‘বাঙালিত্ববাদ’: জাতীয়তাবাদী ইতিহাস-রচনার রাজনীতি

k´mu S k´JK∂T ‘mJXJKufômJh’ oNu iJrJr AKfyJx-rYjJ~ ßTPªs gJPT rJ\J-rJ\zJ mJ rJÓsjJ~TPhr V·Ç kMr∆wPhr mLrVJgJÇ k´mu \JKfr ßTóZJÇ mJÄuJPhPvr mJXJKu 1952 ßgPT Êr∆ TPr hLWt xÄV´JPor ßnfr KhP~ 1971 Fr oMKÜpMP≠r oJiqPo FTKa k´mu \JKf KyPxPm IJKmnëtf yP~PZÇ F \JKf k´KfKjKifôvLu ùJj-YYtJTJrL KyPxPm jJjJ k´fúfJK•ôT VPmweJr oJiqPo IfLf xÄÛíKf \JjJr ßYÓJ TPr pJPóZÇ KT∂á yfJv yPf y~ pUj VPmwTPhr FPTmJPrA nJmPf ßhUJ pJ~ jJ, ßp AKfyJx/xÄÛíKf ßUÅJ\J yPóZ fJ TJPhr AKfyJx? FA AKfyJPx ‘mJXJKu’ mqfLf Ijq \JKfr ImhJPjr TgJ KT CKuäKUf yP~PZ mJ yPóZ? Vf x•r-IJKv mZr iPr rKYf ‘mJXJKu’ \JfL~fJmJhL AKfyJx IJr xm \JKfPT CiJS TPr ßh~Jr ùJjfJK•ôT pMKÜ VPz fáuPf KmPvw nëKoTJ kJuj TPrPZ, FmÄ TPr YPuPZÇ ‘\JfL~fJmJh’ TLnJPm AKfyJx-rYjJr VKfkgPT IKikKf \JKfr mLrfô VJgJr n~ÄTr kPg kKrYJKuf TPr fJ kptJPuJKYf yP~PZ mftoJj ßuUJr xoV´aJ \MPzÇ oJxCh AorJj oJjú M 2005 xJu ßgPT \JyJñLrjVr KmvõKmhqJuP~r k´fúf•ô KmnJPV KvãTfJ TrPZjÇ Fo Klu KcKV´ (2012) FA KmnJV ßgPTA; ˚JfPTJ•r kptJP~ \JKm-r xm IjMwh S AjKˆKaCPar oPiq xPmtJóY jÍr kJS~Jr \jq ˝etkhT kJj (2003)Ç U§TJuLj KvãT KyPxPm kJbvJuJ: xJCg FKv~Jj KoKc~J AjKˆKaCa ‘KâP~Kan rJAKaÄ’ ßTJxt kzJjÇ k´TJKvf mA: fÅJr xŒJKhf KâKaTqJu f•ôKY∂J (oSuJ msJhJxt, 2009), F.ßT.Fo vJyjJS~J\’xy oJjKYP© mJÄuJr AKfyJx (Imxr, 2011)Ç VPmweJ k´mº ßmKrP~PZ ßhPv S KmPhPvr KmKnjú \JjtJPu; Kuau oqJVJK\Pj jJaT, KY©TuJ’xy jJjJj k´mºÇ hMA hvT \MPz KgP~aJr YYtJr xPñ \KzfÇ IJ~, IJ~! ‘mJXJKufômJh’ \JfL~fJmJhL AKfyJx-rYjJr rJ\jLKf oJxCh AorJj oJjú M ISBN KxKr\ xŒJhT: ßryjMoJ IJyPoh 9 789843 388940 2 rJ\QjKfT xKyÄxfJr mKu mJÄuJPhPvr Kmkjú \joJjMwPT, pJrJ rJ\QjKfT xπJPxr YJkJKf ßTJPk, ßkPasJu ßmJoJr IJèPj, rqJm, kMKuPvr xJPg FjTJC≤JPr, âxlJ~JPr ITJPu k´Je yJKrP~PZj, KTÄmJ èo yP~ ßVPZj KYrfPr, IJr fJPhr ßxA InJVJ ˝\jPhr pJrJ yJKrP~ pJS~J oJjMwèPuJr \jq KnfPr-mJAPr k´KfKj~f ßTÅPhA YPuPZjÇ © xJ~Kh~J èur∆U C&xVt KvãJgLt KyPxPm ˚JfPTJ•r kPmt Kj\ CPhqJPV AKfyJPxr rJ\QjKfTIgtjLKfPT mM^Pf ßvUJ FmÄ TJ\ KyPxPm k´TJv TrJA KZu IJoJr Tíf IKikKf k´fúfP•ôr Kmr∆P≠ ùJjf k´go uzJAÇ Fr luJlu KyPxPm mJÄuJPhPvr k´nJmvJuL k´fúfJK•ôPTr k´mu k´KfPrJPir oMPU jJjJoJK©T IkmJhPT oJgJ~ KjP~ IJoJr KvãT yP~ SbJÇ mftoJj Kj~Kπf y~ IfLf ÆJrJ FmÄ nKmwqf Kj~Kπf y~ mftoJj ÆJrJ - IgtJ&, AKfyJx nJmjJr rJ\QjKfT-IgtjLKfA IJoJr KvãTfJr oNu oπÇ ßv´eLTPã IJKo FT\j KvãT yP~ CKb KvãJgLtr xKâ~fJr oJiqPoÇ xKâ~ KvãJgLtPhr TJrPe k´Kf TîJPx IJKo KvãT KyPxPm IJoJr rJ\jLKf yPuJ, IJVJoLr mJÄuJPhPv KvãJgLt Kj\ x∂JjPT ßpj ßxA IfLPfr m~Jj KhPf kJPr pJ yPm xTu \JKfr IÄvV´yeoNuT Km-CkKjPmKvf FTKa AKfyJxÇ VPmwT KyPxPm mM^Pf IJV´yL- xJÄÛíKfT \JfL~ GKfyq (national cultural heritage) KyPxPm kKrKYf k´fú˙JPjr xJPg mJXJKu-oMxKuo \JfL~fJmJhL x•ôJr xÄTa, AKfyJx KTnJPm kMr∆Pwr ßVRrPmr VP· kKref y~, Tgq AKfyJxPT AKfyJPxr xyPpJVL KyPxPm mqmyJPrr xÄTa k´níKfÇ K\IJAFx xy IjqJjq TKŒCaJr Kjntr ßaTPjJuK\PT mqmyJr TPr oJjMPwr xJPg \KoPjr xŒTtPT mM^Pf ßYÓJ TrJ IJoJr IJVsPyr IPjTaJ \MPz IJPZÇ oJxCh AorJj oJjú M k´fúf•ô KmnJV, \JyJñLrjVr KmvõKmhqJu~ q{r! ,l';l,l {lfi sqlFr{Q !8q)/cE flIi to)a (l.lnl,r{. ,rIrr)l\el{ nf4 {iq]IEl.k Ii,E .l4xlrilr.4., ,lldt ll\slnlqiF {ST(Ti (flrfl. ,,rr.!tn ({lrltn \1te[n. Ti], {afiE 'l1fu {ll?t ,llnnlo{l (n, o,)Fll]l(i rtriFlF €llq {fiLTpd. lir.I rx o(I (rl(D.l fF{qC<. ulii ('rl ,ilu]rll 4\er4.ld rr]dt qfiGt ru€Ir tllil(qln o,r ls,,li att(< qFifr{E (a[il ?ufiqfi'l ql${sRtft?trcl{-fi-{FrldG fiqBh Erda rE n(ntr,r Ffiq aq&{, a€{fl qEc{q ,&,lSu d@x {rrha1F,err 'FI] fi1s ql&{ r "{<et$ fiErn rFEr )st) + c<.{fi to)c 6l'rn: Frj st. atqlt {h{ dn € dE rTECi Fir .rtEa qra!. T"Fd t-Farn ,! ql qr laEd. {r, Ttrc s+i qllh E&d, ql q{ TI{F6;T1{ t<t't cr4lq d$, itT{n {fr{ 1FIFmi qrFfu {<mern n!d F! qEFr{I J eliFiF s "tii-a<.t+, f+ 1S, il& ou, lyr )a q (ngi) {F{E-)tob. Ef+T. (qqtE l r'r+. .eao/t 5rq k{El-n R clr{S dEr.F, EFFr-)ooo. Crlitl 6, o))hb Eerb)\, lS lfuom .