟɪɫɨɧɨɦ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɫ- ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɧɰɵ – ɡɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɣ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɲɬɚɬɨɜ (Ibid.:  81). Ɉɛɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɲɬɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɪɚɮɫɬɜ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɨɪ- ɞɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɦɨɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɟɣ. Ʉ 1808 ɝ. ɨɛɟ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɹ, ɝɞɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɮɢɫɵ ɩɚɪɬɢɣ. ȼ 1828 ɝ. ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟ- ɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɧɰɵ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ Ⱦɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɚɪɬɢɸ ɢ ɩɚɪɬɢɸ ɜɢɝɨɜ (Dwyre 2010: 27–33; Chhibber, Kollman 2009: 81). Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɤ 1840-ɦ ɝɝ. ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɠɟ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɚɹ ɞɜɭɯɩɚɪɬɢɣɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ; ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɪɟ- ɦɟɧɢ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɚɡɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ; ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɜɵɡɨɜ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ – ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɧɚɫɟ- ɥɟɧɢɹ – ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ) ɧɨɜɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɩɚɪ- ɬɢɣɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ – ɩɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɚɪɬɢɣɧɵɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ, ɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɣ ɧɚ ɧɭɠɞɵ ɤɨɥɨɫɫɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɢɦɦɢɝɪɚɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɨɛɦɟɧ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɝɨɥɨɫɚ ɧɚ ɜɵɛɨɪɚɯ (Hershey 2015: 16–19). ɉɚɪɬɢɹ ɜɢ- ɝɨɜ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɨɫɥɚɛɟɥɚ ɢ ɢɫɱɟɡɥɚ ɫ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɵ ɋɒȺ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ XIX ɜ. ȼ 1854 ɝ. ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɚɪɬɢɣ, ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɜɲɢɯ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɪɚɛɫɬɜɚ, ɛɵɥɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɩɚɪɬɢɹ (Dwyre 2010: 33). Ɉɩɢɪɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɬɢɩɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɧɨɪɜɟɠɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɨɦ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɨɦ ɋ. Ɋɨɤɤɚɧɨɦ, Ʉ. ɮɨɧ Ȼɚɣɦɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɥ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɩɚɪɬɢɣ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɭɸ ɤ ɨɩɵɬɭ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɜ XIX ɜ. (von Beyme 1985: 23). Ɇɵ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɦ ɷɬɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɧɢɠɟ, ɫɧɚɛɞɢɜ ɟɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɭɯɬɨɦɧɨɝɨ Г 12. К 177   ɬɪɭɞɚ «ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ» ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɟɣ ȼ. Ɇɚɤɏɟɣɥɚ ɢ ɒ. ɋɤɨɜɪɨɧɫɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. 1) Ʌɢɛɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɫɬɚɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɢ ɩɚɪɬɢɣ ɤɨɧ- ɫɟɪɜɚɬɨɪɨɜ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵ; ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɜɫɟɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɥɢ ɜ ȿɜ- ɪɨɩɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɚɪɬɢɣ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, «ɜɵɪɚɫɬɚɹ» ɢɡ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɥɭɛɨɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ Ȼɟɥɶɝɢɢ Ʌɢɛɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɚɪɬɢɹ (ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɜ 1846 ɝ.) ɫɬɚɥɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɚɪɬɢɟɣ. ɐɟɥɢ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɶ- ɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɬɢɣ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɫɟɤɭɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɸ (Ȼɟɥɶɝɢɹ, ɇɨɪɜɟɝɢɹ) (McHale, Skowronski 1983a: 65, 688), ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɪɟɚɥɢ- ɡɚɰɢɸ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɧɟɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɭ ɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɚ (Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ, ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɵ, ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɹ) (Idem 1983a: 424, 429; 1983b: 909; Carstairs 1980: 61). Ʉɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɬɨɪɵ ɠɟ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɵ ɟɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɡɟɦɥɟɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɟɜ ɢ ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ (McHale, Skowronski 1983a: 418). 2) Ɋɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɇɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɚ- ɛɨɱɢɯ ɩɚɪɬɢɣ ɨɤɚɡɚɥ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥ – ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɩɚɪɬɢɣ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɜ 1889 ɝ. Ɉɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɩɚɪɬɢɣ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɢ ɚɤ- ɬɢɜɧɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ, – Ʌɟɣɛɨɪɢɫɬɫɤɚɹ ɩɚɪɬɢɹ ȼɟ- ɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɜ 1900 ɝ. ɤɚɤ Ʉɨɦɢɬɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚ- ɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɫ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɮɫɨɸɡɧɵɦ ɞɜɢ- ɠɟɧɢɟɦ (Thorpe 2008: 8–35). 3) Ⱥɝɪɚɪɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɢɢ ɢ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ). ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɫɤɭɸ ɚɝɪɚɪɧɭɸ ɩɚɪɬɢɸ (ɨɧɚ ɠɟ Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɣ ɚɝɪɚɪɧɵɣ ɫɨɸɡ), ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɜ 1879 ɝ. ɢ ɢɦɟɜ- ɲɭɸ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɫɬɜɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɪɟ- ɮɨɪɦ (McHale, Skowronski 1983a: 89). Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɋɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɚɪɬɢɹ ɒɜɟɰɢɢ (ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɜ 1867 ɝ.), ɜɵɫɬɭ- ɩɚɜɲɚɹ ɡɚ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧ (Idem 1983b: 891–892). 178 3. - XIX .   4) Ɋɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɤɚɤ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɝɨɫɭ- ɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ. Ʉ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ ɮɭɧɤ- ɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɤɚɤ Ⱦɚɬɫɤɚɹ ɩɚɪɬɢɹ, ɩɚɪɬɢɹ ɗɥɶɡɚ- ɫɚ-Ʌɨɬɚɪɢɧɝɢɢ, Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɝɚɧɧɨɜɟɪɫɤɚɹ ɩɚɪɬɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɩɚɪɬɢɹ (McHale, Skowronski 1983a: 415). 5) ɏɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ; ɹɪɤɢɦ ɩɪɢ- ɦɟɪɨɦ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ Ʉɚɬɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɚɪɬɢɹ Ȼɟɥɶɝɢɢ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧ- ɧɚɹ ɜ 1884 ɝ., ɤɨɝɞɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɵ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧ- ɧɵɟ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ «ɲɤɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ» 1879–1884 ɝɝ. (ɞɢɫɩɭɬ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ- ɧɢɤɨɜ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ ɜ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɟɤɭɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɵ), ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɨɬɞɟ- ɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ. ɏɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɩɚɪɬɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɥɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɟ ɛɨɥɶ- ɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜ ɜ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɟ ɜ 1884–1919 ɝɝ. ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥɚ ɢɝ- ɪɚɬɶ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɛɟɥɶɝɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɡɧɚɱɢ- ɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ XX ɜ. (Ibid.: 56–61). ɋɪɟɞɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɉɚɪɬɢɸ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɜɲɭɸ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ (Ibid.: 412). 6) Ʉɨɦɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥ-ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɨɜ (ɩɨɫɥɟ 1916–1917 ɝɝ.). : 1. ɇɚɡɨɜɢɬɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɬɪɟɯ ɜɨɥɧ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨ- ɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦɚ. 2. ɇɚɡɨɜɢɬɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɬɢɣ ɜ XIX ɜ. я и Ʉɪɚɜɟɰ ɂ. Ⱥ. 2017. : , . Ɇ.: Litres. Ʉɭɬɚɮɢɧ Ɉ. ȿ. 2014. . Ɇ.: ɉɪɨ- ɫɩɟɤɬ. Billias G. A. 2009. American Constitutionalism Heard round the World, 1776–1989: a Global Perspective. New York: NYU Press. Г 12. К 179   Carstairs A. M. 1980. A Short History of Electoral Systems in Western Europe. London; Boston; Sydney: George Allen & Unwin. McHale V. E., Skowronski S. 1983a. Political Parties of Europe: Albania-Norway. Vol. 1. Westport, CT; London: Greenwood Pub Group. McHale V. E., Skowronski S. 1983b. Political Parties of Europe: Poland – Yugoslavia. Vol. 2. Westport, CT; London: Greenwood Pub Group. Von Beyme K. 1985. Political Parties in Western Democracies. New York: St. Martin’s Press. 180 3. - XIX .   13. 13.1. XIX . ɇɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɟ XIX–XX ɜɜ. ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨ- ɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ – ɡɚɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɢɥɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɬɨɱɧɟɟ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪ- ɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟ- ɱɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɬɚɬɶɹ 22 ȼɫɟɨɛɳɟɣ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟ- ɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɝɥɚɫɢɬ: «Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɤɚɤ ɱɥɟɧ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɥɢɱ- ɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɬɪɭɞ- ɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɝɨ- ɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ». Ʉ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɟɧɫɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɜ 170 ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɦɢɪɚ, ɫɯɟɦɵ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞ- ɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɪɚɜɦɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɜ 160 ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ – ɜ 130 ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɣ ɛɟɡɪɚ- ɛɨɬɧɵɦ – ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ 60 ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ (Schmitt et al. 2015). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɭɬɶ ɤ ɬɚɤɨɦɭ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɜɟɳɟɣ ɛɵɥ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɥɝɢɦ ɢ ɡɚɧɹɥ ɛɨ- ɥɟɟ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ. ȼɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ (ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɣ) XIX ɜ. ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɦɢɪɭ ɢɝɪɚɥɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɢ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ XIX ɜ. ɷɬɚ ɪɨɥɶ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟ- ɧɢɟɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɧɫɢɣ ɜɟɬɟɪɚɧɚɦ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɣ, ɩɨ- ɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɢɦ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɛɨɟɜɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ 29 , ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɚɦ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ; ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɢ ɭɞɨɫɬɚɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞ- ɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɲɚɯɬ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɨ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɜɲɢɟ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɛɟɞɧɵɦ                                                              29 Ɍɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɜɟɬɟɪɚɧɚɦ Ƚɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ 1861–1865 ɝɝ., ɯɨ- ɬɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɧɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪ- ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɡɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, ɫɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: Skocpol 1993. Г 13. Е 181   ɥɸɞɹɦ (Tomka 2013: 155; Hannah 1986: 9). Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ, ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɫɟɦɟɣ, ɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɚɫɫɵ, ɮɨɧɞɵ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɩɨɦɨɳɢ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɜɲɢɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɞɧɵɯ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɜɲɢɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɱɥɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɜɡɧɨɫɨɜ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɞɨɥ- ɝɭɸ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɜ ɝɨɪɧɨɪɭɞɧɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ, ɬɪɚɞɢ- ɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɦ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɱɥɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɵɦ; ɫɨɫɬɨ- ɹɥɢ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɬɟ, ɤɬɨ ɦɨɝ ɫɟɛɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬɶ ɜɵɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɱɥɟɧ- ɫɤɢɟ ɜɡɧɨɫɵ, ɚ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɢɦɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɞɚɥɟɤɚ ɨɬ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɣ (ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɨɧɢ ɪɟɞɤɨ ɜɵɩɥɚɱɢɜɚ- ɥɢ ɩɟɧɫɢɢ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɬɢ) (Hannah 1986: 6). Ʉ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ XIX ɜ. ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɝɨɫɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨ- ɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɵ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɧɫɢ- ɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɥɭɠɚɳɢɯ ɜ 1859 ɝ. ɛɵ- ɥɚ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɚ, ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɭɟɦɚɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ (ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɜɲɚɹ ɜɡɧɨɫɨɜ ɨɬ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɫɥɭɠɚɳɟɝɨ), ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟɞɲɟɦɭ ɧɚ ɩɟɧɫɢɸ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɡɚ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɝɨɞ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚɱɢɫɥɹ- ɥɨɫɶ ɩɨ 1/60 ɱɚɫɬɢ ɟɝɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɝɨɞ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ (ɧɨ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 2/3 = 40/60 ɟɝɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɝɨɞ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ) (Ibid.: 9). ɋɚɦɵɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ – ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɞɨɪɨɠ- ɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ – ɢɦɟɥɢ ɤ 1880-ɦ ɝɝ. ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡ- ɜɢɬɵɟ ɩɟɧɫɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ ɢ ɤɥɟɪɤɨɜ (ɧɨ ɧɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ); ɜ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ (ɱɥɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ, ɨɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ) ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤ ɨɬɱɢɫɥɹɥ 2,5 % ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɡɚ- ɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɜ ɮɨɧɞ, ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɭɸ ɫɭɦɦɭ ɨɬɱɢɫɥɹɥ ɬɭɞɚ ɠɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚ- ɬɟɥɶ; ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɩɟɧɫɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɥɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɥɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɟ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɦ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, 25 % ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ 10 ɥɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɢ 67 % ɩɨɫɥɟ 45 ɥɟɬ ɫɥɭɠ- ɛɵ (Ibid.: 9–10). ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ 1880-ɯ ɝɝ. ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨ- ɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɩɪɢ «ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɦ ɤɚɧɰɥɟɪɟ» Ɉɬɬɨ ɮɨɧ Ȼɢɫɦɚɪ- ɤɟ ɜ 1883 ɝ., ɡɚ ɧɟɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɧɟ- ɫɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ (1884 ɝ.) ɢ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɵɟ ɩɟɧɫɢɢ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɬɢ (1889 ɝ.). 182 3. - XIX .   ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨ- ɫɬɪɚɧɢɥɢɫɶ ɩɨ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ; ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɭɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɨɩɵɬɚ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɞɨ- ɩɨɥɧɹɹ ɢɯ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚɦɢ, ɜɫɟ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɪɹɞ ɜɨ- ɫɬɨɱɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɤɚɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ ɨɞɧɭ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɟɣ, ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ, ɢɥɢ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɧɫɢɣ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɬɢ ɤ 1901 ɝ. Ʉɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɉɟɪɜɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɜɫɟ ɬɪɢ ɬɢɩɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ (Tomka 2013: 156). ɇɢɠɟ ɦɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɪɚɧɧɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɨ- ɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ, ɫɬɚɜɲɢɯ ɩɢɨɧɟ- ɪɚɦɢ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ, – Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ. 13.2. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ 1880-ɯ ɝɝ. ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɟɞ- ɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɟɛɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫ- ɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɨ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɭɱɟɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚ- ɳɚɸɬ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ «ɠɟɥɟɡɧɵɦ ɤɚɧɰ- ɥɟɪɨɦ» ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɭɸ ɧɟɨɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɢɫɬɫɤɭɸ ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɸ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ (ɭɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɜɲɭɸ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɩɪɭɫɫɤɢɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ) ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɦɹɝɱɢɬɶ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɜ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɜɵɡɨɜɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɟɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɪɚɛɨ- ɱɢɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ; ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɥɢɫɶ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢ- ɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ (ɨɛɡɨɪ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɫɦ.: Hicks et al. 1995: 330; Zollner 1982). ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ 1880-ɯ ɝɝ. ɜɤɥɸɱɚɥɨ ɬɪɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɚ. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɣ ɜ 1883 ɝ., ɤɚɫɚɥɫɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ (ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ) ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ. Ɇɟɞɢ- ɰɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɥɟɠɚɜɲɚɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ, ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɬɪɟɬɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɭ ɬɪɟɬɶ – ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟ- ɥɹɦɢ. ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ. Г 13. Е 183   Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤ ɹɜɥɹɥɫɹ ɱɥɟɧɨɦ ɥɢɛɨ ɮɨɧɞɚ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɞɨɪɨ- ɜɶɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ, ɥɢɛɨ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɮɨɧɞɚ ɝɢɥɶɞɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɚ. ɋɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɥɢ ɜɫɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɫ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɦ ɦɟɧɟɟ 2000 ɦɚɪɨɤ ɜ ɝɨɞ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɧɟɬɪɭɞɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤ ɩɨɥɭ- ɱɚɥ 50 % ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ, ɛɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɨɟ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɦɟ- ɞɢɤɚɦɟɧɬɵ – ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɛɪɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɜɲɚɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɵ ɫ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜɪɚɱɚɦɢ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢ- ɤɨɜɚɜɲɢɦɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ (Gibbon 1913: 2–7; Frerich, Frey 1993: 97–99; Zollner 1982: 35–37). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɢɜɵɱɧɵɟ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɚɱɚ ɢ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɫɦɟɧɢɥɢɫɶ ɬɪɟɯɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɦɢ – ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɚ- ɧɢɢ, ɜɪɚɱɚ ɢ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɚ, ɱɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɟɣ ɞɚɧ- ɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɨɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɲɚɝɨɦ ɜɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɜɨɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɨɜɚɜɲɢɦɫɹ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ. ɑɢɫɥɨ ɡɚɫɬɪɚɯɨ- ɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ 1885 ɝ. ɭɞɜɨɢɥɨɫɶ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɦ ɞɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ (4,3 ɦɥɧ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 2 ɦɥɧ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ), ɤ 1900 ɝ. ɜɵɪɨɫɥɨ ɞɨ 9,5 ɦɥɧ, ɚ ɤ 1914 ɝ. – ɞɨ 15,6 ɦɥɧ (ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɶ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɚɫɟ- ɥɟɧɢɹ) ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɡɚɧɹɬɵɯ ɜ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ, ɨɯɜɚɱɟɧ- ɧɵɯ ɫɯɟɦɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɬɭ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ (ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɡɚɧɹɬɵɯ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟ). ȼ 1910 ɝ. ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ 23 ɬɵɫ. ɫɯɟɦ ɫɬɪɚɯɨ- ɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ (Tampke 1981: 76–77; Zollner 1982: 35–37). ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɨɬ 1884 ɝ. ɤɚɫɚɥɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɧɟɫɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ – ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɢɫɵɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ «ɩɪɨ- ɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ», ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɡ- ɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɮɟɪɚɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɣ. Ɏɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚ- ɧɢɟ ɜɵɩɥɚɬ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɥɟɠɚɥɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɭ ɧɚɱɢɫɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɩɨɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɟɧɫɢɹ (ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɥɫɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɥɨ ɨɬ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢ ɜɵɫɥɭɝɢ ɥɟɬ) (Frerich, Frey 1993: 95–97; Tampke 1981: 76–77; Zollner 1982: 27–29). 184 3. - XIX .   ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɜɟɪɫɢɹ Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨɛ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɬ ɧɟɫɱɚɫɬ- ɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɥɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɲɚɯɬ, ɫɭɞɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɪɮɟɣ, ɮɚɛɪɢɤ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɪɨɜɟɥɶɳɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɤɚɦɟɧɳɢɤɨɜ. ɉɨɩɪɚɜɤɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɡɚ- ɤɨɧ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨ- ɱɢɯ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɟ (ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɵɟ ɞɨɪɨɝɢ, ɤɚɧɚɥɵ, ɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ), ɫɥɭɠɚɳɢɯ ɩɨɱɬɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɬɟɥɟɝɪɚɮɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɫɨɥɞɚɬ ɢ ɨɮɢɰɟɪɨɜ ɚɪɦɢɢ ɢ ɮɥɨɬɚ, ɧɚ ɥɢɰ, ɡɚɧɹɬɵɯ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟ, ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ, ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟ ɧɚ ɞɚɥɶɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ, ɪɵɛɧɨɣ ɥɨɜɥɟ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. Ɉɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɨ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɢ 1911 ɝ. ɜɤɥɸɱɢɥ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɢɰ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɣ. Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟ- ɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɤɥɟɪɤɢ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɥɢ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɯ ɞɨɯɨɞ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɥ 5000 ɦɚɪɨɤ (ɱɬɨ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨ 250 ɛɪɢ- ɬɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɮɭɧɬɚɦ; ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ – 3000 ɦɚɪɨɤ = 150 ɮɭɧɬɨɜ); ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ – ɜɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ (Dawson 1913: 102; Rubinow 1916 : 30– 31). Ʉ 1914 ɝ. ɱɢɫɥɨ ɡɚɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɬ ɧɟɫɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɞɨɫɬɢɝ- ɥɨ 28 ɦɥɧ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ (Tampke 1981: 76). ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɬɪɟɬɢɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɣ ɜ 1889 ɝ., ɨɛɹɡɵɜɚɥ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢ- ɤɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɡɧɨɫɵ (ɜ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɞɨɥɹɯ) ɜ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɫɬɪɚ- ɯɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɧɫɢɣ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɬɢ. ɋɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɥɢ ɜɫɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɢ ɫ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɦ ɦɟɧɟɟ 2000 ɦɚɪɨɤ ɜ ɝɨɞ. ɇɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɧɫɢɢ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɫɬɚɪɲɟ 70 ɥɟɬ (ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɨɪɨɝ ɛɵɥ ɫɧɢɠɟɧ ɞɨ 65 ɥɟɬ), ɩɪɨɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɢɟ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 5 ɥɟɬ. ȼ 1913 ɝ. ɩɟɧɫɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɥɢ 1,2 ɦɥɧ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ (Zollner 1982: 28–31). 13.3. ȼ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚ- ɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɨ ɜ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɢɧɨɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ- ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ, ɧɟɠɟɥɢ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ. ɂɧɢɰɢɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɪɟ- ɮɨɪɦ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɢɥɚ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɹ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɥɟɣɛɨɪɢɫɬɨɜ, ɞɨɝɨɜɨ- ɪɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ (Hicks et al. 1995: 330). Ⱦɟɣ- ɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɰɟɥɵɣ ɩɚɤɟɬ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶ- ɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ, ɩɪɢɲɟɞɲɢɦ ɤ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɜ 1906 ɝ. Ʉ ɤɨɧɰɭ 1908 ɝ. ɷɬɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɨɜɟ- ɞɟɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ ɲɟɫɬɶ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜ, ɡɧɚɦɟɧɨ- ɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ: Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɨ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚ- Г 13. Е 185   ɰɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ 1907 ɝ. ɢ ɩɹɬɶ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ 1908 ɝ.: Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɨ ɞɟɬɹɯ (Children Act), Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɨɛ ɢɧɰɟɫɬɟ (Incest Act), Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɨɛ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɦ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟ- ɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɨɜ (Probation of Offenders Act), Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɨ ɛɢɪɠɚɯ ɬɪɭ- ɞɚ (Labour Exchanges Act) ɢ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɜ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɨ ɩɟɧɫɢɹɯ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɬɢ (Old Age Pensions Act) (Jones 1994: 81). Ɉɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ 1908 ɝ. ɫɬɚɥ «ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɨɦ»; «ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɚ – ɨɧ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɭɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɨɬ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ, ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɤɟɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɨɛ- ɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɥɚ, ɤ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ, ɝɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ- ɦɨɳɢ. Ɉɧ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɢɛɟɥɶɸ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ “ɩɨ- ɦɨɝɢ ɫɟɛɟ ɫɚɦ”, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɜɲɟɝɨ ɜɢɤɬɨɪɢɚɧɫɤɭɸ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɢɸ», ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɟɳɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɟɲɟ- ɧɢɣ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ ɫ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɋɟɜɟɪɚ ɜ ɩɚɥɚ- ɬɵ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɟ» (Broten 2010: 2). ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ Ɂɚɤɨɧɭ ɨ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ ɨɬ 1907 ɝ. ɛɵɥɚ ɜɜɟ- ɞɟɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɪɚɜɦɵ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞ- ɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɣ, ɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɚɥɨɠɟ- ɧɨ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ. ɗɬɨɬ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɩɪɟɞ- ɫɬɚɜɥɹɥ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɲɚɝ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɢ ɤ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɧɟɫɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ. Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɨ ɞɟɬɹɯ ɧɨɫɢɥ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɢɞɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɹ ɦɟɪɵ, «ɪɚɡɛɪɨɫɚɧɧɵɟ» ɩɨ 39 ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɚɤɬɚɦ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɳɢɬɭ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɠɟɫɬɨɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ; ɜ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɦɟɪ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɬɶ ɞɟɬɹɦ ɤɭɪɢɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɩɪɨɲɚɣ- ɧɢɱɚɬɶ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɞɟɥɢɧɤɜɟɧɬɧɨ- ɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɥɟɬɧɢɯ, ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɵ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɭɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɥɭɲɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɥ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɜɢɧɹɟɦɵɦɢ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥɢ ɧɟɫɨɜɟɪ- ɲɟɧɧɨɥɟɬɧɢɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɦɟɧɭ ɬɸɪɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ. ɂɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɡɚɤɨɧ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɥ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɩɪɚɜ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɧɟɫɨɜɟɪ- ɲɟɧɧɨɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɨ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɜɢɤɬɨɪɢɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢ- ɬɢɤɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɞɟɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚɥɢ «ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ» ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ (Bruce 1968: 189–194). 186 3. - XIX .   Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɨɛ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɦ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɚɥɨɠɢɥ ɨɫɧɨ- ɜɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɵ ɬɸɪɶɦɚɦ ɜ ɩɟɧɢɬɟɧɰɢɚɪɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ, ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɞɥɹ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɫɭɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɢɬɶ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɞɡɨɪɨɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɩɪɨɛɚɰɢɢ, ɜ ɱɶɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɯɨ- ɞɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɫɭɠɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɫɬɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɶ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (Jones 1994: 81). ɉɨɞ ɷɝɢɞɨɣ Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɛɢɪɠɚɯ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɭɱɪɟ- ɠɞɟɧɚ ɫɟɬɶ ɛɢɪɠ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɟɡɪɚɛɨɬɧɵɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨɛ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜɚɤɚɧɫɢɹɯ. Ʉ 1913 ɝ. ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɧɚɫɱɢ- ɬɵɜɚɥɨɫɶ 430 ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɛɢɪɠ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ 1000 ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɟ- ɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ (Ibid.). Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɟɧɫɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚ- ɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ. ɉɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɜɜɟɞɟ- ɧɢɢ ɩɟɧɫɢɣ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɲɢɪɨɤɭɸ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɚɧ- ɬɪɨɩɚ Ʉ. Ȼɥɷɤɥɢ ɨɬ 1878 ɝ., ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɨɫɶ ɫɨ- ɡɞɚɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɮɨɧɞ, ɤɭɞɚ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɣ ɝɪɚɠɞɚ- ɧɢɧ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɥ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɡɧɨɫ, ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɝɨ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɛɵ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɩɨ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ 8 ɲɢɥɥɢɧɝɨɜ ɜ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ ɢ ɩɟɧɫɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ 4 ɲɢɥɥɢɧɝɨɜ ɜ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɉɚɥɚɬɚ ɥɨɪɞɨɜ ɨɬɜɟɪɝɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟ- ɧɢɟ Ȼɥɷɤɥɢ (Gilbert 1965: 558; Collins 1965: 252–253). Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɛɭɪɧɵɟ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɢ ɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɧɫɢɣ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥɢɫɶ; ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɯ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɢɯ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɛɵɥɨ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɧɫɢɹ ɫɦɨɝɥɚ ɛɵ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɣ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɡɚɦɟɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɛɟɞɧɵɦ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɹɜɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɪɟɜɚɜɲɟɝɨ Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ (ɫɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: Sires 1954: 248–253). ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɜ 1908 ɝ. ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ȼɟ- ɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɨɛɴɹɜɢɥɨ ɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɜɵɩɥɚɬ ɩɟɧɫɢɣ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ 5 ɲɢɥɥɢɧɝɨɜ ɜ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ ɥɢɰɚɦ ɫɬɚɪɲɟ 70 ɥɟɬ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɦ (ɦɟ- ɧɟɟ 20 ɮɭɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɝɨɞ); ɥɢɰɚ ɫ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɦ ɜɵɲɟ 20 ɮɭɧɬɨɜ, ɧɨ ɦɟɧɟɟ 31 ɮɭɧɬɚ 10 ɲɢɥɥɢɧɝɨɜ ɜ ɝɨɞ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɥɢ 1 ɲɢɥɥɢɧɝ ɜ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ, ɩɨɠɢ- ɥɵɟ ɥɸɞɢ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɦ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɥɢ ɩɟɧɫɢɣ ɜɨɜɫɟ (Collins 1965: 258). Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ Г 13. Е 187   6 ɦɥɧ ɮɭɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɝɨɞ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɨɧɚ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɜɲɢɯ ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɨɛɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ (Sires 1954: 248–249; Bruce 1968: 153). Ʉ 1912 ɝ. 60 % ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɫɬɚɪɲɟ 70 ɥɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɥɢ ɩɟɧɫɢɢ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ. Ʉɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ Ʌ. ɏɚɧɧɚ, «ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɨ- ɜɵɯ ɩɟɧɫɢɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɱɬɨɜɵɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɯ ɱɟɬɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɫɞɟɥɚɥɢ ɢɯ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɩɪɢ- ɟɦɥɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɦɟɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɠɧɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɛɟɞɧɵɦ. Ɍɚɤ ɧɚɱɚɥɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ (ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɣ) ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɢɝɦɵ ɫ ɩɨ- ɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɛɟ- ɧɟɮɢɰɢɚɪɨɜ» (Hannah 1986: 15–16). ɋɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɢɜɚ- ɟɬɫɹ ɢ Ⱦ. Ʉɨɥɥɢɧɡ, ɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɨ ɩɟɧɫɢɹɯ ɨɬ 1908 ɝ. ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɢɫɫɚ: «Ɉɧ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɧɫɢɣ, ɧɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɞɢɥ ɦɧɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɥɸɞɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɬɤɚ- ɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɣ, ɢɥɢ ɱɬɨ ɧɭɠɞɚ ɢɪɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɚ ɤ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɧ ɬɜɟɪɞɨ ɜɨɡɨɛ- ɥɚɞɚɥ ɧɚɞ ɦɨɪɚɥɢɫɬɫɤɢɦ ɜɢɤɬɨɪɢɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɤ ɛɟɞɧɵɦ… ɂ ɧɢɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɬɧɹɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɟɝɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɚɣɲɢɯ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜ, ɩɪɟɞɜɨɫɯɢɬɢɜɲɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɜ XX ɜ. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɧɫɢɣ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ Ɂɚɤɨɧɭ ɧɟ ɥɢɲɚɥɨ ɩɟɧɫɢɨɧɟɪɚ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɣ» (Collins 1965: 259). ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɜ 1911 ɝ. ɛɵɥ ɩɪɢɧɹɬ Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɨ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚ- ɧɢɢ, ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɜɲɢɣ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɮɟɪɵ, ɤɚɤ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɢ ɫɬɪɚ- ɯɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɛɟɡɪɚɛɨɬɢɰɵ (ɜɬɨɪɨɟ – ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ- ɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɮɟɪ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɭɞɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɪɮɹɯ ɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ) (Gibbon 1913: 40–43). ɋɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɥɢ ɜɫɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ 16–70 ɥɟɬ, ɡɚɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 250 ɮɭɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɝɨɞ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɢ, ɧɟ ɡɚ- ɧɹɬɵɟ ɪɭɱɧɵɦ ɬɪɭɞɨɦ ɢ ɡɚɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 160 ɮɭɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɝɨɞ. ɋɬɪɚɯɨɜɤɭ ɫɨɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɚɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤ, ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɶ ɢ ɝɨɫɭ- ɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ. ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤ ɦɨɝ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɩɨ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ (10 ɲɢɥɥɢɧɝɨɜ ɜ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ), ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɩɨ ɭɬɪɚɬɟ ɬɪɭɞɨɫɩɨɫɨɛ- ɧɨɫɬɢ (5 ɲɢɥɥɢɧɝɨɜ ɜ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɡɨɜɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɪɨɠ- ɞɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ (30 ɲɢɥɥɢɧɝɨɜ, ɢɥɢ ɜɞɜɨɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɡɚɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚ- ɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɢ ɦɚɬɶ, ɢ ɨɬɟɰ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ). Ɂɚɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤ ɦɨɝ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɫɟɛɟ ɜɪɚɱɚ ɢɡ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜ- ɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ (Jones 1994: 85–86; Bruce 1968: 183–189). 188 3. - XIX .   ȼɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɤɬɵ ɡɚɥɨɠɢɥɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɨɰɢ- ɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɟɟ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɬɨɪɚɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɜɩɟɪɟɞ (Rubinow 1916b: 26). 13.4.   ȿɳɟ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ XX ɜ. ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢ- ɤɢ ɂ. Ɋɭɛɢɧɨɜ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥ: «ɇɟɬ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ – ɤɚɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɧɟɫɭɳɟɣ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɩɪɢɧɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɢ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɝɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧ- ɧɵɣ ɧɚɞɡɨɪ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ – ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɚ ɜɵɫɨɱɚɣɲɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟ- ɦɟɧɧɨɣ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɥɸɛɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɜɨɩɥɨɳɚɸɳɚɹ ɜ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ- ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɜɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɬɪɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɤɚɤ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɨ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɭɤɚɡɨɜ 1881 ɝ. ɢ ɡɚ- ɤɨɧɨɜ 1883 ɢ 1884 ɝɝ. ɛɟɫɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ, ɜɨɩɥɨɳɚɜɲɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨ- ɪɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɜɫɟ ɬɪɢ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɩɪɢ- ɧɢɦɚɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɦ, ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɦɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ- ɦɢ. …ɂɦɟɧɧɨ Ȼɢɫɦɚɪɤ ɜɧɟɫ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɧɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦ, ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɟ. ɇɨ ɨɧ ɧɟ “ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɚɥ” ɧɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɫɬɪɚ- ɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ, ɧɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶ- ɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɟ, ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɹɡɚ- ɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɪɝɚ- ɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ, ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɬɚɪɵɟ, ɱɚɫɬɶ – ɧɨɜɵɟ; ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɵɟ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ, ɧɟɤɨ- ɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɞɪɭ- ɝɢɯ ɫɯɟɦɚɯ; ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɨɫɨɛɵɦɢ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢ- ɹɦɢ – ɫ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦɢ ɲɚɯɬɚɦɢ, ɠɟɥɟɡɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɪɨɝɚɦɢ; ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɩɪɨɮɫɨɸɡɚɦɢ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ – ɫ ɝɢɥɶɞɢɹɦɢ. ɂɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨ- ɜɚɦɢ, ɭɠɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɜɫɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ, ɩɪɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹ- ɸɳɟɣ ɫɢɥɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɥɟɝɤɨ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ» (Ibid.: 13–14). Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ 1880-ɯ ɝɝ. ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɷɬɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɪɟ- ɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɜ ɝɨɪɧɨɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ, ɝɞɟ ɟɳɟ ɜ 1776 ɝ. Г 13. Е 189   ɛɵɥ ɜɜɟɞɟɧ ɡɚɤɨɧ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɜɲɢɣ ɬɪɭɞ ɲɚɯɬɟɪɨɜ 8-ɱɚɫɨɜɵɦ ɪɚɛɨ- ɱɢɦ ɞɧɟɦ ɢ 6-ɞɧɟɜɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɧɟɞɟɥɟɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɩɪɟɳɚɜɲɢɣ ɧɚ ɲɚɯɬɚɯ ɞɟɬɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɣ ɬɪɭɞ. ɍɠɟ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ XIX ɜ. ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɲɚɯɬɟɪɚɦ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɛɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɨɟ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ, ɜɵɩɥɚɬɵ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɧɢɱɧɨɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɩɥɚɬɵ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ (Tampke 1981: 72–73; Frerich, Frey 1993: 62–66). ȼ 1840-ɯ ɝɝ. ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɤɚɫɚɜɲɟɟɫɹ ɝɢɥɶɞɢɣ; ɧɨɜɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɝɢɥɶɞɢɣ ɪɟɦɟɫɥɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɮɚɛɪɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨ- ɱɢɯ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɮɨɧɞɵ ɜɵɩɥɚɬ ɩɨ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ, ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɟɧɫɢɣ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ. ȼ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɦɧɨ- ɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɧɞɵ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɧɟ ɜɯɨɞɢɥ ɜ ɝɢɥɶɞɢɢ (Tampke 1981: 72–73; Frerich, Frey 1993: 56–58). ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɜ Ⱦɠ. Ɍɚɦɩɤɟ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɜɵɜɨɞ: «Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ- ɜɚɥɚ ɡɚɞɨɥɝɨ ɞɨ 1880-ɯ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɩɨɤɪɵ- ɜɚɥɢ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɪɟɦɟɫɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɪɟɦɟɫɥɟɧɧɢɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɨɫɧɨɜ- ɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɫɢɥɵ. ɗɬɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɨɫɶ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɪɚɫɬɭɳɚɹ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɡɹɜɲɚɹ ɪɚɡɛɟɝ ɤ ɫɟɪɟ- ɞɢɧɟ XIX ɜ., ɜɵɧɟɫɥɚ ɩɪɢɝɨɜɨɪ ɪɟɦɟɫɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ, ɚ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɬɪɭɞɨɭɫɬɪɨɟɧɵ ɜ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲ- ɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟ ɨɯɜɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ. …ȼ 1880-ɯ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɧɟ ɛɵɥ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɪɧɭɬ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɥɢɫɬ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɟɥ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬ ɤ ɫɬɚɪɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɦɟ- ɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɜ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ» (Tampke 1981: 73). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɜɵɜɨɞɨɦ ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ⱦɚ, ɪɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ 1880-ɯ ɝɝ. ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɛɵɥɢ «ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ» ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɷɩɢɡɨɞɚɯ ɢɫ- ɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɛɟɫɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɧɵɦɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɛɟɫ- ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɧɵɦ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɭ ɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɢɯ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ – ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɧɟɫɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ, ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ (ɜɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɞɥɹ 190 3. - XIX .   ɥɢɰ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɮɟɪ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ) ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɢ ɫɢ- ɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɧɫɢɣ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɬɢ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɚɥɨ ɬɨɥɱɨɤ ɮɨɪ- ɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɬɪɟɯ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɧɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɟ ɜɟɤɨɜ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɨɩɵɬ – ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ (ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɨɠɟ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɢɦɚɥɢɫɶ), ɬɨ ɫɚɦɭ ɢɞɟɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶ- ɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɮɟɪɚɯ – ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɟɜɪɨ- ɩɟɣɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɨɬɤɭɞɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɷɬɢ ɢɞɟɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɹɯ, ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɞɨɪɚɛɨɬɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɭɫɨ- ɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɢɥɢɫɶ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɦɢɪɭ. Ɍɚɤ, ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɩɨ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɟɣ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶ- ɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɩɟɪɜɵɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɢ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɢɹ (1888 ɝ.) ɢ ȼɟɧɝɪɢɹ (1891 ɝ.) (Rubinow 1916b: 20). ɋɩɭɫɬɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɥɟɬ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɰɟɥɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɞɨ ɬɨɝɨ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɫ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ: «ɍɪɨɤɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɞɚɸɬ ɫɢɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɩɪɢɧɰɢ- ɩɭ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ. …ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɟɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ 80-ɯ ɝɝ. ɢɦɟɥ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɢɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ 1909–1913 ɝɝ. ɩɪɢɧɟɫɥɢ ɲɟɫɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ» (ɇɨɪɜɟɝɢɹ, ɋɟɪɛɢɹ, ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɂɬɚɥɢɹ, Ɋɭɦɵɧɢɹ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ). ɋɪɟɞɢ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɲɢɯ ɤ ɩɨɛɟɞɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɨɛɹɡɚ- ɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ, ɂ. Ɋɭɛɢɧɨɜ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ «ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧ- ɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɶ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɥɨɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɥɸɛɵɦɢ ɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ» (Idem 1916 : 21). Г 13. Е 191   13.1 ȼɪɟɦɹ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɯɟɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ ɋɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɋɬɪɚɯɨ- ɋɬɪɚɯɨɜɚ- ɉɟɧɫɢɢ ɩɨ ɨɬ ɧɟɫɱɚɫɬ- ɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɛɟɡ- ɫɬɚɪɨɫɬɢ ɋɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɢɰɵ ɉɨ ɉɨ ɉɨ ɉɨ Ɉɛɹɡ. Ɉɛɹɡ. Ɉɛɹɡ. Ɉɛɹɡ. ɠɟɥ. ɠɟɥ. ɠɟɥ. ɠɟɥ. ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚ- 1897 1946 1911 1908 1925 1911 ɧɢɹ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ 1898 1946 1898 1930 1895 1910 1905 1967 ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɵ 1901 1929 1913 1916 1949 Ȼɟɥɶɝɢɹ 1903 1971 1894 1944 1900 1924 1920 1944 ɂɪɥɚɧɞɢɹ 1897 1966 1911 1908 1960 1911 Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ 1871 1884 1883 1889 1927 Ⱥɜɫɬɪɢɹ 1887 1888 1927 1920 ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɹ 1881 1911 1911 1946 1924 1976 ɒɜɟɰɢɹ 1901 1916 1891 1953 1913 1934 Ⱦɚɧɢɹ 1898 1916 1892 1933 1891 1922 1907 ɇɨɪɜɟɝɢɹ 1894 1909 1936 1906 1938 Ɏɢɧɥɹɧɞɢɹ 1895 1963 1937 1917 ɂɬɚɥɢɹ 1898 1886 1928 1898 1919 1919 ɑɟɯɨɫɥɨɜɚɤɢɹ 1887 1888 1889 1921 ɉɨɥɶɲɚ 1883 1889 1889 1924 ȼɟɧɝɪɢɹ 1907 1891 1928 1957 И : Tomka 2013: 157. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɪɭɛɟɠ ɤɨɧɰɚ XIX – ɧɚɱɚɥɚ XX ɜ. ɨɡɧɚɦɟɧɨɜɚɥ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɤ ɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɬɢɩɭ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ – ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɭ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɦɭ ɧɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠ- ɤɭ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ, ɧɨ ɰɟɥɵɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦ ɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɡɚɪɨɠɞɟ- ɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ – ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ. :  1. Ʉɚɤ ɡɚɪɨɠɞɚɥɚɫɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ XIX ɜ.? 192 3. - XIX .   2. Ʉɚɤɨɜɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɵ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ- ɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ XIX – ɧɚɱɚɥɟ XX ɜ.? 3. Ʉɚɤɨɜɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɵ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɫɨ- ɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ XIX – ɧɚɱɚɥɟ XX ɜ.? 4. Ɉɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ. я и Ȼɵɤɨɜ ɋ. ȼ. 1997. : ɭɱ. ɩɨɫɨɛ. ɏɚɛɚɪɨɜɫɤ. Mommsen W. J., Mock W. (eds). 1981. The Emergence of the Wel- fare State in Britain and Germany, 1850–1950. London: Croom Helm. Pɪ. 71–83. Tomka B. 2013. A Social History of Twentieth-century Europe. London; New York: Routledge. Г 14. О 193   14. Eɳɟ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɩɪɨɹɜɢɜɲɢɦɫɹ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ XIX ɜ., ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɱɢ- ɬɚɬɶ ɨɬɦɟɧɭ ɪɚɛɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɚ- ɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ ɦɢɪɚ. ɉɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ ɋ. Ⱦɪɟɲɟɪɚ, ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ «ɞɥɢɧɧɨɝɨ XIX ɜɟɤɚ» (1780–1914 ɝɝ.) ɫɜɨɛɨɞɭ ɩɨɥɭɱɢ- ɥɢ 30 ɦɥɧ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧ, 7 ɦɥɧ ɪɚɛɨɜ ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ, 4 ɦɥɧ ɜ ɋɒȺ, 1 ɦɥɧ ɜ Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɢ ɢ 1 ɦɥɧ ɜ Ʉɚɪɢɛɫɤɨɦ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ, 0,5 ɦɥɧ ɪɚ- ɛɨɜ ɜ ɋɚɧɬɨ-Ⱦɨɦɢɧɝɨ ɢ 0,25 ɦɥɧ ɜ ɢɫɩɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɹɯ (Drescher 2009). ɉɟɪɜɨɣ ɦɟɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɟɣ, ɨɛɴɹɜɢɜɲɟɣ ɨɛ ɨɬɦɟɧɟ ɪɚɛɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ, ɫɬɚɥɚ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ ɜ 1794 ɝ.; ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɩɭɫɬɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɟɬ, ɤ 1802 ɝ., ɢ ɪɚɛɫɬɜɨ, ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɢɥɢɫɶ (Idem 1980: 44). ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɬɫɱɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɧɵ ɪɚɛɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɤ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɥɨɝɢɱɧɟɟ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ – Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨɛ ɨɬɦɟɧɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ, ɩɪɢ- ɧɹɬɨɝɨ ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɜ 1807 ɝ. Ⱥɛɨɥɢɰɢɨɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɨ ɜ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɜ 1787 ɝ. ɩɨɞ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɬɪɭɞɨɜ ɷɩɨɯɢ ɉɪɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ (ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɞɟɣ ɒ. Ɇɨɧɬɟɫɤɶɟ, ɀ.-ɀ. Ɋɭɫɫɨ, Ɇ. Ʉɨɧɞɨɪɫɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɵɞɚɸ- ɳɢɯɫɹ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɬɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɥɨɡɭɧɝɨɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ ɮɪɚɧ- ɰɭɡɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ 1789 ɝ. ɨ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɫɜɨɛɨɞɟ ɢ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɟ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɚɛɨɥɢɰɢɨɧɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɤɜɚ- ɤɟɪɚɦɢ; ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɤɜɚɤɟɪɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɜ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɟɬɢɰɢɸ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɜ 1783 ɝ. ȼ ɦɚɟ 1787 ɝ. ɜ Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɟ ɛɵɥ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧ Ʉɨɦɢɬɟɬ ɡɚ ɨɬɦɟɧɭ ɪɚɛɨ- ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ, ɝɞɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɥɢ ɤɜɚɤɟɪɵ. ȼɟɫɶɦɚ ɜɚɠɟɧ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ Ʉɨɦɢɬɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɹɥ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɡɚ ɨɬɦɟɧɭ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɪɚɛɨɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɹ (ɩɨɩɵɬɤɢ ɭɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɨɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɜ ɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɟ ɫ ɭɫɬɨɹɜɲɢɦɢɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɨ ɧɟɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ) (Walvin 2003: 71–73; Quirk 2011: 31–34). ɂɬɚɤ, ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɵɦ ɲɚɝɨɦ, ɢɡɦɟɧɢɜɲɢɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɥ ɜ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟ ɪɚɛɚɦɢ, ɫɬɚɥ Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɨɛ ɨɬɦɟɧɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɣ 194 3. - XIX .   ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɜ 1807 ɝ.; ɧɟɦɚɥɨɜɚɠɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɞɧɨ- ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɜɫɬɭɩɢɥɢ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɢ Ⱦɚɧɢɢ. Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɹɜɥɹɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɦ ɥɢɞɟɪɨɦ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨ- ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ (ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ XVIII ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɢɡ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɜɟɡɟ- ɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 6,5 ɦɥɧ ɪɚɛɨɜ, ɢɡ ɧɢɯ 2,5 ɦɥɧ – ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɪ- ɝɨɜɰɚɦɢ [Quirk 2011: 30]), ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɫ 1 ɹɧ- ɜɚɪɹ 1808 ɝ. ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɬɢɥɚ ɷɬɭ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭ (ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɪɢ- ɬɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɫɭɞɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɢɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɜ ɩɨɞ ɮɥɚɝɚɦɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ, ɧɨ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɧɢɡɢɥɫɹ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɧɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɪɢɫɤɨɜɚɬɶ – ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɚ ɪɚɛɨɜ ɭɝɪɨɠɚɥɚ ɢɦ ɤɨɧɮɢɫɤɚɰɢɟɣ ɫɭɞɧɚ ɢ ɲɬɪɚɮɨɦ ɜ 100 ɮɭɧɬɨɜ ɡɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɛɨɪɬɭ ɪɚɛɚ) (Bur- roughs 2015: 3; Quirk 2011: 30). ȼɚɤɭɭɦ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɭɯɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɵ ȼɟɥɢɤɨ- ɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ, ɛɵɥ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɦɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪ- ɫɬɜɚɦɢ (ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɟɣ, ɂɫɩɚɧɢɟɣ ɢ ɉɨɪɬɭɝɚɥɢɟɣ). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜɜɟɞɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɡɚɩɪɟɬ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɸ, ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚ- ɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɶ ɷɬɭ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɭ ɢ ɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɚɪɟɧɟ (Quirk 2011: 30). Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɱɟɡɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ; ɩɨɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ Ȼɪɢ- ɬɚɧɢɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɥɢ ɜ ɞɜɭ- ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢ- ɱɟɧɢɟ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɡɚɩɪɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɪɚɧ Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ ɩɨɲɥɢ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢ- ɧɵ XIX ɜ. ɜɜɟɥɢ ɡɚɩɪɟɬ ɪɚɛɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɤ ɬɚɤɨɜɨɝɨ (ɫɦ. ɧɢɠɟ). ȼ 1850-ɯ ɝɝ. Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɹ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɣ ɪɟɰɢɩɢɟɧɬ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɜ, ɬɚɤ- ɠɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɵ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɟ- ɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɪɚɛɚɦɢ. Ʉ ɤɨɧɰɭ 1860-ɯ ɝɝ. ɬɪɚɧɫɚɬɥɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɬɢɥɚɫɶ (Ibid.: 62). ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɩɪɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɢ ɨɬɦɟɧɚ ɪɚɛ- ɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ, ɧɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɨ ɡɚ ɩɟɪ- ɜɵɦ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɟ ɫɪɚɡɭ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɋɒȺ ɜɜɨɡ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɪɚ- ɛɨɜ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɬɢɥɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ XIX ɜ., ɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɜɟɬɚɥɨ ɜ ɸɠɧɵɯ ɲɬɚɬɚɯ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ 1860-ɯ ɝɝ. (Curtin 1990: 174). Ʉ 1820-ɦ ɝɝ. ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɜɥɚɫɬɹɦ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɩɪɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɧɟ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɥ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɧɬɚ- Г 14. О 195   ɰɢɹɯ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɨ- ɛɥɟɦɵ (Quirk 2011: 49). ɂɞɟɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɨɬɦɟɧɵ ɪɚɛɫɬɜɚ ɫɧɢɫɤɚɥɚ ɩɨɞ- ɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɦɚɫɫ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ; ɞɜɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɨɛ- ɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɷɬɨɣ ɢɞɟɢ ɩɪɢɲɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ 1830– 1831 ɢ 1832–1833 ɝɝ.; ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɜɨɫ- ɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɜ ɧɚ əɦɚɣɤɟ ɜ 1831 ɝ., ɡɚɫɬɚɜɢɜɲɟɟ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɞɨɥɝɨ ɢɦ ɭɞɚɫɬɫɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ-ɤɜɨ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɛɫɬɜɚ. ȼ 1833 ɝ. ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɥɚ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɨɛ ɨɬɦɟɧɟ ɪɚɛɫɬɜɚ; ɡɚɤɨɧ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥ ɤɨɥɨɫɫɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɭɦɦɭ ɜ 20 ɦɥɧ ɮɭɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɩɥɚɧɬɚɬɨɪɚɦ ɡɚ ɩɨɬɟɪɸ ɢɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɟɦɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɜ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɟɞɭ- ɫɦɨɬɪɟɧ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ «ɩɨɞɦɚɫɬɟɪɶɟɜ» (ɪɨɥɶ, ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɚɹ ɪɨɥɢ ɪɚɛɚ) ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɛɵɜɲɢɯ ɯɨɡɹɟɜ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɛɵ «ɧɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɵ» ɤ ɨɞɧɨɦɨɦɟɧɬɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɫɜɨ- ɛɨɞɵ (Ibid.: 51–52). Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɥ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɥɨɦ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɞɟɥ ɢ ɫɬɚɥ ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɨɦ, ɡɚɩɭɫɬɢɜ- ɲɢɦ ɰɟɩɨɱɤɭ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ. Ⱦɠ. Ʉɭɢɪɤ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɬɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɢ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɲɢɯ ɝɥɨ- ɛɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɚ ɨɬɦɟɧɵ ɪɚɛɫɬɜɚ. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɡɚ- ɤɥɸɱɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɦɨɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɚɫɫ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɚɯ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɪɚɛɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɩɟɬɢɰɢɣ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɛɨɣ- ɤɨɬɨɜ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.; ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɭɬɢ ɲɥɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɹ. ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɩɪɨ- ɯɨɞɢɥ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɛɭɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ – ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɜ ɧɚ Ƚɚɢɬɢ ɢ ɤɪɨɜɨɩɪɨɥɢɬɧɭɸ Ƚɪɚɠɞɚɧ- ɫɤɭɸ ɜɨɣɧɭ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɋɟɜɟɪɨɦ ɢ ɘɝɨɦ ɜ ɋɒȺ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɛɫɬɜɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɬɦɟɧɟɧɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɜ 1865 ɝ. ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɬɪɟɬɢɣ ɡɚ- ɤɥɸɱɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ – ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɭɬɢ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ, ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ȼɟɥɢɤɨ- ɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɲɚɝɢ ɩɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɨɬɦɟɧɟ ɜɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɢ ɪɚɛɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɤ ɬɚɤɨɜɨɝɨ. Ɍɚɤ, Ⱦɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɒɜɟɰɢɹ ɨɬɦɟɧɢɥɢ ɪɚɛɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɹɯ ɤ ɤɨɧɰɭ 1840-ɯ ɝɝ.; ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧ- ɞɵ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ ɜ 1863 ɝ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɛ ɨɬɦɟɧɟ ɪɚɛɫɬɜɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɹɳɢɦɢ ɷɥɢɬɚ- 196 3. - XIX .   ɦɢ. Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɞɢɥɨ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ ɦɢɥɥɢ- ɨɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɜ ɜ 1848 ɝ. (Quirk 2011: 63–64; ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ: Fogel, Engerman 1974: 33–34). Ɉɫɨɛɵɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ, ɝɞɟ ɜ ɩɟ- ɪɢɨɞ ɫ 1810 ɩɨ 1850 ɝ. ɪɚɛɫɬɜɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɬɦɟɧɟɧɨ (ɫɪɚɡɭ ɢɥɢ ɠɟ ɩɨɫɬɟ- ɩɟɧɧɨ) ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ Ⱥɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɟ (1813 ɝ.), Ʉɨɥɭɦ- ɛɢɢ (1814 ɝ.), ɑɢɥɢ (1823 ɝ.), Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɟ (1829 ɝ.), Ȼɨɥɢɜɢɢ (1831 ɝ.), ɍɪɭɝɜɚɟ (1842 ɝ.) ɢ ɗɤɜɚɞɨɪɟ (1851 ɝ.) (Fogel, Engerman 1974: 33–34). Ⱦɜɭɦɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɨɩɥɨɬɚɦɢ ɪɚɛɫɬɜɚ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɹ ɢ Ʉɭɛɚ. ɑɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɩɪɟɬɚ ɪɚɛɫɬɜɚ, ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɣ ɲɚɝ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬ Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɟɣ (ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɩɨɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɞɟɪɠɚɜ) ɜ 1871 ɝ. ɫ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ Ɋɢɨ-Ȼɪɚɧɤɨ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɜɫɟ ɞɟɬɢ ɪɚɛɵɧɶ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɨɬ- ɦɟɪɟɬɶ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɛɨɜ ɢ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɫɜɨɛɨɞ- ɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɟɬɢ ɪɚɛɵɧɶ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɯɨɡɹɟɜɚɯ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɟɣ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ 21 ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɩɨ- ɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ingenuo, ɱɶɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɦɚɥɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɨɬ ɪɨ- ɥɢ ɪɚɛɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɪɚɛɵ ɛɟɠɚɥɢ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɵ ɩɨ ɜɨɥɟ ɢɯ ɯɨɡɹɟɜ, ɩɵɬɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬ- ɜɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɛɟɝɢ ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɧɬɚɰɢɹɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɭɸ ɫɢɥɭ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɵ ɜ Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɢ ɩɨɥɭ- ɱɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɭ ɜ 1888 ɝ., ɤɨɝɞɚ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɢɧɹɬ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɨɛ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ, ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɢɜɲɢɣ ɭɠɟ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɥɨ- ɠɢɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɟɳɟɣ (Curtin 1990: 191–195). Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɜ ɧɚ Ʉɭɛɟ ɫɵɝɪɚɥɚ ɜɨɣɧɚ ɡɚ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ. ɉɨɜɫɬɚɧɰɵ ɩɨɞɫɬɪɟɤɚɥɢ ɪɚɛɨɜ ɤ ɛɟɝɫɬɜɭ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɟɳɚɹ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟ- ɧɢɟ; ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ ɨɛɟɳɚɥɢ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠ- ɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦ ɪɚɛɚɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɟɲɚɥɢ ɜɫɬɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ. ȼ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɧɟɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɪɚɛɨɜ ɧɚ Ʉɭɛɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ 37 %, ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡ-ɬɚɤɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠ- ɞɟɧɢɣ. ȼ 1868 ɝ. ɢɫɩɚɧɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɜɜɟɥɨ ɧɚ Ʉɭɛɟ ɚɧɚɥɨɝ ɛɪɚɡɢɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ Ɋɢɨ-Ȼɪɚɧɤɨ, ɨɛɴɹɜɢɜ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ 1868 ɝ. (ɯɨɬɹ ɨɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ Г 14. О 197   ɛɵɥɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɯɨɡɹɢɧɟ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟ- ɧɢɹ 21-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ). ȼ 1880 ɝ. ɛɵɥ ɩɪɢɧɹɬ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɨɛ ɨɬɦɟɧɟ ɪɚɛɫɬɜɚ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɟɦɵɟ ɪɚɛɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɯɨɡɹɟɜɚɦɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ «ɩɨɞɦɚɫ- ɬɟɪɶɟɜ» ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɪɨɤɚ. ȼ 1886 ɝ. ɛɵɥɢ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟ- ɧɵ ɜɫɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɪɚɛɵ (ɦɟɧɟɟ 3 % ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ʉɭɛɵ). Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɫɥɭ- ɱɚɟ Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɢ, ɷɬɨɬ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɧɟ ɡɚɩɭɫɬɢɥ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɜ, ɧɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɢ, ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɣ (Curtin 1990: 202–203). Ȼɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɩɪɟɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫ ɪɚɛɫɬɜɨɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɚɛɫɨ- ɥɸɬɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɤɨɧɱɟɧɨ ɜ XIX ɜ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ȼɨɫɬɨɤɚ ɩɪɢɧɹɥɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɵ ɩɨ ɨɬɦɟɧɟ ɪɚɛɫɬɜɚ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ XX ɜ. – ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɇɟɩɚɥ ɜ 1926 ɝ., ɂɪɚɧ ɜ 1929 ɝ., Ȼɚɯɪɟɣɧ ɜ 1937 ɝ., Ɉɦɚɧ ɜ 1970 ɝ. ɢ ɬ. ɞ. (Quirk 2011: 78–79). Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ XIX ɜ. ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɥɨɦɧɵɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ, ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ, ɫɭɳɟ- ɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɣ (ɚ ɟɫɥɢ ɜɡɝɥɹɧɭɬɶ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɪɚɛɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ, ɬɨ ɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɬɵɫɹɱɟɥɟɬɢɣ), ɛɵɥ ɧɢɡɥɨɠɟɧ, ɢ ɷɬɢ ɤɚɪɞɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡ- ɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɩɨɢɫɬɢɧɟ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛ. Ɋɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɵ ɡɚɬɪɨɧɭɥɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɪɚɛɫɬɜɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɣ ɩɨ ɪɹɞɭ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ. Ɋɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɛɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨ- ɫɵɥɤɚɦɢ ɤ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɟɣ. Ⱦ. Ȼɚɪɨɧɨɜ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɥɚɧɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɛɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɘɠɧɨɣ Ⱥɦɟ- ɪɢɤɟ «ɛɵɥɨ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ, ɫɢɫɬɟ- ɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɭɫɢɥɢɟɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ – ɢɡ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ – ɫɪɟɞɭ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ» (Baronov 2000: 89). Ȼɚɪɨɧɨɜ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɛɫɬɜɚ ɨɬ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚ- ɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ: 1) ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ; 2) ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɟ ɩɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɵɯ ɪɟ- ɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ; 3) ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹ- ɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɨɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ; 4) ɪɚɫɨɜɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɵɯ ɪɟ- ɫɭɪɫɨɜ (Ibid.: 90–91). ɉɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɹ ɷɬɢ ɢ ɢɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ 198 3. - XIX .   ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚɦɢ, ɦɵ ɫɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɟɦɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟ – ɥɢɱ- ɧɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɚ/ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɬ ɟɝɨ ɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɚ/ɩɨɦɟɳɢɤɚ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦɢ ɨɛ ɨɬɦɟɧɟ ɪɚɛɫɬɜɚ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɢ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚɯ; ɨɧɨ ɠɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ Ʉɪɟ- ɫɬɶɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ 1861 ɝ. ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɩɢɫɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ 1857–1859 ɝɝ. ɜ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ 23,1 ɦɥɧ ɱɟɥɨ- ɜɟɤ (ɨɛɨɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɜ) ɢɡ 62,5 ɦɥɧ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɧɚɫɟɥɹɜɲɢɯ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɭɸ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɸ. Ɋɟɮɨɪɦɚ 1861 ɝ. ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɚ ɢɯ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɫ «ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɵɯ» ɧɚ «ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ», ɞɚɥɚ ɩɨɥɧɭɸ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɭɸ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɩɨɫɨɛ- ɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ (ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɞɜɟ ɫɮɟɪɵ – ɱɥɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɫɟɥɶ- ɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɟɦɥɟɣ), ɩɪɢɡɧɚɥɚ ɞɨɦɚ, ɩɨ- ɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɢ ɞɜɢɠɢɦɨɟ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧ; ɛɵɥɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɧɨɟ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɫɤɨɟ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɡɟɦɥɹ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɢɤɨɜ, ɡɚ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɟɸ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɬɛɵɜɚɬɶ ɛɚɪɳɢɧɭ ɢ ɩɥɚɬɢɬɶ ɨɛɪɨɤ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɤɚɦɧɟɣ ɩɪɟɬɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣ- ɫɬɜɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɥɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɢ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ (ɫɦ. ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɫɤɢɣ 1989; Ɂɚɣɨɧɱɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ 1954; Ɇɢɪɨɧɨɜ 2003; Ɂɚɯɚɪɨɜɚ 2011). Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɮɚɤɬ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɦ – ɩɪɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɥɨɠ- ɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ ɥɢɱɧɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɛɵɥɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɚ ɤ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦ XIX ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɫ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɦ «ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɛɨɜ», ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɟɣ ɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɦ ɦɚɫɲɬɚ- ɛɟ30 ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ (ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɫɸɞɚ, ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɛɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɭɡ- ɤɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɧɨ ɢ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ) ɜ XIX ɜ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɧɵɯ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɣ (ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɨ- ɱɬɢ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɦɟɪɤɚɦ) ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧ- ɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɢɟ ɞɨ ɬɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶ- ɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ Ɉɣɤɭɦɟɧɵ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɸɬ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɡɨɧ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɛɵɥɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ. ɑɢɫɥɨ ɪɚɛɨɜ ɢ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɢ (ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɫɨɬɧɢ) ɪɚɡ. ɂ ɞɚɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ-                                                              30 Ɂɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɜɨɟɦ «ɫɜɟɪɯɩɟɪɢ- ɮɟɪɢɣɧɵɯ» ɡɨɧ ɢ ɧɢɲ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Г 14. О 199   ɧɨɟ «ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ» ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ31, ɧɚ ɧɚɲ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ. ɉɟɪɜɨɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɡɞɟɫɶ «ɦɚɬɟ- ɪɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ» ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɫɜɹɡɚɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫ ɛɭɪɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ, ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɜɲɟɣ ɜɫɟ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜ XIX ɜ. ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɟɣ. ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɨɬ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɠɢɜɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɧɚɞ ɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɤ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɧɚɞ ɠɢ- ɜɵɦ; ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɧɚɞ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚ- ɰɢɢ ɢ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɚ – ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɪɭɞ. ɇɨ, ɤɚɤ ɧɟɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɦɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ (ɢ ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ), ɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ «ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢ- ɪɭɸɳɟɟ» (ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ) ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɞɟɣ- ɫɬɜɢɟ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹ ɤ ɩɨɬɟɪɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɯɨɡɹɣ- ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɢɯ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɤɚɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ), ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɢɸ ɢɯ ɜɨɥɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɟɣ ɨɬ ɧɢɯ «ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ» ɢ ɬ. ɩ. ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɷɬɢɯ (ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ) ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ «ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ» ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɟɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɦ ɡɜɟɧɨɦ. ɂɥɢ ɨɧ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɡɴɹɬ ɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɟɧ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ – ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨɣ, ɫɚɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɞɨɛ- ɧɵɦ, ɢɥɢ ɠɟ ɟɝɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɦ, ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɷɬɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɦ, ɤɨɧɮɨɪɦɢɫɬɫɤɢɦ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɦ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ. Ƚɨɜɨɪɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɟɡɤɨ, ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɜ Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ – ɢ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɭɠɟ ɫɬɚɥ – ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɞɨɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɦ ɧɚɠɢɦɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɤɧɨɩɨɤ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɞɢɨɬɨɦ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢ- ɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɨ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟ- ɧɢɹɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɥɢɲɶ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬ- ɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɦ – ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ – ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞ ɜɨ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɟɫɨɦ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ (Ȼɟɪɬɚɥɚɧɮɢ 1969: 34).                                                              31 ɏɨɬɹ ɟɝɨ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ. 200 3. - XIX .   ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɷɬɢɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨ- ɪɚɦ, ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ (ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ) ɰɟɥɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭ- ɬɨɜ (ɩɪɨɮɫɨɸɡɵ, ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.). ȼɚɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟ- ɬɢɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ, ɝɞɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɡɚɧɹɬɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɪɚ- ɛɨɜ (ɚ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ), ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɞɨ «ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɧɚɞ ɠɢɜɵɦ» ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɫɜɨ- ɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɨ ɟɳɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ. ɂɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɡɜɚɧɨ (ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ) ɨɬɧɸɞɶ ɧɟ «ɷɤɨɧɨ- ɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ». Ɍɚɤ, ɤɨɧɬɪɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚ- ɧɢɟ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɟɳɟ ɜ 1960-ɟ ɝɝ. ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɲɤɨɥɵ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɨ, ɱɬɨ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ (ɜ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɘɝɚ) ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɛɵ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɟɳɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɪɚɛɵ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɵ. Ɋɚɛɨɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟ- ɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɘɝɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɟɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɠɢɡɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚ, ɚ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɤ ɨɳɭ- ɬɢɦɨɦɭ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɭ (Conrad, Meyer 1964; Jasuba 1961; Engerman 1971; Fogel, Engerman 1971; 1974)32. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɟɳɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɤɚɤ-ɬɨ (ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɟ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ) ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ «ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɜ» ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ, ɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɨ- ɞɨɛɧɨɟ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɟɫɥɢ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɟɳɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɞɭɦɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠ- ɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɤɪɟɫɬɶɹɧ, ɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɨ- ɪɨɜɵɯ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɧɟ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɞɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ «ɦɚ- ɬɟɪɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ» ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, «ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɞɨɦɭ» ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɝɞɟ ɧɟɫɜɨ- ɛɨɞɧɵɣ ɬɪɭɞ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɟɧ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɪɢɫɥɭɝɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɦ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɭɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɚ33, ɧɚɣɬɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨ-                                                              32 Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɜɫɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ ɢ ɨɛ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɟ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɚɧɝɥɢɱɚ- ɧɚɦɢ ɪɚɛɨɜ ɧɚ əɦɚɣɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɹɯ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹ. 33 ɂ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɧɟɜɚɠɧɨ, ɟɫɬɶ ɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɬ. Г 14. О 201   ɜɟɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɡɚ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɥɚɬɭ ɨɤɚɡɵ- ɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ. ɉɥɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɜ ɬɚ- ɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɦɢɧɭɟɦɨ ɢ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɜɵ- ɫɨɤɭɸ «ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɸ ɡɚ ɭɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ», ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɛɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɹɜɧɨɟ ɧɟɞɨ- ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɟɫɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɣ ɬɪɭɞ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɛɵɥ ɛɵ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɟɧ ɫ ɭɡɤɨ- ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɨɬɦɢɪɚɧɢɟ (ɬɨɱɧɟɟ, ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɸ) ɟɝɨ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ- ɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɧɚ ɧɚɲ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɜ ɜ XIX ɜ. ɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶ- ɬɚɬɨɦ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɪɚɡ- ɜɢɬɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɨ ɛɵ ɠɞɚɬɶ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɥ ɛɵ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɜ ɢɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ: ɪɚɛɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɦɢɪɚɥɨ ɛɵ ɜ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ (ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɟɫɨɦ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɝɨ, ɦɚɥɨɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ, ɭɧɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ- ɝɨ ɢ ɬ. ɩ. ɬɪɭɞɚ) ɢ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɞɚɠɟ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɥɨ ɛɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɜɲɢɟ ɫɮɟɪɵ (ɬɢɩɚ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ). Ɉɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɜ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɜ XIX ɜ., ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɧɹɬɨ, ɧɚ ɧɚɲ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɞɟɣ- ɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɛɵɬɢɟ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɢ ɟɟ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ – «ɚɛɨɥɢɰɢɨɧɢɫɬɨɜ», «ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɨɜ» ɢ ɬ. ɩ. 34 , ɫɜɨɢɦɢ «ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ» (ɢɞɭɳɢɦɢ ɧɚɩɟɪɟɤɨɪ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɬɟɧ- ɞɟɧɰɢɹɦ) ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ ɞɨɛɢɜɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɨɬɦɟɧɵ ɪɚɛɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɢɯ ɝɥɚɡɚɯ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɥɨ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɢ ɧɚ ɤɚɤɢɟ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɟɝɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɟɡ- ɧɨɫɬɢ.                                                              34 Ɇɢɮ ɨɛ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɫɬɜɚ ɫɵɝɪɚɥ, ɜɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ. 202 3. - XIX .   : 1. Ʉɚɤɨɜɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɦɟɧɵ ɪɚɛɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɜ ɱɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɧɟɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ? 2. Ʉɚɤɢɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɦɟɧɵ ɪɚɛɫɬɜɚ, ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜ- ɧɨɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ? я и Ɂɚɣɨɧɱɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɉ. Ⱥ. 1954. - . Ɇ. Ɂɚɯɚɪɨɜɚ Ʌ. Ƚ. 2011. II . Ɇ.: ɊɈɋɋɉɗɇ. Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɫɤɢɣ ȼ. Ɉ. 1989. .: ɜ 9 ɬ. Ɍ. 4. К . Ɇ.: Ɇɵɫɥɶ. Ɇɢɪɨɧɨɜ Ȼ. ɇ. 2003. - (XVIII – XX .): , , . 3-ɟ ɢɡɞ., ɢɫɩɪ. ɢ ɞɨɩ. ɋɉɛ.: Ⱦɦɢɬɪɢɣ Ȼɭɥɚɧɢɧ. Drescher S. 2009. Abolitions: A History of Slavery and Antislavery. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Quirk J. 2011. The Anti-Slavery Project. From the Slave Trade to Human Trafficking. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 4. XIX . 203   4. XIX . , - , , , . - , - , , XIX . - , XIX ., , - , - XIX XX . , - - , , . - . - , XIX . – , , ( ) , - , , - . , XIX–XX . ; - . XIX . ; - , . : , - – ( . , 204 4. . 2 XIX .   ). ; , - . , - « » , XX . – - , « »; – , , . , « » XIX ., , , - - . . Г 15. 205   15. 15.1. , XIX . ( - ) « XIX » - , (Ramirez, Boli 1987: 2). . . , , 150 : , . - , – 150 , 1870- .( ) - . – - , . ( - ). , (Ansell, Lindvall 2013: 505–508). . , . . . - : 1) , ; 2) - - 206 4. XIX .   , ; 3) , - (Boli et al. 1985: 147–149). , . : , , (Green 2013: 11). 15.2. . - 1763 ., - - , ; - . - – - . - (Melton 1988: 173–175). ; 6 ( ), – 3 . , , . - (Ibid.: 175). 1770- ., - , - , - , - Г 15. 207   ( - ) (Melton 1988: 179). - II. XIX . - – ( ), , - , (Ramirez, Boli 1987: 4–5; Green 2013: 13). 1810 . , - ; , 1826 ., - 7 11 ; , - (Green 2013: 14). . - 1774 . ( ). - - 6 12 ; 5 ; , ( ), . - (Melton 1988: 212). 1769 . - . 1773 . – - , ; , , 208 4. XIX .   – - , , ( « » , , - , - ). , , , . ., - , , , , , . (Melton 1988: 211). . - , 1721 .; - - 1789 ., , 1814 . , . , 1842 . , - (Ramirez, Boli 1987: 7). . - XVIII . - 1791 1833 .; - . , , - ; . 1816 . ( 1833 . - ). - - . - ( 1870–1871 .) – 1882 . - ; Г 15. 209   (Chanet 2012: 118–122; Green 2013: 14–15). . (Wright 2012: 21; Green 2013: 16). XIX . , . 1860- . - – 1860 . , - ; 1862 . , - (Wright 2012: 22). 1870 ., , 5 12 - . , , , - – - (Ibid.). 1880 . 5 10 ; 1891 . ; 1893 . 11 , 1899 . – 12 . 1895 . - – , (Ibid.: 40; Stephens 1998: 79). , 1902 . , , , (Wright 2012: 22). . , XIX . 210 4. XIX .   , - , ( . . 