{l ca6< m, leo ft{ (1llnEt trmr $d o M}ud L,,,n '{lfr{{E , ar}lr.il<ra tfr.rithrin {E{r nErtfo .ll.',x.'hfl,,hrad. l/u\drhdd,,dhJ.h nch,",,, r.,r,.,,1 lllr,(.,l,qn: fh. pul,!ic.,,r nauui.I.r hr..,". ui,r!,A/ Ptubolo Prinnl , ).s lr{{ fotm: c{rs sl{+qmi Iq-{/rFr!i !!i t!t-{: :Ilaf./f{ cn-t,A O 6E1s{" ISttN 9 ?ll9fl4:t 3889411 i'fir € (F{',lt <til t sl{t-Efrr qlqrs|{tc' lG{trrrd rF c{lq'tfi Y&- u tlr {E rtt i.F {sqli'l{+ qr,'e qefr prl.Ca< fiil.t ntnfa ) q{qq: {q, {T, "lg, ril-g, <li.TE € rysn rf@l ffifrG iTql - Grqai ql{rq]sk lei t.rl l\'l'li. Nrihi8yao ialSun 1.121 Februarv 20t5 l\'l'|\1tr11 l,y I)rik &xlks. publishing partncr Ncw Aac qtistFr qEl{{ nMFRll qfi.iIft', ffi <tdt< qn GiI<,ltrnm{ nfr 61frr{Fl{q ).{ O$r<Frcq, qr, lfucE-'fld € ssqg @ <rq S1foTl{lr e {fi4 {k.rF qln6J< )..r 'qFi' Tr]{ 'qdr{', &frr 1( i bqftRFlT ifur- CFFPill T{R$it: fiG cq, ,ro cqqfis FB qqp, 6r<it )to, Et' ' $ t.'l i.{ EliE qE;Taq-i qtrt s 'tr< ifudiq Tfl{ E{ TEnqF q< q<q"R ryFo o <r w*tn - <6lfa <t(qIcq-ri< rliq s Efsq-"I{ ftT sr<&P {sql qsl 'qT tfsl< 1En Tdn ' n qi? {r@s qEn-t-qr<5TA {rs T{a <fi-{R. <tr.r fu qle{ERl&-r {liE <t'€]Irq qrq{sl<m< finfs' ll(|t(qrrfr ql&{vR|ft futbsr{ ffi ' r(4E l{sD ffi {Ig qlfuTsl s rfi4 qrl € (.tl{rqi <'1 qlq{sFt[E{ e.i' {rrfi ft tB(nl,t c!,T{ Bqfr[rl1 q{qfi qtq{sntfr"hslFN1ta' QBqlc-{E-{R <lqfte FdI? o.1 ,e.i 6 ))r8e-'Frq 1{ S","rl slst-&fu{ qlorv]llrrd qfrr{fu{' {qfi"r{R li'tftrs rtqs-,ff<d tfE{l4frfu <lsarEff qlq{sFtE si'r{ 8.4 'llliqlr rlEr{ qffi lF t{-r'd drr vflq, tl@ l ffi-<6,!< Mi{l {q|Iln 6qri5 ,f{v'F, rI{F ql&T ${r[r trffir {r qflI{r qt t m6'r e.q qffi rn qw['m l,jnD.rlll trq.r (qr. l&eI{-<F{rr q'R Tt{Eh ctnl{{t rfrrtr{ {B{.6n lfudcl q,Rr?r qlfu? .iM,(Ffi {$mq-efd d(Tfui' tfu'{'4, tEvn' {sfn s .f{:\rr' q+{'k q]& q fi.t ft nPr qt&d ,4{R? ffi M. qsfl ,9<'E wsR fi{l w1fr+ ur&<td fr{q c.i< qft-6 qR q? '{A-{ ftIz" a€{F ,t]-TS cqlTt q& e ot&rsrc+ fo< ct qr wlfi lircr{ qs$ft ftr oygtfu {vri lo!! fi64 c(fr<tr+< oirrn{ cn.tt,(A (eo ql@ q{ \o))) 'iFl {ri ' c!.d{ft fltsL{s,- '?(ql.(q-rfi q{.1"1 q& RcIr< <rgta ,e<( a..qfmft <ft$ ffi68 rt(<n EIlqTt8r.l 8.4 8.II is{I{ Tll f' n6rq',rd (rs q4E ro))) {trsE-fi EfqrTR ftm(< q. 1i1 f4 {€fi-e € fr-.Fft <<qt[Rrr{ ss{]fi-{ qqrE or , q F{m TRitGT.qn Gr+ qrFr.R q'rft-{ft q{'t.t .r{ii qsB frfi]g T6{ B"it"i{ Fr-T{ f q< stt ),tao qi E4rq CqA-{ {I.t q<( {6{tr{ .{ft{ -qrq,<T'.qm1) qffi, qi E{l1s qr[n TfilI qEs 8,ooo lqd t{Iri, erqrsq 'ffi itar<" qr aTlq {r{sr rb{tard qffi{ aqftFr.k qft 4lF-q1 fi, sl3d '?$rlq1" I skr 'g'rqt&" I <ltsGI[d {{{ETd qc lsrff''r< {rf.,,r rB$a{ ,afi em r{G {,r{ T1T@ {rsF 'rfiffi {3fii auffi' TEqq EI'f{ q,cfr{ "i' r 8 ;rT5fii+'t t il rfr4 ff{Ir \o)) ctrq q(frqjri? 'l$fi n((.i{n (eo fi ,lll 4l{rn { {IIi to)r) {Fl rir{ ,R sfu<Ent ffi' ffit ftrl ffi+lfr sqi R-{dft eFEH i'r{ u ql(i to)t tltaq! ,{Ti ,{{fi qffifi vq'i fr{dft cl6T.l ('d| {n r C|il({ fil m- ttnr[1 nfi(lc+< q$!i,l l.(.tl{i qfl 1 'l({(,1 6fiq qft+imr r+rn qfr\ 4 ${[n€ fdc tflfi f{qt {n vtBc!! cclfrs qs6&+ qtFr+rt f{,lot c i(il lrG {rfiR <Fr{!r etT qm qt{crt(ql(it! {mtrr1 ffi{l{rs Is Iclllar{l Eqq& rl r0 Tit l {In qqlfiq {dt <rsre I ...w{fl b ql'ra qdf|l qff.{li fr{q b{qrs fi&d qtn, wnm4 ! lrrtw qffi niGr aF{ir ifr{l{ {ifll tl{ c{Cflt trtt {r[ar I {{{ qt(.i6-{l € i{ir1l-cs ct,i'f(.l,ttlJ h{tr,tl{r[r FF{, frrtrq q<( r..<]t,tElr r-tiltri! ltl 'r{rf,r qflql {I&1T <l$Tlc[eR 6s@ ,qtfqcrll qittl {r{(tl ifr(lr{r wl r(6v{ q$rq !{!({ll llriq( qna q?fir )o 'qffi'fi ro ct't* to!8 qfirl ql['l iltel! flc {r lrlnv eFdFls ?Efr{' 4rd{ fiqtrtr{ "rdlm{ Tq q&fom"! sfuFqi ai{lFN qn r q{r6{ <ifi qn ffql{fu{ ffil{ c l(lt[fi ['fi r4l{ c{iFr, qffi (qq, I1{<f{{'m{{l qtt $0r frqEr r({lr ,if !$ ltfift cFn,lrrr \fcrrr,' ffi,:F{,' \rifu{'' {rrl ltll t tt' {tr{rfi vql ftfin cr$rn ,Rftr. q(q b ql'fi toll vtfu ffiR qfiFN aa" qra c{i ll$ fta e lrr.fo rt0r itftr qftq o<t Rffi dftBfi ErrnFr c(fi 'r{r[t[t{l rR ccrm cq. {st ffi{ {Erdt tqlffi' mt <l,<cm {rrIn r {l qH, qrdf{{ln {fr{[Tr CE{hTJr t(ie EC ffi{ rutfr ft< s i46z?-dzun vtfiidft -rtfr< s&.rq 'indigenous" i,jTqF or{a I' rfffl< J{r{$.1{Le, ql& s sr&{sF T{ciE{ fi-rd {<rn rrdfi q"Fr ci{6R qfu crfr$r{r q+q'l q('tl{ft e ss.tAh ,F{dTii< Tgr{] qFr{ qtrm qFa s c$BT{ srn \''F(E (6l{ Trsl.(Td a{cl.{ft-{ frfi e {ffi, ql{f{d< Ffr'nin cmmm, rmqfffi cqfl {'rq1l i'Nr{, {fslfr rrEl fr({ E{ qmcqr I q V{rq{ Efr rst{ drl, qds fio qffi e( gli qlfiiatft {{ ({dr <kfilE)- qrfi& nl{l-{ G-s fi-(n qqll-qrr4E{, 6i<-firgd T<l $n ltqlrB{ qnBffi, clc5Bo rfi, FJsr, n]Rer{, fiffn, ,alqftr 1iqrft4 qI!, Tftq q{q' 4frs cxtw{ iFIF ${< EG n{ fiTts, {({c{G]< s6iII, {s1mft-{r{, ftE{ s rliiFrd-{, ,'i ffi {l$II qtrEqs r" eq <Tsrfr m, d$Tracr"R q,Rl,R qlG{ qfr{€ ql fis16 cctEEEI(< q$l$q.l{{({{, q{EI{ TltE{ l' Qsrd& 'rr<Erft< (rs Eq1l ro))) nfrR &fr c{raF ?6'e tGqM, Eqt{{"t!-fi"l, s]? rfie ft-ler q<E qqr.r< E"i-FIr{H{ {ra, "$ E1Iq 1lslfr qlG (s qffi q{ iGEl{," \iR hlfr{ ffi flrq elg-sE - qfr STs {d&, "trfi <tBf{' sErs@ 4d eyqE{ cFr\rs 5R cl.qR <Er d s1{s cft qrn qll fiYT( ql E{.s qfr {fr{T qtq l<l.€lfcqrtr )c' 6dB rqrr? bb%]"))- qmr.rn ,4{sn sYgqfu F{ccz.r, qll]? qldq {rE ,41 oerq< efoqq € syq?s-dsflr{ qr{sq rdl q el{fi B(E?B ({ 1?$ {ECcd eEt( 16{r-,mrr (hr.t,ry) Gs el-{{st< {t'] fi lmqtq t6{c-$rd< t&{c (historiogtaphy))r +{r<rq t< qt ftfira Uqfts ({ fi ,{{r{srt4 ,I{E iG's t&{q {ss aRq .lfu{- nrlrR, afib c{fu - {T q{q,i-{ s(r l" In {rdk lfu{fcfrwlm !fo{'c-?E-d (hisrory) lG-{prd 6{'€ crlr{ q{rr{ wnfiffr{' Ilq cm - dft, frr, ql&, {d, r(lqslI< {IiI q{rr r lfufird {vm ftqnqr{ yt{ 'itr Tlql-TlqgEr '1,, I 6q.lTmr, Titr{t{om fi I tt|llcir fuunql I el{ut qflb-d c$Er lfu{q-rEdr a! frt{ t!v, lq lftr{cREzq< er{€ Trr F'-{E {ldR !fu{li-rr-fi for(l {q qFF <6's i&{.c< ?lBnF iefi c.r{R, ar{ '(ir{r tfr{E ql l6qrmd fiTivnr (sitences of hht,,ry)" d!ftr m r l$v l&<ft 6slq 1i{rn ftfi, crd +fi, Grf{ {rdR v\, rvr s rf,G ftr<sn+ ct{< clrs cRFl {r*. ar< frrn q (i ourdn ia q|{Er cFr6 (l {rdBt, qrrF@ GI!$ fi lf!{Ft-rt{'cr qfr i'iT.r{-q[d ir{{R c<&, slehFrt !fiEort [fn fi.ll,flFl vem'R c(ql cT{ "ro-ifr{l, 6{frs, fDE, sillrcilfl, Fir{$, q!(U {Ifr rtr.l at 'ur lqnfrr{e tfuql{-rEfid fr.{lar{ c(llszErk EF-vaB-4(Tfu{ Sqfiqi !I] ffiv (lo{Er{lff tfu{rfi c"CEr{ s Tr'?Icrrq, EAI sd qI( ltr,l)li( p.rccptiod Mre qrrqt qvr sqtf Efr+t "nrr ca ftrd qfr l-tr{'ffi (rs E4l to)))! luan r ftff trrq, 'qfimft" { \fiq" (nati"e, in,ligcoous) - ,{! m(l Bcr& q0qi 6elTT E {[E )c cct6{ )r Nrf{ l$r +{ iif{nnft qr{Fr$ qEcft{rn s BEr I.fi i9{ fr{' cfift Brffidr qr {cG {tm rn $Iq fi{-ftR cntE crnfiA hr ffr ccr{ r IrdEls qr'l cn fu, &R filot {'1T{, vRSc E'rqqtrtrlr @..-'t-.t-_ *.t.dr.aE'fa I=r i tu+'rir r,p,@,ltr r-'rGrfrfD4 r*Edffi4'!fE ) I .! .iis.c.frr,' r'd rlard'l*'ry, E; t*. 'E+, '' P td-i*t!..'''a'ffi16. !!T.qG'trFi}q.an.q i!, r, !7 rE d ri.r ,n r ll.. F! io, r.e.! t!'l! .'a .!E7 o)Fr.'_*F-t'r* E 1 n*!--t.trt.rr (lrT 6{ q6fr, Iuatfta sqfrrt r{'tfut ,{tEn {rt& {rFl r'r{fi I Uqfrr{,lfr.l c5+ "qacfr"{'" &q I cn8rtln ntl Yfr Cqr{I US{N Tfi {{fi F{r fiqqlEi d(,lTlfl qr c6(r{, rbli. th { {A-d qi rtENEr ,Afir{fi+ <{n .qr{ <rq {s It{ Aqr{ 6r6n<Flf *'t eiFr<Fl{ qdr cftri frq qrftn El{ - qrr II$ t&clq-{E4l rmrw - fifu {{ r wr rrsr-1fili, ,4lqfr qrrqrq? .{q6& ffi{fi r'{{6 € fi(rfiv c{ r qeTtff a-c'r* (Fftn) Ifr-AAIci tfu{qr{t{ qE rfr ,{uas crq sErE, qt{R qtcFl, \5tn ,{Q qr:F wqll ((! 11$ {rs{:- ?s16' $[{ (qta 6ffii qt FA4 q{n q[9 tffi tl[lfi' (lfrm <q sd q<t i'r< cqri! wnut q{"Fi frq 6gI (!TF (T{ ?(STrq{' ql {'l .is {c{ ,qrt4[' vrn urqqfr{ qldpFl (epistemoloctai invasion)'! eFroe qld {rr'{ | {T.irf ?..qEEff qlff{sRlE' ql qtsq{ q{nn.l n(.tEc{ vt,tlrvl{lff {q (R,snli) q<( et[Ed {qr{lft c$tt{!I.rh .qd q(tlr r .E l )bb8 qtrq qt&q(! h qr$r{ fr{ qft{Tff ft{rt ftm{ ctlt!"fi {'R " ssqft{ fr,lnl} {tr{'td ()hlrj-!lrhs), e!