15.1). 15.1 - 1870 ., % 1763 67 1814 58 1834 20 1838 42 1842 71 1844 13 1848 61 1874 74 1877 29 1880 49 1882 75 1892 38 1900 59 1912 – 1914 62 – 72 И : Soysal, Strang 1989: 278. , , - 1870 . – - , , - - – , - . - , . Г 15. 211   15.3. 1900 . - - , , , - . 60 75 % (Benavot, Riddle 1988: 205–206). , - ( ), - ( . . 15.2). 15.2 , 1900 . 1935–1940 ., % 1900 . 1935–1940 . / 86,0 79,1 67,3 72,0 37,5 50,8 28,6 48,2 22,3 40,7 21,0 33,7 41,5 59,0 13,7 30,6 11,1 22,5 14,9 19,6 32,9 40,8 И : Benavot, Riddle 1988: 202. , , . , - , 1900 . - . , - , ; 212 4. XIX .   1870 . (20,9 %35), 33,9 % 1900 . ( , , , .) 58,2 % 1935–1940 .( - , , - .). - 1884 .; , ; , , - ; - - (Gvirtz et al. 2008; Southwell 2013). , – 18,7 % 1870 ., 21,7 % 1900 . 47,5 % 1935–1940 . - . , 1842 . (Schiefelbein, Farrell 1980: 160). - XIX . – - , - , , (Soifer 2009). (51–52 %) (43– 44 %) 1900 . ; - 10 (54 %) (38 %) (Astorga et al. 2005: 766; Mariscal, Sokoloff 2000: 172; New- land 1994: 452). XIX .                                                              35 : Benavot, Riddle 1988: 205–207. Г 15. 213   , « »– 19,7 % 1870 . 49,3 % 1900 . 60,5 % 1935– 1940 . , - . 1872 . - , 8- . . 1886 . - : 4 2–4 , . 1907 . 6 (Godo, Hayami 2002: 963; . - : Duke 2009; Lincicome 1995). , , , – 0,5 % 1890 ., 7,1 % 1920 ., – 24,1 %, 10 ( 52,6 % 1935–1940 .). - ( ), 2 % 1900 . 26,1 % 1930 . 52,8 % 1935–1940 . (Benavot, Riddle 1988: 206). – , - , 1870–1940 . 24,7 43,5 % (Ibid.: 207). , (1870– 1940 .) ( ) « » . , , - 1,9 12,3 %: 7,6 % 1900 ., 24,9 % 1935–1940 .; 1,6 % 1890 . 26,7 % 1935–1940 .; – 9,5 % 30,9 % . . (Ibid.: 205–207). , - - . 214 4. XIX .   15.4. , - - , – - (Melton 1988: 173–175). ,« » , – , - - . - . , - , « - , , - , » (Ramirez, Boli 1987: 5). - , , – (Ibid.: 4–5). , « - » (Ansell, Lindvall 2013: 506). , - , , , , . - - . . (Ramirez, Boli 1987: 3; Boli et al. 1985: 159). Г 15. 215   , XIX . - , - – , ( – ) (Wright 2012: 22). . : - XIX . . - - , . - , , . , , . - , « »– , XX . (Green 2013: 11). : 1. - ? 2. - ? 3. - ? 4. ? . ., . . 1953. - . .: . - . - . 216 4. XIX .   . . 1982. (1861–1917). .: . Green A. 2013. Education and State Formation. Europe, East Asia, and the USA. 2nd ed. Houndmills; Basingstock; Hampshire; New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Melton J. V. H. 1988. Absolutism and the Eighteenth-century Ori- gins of Compulsory Schooling in Prussia and Austria. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. Ramirez F. O., Boli J. 1987. The Political Construction of Mass Schooling: European Origins and Worldwide Institutionalization. Socio- logy of Education 60(1): 2–17. Soysal Y. N., Strang D. 1989. Construction of the First Mass Educa- tion Systems in Nineteenth-Century Europe. Sociology of Education 62(4): 277–288. Г 16. 217   16. 16.1. XIX .: XIX . . , - XVI–XVII ., - – , , .( « - »). – - . XVII ., . , XVIII–XIX ., - ( - , , , ) ( , , , ). I; . XIX ., - , . XIX . - – - , - , , , , (grammar schools, high schools) - ; , - , , , , , . . 218 4. XIX .   16.2. XIX : XIX . , - ( ) . - , - , . . . . . , XVIII . - – - , , , . - , - ; . , - , , - , (Anderson 2004: 5). XIX . - . – , , , ( . , . . . . . ). XIX . , , , - - , , - Г 16. 219   , (An- derson 2004: 43, 58; Charle 2004: 44–47). - - , - - , . - - , XIX . – , . - ( , - ); , - , - , - (Charle 2004: 44–47; Shils, Roberts 2004: 178–179). - – , Ecole Polytechnique, - . - - , XVIII . , , , (Ruegg 2004: 10). XIX ., - , , . - ; – - . - ( ), 35 ( 1789 ., .: Charle 2004: 33), « » . XVIII . ( ), XIX - . . 220 4. XIX .   . , , , - . - , , - ( , – - , ), . , - - . - . , - , , . - , - ; - . - , - , . – - ; - , , (Anderson 2004: 51–58; Charle 2004: 47–51; Ruegg 2004: 4–5). - – (Ruegg 2004: 5). , 1810 . XX . - , , (Anderson 2004: 56). Г 16. 221   ( , , - – , , XIX . , – - ) (Shils, Roberts 2004: 163). , XIX . ( 1803 . – , 1804 . – , 1819 . – - ) (Charle 2004: 35, 48). , - , , , , . (Ibid.: 36–44, 64– 68). - , XIX - ( ) (Ibid.: 61–62). XIX . ( - , ) , - . , , , - . , XIX ., . , , – , , - (Shils, Roberts 2004: 164–175). , , - ; - 222 4. XIX .   . - ( ) , , - ( , - , ), - (Shils, Roberts 2004: 186– 191). 1857 . , ; - (Ibid.: 200). 1877 . . 1898 . , - . , 1911 . - (Ibid.: 216–223). , - : - . , , . <…> - , (Ibid.: 164). 16.3. XIX . - ( - ). - . 1) А ША - - . - , Г 16. 223   . 2) Ю Е II - - . - . XIX . , - - - . 3) В Е - , - ; - . 4) - Л А , - - . - . 5) . - - XVIII . ( , , ). XIX . - - , , 1847 . - (Mekatib-i Umûmiye Nezâreti), – - (darülfünun) - (darülmuallimin). 6) ( ) - . - - , 224 4. XIX .   ( , ) . - ( - ). 7) В А . « » . - . - « » . - ( ) ( . ), - . - 1862 . - « », - ( ) . 8) , - ( , , - ), . 1880- . - . , - - , , - . . « - » , ( . ) « », , 1870- . - , - XX . - - II. Г 16. 225   : 1. XIX .? 2. ? 3. - ? 4. - XIX .? . . 2003. И - : . . .: - . Anderson R. 2004. European Universities from the Enlightenment to 1914. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ruegg W. (ed.) 2004. A History of the University in Europe. Vol. III. Universities in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries (1800–1945). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 226 4. XIX .   17. XIX . – , , , , - , . « , XIX . - , , , , . - , » (Clark 2009: 310). - . 17.1. - 1850–1860- . – - - . - , « , - XIX ., - . … - 1830- 1840- . XIX » (Sassoon 2006: 585). - ; XX , - , , - (McLean 2015: 1). – , , , , ; Г 17. 227   - (McLean 2015: 7; .: Kift 1996: 36–53). 1860–1870- . - - , ( , , - . .), - , (Butsch 2000: 95–96; Kift 1996: 64–74). 1880- . , - ; - . - (Butsch 2000: 108–109). - - . 1890- . - 14 - (Sassoon 2006: 585). 17.2. - . XIX . - – , - , / . , – (Ibid.: 210). XVIII . , - , , ( - , , - , , , - ) . XIX . , « » (Ibid.: 218–219). , . XIX . - , 228 4. XIX .   – , - (Sassoon 2006: 513). – 1900 . 3 , 1910 . – 30 , 1921 . – 140 . 1915 . 1913 . 20 (Ibid.: 780). 17.3. XIX . - , ( - ). , - - , , (Ibid.: 48; Lutes 2012: 99; Hinnant, Hudson 2012: 115). - , . . , «XVIII - , - . … ». « - », - (Winders 2001: 9). XIX ., ,– - , - (Ibid.: 13). - 25 . . , (Sassoon 2006: 317). 1870- . 2400 , , , , . . (Ibid.: 322). 1870–1900 . , - – (Lutes 2012: 99). Г 17. 229   17.4. . XIX . . - - , . , - 1801–1810 . 4,5 ., , 1861– 1870 ., – 18 . (Sassoon 2006: 50). , « » . XIX , . . , « XIX . , , , . , , . … , , - » (Ibid.: 425). - – , XVIII XIX ., – , - , , . . , . . , . . - , . . , . . , . . , . . - ., . , , . . . , . . . – . . . - . - . – . , . , . . , – . , . - . . , 230 4. XIX .   . . , – . ё , 1883 . « » . . - , - . : 1. XIX . ? 2. XIX . ? Clark P. 2009. European Cities and Towns: 400–2000. Oxford: Ox- ford University Press. Sassoon D. 2006. The Culture of the Europeans: from 1800 to the Present. N. p.: Harpercollins Pub Limited. Г 18. 231   18. XIX . , . 18.1. , , . , , - . , - XIX . ( - ); , , . 1850–1890 . , . – . XIX . - . , - . . . . - , , ( , 2014: 188–204; 2003: 124–135; 2011: 11–24). - . , , - , XIX . . , . . , . , . . - . , - , - , , - 232 4. XIX .   ( 2007: 103). - . , - , , , ( , 2014: 158). - . , , , - . . – , ,– - . - , , ( - , ), , , - , . ( 2007: 96; , 2014: 160). , 1864 . . , - , , - . - . , , ( , ) , , , ( , - ). - . XIX . - . 1885–1889 . , - , , . , - ( 2007: 112; - 2011: 25–54). Г 18. 233   – , - - . - . - . ( ), - ( - 2007: 200–203). . . 1897 ., . . , , . - . . - ( 2011: 166–174). 1911 . . , , - . . ( .). . - . . , - ( - , - ). - 1896 . . , . , ( ) - , , ( , ) - ; , 234 4. XIX .   , - . , , , , - - , – . - . 1898 . - , ; ( 2011: 175–183; 1979: 204–214). 1903 . . . – - , - . , , - . . 14 - 1900 . . , , , , - . - . 1905 . . - - . . . 1905 . - - - , , . 18.2. - XIX .; - . Г 18. 235   , ( , ), - ( [ , , .], [ , - , , .] ). « », . - . . , ( ., : , 1992). . , , . - . , XIX . (1852 .) . - « » . . . , , - ( ) , - , , ( 1979: 133–135). . . - , , , - ( . ). - . 1860- . . щ . XIX . . . – . - « », - , 1861 . - : 236 4. XIX .    -  ; -  ;  , ; , - . , -  ; . . . 1869 . ( XIX . 63) . - : « , , , - »( 1958: 111). – - , . ( - ), - – 1869–1871 . - - ; - , , , - , - Г 18. 237   , . - , , - , – . - - ( 1979: 151–158). 18.3. XIX . - - ( , 2014: 59–76). XIX . « » , , – . . . . . XIX - – - , - , , , - - . XIX . - , . . ( . . , . . - , . , . ) , - ( , , , , - ). . . . , - , , - ( , - 2014: 72; 2006: 91–108; 1972: 181–190). - 238 4. XIX .   , , - – ( , - 2014: 74; 1972: 160–164). . XIX . - ; XIX . – ( - , 2014: 80). - , , - XIX . - , ( , ). - - . . , , ( , - ), , - , - . - , , , , . .( : 81–83; - , 1972: 354–400; 2013: 127–136). . - , , , . , . ; , XIX . . . . - Г 18. 239   , : 1) ; 2) ; 3) - , – ( , - 2014: 112–114). . ; - . , , ( ). , - XVII ., 100–150 . - XIX . - . , . . . . . , – - - , ; ; , , , ; - . . , - ,– ( - 50–60  , ) – - . – - , , ., - ( 1972: 462–481; 2013: 178–184). – - , 1905 . , , , ; - 240 4. XIX .   - , - . ( ), . , ( 1972: 462–481; 2013: 178–184). , - – - , 1908 . . . . - ( - ) – . - , – , ( ). . - 1859 . « ». - , – , - ( ), , , - . - ( - )( .: , 2014: 119–140; 2006: 153–162). , , XIX . - , - , . Г 18. 241   – XX, - , – « ». : 1. XIX .? 2. XIX .? 3. XIX .? 4. XIX .? . . 2006. И . .: . . . 2011. В : XIX XX . 4- . .: . . . 2003. И . .: Academia. . ., . . 2014. И . .: . . ., . .( .) 1992. В .И . .: . . . 2013. И . 2- . .: - . . ., . . 2014. И . - : - . . - . . . ( .) 1972. И - XX . .: . . 462–481. . . 2007. И . .: . . ., . . 2014. И . : - . - . . . 1979. И . .: . 242 Р 5. . Т (1870–1914 2 .)   5. (1870–1914 .) 1870 . « » ( ., : Subra- manian, Kessler 2014; Findlay 2010). - , , . . : , , , , - ; - , .… - , , - , - , , - , - , , - … , , (Keynes 1920: 10). - , - ; . , . – - ( . 1), , - . - Р 5. (1870–1914 .) 243   , , ( . 4). , « » . « » , - . , - ( ), ( - - ) ( - , - ; , - [ ], [ ] [ ]). « » . 244 Р 5. (1870–1914 .)   19. . - , , , . . ,« - XIX » (Osterhammel 2014: 732). XIX . - , - , . - – . XIX . ( - ). , , . 19.1. XIX . , - – , - . , - , - , , , - . , , XI .( 1821 .) - . 1717 . , , ; , « » Г 19. Г 245   , - (Andrei 2011: 146–147). - . 1819 . - 1821 . - – . , - - . - : - ; ; - . . XIX . . 1865 . , , , ( – , , .) - . - , - . XIX , - ; - ( - - ). (1873 .), - ; ( ) – - 246 Р 5. (1870–1914 .)   , ,, – (Eichengreen 1996: 17–18). 1879 . - , 1900 . , 1897 . . , XX . - – , ( - ). . 1898 ., - , 1895 ., - . 1898 . - ( , ) , . - , , (Ibid.: 19). « » , - , (Osterhammel 2014: 733). , - , , <…> - . - , - - - . , , 1890 ., - , - - (Ibid.: 734; . : Eichengreen 1996: 34). Г 19. Г 247   XIX . - . - , – , « » , . - , , , « » – , - . , , ( 1920- .) , , . - . ( , ) (Osterhammel 2014: 735). – , , – « »– - ; - , - (Obstfeld, Taylor 2004: 20). - , , . - (Ibid.: 195). XIX ., - , , . , 1848 . , 248 Р 5. (1870–1914 .)   10 (Eichengreen 1996: 13; Osterhammel 2014: 736). - , . - . 19.2. XIX . XIX . , - , – , - - . - - - , - . , - - . . ,« , , , , , , , . , , - , . – , , – , , , , - , … - , “ ”» ( 1986–1992, . 3: 501). , - , - , Г 19. Г 249   , , , - ( .: Postan 1978), - . , « » - XVI . - - , . , - - , , - – . , - . - , - (Neal 1990: 5–7; Obstfeld, Taylor 2004: 18) - , « , - »( 2006: 194). ,« , , , »( 1986–1992, . 2: 88). - « » - , - –« Wisselbank, 1609 , - .… , - - - 250 Р 5. (1870–1914 .)   » ( 2006: 195); « - : , , , »( 1986–1992, . 2: 87). , . , - - ( , . , ) - - ( , - ): « ; , - . XIX , » (Osterhammel 2014: 737). XIX . 1820 . , - , . 1850 . : - - , - - . 19.1 , , 1825 . 1855 . 1870 . 1900 . 1914 . 0,5 0,7 4,9 12,1 19,5 0,1 . . 2,5 5,2 8,6 . . . . . . 4,8 6,7 0,3 0,2 0,3 1,1 1,2 0 0 0 0,5 2,5 . . . . . . 0,1 0,2 И : Woodruff 1967: 150–159. Г 19. Г 251   , , - : 1) - ; 2) , ; 3) - ; 4) , - (Osterhammel 2014: 737). , XIX – XX . - , « » - . - – 80 % ( - , 2000 . 25 %) (Obstfeld, Taylor 2004: 55). - , .« - XIX . . , , , 1846–1848 . » (Ibid.). , - , 1914 . 4,1 6,6 - (20–33 )36 ( .: Twomey 2000: 42). - ; 30 % , 35 % – , - (Ibid.: 42). , ( ); - - , 15 % ( ) - . ,                                                              36 . 252 Р 5. (1870–1914 .)   – (Twomey 2000: 47). , , 50%- , , , - . , (Obstfeld, Taylor 2004: 55). 1870 . , , 7% , 1900–1914 ., , 20 %. , , - 1980- . (Ibid.: 55–56). (1900–1914 .) - . . , , . - : , . , , , , . - , « », - . - , , . - , , , (Osterhammel 2014: 737–738). , - - – , , Г 19. Г 253   , « - - » (Davis, Gallman 2001: 4). , 1870–1914 . 4–5 % , 8–10 % (Obstfeld, Taylor 2004: 60). - – (Davis, Gallman 2001: 5). - , , - – , , - . ( . ), , , . . (Ibid.). ( ) - : « » - ( , , ), ( , ), ( - - ) ( ); - 1913 . 100 400 - .« » ( 25 75 - ) - – , , , , , ( ) – , , , . ,« » - 25 ( 10 ) – , , , , .( . . 17.2). , « », , , - - . , - . 254 Р 5. (1870–1914 .)   19.2 – , 1913 . , , - - 1913 385 73 1914 275 70 1913 266 186 - 1913 202 140 1913 175 147 1913 114 74 1914 63 29 1913 59 35 1914 58 45 1910 54 46 1913 50 13 1914 48 15 1913 44 44 1913 41 14 1913 31 13 1911 29 24 1914 22 6 1913 17 10 1914 13 4 1914 12 11 1913 10 6 1914 10 9 9 4 1911 7 2 1914 6 2 1914 3 2 1914 2 1 И : Twomey 2000. Г 19. Г 255   - , , ( . . 19.3), – , - , . , - - 5 % , – 10 % (Obstfeld, Taylor 2004: 58–60). 19.3 % – , 1913 . 1 2 3 1913 248 173 - 1913 235 163 1913 197 127 1913 168 168 1913 156 42 1914 148 115 1913 146 23 1913 138 116 1910 119 101 1914 105 48 1914 103 32 1913 98 34 1914 80 20 1911 75 60 1913 65 34 1913 59 25 1914 53 47 1914 51 47 1913 49 29 1914 44 18 1914 43 11 1914 40 15 256 Р 5. (1870–1914 .)   . 19.3 1 2 3 1911 35 10 1913 25 16 1914 24 16 1914 14 6 И : Twomey 2000. , - . - ( 30 %), ( 35 %), ( ); - , 35 % (Twomey 2000: 154–157). - , ; - , - (Ibid.: 150). , XIX . - . - ; - , , - « » 80 % ( , 2000 . – « » 25 %). 1900– 1914 ., , 20 % – , 80- . XX . (Obstfeld, Taylor 2004: 55). ы: 1. - . 2. XIX .? Г 19. Г 257   я . 2017. . .: . Obstfeld M., Taylor A. M. 2004. Global Capital Markets: Integra- tion, Crisis, and Growth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Osterhammel J. 2014. The Transformation of the World: A Global History of the Nineteenth Century: A Global History of the Nineteenth Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Twomey M. 2000. A Century of Foreign Investment in the Third World. London; New York: Routledge. 258 Р 5. (1870–1914 .)   20. 20.1. XIX . XIX . - . . (Kuznets 1967), XIX . - 1–2 % . XIX . . 1850 . 5 %, 1880 – 10 %. 1880–1913 . - 12 % (Krugman 1995). ( ) - . - XIX . - . , XIX . , . 1800–1913 . - ( . . 20.1). 350 М лл ард  долларо 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 . 20.1. , 1990 . : Kuznets 1967; Krugman 1995; Maddison 2010. Г 20. Г 259   - XIX . – - , - . . , - , , . XIX . - , , , - . . , XIX . , - , . XIX . . , - . - XIX . ( . - 5), , - - , . - , , - , - . , . 260 Р 5. (1870–1914 .)   20.2. XIX . - - , - . , - , 1909 . . 1896, 1901 1906 . (NxN) - , N– . I- i- - . - , « » B , B. - , -  :  ; ( , ,  ); ( ́ , . .). ( NxN) - , , ( ). , - , - , , . (force- directed) , - « » , « » (Fruchterman, Reingold 1991). Г 20. Г 261   20.3. - - . – . , . , . , , – - , – - , – . - – . – , – , – . , « » , . 20–25 % . 1000 ( , 83– 90 % ). , ISO- ( . 1). , - , - . 1896 1906 . 2 . - 3 , - 1896, 1901 1906 .( . . 20.2–20.4). 262 Р л 5. З ф л л ц (1870–1914 .)   . 20.2. 1896 . ( ) И ч ик да ых: Department of Commerce and Labor, US Bureau of Sta- tistics 1909. 1896 . , . , RUS (= ), - DEU (= ) - FIN (= Ф ), AFG (= А - ) IRN (= ). Э , 1896 . , , Ф ,А . , - , - Гл 20. Гл л я я 263   . . 20.2 - XIX . - – Е ( ) ША. - (GBR), XIX . - . , . 20.3 20.4, ( - ) XIX – XX . . . 20.3. 1901 . ( ) И ч ик да ых: Department of Commerce and Labor, US Bureau of Sta- tistics 1909. 264 Р л 5. З ф л л ц (1870–1914 .)   ША . 1906 . ó , - . 20.2 . 20.4 , 10 , 1896 1906 ., - . . 20.4. 1906 . ( ) И ч ик да ых: Department of Commerce and Labor, US Bureau of Sta- tistics 1909. К , 1906 . , – Г 20. Г 265   XX . - - . 20.4. , - , . XIX . « - » - , – . - ( ) XX ., - XIX XX . , - . , , , , ; , , XIX . (Wilkins 2005: 48). , , - ; . - . - : 1) , ; 2) , - ; 3) , - ; 4) , (Idem 1970: 46). , . - (Singer Sewing Machine), . 1851 . ( ., : Ibid.: 37–40; Tu- 266 Р 5. (1870–1914 .)   gendhat 1973: 12–13). ; 1861 . - , ( , - , ), ( , , , , , . .). - - . , (1867 .). ( - - ). 1874 . - . 1879 . 26 , , , , , , , (Wilkins 2005: 73; 1970: 37–45). . ; 1870–1880- . , - . XX . - , , , , . (Ford Motor Company) 1903 .; - - . - , - , . 1904 . - - . (Dassbach 1988: 53; 65–66). 1907 . ( ), 1910 . , - . 1908 . ; Г 20. Г 267   , ( - , ). , 1913 . . - - (Dassbach 1988: 68–70). , - , 1913 . - – . - – 70 % , (Ibid.: 75, 77; . : Moore, Lewis 2000: 230). , , . 1914 . , - – , , - . - – (1916 .), (1922 .), (1924 .), (1924 .), (1925/ 1926 .) . . (Ibid.: 81, 90). « » (General Motors) 1908 . 1910 . - , ; (Ibid.: 118). « - » ; 1923 . , (1924 .) - , (1925 .) (Ibid.: 142). . , - (New York Life In- surance Co) . 1870- . - - , , , - 268 Р 5. (1870–1914 .)   , , , , , - . , - , - – - , , , . 40 « , - » (Wilkins 1970: 64–65). - , . . , - , , , - , . - . –« - , , , - . - » (Idem 1988: 15). , , - , . , . 100 - 1970 . 