( {n qrFr frqnfi t{dt{ fr{6s {r{ qrcR TftR {td {rr (too)-tooc), st{s F|.{IF6{ qftq fiIv qaqir GrtFl clrt{ cr{ llqfr | {Fn{a mqtu{ Grtrrl <]t{il{€ s[lG{\6t(1ff rft0ftcr qfthfrosn< {&-'{ €rg ql{rl cqRfi | ls )e crRtm loocq Dectdranon a, Nrbt ql l"ttitem$ i'rlpi{ qfvalpl 4fiIq (rfir{ qEhfr{qr{ {qq qrd '" d{F qr+R "tfrcc F-ds qtr{ '" qsq< m$ {rq, ql wD lfln xt{&{ Erii qin (itr{n nrrq ,i{l{s TnzE I ffi qrq ql:[{l (qg,rvt Ftrl qtcQ qlT$ ss!{lqw< q&s r {$rffirR <t(.fia[oli {cq cifd a{to 6{4r"rr {fi qffdf €s!{lqqI< q&s T<ft-{ Frrt qrdl qrqri ,r{I{cn {rr<lr srd qcQ i st${ fu qfi ci'q{ EFFr{t t qFtTr ql,l. Etfi. dhfi'{ 6{B rrfi rE. qF {Blfr {'t aFtld $3TF qni, )b1t ctrq? 'i.ilfr{aq IFIB(! {fifi .rffi ql& cFr(n c{ Teill.t {[.Ifr(.r{, mwil .llrrB| rr.t qBn cE{R qff[ 6{l rrft, qfi rq q(@r cqn' qfift, mt rftr Elqrcr cffir+Il Yl {.1 {rr <lcrffi'r'l 4n qr{ qlt{a <l(4rqr'Tr iul qre qrR qlr<E{, qfr cG{n qft,iflT ,:fi qrqFl qt{l-d {q'{'r-{h-q'i ER c{|{[Ed citrcfi ffirq r I fi ,!(! <Ntfi-cEr qlfr l,t, qq qI{EEd qi <cE qGGs 610 rlr... fr{R rtr<. yFflli{rs qErfr ql& il.l {'f{€ a4l {n 4l s{:rd 6.FE{ fiirlFlqrq*m <Ntft crr FR 4i I qq {ff qt 1ft{ al(ql1Er.1< i'G{rc+l q* ,al {riatr r ro1{A qt{ <rs 1lr, sEr{ qFtcr .cl ER$ qr&{ qfrq c6m c'l.(q {tc{ r qlsfi <t$Tltcrtr \{F{1 qrqnF{r{ <tqlTtcEq {c-T rrc cR fr{M +G r <Mft qcq r" lfi dlft{ fu ltrl{.t qE{T ,! oqler.Tt ar.tftrfi lblt ,{< c(fr{r6{d rBlqfutg. q&Enr qt& e qlffiq eFrr ,{t fdi cGlt<h q€rF rGrqfiRv,srEii c{ cl\qq I1nr{E {..qrcro[l llqfi?S qEr{r qrdl fr(fis s 6Rfts lt {r x <tr'rEqrE{ nHfr"lq <t!]ft <Frfi rfi6s €(<r Ellglfr{qH[fi 5 {ifiRflITg[ firq strlr'ld cqrfi qeq{E g cRmd qt q(r.l blfrRFl.sst e utr+< cq-6 frr{ fi€fu'{'{tr6r{ 6qglT{ yrn m& r ufr ftrFrr< t+9{ )) 6rfn<FFl5 Trr{ cr<'tt al*{Gs s q€nGT q{t{{ s fr'n:c{ fu{r< G{.rfr TrdrE{ {E srirq "lT<q eqryr .trirFFoifl q{i qTrA 16-{ tr{ c't([ iBr fu QqFr<Fr$ lk qlilsr-Ftamr w{, df!& e \rlit I mfi-{q q-fifrr{ r'dt I "ltrdE{$ q{$ qi a (|l ,aft vtrs<rf< Elfrrq,rqd"rro qfla "fiEfr{" {si nA r5sgF rti OqFr<Fml (colonialism) € EIr{i qqld yrn {ntll rrr{I c!( <6tn qtrqtEff{ qlc&-{sB {fu?, qfr mfi lfu(rn-.flrur (s qYvr$) .th +srr{ 61frr<FRr qrdr q0n fr(ff! e Fl<lFlg 4"@, A-e-k< fifi rBfi, vq (cr{ ${fi{ uE), qffiL$ ({cr{r {[{r &&cv, q(c fts (rfi tffir{ ,iffi+ {rtfistq), qvn (crnccps, 'rdqRk &Grs ERq{l{{ {tr{l{? fid, E-frf rdtT{) EiFn<Fl{I 6tt s lfruR ql{rrr 6ml n{ris q,sM cr<rq r fu cql wmrtr qfin <nra IfuqE s qyv{ ffqr< ,iTdE{ih S$t <q{, str+ S'I{tm rifi I !.+ .?{rEtftft qffi" qEn, !rr.1( vfi qttl urlff-{Etil 4r crif filrltr NR fi fi{ {t, {fr q{tn fitq 6q Ufr ! T{$ni crrFr qi( qtffi' q[,fl fr!frr tfuttffi r+q qfi-{ t&{rcr Bfi$.l (r(tti rR 'r{dF{S qerdpn wGRr ,{!II,lr r{, vffrt m, lftitis, oq qd fi-rEft RfiR ct{ifrv {rdrq{ rRI qi'm qv{r (rlr{t q€'{rn ,{r{ G{ft9 {ffa ftwrfi r 'ttrrG{ftr {rrr {Mfr {lrc E rdPn qllB ,lTivtr{ G"r{Flv qrTa fi fii (r{, fi! tn ffi ' Rr{& nfr {fl {E{s? {ns <fuqv/ffi i qr.U raQdl ,nnnQftm vq r Trdr{ !{ ,qvE{ cl mR*nl ic t "rr*kft< <E<r+ qlGqq qrai qrCr {r{rq qk \$Fi<ff,H' TtT{ 5A{ rW <{ft <cqEFr{ qffi\' (migrant, settler) ftrar< rr<M {drq .rs+{ 6{, .r'Rr, q,'m{, rS, qra, qft&fu s 1fr..Q.ftmr (fr[,|fq ql.i]Tvlqlft tfir{-nfrqri{; - ft rr+B nra< fr foirft nI n - q]q{\5l{t* <{fcB (nationarist .anative) s{FI {frtrI.I qrql !&{q' r sr{, ,et tG{rqr rs{ TA-{ <tlqttqn< cDIn {e sq 6{fl I {s cqv llgrfi rGs l6{q ?(qt" {tT$ c$(itfr{ q{IrR T{ E(rfi crr {lqfrr{ w rln ffi' e 6rqlvHq' fi {rF {rqrs I qal {"l{lfr{gt{ rFfo {r.zq q]q&-r$tzard ftn fr&'fir rsltq E{ft{q c6{{rff ffi-ita{n EnF w"jt lrq& cl, vt. fi1{ff {BrfoT <6lti g-{rq qffi E qa{ qlfr 1:I{rE{ q<\ ats@ &fr ss1fi-<ltddr{ qFB,a:nq ftrcr{ m$ qry <t€r1zqr"l cffi 1E$ q65 r Sm{ +r*rq< r qB e qlq{q {Irfitn <6{r {fi< (ary t&-{q:t?.ti't{ <T[E, qRrtrr lslst ql .mqd Eqqfr e Vq< rqr{ ftR Tqt {Er Esfr I fu ek q.t, Aqfin<Fr+sr erc& ql$rrn qrprtu{tm qrdt lffq e {&{ Tz< cqErd EffirB qfr IE ftrg uE ftfrBfi <\firfs wffi"{l{ 0'iFlr<Fl{sr-fi-rdft vtfr+ ovs*t(lizr< 6vn <G ,tt6dir ffio r !.ir €iffiRql: El{,ln qFI-iE u qIEF EE r c$fur{ ,&-{ IVIB '16rn QE{ {E-c qa ar{ o 1:o En )ir)o) qlclk cq:Ft <rtErrati {lE fr.{rn ES+ 1fu cfi q&*s qcq- q r*iFtu qr{r B-sr cF{, 91i efr nEl&]s {Sy{ Rtt qfrrrqqt eru< s'tir ri&rn $Ql aLqq.- 6Fr € li:lst ER/qFr(E E€Tl sqtafu+ s ilqtn&-{ Trgl cqr{l Fk ftR {{. qfi ErFr<FlE qs6sr+ fiTc.l Trl{ q+E T{mr ,1& iBrdtrR \,tdt6 qFfl? qm, Rl EFr Ss{[{ €dl {{ EI r qslc(,t eBrdft{LEtr @fi\< Fmr< <qm (ql 1&-r &RIst qin ,il{s frffi(1 ?<!sl Els r13), $frvri fi{ q{r4vln fi&rc r Enre ETs{r' qfunrd {4ra Firlr<! qmfi c{R iE(.it{h Et{t, {Rsl s (iBrdlftmfi rrq) rE, qH s}k qlsrwr Eqfrr{ct rsrfr qa1 qs I ,!l sfo{h c(,l Q[qGt flon "irg !1,< ErGn<Flg qsrfld {tiTC[< Rsn EFI s Rlfrr slel-d lre Eli Eqffir+< q({ b"lF[<F1T T 1{ q(rr,aq( q(F$vl fr qqlv{ !t-+l {ft qS <6qt{r tl s-R T{, 6Q m,M.qTn! qrdl <mfficqr-< naq 6a.t <rq qfi, m{nr 6r{E6t ft {ftistr< q9lft-s {s: cc{rrsR ft!-JTq'fcgi {ft'nq c(q '?<fu{ F{st'k. rfuIl nfB TersB ft c{E{R c"6 olr cEMr{mfrrflft qffi q(,f{ q&r{? Tcot qvsfig fiq€ q {Fl 4I;FI { 1tr6r{ € EqFa-<Fmq< qq-d eftt Cnq a{G cRrr Eh fo,{ 61{E6k qRrs 'lEEqrd s66-{r' cqr{r cftrqclvE< * {Eiej llr{ {rE fa'{ {E-{s} fu EI< cfrrr <l{l {6{ qrr(qq{ {aae ,!E rcl cr {fts Fifq cft,l{ qfqu{n tl:a $Irfi w, fiG foT ct{|Tq qFiq-qTprE{ Tdrs qF q,qr€rE{, q<ffi< {[{I rEi]qn dfjfi qrfi, srfi<'ta+{ell qrfiri! q14@ r (lrr< q{t fu vl {tq { r mlr{ qfrrdt ciR, Tlfti {q{ld.{ fi{tq cqtfur{ 'i1{ frcr{r{ r iEl&F adr, '1{{ FdR w{ 6Tg4 lgrq sF o-*mftff. ftl ,lltqFi we qffift q.fl ffqt{fu{. qrfr$ e lgmFf{ r'M qqr{ <[6la, of n-rd! r6{ri ffvlr{ qlfi qtq - Asr.{ rE&T{l lee {'ffi 1Hrtr Ml+ ffC e qtucT fo.r< .q,ii" rEw :t9fu - q q! TdF rdl cEc {lfr{ TF{rd< GIP{ wrq c{166r (Br{,i{ c1lT EEE {r!&{ <EnEa4rs srdr,- G{fiTt ET fu-qr rar ,t'qr:t € qls.t 6fi(ll1i Crr qnlrrd *cBo {fiIrfi cqotlI{14 s6- fr {frIrlfir Flrq, ft {{rs qQl - skqin< r{FI ] frr'li {e ffil c{rd EFIIE{ qF qr$q{ wrn il'lll,, {Enc<I{ s qilq'iqii st[qir ?tqiRfu{, cft{ s qffiq q$t{r st!l{ {l{l&..r, cl..5&{ qRrr s,ir nT{lR{ qfun e E-$T{ AEla< e[eR 6Fcdr... I mfr{ qrqliorqtr 4r{s.tl-d{r{ fiqERs fua €T\ T{t rc< r e+q'J4 t6{"fl< T*+3. ()) f<6rft 6ra66aqv r1af6{ € st5-t.l.js fr6rr {h&, qg s sFttq cr{t ({) fuqft ft(Glr ffiTqa qFmq cs{r{ cq|ilr (e) atft{ 6rR CEfu Fl@lftrq-d {l{l cqfis q{k{ li-elT ir{{fi... (8) r'flqiiE]r {rfsl q {1ffi q]Er{i q-d qqfiv 'tr{s"ll Gr.E {RCT *1&q I]ffi {c<... (1) ,er{qirc{r qq]T{ rT nl"s{ cr IIFiTA {qfiE {.{, { ffi nqas Eqr lu'(qftl fr${q 1'{r{, { q-sfr-{$l c(Ilr q{5Fr qTr{ I sq, I'tl{{.fil )8 IsG.rst {rqFTnl ,9T{S{c{< rT'Ci]< {Tq-{ qm(E t]:l q{ clEl.Ev s iffiG-{ ft-6lrdr lbeh,vioral an{t social icicnced 4{cI]]r qmIsr... r 1fl6{ {q{ldrl crdltRff u* vn q gn Eo 4{ I El-cq< 1'{cFFrsir rr$ qrq 1B[dq [pecification], cEItUdEt{, 'fu< {sTEd" of ideasl, i.6nfi r cw fui'n< wdi qtrh, lbattlefield c-tr € fo"!.flq{ mfrr )a ilvt, qli trfim fi-{t't lttnt {1s orw nlQs vt qlr \nvilttr 4aFI <FIqs 1fiFfu EF 'ili{... (t) {6r {9116{ Esr{ ,e<( 1ltr< q'rd,R eFEr*{ TFI {{(I]Flst !l,l{ Tfi {rs {Ffi T6rd-r qB-{sl :rnqFr{ Ts frr,{<" ,ei'isfi-r s 11iq6$ {-irh firu{ qK,tft{'ld r{16 it({ t q$ m$ {Rr i&ac-,tnEi l&{l{r{ ,ffr{Fq {cI {n{l'ittqrctE<t 6{rqg Tfu{ lffiqr1 a aLa-{ r ,! Frl ft{ qfi ariv q{lF{ tffir. 't{r<$q cizsrr A&< F<& f' fttr6 qfr'crn qs< r-s, r{CE{ ({mtt-n qltrr 1srs IGEF{r{ El{ <q clEsJ frr4r{ Efrq ,lsr{ ,!F {nE ${, i&-{|.{ <E fiEtr/qos qfisll-fi fiqrq - ql fut qnt <trl i'.na-,lar+< o\ ara qa <r*t qcq, l&cE {,ras c{Frtt{ fr{t"rsvl" e ffiq IEsfta Bfurc qqrq{ <fu TdT I {ct cl{T {l 6{, fql,R-trrd {{q-{dq E r{q-{t <a liffr <rr{ q<{rr e&fnr q{€rt€ r-lrER ql fu$ F iE ft <vrqT{ DTrF .I{{ Iur{lft{ fl {ftift {Gr{, q&Ffi\ cF.ter'nr{l <;n r qrq frr{< 'lm lftr{FiR vh1 frrqrqr< rcql w! 6in 6{aE{ {C6Fr, r r t&fi-,fiffr 'rfr<r+ e fo*c{ rl.r{, tifrt 1Er{ fffi fiqlr+< qt qiF? {rqR <s qH&q,- !