14 - 1914 . (Stopford 1974: 315–316). / , , - - . , « » (British American Tobacco), , - , , , , - , , (Ibid.: 316). - « » (Royal Dutch Shell), , - , , , (Stopford Г 20. Г 269   1974: 317). « » (Dunlop) (1892), (1893 .), (1909 .) . . (Jones 1986: 97). , , , . - . 1847 . « » (Siemens) 1858 ., - – 1855 . . . 1850- « » , , 1860- .– - . 1883 . « » - , (Allgemeine Elektri- zitats Gesellschaft), , 1900 . 120 - (Moore, Lewis 2000: 245; Schroeter 1993a: 28). « » (Bosch), - , 25 , 88 % - (Hertner 1986: 120). , (Franko 1976: 24–25). « » (Merck), - , 77 % ( 1900–1901 .), , , - , , - , - , , , . . (Hertner 1986: 115–116). , , - ( . : Schroeter 1993a: 31). , , - - , ( , ). , - « » (Nestle), 270 Р 5. (1870–1914 .)   . « » (Royal Dutch) , , , (Schroeter 1993b: 54, 68). « » (Fiat) , (Friderson 1986: 157). - ; « » (Renault), , 31 , , , , (Ibid.: 157–158). - ; , - (Moore, Lewis 2000: 253). - – XX . ы:  1. XIX .? 2. . 3. - ? я Tugendhat C. 1973. The Multinationals. London: Eyre & Spottis- woode. Wilkins M. 1970. The Emergence of Multinational Enterprise: American Business Abroad from the Colonial Era to 1914. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Wilkins M. 1988. European and North American Multinationals, 1870–1914: Comparisons and Contrasts. Business History 30: 8–45. Wilkins M. 2005. Multinational Enterprise to 1930: Discontinuities and Continuities / Ed. by A. D. Chandler, B. Mazlish, pp. 45–80. Levia- thans. Multinational Corporations and the New Global History. Cam- bridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Г 21. Г 271   21. , , - , , - , . ., . , , . . , - ( - , , , , , ), , - ( 17,4 % XVIII . 30,8 % XIX .), ( 26,3 100,4 ) (Lucassen J., Lucassen L. 2011: 304). . : … 1850- ., , , - , - , , . , , (McKeown 2011: 162). , . . , , ( ) - (Zelinsky 1971: 222). - , - ( , - 272 Р 5. (1870–1914 .)   , ), - , « » - , XIX ., , , - ( ., : Lucassen J., Lucassen L. 2009: 348). - , , - - , - , - ( - ). - , XIX – XX .: ( ) - , - – ( ), ( ) ( ). 21.1. 21.1.1. 1820–1930 . , - , 55–60 , 35,4 1870 1915 . ( . : Nugent 1992: 29–30). 15 XX ., - 1–1,5 (Livi-Bacci 2012b: 53). 1840–1932 . - 18 , 11,1 - , 6,5 , 5,2 - , 4,9 , 2,9 , 2,1 (Ibid.). , 30 % , 1815 1914 ., (Gould 1979: 609). 1890–1914 . Г 21. Г 273   30 % , - , 5% , - . - – , - 47 % (Hatton, Williamson 1994: 5). - . , , 1815–1930 ., 22 % , 19 % - , 14 % ,9% ( ), 12 % . , 6 . , , , ; - - , . . , 1860–1930 . , 3,5 ; - - 1881–1910 . - , (Baines 1994: 44). – . 1820–1940 . 60 - , 32–34 37 ,6 ,5 , - ,4 1 , 700 . (Gabaccia 2013: 67; Livi-Bacci 2012b: 53). 3,5 - (Baines 1994: 44). ; 3 , - , (Gabaccia 2013: 67; McKeown 2004). - , , , - , XIX – XX . 3.                                                              37 , 7,2 (Baines 1994: 44). 274 Р 5. (1870–1914 .)   XIX – XX . . - 1861 1920 ., 30 ( 1820–1987 . 54 ) (Castles et al. 2014: 90). 1920 . , 13,9 , , - 13,2 % (Briggs 1984: 77). - , : 76 % , 1868 1910 ., - 15–40 (O’Rourke, Williamson 2001: 123). , XIX . ( ), ( ). 1871–1881 . 353 . ; 10 903 .: - 438 . 1108 . ( . McInnis 1994: 139). 1871–1880 . 109,3 1000 – , . - 243,1 1000 (Ibid.: 141). 1820- 1860- . - - , , . - 1870- .; 1870 1920 . 3,4 - , 860 . (Hoerder 2002: 360). , - . 1860–1880- . - - Г 21. Г 275   . 1880- ., (1887–1889); - ( ). 1891–1903 . 67 . - ; - 240 . ; - 30 . 1891–1903 . 150 . 1904–1913 . (Taylor 1994: 93–94). 1869 1914 . 6 , - 2,7 . , 1,7 7,9 . 1914 . 58 % (Hoerder 2002: 359). - , , . - , . - , . - , (Castles et al. 2014: 92). , - ( 767 . - 1861–1900 . 388 . - - ), . - « » (Taylor 1994: 100). 276 Р 5. (1870–1914 .)   21.1.2. . - . , , - ́ : 1) - - ; 2) - - ( 20- ), - . (Easterlin 1961); 3) , , - , (Hatton, Williamson 1994: 9; . : Livi- Bacci 2012b: 49). . ш ы - - . 1870 . ( , , ), , 136 % - ( , , , - , , , , , , ). 1895 . 100 %, 1913 . 87 %, , , 49 43 (O'Rourke et al. 1994: 206–208). - 1870 . 108 %, 1910 . – 85 %, , - - 128 % (Taylor, Williamson 1997: 41). – , 134 % 168 %, 86 %; Г 21. Г 277   342 % 374 %, 240 %. 90 % 76 %, – 42 %; 135 % 210 %, 90 %. , , , (Taylor, Williamson 1997: 39–42). ы я - . 7, XIX . - , , - - . XIX . . - . , - 1861 1910 . 20 . , 20 - , , , - , . . - . , ( ) - . - , 20- , 10- - (Easterlin 1961). , , - , . , ы , - 278 Р 5. (1870–1914 .)   - . , - , . XVIII . - - 5–6 , 1880- . 1 . - (Livi-Bacci 2012b: 50–51). я - , - . - (Home- stead Act) 1862 . , , - 160 (65 ) 10 . 1873 . , , , , - , - . 1888 . - (Ibid.: 51–52). 21.1.3. 1850–1860- . - ; - , . , 40 % - 20 % - . - XIX . . . : - XIX XX ., , - Г 21. Г 279   . - , - – - , , – - . , , . . , - , , , , , , , , , - (McKeown 2011: 163). , – 1880- . . 1882 . - (Chinese Exclusion Act), , . - , , 1885 . – 50 , 1903 . 500 , . ( ) 1865 . ( - ). 1903 . - - . . XX . 5% 1% (Hoerder 2002: 401–402; McKeown 2013: 82–83). , , - , - 280 Р 5. (1870–1914 .)   . - . , , , . , - 1850 1924 . - – 38 % , 28 % , 11 % . 80 % – (Hoerder 2002: 357). . , « - » XIX . - . , - , , - , - - (Taylor 1994: 110). , - XIX – XX . . , « », - ( ). 21.2. - - - . , - - , - . XIX . - ( , ), ( , Г 21. Г 281   .). - XIX . - – , . 21.2.1. - - ; XVIII . (Sunderland 2014: 55–70). XVII XVIII . , - (Kessler 2014: 81). - XIX .; 1880- . - (Ibid.: 82). XIX . - , . , , , , 1678–1915 . 5 , 3,5 1897–1915 . (Mironov 2000: 19). - , 1801–1914 . 5,7 , 700 . , 6,4 . , - 7 (Treadgold 1957: 13, 33). 1801 1850 . 375 . . 1851–1890 . - 1,1 , 1891–1914 .– 4,2 700 . . , 1900 . 1,7 % 282 Р 5. (1870–1914 .)   (Hoerder 2002: 319; Treadgold 1957). XIX ., 1850- ., 1860- , - 1870- , 1880- - , 1908–1909 ., - 300 . (Treadgold 1957: 32–33). , - , 1880- ., , , . I 1822 . - . 1843 . – - 35 , - , . - ( 1860- .) 350 . (Ibid.: 27–29). 1860- . ; 3 - 100 ( , 15 , ) ( 1968: 25–26). 1861 . ( 20 , - 10 1882 1892 .) - , 20 . . (Treadgold 1957: 70). XIX . ( 1968: 20). - Г 21. Г 283   - . 1880- ., - . , , , ( 1996: 39). - 13 1889 . « , ». - - , , - . 3 , ( 2012: 127). - - , 1891 .; – . 1917 . 8281 , 1507 , - . 1896 ., , 10 0,5 . ; - ( , 2008: 71–81, 92; 1996: 41). , XX . - . . : 1905 1915 . . - 284 Р 5. (1870–1914 .)   - , . –« - ». . , 3–4 . - , , … , - , - , - . , , . , , - , . - … - . … - - . … - - , , .… - , - . - , - . 34 - 0,5 ., 1917 . – 500 - ( 1996: 47–48). - – 393 . 1897 . 1 1913 .; , , , , 100 . ( , 2008: 80–82). - 7,6 1900 . 12,6 1912 . ( 1996: 53). Г 21. Г 285   21.2.2. . 1680 1850 . - 12 ; - (McKeown 2014: 284). XIX . 1940- . ; 1891 . 25 (Umeno 2014: 307). 16,7 ( - 1891–1942 .) ( . . 21.1). , , , . , XIX . - (Ibid.: 309). 2000 1500 1000 500 0 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 М рац    К та    Ман ч ур М рац    Ман ч ур    К та . 21.1. , , , . ., 1891–1942 . И : Gottshang, Lary 2000: 169. 286 Р 5. (1870–1914 .)   (1900–1903), - 1911 ., (1927–1929), - . - (Reardon-Anderson 2005: 98). - - , ., XIX - , , , - 14 118 ( ., : Malkov, Zinkina, Korotayev 2012). - - ( , , - - , ). , , (Reardon-Anderson 2005: 72–73). - « » 1911 .; - . , , 1931 ., , 90 % 1911 . (Umeno 2014: 320). XIX . - - . - , , : 1) , , ; 2) - Г 21. Г 287   , - (Reardon- Anderson 2005: 71). - , i min shih pien – (Lee 1970: 127; Reardon-Anderson 2005: 71). - , , - , 6 (1 - 500 ); 9 , - , , 4 45 (1 = 10 ). - 36 45 ; 32 - , 4 , , . . 4 (Lee 1970: 129). ; - , . ( 1820 1910 .) - , - – 25 . , - 11 , – 14 (Reardon-Anderson 2005: 79, 82). 21.2.3. XIX . , , . - - . 1850 . (Billington, Ridge 1982: 289). , XIX . 288 Р 5. (1870–1914 .)   . - – , - , 142 . (1845 .) 212 . 1850 . (Billington, Ridge 1982: 449). 1842–1843 . , - 1848 . . - . . 1860 . - - , , , - , , , - (Merk 1978: 431). - , - . , « , , , , - . - » (Ibid.: 575). , , - , - . , - , - 1850- 1871 . , . - - (Ibid.: 573). Г 21. Г 289   - , - , . - - , , – . - - , - , 1880–1885 . (Billington, Ridge 1982: 611, 620–624). , - 93 . 1860 . 1,5 1880 .; 37 . 1,8 (Ibid.: 620). , ( ), , . - , , - – , - , , . - , «dry farming» – 12–14 , - - . , - ́ - (Ibid.: 630–633). , , - . , - . , - . , , - , , , 290 Р 5. (1870–1914 .)   . ́ , - , (Merk 1978: 433; Billington, Ridge 1982: 630– 636). , - – , (10- ) , ( 7,5 ). 1890 . - 135 (Billington, Ridge 1982: 636). – , 1862 . - , - , , , , 160 - 10 (Merk 1978: 433). - , - 1860 . - ( - ), , , - . « - » . - - 800 , - , - . - - , . . (Ibid.: 433, 472). Г 21. Г 291   - ( ), 1870–1890 . - . 30 XIX , . , 407 189 1607–1870 . 1870–1900 . 430 225 (Billington, Ridge 1982: 644). - , ( , , « - » 1880–1890 . 1 ) (Ibid.: 645). 21.3. , XIX . « ». - . , , . ( , , ) – - . . , , - - , - XIX . (Hoerder 2002: 331–332). - , , - ( . 8). - XIX – XX ., , - – . - – - , . 292 Р 5. (1870–1914 .)   ы: 1. - ? 2. ? 3. - ? 4. - ? я . . 1996. XX . , , , я, - . : - . Billington R. A., Ridge M. 1982. Westward Expansion. A History of the American Frontier. 5th ed. New York, NY: MacMillan Publishing Co; London: Collier MacMillan Publishers. Castles S., de Haas H., Miller M. J. 2014. The Age of Migration. In- ternational Population Movements in the Modern World. 5th ed. New York, NY; London: The Guilford Press. Hoerder D. 2002. Cultures in Contact. World Migrations in the Sec- ond Millennium. Durham; London: Duke University Press. Livi-Bacci M. 2012. A Short History of Migration. Cambrdige, UK: Polity Press. Reardon-Anderson J. 2005. Reluctant Pioneers. China’s Expansion Northward, 1644–1937. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. че ие 293   Е Е. Е XX . - . - : , - , , , - - . « »( . 2016); , , - - - . В - , - XIX XX . К - ? - , . . В XIX . , - ( А ) ( , - ). В XX . - ( – XIX . - , XX . ). - - 294  иче г и и .Т 2   , XIX . , XX . . - .В - ( - ) , - . я я. В XIX . , В : - , - XVIII . - XIX . , , - , А , , – . В XIX . - ВВ , 2000- . «В ». - . В XIX . - - - - . - , - XX . .В . - - XIX . - . . . - - XIX . . .В че ие 295   XIX . - – - XX ., - - - . .В - XIX . . В XIX . - , - , , , . . - ; ( - , , , , - . .) . В XX . ( - ) . - . В , , , . В XIX . - . - , XIX . – - , , ( ) , , , . - , XIX–XX . ; . . - « » - , XX . - – - , « »; - 296  иче г и и .Т 2   – - , , . - XIX . - , . я . В XIX – XX . - . , - .К - – , , . В - , , , . - , « » - . « » , . , ( - ), ( - - ) ( - - А, - ; , ( ), А( ) К ( ). . , XIX - - , XX . П и и 1 297   ИЛ И 1 Т х к ы к ы, щ Т и 1 Ʉɨɞ ɋɬɪɚɧɚ Ʉɨɞ ɋɬɪɚɧɚ Ʉɨɞ ɋɬɪɚɧɚ ABW Ⱥɪɭɛɚ AFG Ⱥɮɝɚɧɢɫɬɚɧ AGO Ⱥɧɝɨɥɚ ALB Ⱥɥɛɚɧɢɹ AND Ⱥɧɞɨɪɪɚ ARE ɈȺɗ ARG Ⱥɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɚ ARM Ⱥɪɦɟɧɢɹ AUS Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɢɹ AUT Ⱥɜɫɬɪɢɹ AZE Ⱥɡɟɪɛɚɣɞɠɚɧ BDI Ȼɭɪɭɧɞɢ BEL Ȼɟɥɶɝɢɹ BEN Ȼɟɧɢɧ BFA Ȼɭɪɤɢɧɚ-Ɏɚɫɨ BGD Ȼɚɧɝɥɚɞɟɲ BGR Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɢɹ BHR Ȼɚɯɪɟɣɧ BHS Ȼɚɝɚɦɵ BIH Ȼɨɫɧɢɹ ɢ BLR Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ Ƚɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɚ BLZ Ȼɟɥɢɡ BMU Ȼɟɪɦɭɞɵ BOL Ȼɨɥɢɜɢɹ BRA Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɹ BRB Ȼɚɪɛɚɞɨɫ BRN Ȼɪɭɧɟɣ BTN Ȼɭɬɚɧ BWA Ȼɨɬɫɜɚɧɚ CAF ɐȺɊ CAN Ʉɚɧɚɞɚ CHE ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɹ CHL ɑɢɥɢ CHN Ʉɢɬɚɣ CIV Ʉɨɬ-ɞ’ɂɜɭɚɪ CMR Ʉɚɦɟɪɭɧ COD Ⱦɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟ- COG Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ COL Ʉɨɥɭɦɛɢɹ ɫɤɚɹ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢ- Ʉɨɧɝɨ ɤɚ Ʉɨɧɝɨ CPV Ʉɚɛɨ-ȼɟɪɞɟ CRI Ʉɨɫɬɚ-Ɋɢɤɚ CUB Ʉɭɛɚ CYP Ʉɢɩɪ CZE ɑɟɯɢɹ DEU Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ DJI Ⱦɠɢɛɭɬɢ DNK Ⱦɚɧɢɹ DOM Ⱦɨɦɢɧɢɤɚɧ- ɫɤɚɹ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ DZA Ⱥɥɠɢɪ ECU ɗɤɜɚɞɨɪ EGY ȿɝɢɩɟɬ ERI ɗɪɢɬɪɟɹ ESH Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ ESP ɂɫɩɚɧɢɹ ɋɚɯɚɪɚ EST ɗɫɬɨɧɢɹ ETH ɗɮɢɨɩɢɹ FIN Ɏɢɧɥɹɧɞɢɹ FJI Ɏɢɞɠɢ FRA Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ GAB Ƚɚɛɨɧ GBR ȼɟɥɢɤɨ- GEO Ƚɪɭɡɢɹ GHA Ƚɚɧɚ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɹ GIN Ƚɜɢɧɟɹ GMB Ƚɚɦɛɢɹ GNB Ƚɜɢɧɟɹ-Ȼɢɫɚɭ GNQ ɗɤɜɚɬɨɪɢɚɥɶ- GRC Ƚɪɟɰɢɹ GRL Ƚɪɟɧɥɚɧɞɢɹ ɧɚɹ Ƚɜɢɧɟɹ GTM Ƚɜɚɬɟɦɚɥɚ GUY Ƚɚɣɚɧɚ HKG Ƚɨɧɤɨɧɝ 298 И ич яг и и .Т 2   р и Т . 1 Ʉɨɞ ɋɬɪɚɧɚ Ʉɨɞ ɋɬɪɚɧɚ Ʉɨɞ ɋɬɪɚɧɚ HND Ƚɨɧɞɭɪɚɫ HRV ɏɨɪɜɚɬɢɹ HTI Ƚɚɢɬɢ HUN ȼɟɧɝɪɢɹ IDN ɂɧɞɨɧɟɡɢɹ IND ɂɧɞɢɹ IRL ɂɪɥɚɧɞɢɹ IRN ɂɪɚɧ IRQ ɂɪɚɤ ISL ɂɫɥɚɧɞɢɹ ISR ɂɡɪɚɢɥɶ ITA ɂɬɚɥɢɹ JAM əɦɚɣɤɚ JOR ɂɨɪɞɚɧɢɹ JPN əɩɨɧɢɹ KAZ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧ KEN Ʉɟɧɢɹ KGZ Ʉɵɪɝɵɡɫɬɚɧ KHM Ʉɚɦɛɨɞɠɚ KOR Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ KWT Ʉɭɜɟɣɬ Ʉɨɪɟɹ LAO Ʌɚɨɫ LBN Ʌɢɜɚɧ LBR Ʌɢɛɟɪɢɹ LBY Ʌɢɜɢɹ LIE Ʌɢɯɬɟɧɲɬɟɣɧ LKA ɒɪɢ-Ʌɚɧɤɚ LSO Ʌɟɫɨɬɨ LTU Ʌɢɬɜɚ LUX Ʌɸɤɫɟɦɛɭɪɝ LVA Ʌɚɬɜɢɹ MAR Ɇɚɪɨɤɤɨ MDA Ɇɨɥɞɨɜɚ MDG Ɇɚɞɚɝɚɫɤɚɪ MEX Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɚ MKD Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢɹ MLI Ɇɚɥɢ MLT Ɇɚɥɶɬɚ MMR Ɇɶɹɧɦɚ MNE ɑɟɪɧɨɝɨɪɢɹ MNG Ɇɨɧɝɨɥɢɹ MOZ Ɇɨɡɚɦɛɢɤ MRT Ɇɚɜɪɢɬɚɧɢɹ MUS Ɇɚɜɪɢɤɢɣ MWI Ɇɚɥɚɜɢ MYS Ɇɚɥɚɣɡɢɹ NAM ɇɚɦɢɛɢɹ NER ɇɢɝɟɪ NGA ɇɢɝɟɪɢɹ NIC ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɭɚ NLD ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɵ NOR ɇɨɪɜɟɝɢɹ NPL ɇɟɩɚɥ NZL ɇɨɜɚɹ Ɂɟɥɚɧɞɢɹ OMN Ɉɦɚɧ PAK ɉɚɤɢɫɬɚɧ PAN ɉɚɧɚɦɚ PER ɉɟɪɭ PHL Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɢɧɵ PNG ɉɚɩɭɚ – ɇɨɜɚɹ Ƚɜɢɧɟɹ POL ɉɨɥɶɲɚ PRI ɉɭɷɪɬɨ-Ɋɢɤɨ PRK ɄɇȾɊ PRT ɉɨɪɬɭɝɚɥɢɹ PRY ɉɚɪɚɝɜɚɣ PSE ɉɚɥɟɫɬɢɧɚ QAT Ʉɚɬɚɪ REU Ɋɟɸɧɶɨɧ ROU Ɋɭɦɵɧɢɹ RUS Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ RWA Ɋɭɚɧɞɚ SAU ɋɚɭɞɨɜɫɤɚɹ Ⱥɪɚɜɢɹ SDN ɋɭɞɚɧ SEN ɋɟɧɟɝɚɥ SGP ɋɢɧɝɚɩɭɪ SLE ɋɶɟɪɪɚ-Ʌɟɨɧɟ SLV ɋɚɥɶɜɚɞɨɪ SOM ɋɨɦɚɥɢ SRB ɋɟɪɛɢɹ SSD ɘɠɧɵɣ ɋɭɞɚɧ SUR ɋɭɪɢɧɚɦ SVK ɋɥɨɜɚɤɢɹ SVN ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢɹ SWE ɒɜɟɰɢɹ SWZ ɋɜɚɡɢɥɟɧɞ SYR ɋɢɪɢɹ TCD ɑɚɞ TGO Ɍɨɝɨ THA Ɍɚɢɥɚɧɞ TJK Ɍɚɞɠɢɤɢɫɬɚɧ TKM Ɍɭɪɤɦɟɧɢɫɬɚɧ TTO Ɍɪɢɧɢɞɚɞ TUN Ɍɭɧɢɫ ɢ Ɍɨɛɚɝɨ П и и 1 299   и Т . 1 Ʉɨɞ ɋɬɪɚɧɚ Ʉɨɞ ɋɬɪɚɧɚ Ʉɨɞ ɋɬɪɚɧɚ TUR Ɍɭɪɰɢɹ TWN Ɍɚɣɜɚɧɶ TZA Ɍɚɧɡɚɧɢɹ UGA ɍɝɚɧɞɚ UKR ɍɤɪɚɢɧɚ URY ɍɪɭɝɜɚɣ USA ɋɒȺ UZB ɍɡɛɟɤɢɫɬɚɧ VEN ȼɟɧɟɫɭɷɥɚ VNM ȼɶɟɬɧɚɦ YEM Ƀɟɦɟɧ ZAF ɘȺɊ ZMB Ɂɚɦɛɢɹ ZWE Ɂɢɦɛɚɛɜɟ 300 И ич яг и и .Т 2   ИЛ И 2 В л ц я л ль е 1896 1906 . 1909 . (Department of Commerce and Labor, US Bureau of Statistics 1909), 1896 1906 . , (Csardi, Nepusz 2006; Bojanowski 2015; Butts 2008; 2014) R (R Core Team 2017). (NxN) , N– . I- - , i- . ( NxN) , , ( - ). , , 1896 . 101 , N = 101. , , , - . - (force-directed) - , « » , - « » ( Ф – ) (Fruchterman, Reingold 1991). , - , . , - . ( ) - . , . П и и 2 301   1896 1906 . В - . - ( - ). Ц , . , . , , – - ,Ю – - , Ц – . А - – , Ю А – , А – ,А – . 30 % ( ). В - , ISO ( . При и 1). 302 И ич яг и и .Т 2   1896 WORLD TRADE NETWORK При ча и : 101 . - 1115 ( 1 ); - , 32,96 %. П и и 2 303   1897 WORLD TRADE NETWORK   При ча и : 103 . - 1249 ( 1 ); - , 32,38 %. 304 И ич яг и и .Т 2   1898 WORLD TRADE NETWORK   При ча и : 105 . - 1325 ( 1 ); - , 30,75 %. П и и 2 305   1899 WORLD TRADE NETWORK   При ча и : 105 . - 1337 ( 1 ); - , 30,65 %. 306 И ич яг и и .Т 2   1900 WORLD TRADE NETWORK   При ча и : 105 . - 1380 ( 1 ); - , 30,38 %. П и и 2 307   1901 WORLD TRADE NETWORK   При ча и : 104 . - 1379 ( 2 ); - , 30,86 %. 308 И ич яг и и .Т 2   1902 WORLD TRADE NETWORK   При ча и : 104 . - 1373 ( 2 ); - , 30,22 %. П и и 2 309   1903 WORLD TRADE NETWORK   При ча и : 104 . - 1377 ( 1 ); - , 29,37 %. 310 И ич яг и и .Т 2   1904 WORLD TRADE NETWORK   При ча и : 104 . - 1378 ( 1 ); - , 29,34 %. П и и 2 311   1905 WORLD TRADE NETWORK   При ча и : 104 . - 1378 ( 1 ); - , 29,34 %. 312 И ич яг и и .Т 2   1906 WORLD TRADE NETWORK   При ча и : 104 . - 1378 ( 1 ); - , 29,34 %. П и и 3 313   ИЛ И 3 В а а я а ы а ы 1870–1924 . И , (Ferenczi, Willcox 1929), XIX – XX . , (Csardi, Nepusz 2006) R (R Core Team 2017). Н , Ш , К , , . Н – , Ш 1870–1879 . . , , - Ш 1870–1879 . - .Е - , « » . ( ). Н ( Ш , ) . Н . 314 И ич яг и и .Т 2   М ац СШ (1870–1879) П и и 3 315   М ац СШ (1880–1889) 316 И ич яг и и .Т 2   М ац СШ (1890–1899) П и и 3 317   М ац СШ (1900–1904) 318 И ич яг и и .Т 2   М ац СШ (1905–1909) П и и 3 319   М ац СШ (1910–1914) 320 И ич яг и и .Т 2   М ац СШ (1915–1919) П и и 3 321   М ац СШ (1920–1924) 322 И ич яг и и .Т 2   М ац Кана (1901–1904)   П и и 3 323   М ац Кана (1905–1909)   324 И ич яг и и .Т 2   М ац Кана (1910–1914)   П и и 3 325   М ац Кана (1915–1920)   326 И ич яг и и .Т 2   М ац а л (1850–1859)   П и и 3 327   М ац а л (1860–1869)   328 И ич яг и и .Т 2   М ац а л (1870–1879)   П и и 3 329   М ац а л (1880–1889)   330 И ич яг и и .Т 2   М ац а л (1890–1899)   П и и 3 331   М ац а л (1900–1904)   332 И ич яг и и .Т 2   М ац а л (1905–1909)   П и и 3 333   М ац а л (1910–1914)   334 И ич яг и и .Т 2   М ац а л (1915–1919)   П и и 3 335   М ац а л (1920–1924)   336 И ич яг и и .Т 2   М ац ал (1902–1904)   П и и 3 337   М ац ал (1905–1909)   338 И ич яг и и .Т 2   М ац ал (1910–1914)   П и и 3 339   М ац ал (1915–1917)   340 И ич яг и и .Т 2   М ац н н (1857–1859)   П и и 3 341   М ац н н (1860–1869)   342 И ич яг и и .Т 2   М ац н н (1870–1879)   П и и 3 343   М ац н н (1880–1889)   344 И ич яг и и .Т 2   М ац н н (1890–1899)   П и и 3 345   М ац н н (1900–1904)   346 И ич яг и и .Т 2   М ац н н (1905–1909)   П и и 3 347   М ац н н (1910–1914)   348 И ич яг и и .Т 2   М ац н н (1915–1919)   П и и 3 349   М ац н н (1920–1924)   350 И о иче яг о и и . 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