&{c qr{'k qd a? [fifr Er{R-i' ftfi Tr{]? {.s, q cTn 1ft{T {r{c!i ?Dsrd] qr$ nv {{r[d fr"iE-r {d, qfu qr{ qF 'qlllzq? cl{Frq't{ &H qRfr qn, TR *"r riq $(rfr ,cl c1{, qFmqn {FRvl qr{ tG<nq EtiFFr (dFB {lmq cqcr &d, -rwr I Ir<{ ffii, ql ,f(rm &16{ <;d w+fr tm {ag, qt "qlTfl- d{lt q<( vl< qfi Q&{c ar]sI. {-qI{'F {q-{ ff? cR t&{q qRE wr q&q t{( r cdB i&c|.{ q<( .n-'k cftl r qr ftr{i aear {5-drstftdl (qT{l) crE lrwt ifui l$rI|ftffir r q(\ bifteFr-o c<( 0-sd-erFK<Fr{, U-s{ $rlt - r{rq ('ivB ftTd t{r{{l{r{ rilqq r{ {{fr - l&-fi fi qft{ lBITIArzrld qfiErot ?<$st rFl Tci, srd \'F't[d mr qftt! <rq, Bfrt 'lE,.ed sEE\o iltls.E, QBfi-dr{ <E ,flO '?<Etfr{" ,trq. qA qRF&-6fur wfffu sd <q Ittrftfi,F {t <iNxnr{d ffi[s c5rr {t€{T I l6{rffi cr q ({!lrlq cTr{ Ti!fil afir4t .{ttrfi ti&s < aqffi{ qnr{< RRrq rdt qn. cc{rq EFr,l :Err lfrelq-{Eqln c{qlr qrr?T cr(rE c{ <n!m s<tri sgg({ rillrt[l{< {{inl {lt {c{ om 6+ tBrq r c{ c{1rd dd'F-Rk {{q-{{q St!l"|{s cs tffire{ri? s,r* FMrftq, rcfiro qvts +in qr I <t{c, t{efio &&cs t&<rq-6i{dr qt{lw lftqn<r*r< crm o<;F ft.m r<r-+* rstr'{ IE er<- l&-fiqrcF .TFI e q( qrE crsF ,ar{ ,{T6 ,as{ft T{r{ fu {dtfii ![lLE Trd !i<e'Q' T{IEr{ i'fCE l:clr{ S-d,ld-t{lI<r $"t{"F {i] {t tffit&li ,il q{r sR ql{r{ q{l{{ +l c{tat ql{rwE qsm frEl{.fl{R q{Tflq q{e frt l,tet&qfu ft{I't* v{E .{aq .{{1 q{ r l&{r{{ {sr{ (historic,l obieco ftn{s qftF frEl {l ilrr eTftr GEl EdR W\ld ffr{rcfrErcr q{qqn fiTIE<q (disciplined) m - (l firqE ffn qro ('tMrgt {fiq i'.r cc'fi qn r qlg {'k ff qlg? r,mq tfi cmn {l]nt, ftfr <[T{, &-fw< l&{E-rE{R qq Fh <n tll r !fufi-TE{rd qd € ,rT, eFrq 16< rrrd< cc{ FEqfrfl !i{ tG{c n]rEr qF6r< {.i sfi Wn {fl, (c1{!) fi{rrs lfu{q iE{ {dl, tBqE-.ltrfn brfc{Fru crw qfi{ln 41 {dt, q fitl ci lt cvFfl, Td( !lr:- {ItlrftwtFr fu"rd-rd? <fu, q+Eqq $orr{ n(Elft{ ftfi'tTvR qqlle fift({ {irr< wrlrsi frqrffi Ersl ctlrtr+ Ertt {r*t ffi, isitft arfitdr qrrq q{dt {66 ql r G'rqfr c{rg ftli Cq qqrqn !i{ arrTL{t'fi ad a,Ta. , s'orqtr{r 4furn T{rr luft an q r qTt T{ {l( (slk{ 4cl lffitIrd ftn c{rTt qftra r" qt{ ost{[qt te<fcffi T6rro e{ E]TFre r {9, irtr+< etffirs qifrh {dt, tF {rnr q{Sstnr mn frm vm, Jr{q , rqmrlB rft+r* +r-+q. (Elqr{r{ T1r{ EqfrrirttE< 'ET lfuqra-rD-{r a&tlrd cEtrl s c<iFrli qsr\r F6{t ng{ {t<k !fuqr-rr-{ s !frrqfiRhrqi qdrufoe qsEE Tdl, tfiatr<' srm rr{h Fm{ft& qwcr er<q t&l +d]a r fu 'I+1.r,'nrq al rqru r,rt ,nqM vt{6r ffinlfr-i'F qq !fir{cftEa :r,<fu vrs r TtqE fi d rfri $t qfr | qlT{l {fc 'qVW'6{ {K{R Trr tB{E-iE{< IT{Icq qtqmn ?siir'o', l6qn {trTt ilr{' drtFr+ cq6rr< roq q(r{r rrr llr {rl lfr{E-fiil {4, <t(qTan t eFrfi fuI{ qfirsj vRr8r {q1G qr{ .<ls,lft'luTlft{ Eqffirr qElcrfi q<rrrq fu1r-m d,n s wvtff+ rrda r lFDr 'r1ll qro tlfrr{.t sr lBrdtq TK ftftfi {l .E,{rd {t$r cqrr{ cF@ EH-Eq,flqnr{ lqffir< {Trq ntftv 'rF{ {'n&q (qEql {r,t&, ,91 Trstr iqf6 .qrrs frqmh) r frq 1gl-6{rr lBrfir q1fr{vR Gqcqtd ernn rmfta 1"qfigr{ q1Fq"l r EriqRir qEFr6tr 'fFt{ft Eraa {l{{.r, rFnt{&{, cdi&r e riElq{ EEIFFi I ql Tqn qtvs qffl (Efi {dre t{frr{q-Er'{ rEq{r$ {qB aeqle-{ .{'tqfr{ .rqr{h q'irq qqrrs :l& R(cz< Trd l-Qffl{l flfus qR(s crfie Ffte qEdfu{/Gqfifi n]-{l c(El q( Etrr< c't1!qB DGar qF6r i'u?.t !EEEn q-{ld< &ft{r$ qlq lt'trw qfiaft nilt wM m++ qG6rq ,tl.r{ Trr I lqfrrq t<ln e:rT<.f qi ,{rfir qtR4{ tir EEFnr cq]r ()rss-)1b8) ,{ffi1fi{ sl.{Rfid qG'rlsT, xhs crwr ER cFrs igER rl{IF{ tfil-ql{r <l tq1IGHFI{H Etd y!',]iffd &frdrd {lm +IT{ r (F {{ ffi- cFrr :fftrEll{r, c4\ VTiITr{ vltllir vl1frq qrirr fuqrn&-r fiTr{q € .T'rr c'pr{cl fi(fis es qE[<'- {rfilFtE, qrdqn q{ {r{ (qr+ qrw+ {rl q&tl{, sf ir {rqr (!mr${ € qlmqrd {1r{q !&{firs 'Ii6'ft1 (historicar rcconsnucrion) iFll ct@ "cfcf (cA qffi dFlT|6 r q'{fi fr1 &anfu UifrF,ffir.rr r4{'t q(\ qFtn ,€ qR-{E cr,telrnr-+ rfr{t rqEn EImr{ qllnf{s rrd q{&? { { Rr{ qMl{ {rq I q fil fj irq{ 1vfit66, ltrfift{ 1e {m sfi ffq qsr.I{ qffit Ft, qli'r{, qnr-efi!.t cfu'{q $rl, T{{ 1Qn? ffCe q(strri s"fi 01ffit{ .ttqr{r frffiq qBh Trr, st frt| 'iqre€ ql6 fu (ql( q{R\'l "Nrrr EqRRs '{ fir frfih {q'-? l]Ic l!4 fli qRMs rqr{ Irra), "brfrF l{lfr" q<( "G16r<Fis"-r r'{rFB rtq&{ ftqrr Tfi{ (Ec) '4;fiB qT{BB (qlfl fit, EIFI <1111 €Ir QEr6d {ffIE qb r* qqr* rM wfi m, Tr{rfd GfuE {(!e{ ffi''I (culturat identity) fr'fu {i.l? q{+.I{ <l Df ql.r€, {afr(,l ,lvfftoe qtfr trlrE I vti fi Tt{r.E Tfi.f u rft{r{ Ir|F Eq qF Tl b'l6l11Fl{vF ltuffiT qr wff )b TF{ {W!-Il-{r{ edwT Tlqt q\ flr{t !F {{ | {rirfr cEEo TRii-Frfr{.t q{B Tir4, T{-{rfn &frrq Aft ftsIFr €t Gaciat .1,$ificarion) .!q( 14<m (."a'q rr<{'ts ,lfrErrr Gfu(g ,!T cfift{ qlrtr+ ot8ls c{v{ {n {F41) - ,q€r.fl ,ift'{ T{lIqr 6q&{ trFBi ,qr e6 afi Gqiqr+ qrcs ,- {6{ qd 1'nq, :r*<q'E&-+ qfrq (, E6itdtr@ 'll€r1, q4\ ft'r, q!fi fiba, {fi{ r"lEqt { st$$'fr <q.r Srqe ql 6slm <E{ srD ll I qG ylfiR@r (Yk nEis ,l?[lft.R {tr{4Bfur FEIW ,lu{{Ml rtElF-r E sr{E-+ {t.t Tn ({) I lfu+{ !ftq {Er{d ffi{(nv rfiDs (racial idef,tity) qT!6r-qB, slit mfr qF[d ir;r tng all 4 rqF { fi-*{g{ {rV c6Fii ll{rr{, ft$ cfur.t c}R ,tr <t qEF qlt{B qn (EtHt ({{-([r {ab 1l (t) !&dr{ 'firq 'n€ {fr€ rq r&r qtrE, q'F wrfia 6 qlBr+ @ sr{rl{, qR cd fitvET{ qllrr qG &B qrr.t ER, <.f<m <rns anm dl { nlffi'{ u qlF {[r{ caivrr{ I({6v f{t {rs rwr.fnsEt< q{riq Ii Td !lr, cnFr{ rI{t RLIrr qG q {I{ I \r(q ei{.tr cEF{1 a6 T[+fqE rlftErrr Gfus rtffi-{ qtR qlt{r{r{ fffi\, e rq6! TrR Tt{rr{ I (e) Ttr{.fB&-{ a{ftfiq q{Es <Fr{v {s qr c.n} rm c'R oft&r ytre. r.n$r<r qQSv qd[r qT, qr{ t{|(q mI, qG d{kqs !6 CqntfrF {{ ,tE6r r{, ftr (I]Fh'TFr IlFfirl Ttrtr El.{qqB e Tllrrn Wrn EFrt q{-c{Fr.t) 16 rif{lft G{rIr qtc'rffic{ {fir iftr qfrw ftn ffrIE yalrrEr rus(i {.It.I ,qr q( *vfl, "l{fl ,lE{ cql. qfui qrffi{, {t {Rqn qfr({ !6 cq rr+{,w firc IIq qt{s, vR cgl cqr$ cftaq, I fu frrtr q{rr ,qvlr{ FM&s {rl lrqfrr ftcrl cE&{ , ,qfD qun ,i&qfr+ r qO turnftq oiffitcsm *r r@l r fu ql $n qt it c .!lqf !ll!t(.r qlf :tl{r!-$-{t{ c€Elcwi :rr1{rq ll ] <sT, c{rF rttrfti ct01 {rrR frr{t v{q' qal.{r IIIS {ffs1 qtcl q{'1EEl-6r rk <1 ftile{nnF ET€ frr {'r ,!t qrry {fr clFr ft rs8r ft- vr+R rc6 'try Edf ,ilTrT fu 86r rmn {.tr, ffia sl&d r E,r{c, sl-cEr rrtN :F {a iFiE.{' <{ elt rEc fri I ffi{E vt ftr{Gf qlfufr€t e6 q({fr'sT({ (w.r{es SlfiAa A'nEl irit|d {lln liF irlrzrts ({+n( tT ({ ri|{ n{T{adl Cftufi") (qlF{r, t-e qccfr{lr qfr$fr) {c$'{R rr cqFF r ff u ,i({EK 6qFlr{Fr{ 'nrc*, 'rfidt+trq Bfiq, qT{ ,sat {f{.151v sitTr{d &frrs Effi.{n {t qFRtfr[Ed afl{.t e qF+nrm qm frqrq tfta Ti {i*r {rd cstcq I o'ifrcsFlT q{sBiB ts E{r.llftT \'k" Rrqr{ qrEfis frrd rrq, EFft {tr<.f ffir {lifi qG6{ s(t r qd Fr,tr qd II q-dffD { qlG RrqF r F{lfr s t(Iiqit ftqrEn Qrr< +stfio ca q.E?-l lE fil "q'l'{" {d<r{r - 1rFt,stffi-fr,tftor tl tlvr€ ,Q Orffir{ l&fi, ,rr<6t+na 1r qe vrn+wv1 I?ii fun lrr I qtrqFF{{sl 6dr qtsr4 &q qrffu{ q-isI+ tlrlfrs ts a{frrd.r r{E crE}, qt cl.{B cErq'd n(El, c{ftItOi aR urlrr€ qrqc fur qtr ,{wi! w (n trEfi"{ (Tft[rr Gcientific rrcism) {M rw ql qrqr ftfift{ fi.{ts ll.rr liffitq {ra urFrr{Flg qi6q ({ra Ffrn qlG{ !!hrn am{ fifi frr{ *r{ fi Trd ({!fi{ q'i{i (rq r{ lnETr& dt{rr cF {R r qrrk ,lgL{, lBrlTfrtrfi qm rrl ({ {qE q{ llrdlftr EN-r qrr iGtt cr{ \rt -r{, t) sB[ {{rl qRlF T6r cs cB qr ql&{, c'tnt E-CEEr, srf{ l$rr}fu qtEBF - {:Rql&r {rqr l&flftffi nr{st!, {stEtr wt{ - sDq€lrir {l1[l qtl I sr{ 4r s&fufi fitq qctr€ Fr ar,- lErfift{ rdFrrfu{ {kl q! qfr$rl fS cr, sllrl sRvr rtT{qElgt{ \r6s Qrcr{ Ursl,t{ {rd r qr(r 6ilflfrfi* {(td{ @rs, tt{tsr qfr$k' {n sd sId qfifr nfr{ GGT{E R) fiq vqro< 'gmfrrn r rr{n e s BT(gfi{ rqrqrc rrr Fni .q, IGr{I'B qfr clvl qrE vhqn rqsl r ETFI{E crln {rI{! qqq q{t r8R Q.g,rfi-{ 6Ir.t r qrw mtv'trw wiv'l1O r* ,! fir{ qlrdt S A id q{( fut € q{ftf{ 6{f{ frr{ c{9 6m q rc'ftr rrf{ qrfrr r('E qlE ${ { r q( (q "rft{," "frT.Iq.- wf{i." fu q6q ql0rEt{ftfir {I! qr fi1rr q&r yt{ {r{ sd q{-nrTr lfiv cro qr<.fr ltr*fti $*n1cr fiq {ldB fur/cTrtrr{ lff!fu qrflrfi !t$r{ $rr-ttr qrfi tr cr $rql qRfi ft'- !l(tq EFn (.E qr( mrdr (A'r" --) qfi sm, q{ tq! qNt{ rGE cl{ifui &td (r{[) T6fiq I ! r ftr{ rff€ qrd Infrr qnqcfi {a turfiftm ,I{'I s fu 6{q qt 6r ftt cm, !F qfu igq lrFrd ql-fi {r,{, 'trqt-lErdf'tlli' mr fir.f (q bq mfiGr t{td{ I ,4t q{c{r*r EcrfrPl Ittr lr.fi 'ltdv @firrr oqfrqt cq6 c,IlBrnv lEff{Fr wFr qfi Eh qel Fr; r ol vrrlq,rf{fiita crqr lsrfitltm ffmlr" r1rr BEs El {n f' (qS 4tr{l 1614) I clal {n, 'trtl&(lftfic" T.fr "1r4" c€G rrltlt ccFr ($1r qt{ {tr{dr (whit A!y.n r.ce) {trd tflE TA I )too-ltco !firn tl(IE Em (I\ lrql-q$ri Gndology) lCrIlt'E ({F R!frE ttTru'nE q{Ilr{r frc{ RE{r{ +t& qrs l.rr cTrltr-6{Fttc qr iJtlr{r rtrd {&{ 6 fre fifr{M {f q{m lrriqtrIqr{ rl{ {H {r9 | tt ffi q'f q{tq crB fu crH qfi wrfi I crtsFl sEsfr{ sffii 6ft(sf, 'ni-qr-frmn c IETFNI (!qs\-irso), '{r{ftfi{" .l{E eqr tMt, cfqti q+rqrff c<wnr< Fii qftq t,tllr {m )) cfrr )$}c r* k{r< {rrfi{ qE ft6ci.T{ ftrr{ 1ft!a-,{r {lIrG-r eRrq '?r{fia{ {iD ltfi ffi{ cifr{idd q}S r't fu{rc fttfr 4v Fn r fu (l lz'{r quflI,r E{ dfu .!1r {lqrqtr{r lfu{{ r'{, ,!? flErr f II cn{ tGeFr: cfi'r-{ e q{t{(ry tG{t{ f" qB rEr m Ir$F|'|c mftriel.-{ c{ m{I6 Task +qt E6Hq +Id{ r qtG M) qT{r{ rT-{{q& lqr q<( qri6, qS qq|r rcj fiI{ &h aQ ot1:r-'trc!T(l'{ r$a.firil aId{ {Tt i1rrir{ rrr qfr+t{(Er qGlEt q{fftr{ {JE {c{ qw&I{r r Tfi4 o{trfird (F6i &fi tRR T6, {h-r $r'rd qra FH srjn {Ali{ e ct(I&e trfltr, !l dfi r[c\r, cffir{ q{{i rfur +nt nr$ tr{l qni T{.tI qr+rq< firilrR rE{{, ftr.Is ?rl { ,{t "i1d19d cft{ rlln (qtrfi) r:FIFr3rE, sBrt T{Eltrq Ifi Cthe most bcrurifrrt race of men") r'" +r<( Qrqr{ Qr{FEF {T{ 1ft ,sr{R sGBE IsTtir fi. ,s6 {vr{c {riftfii {r$ - cil ('Dfrfl, q&fi qsr.rd rEsfir cqr{l fifu {(T ll9, alvr{r rr{ft{T{l ff{rfr ft{frdir qrs qF qr{ it, rES !F$t Tt r ilfirn q{r{ {fit Frr, lunn n ild qsr.r, qhts ,irn, lFrfiftftEr ts{ qrlfi'{ n.{Iiir Ii{I[!I 6c$rr, fu rc tl! {td[l TFI 4 6€, {NIg {ld qtr€ cl qc6r fi Tfi.f']q $t vr ffir c< ntR, Et qlb {tr{ I q(1 "whire race n most bcautitul, most adiancd"- O,lffi{ {rF WGOg ,!Q 1ftft ,fir"l| {{E $r{ r clElr'tFr{ 6cre cFlfi, ytQ-{k fifir tm-iqt rtq Rs, vT rrq€, tr{ qJr{ Fd$r{{ 'rqm ,!is ilrft'ft{ Ef, qao q{H) ql{ fllrq qIll {I{, Etflqd E tfi yFn {FF I E]TCq qtrd q{sr{.t fird ({rzTr qg qt{ $dr{{ Eg (Aryan "EI{, qrR qd Invdion Theory, ArD, c&F!i E! (lryan Misation Th€ory, AMr) I qI{ qEFn q! Ffr ({ iEdt{ cElql fiqc? {tn, ,aF erE c,l,l Tmt tr'fl-q{r'fifiF {JI"q TqI{ ()tte-)boo) r EE frd1q € cFrEfER :t6r, ),coo cqFF \,ooo s6T{ qTra]I.I, {$ .{ft{n (rtuH tfi, ,&.{ {, ,cftrq qtr{ful1, tEr{ {ftfl) cdittr{{ tq-lu6nftffi UqqlEd ERs ,!!l1 qtcr.t Tr[ rqiFFFR tfta w{tfiff, {.f s I6Efrr 'tlr qr\5 qfir qtffl{l+, qm e Tfit bB EfivrE{, cqr+ Eftq Erdrq 6a fin f' rl.{fr{ qfur fr{ c{rr wRqrrr yl-{m q({r q.rt lAs qlk vIfl frtr aftr qrfi 8,aoo cqr{ c,ooo <ErIrllll tlHI ! afiR{nqFflltii rqlElrl llritll Tll fi{ qffi $fivm" 6Rq rFfl q{ frwm {{iI (<fi EfiflE I nntrm quq rt' EBrgI rd{ri ft{qrlfftcr ltrq, ql{ qEEq E{ tl{rqr c{ritffr{ Esrfi qd s r6q.rr q1ffv, {! I! {f{I{ Eqes srr R{m{ fi'o ffi M vrlq f' q {na ,mnfuq uffi'rzvnr Io 1l{r{ {l c(rrl ftrEr{r I {! E! EG{ nEnafsr.tr d]frq tgfrr€ fi{t{I TEftr r ttfrVqtc" !6n Enrtrr ,hrn qe qlft, "q14q IO16 fut! ( $6r q$rsF-{ qg ftqc {Hi {qtr ql?qFnfl T{ fraq "" ffirn IOF, qmft l, rfiq s wrqn qNm 4r$ cfllfijgl Il.Fr n| €l clttt $fi! 'm{fu q{n{ u s (IE fir{ d, <w&{ .lfu vnr! frfirqc tlEit € qlfr{ q!|I!I'tlr{ (Wffvrdc, rF|u) frn !d rn !FIr< I !f,n, q rFi.t filI.lrd vtqr{ t{R {G, EtBr l(Il6t I}i qts{ mr U'1FIrrFN ffir.r I i8 r,t "qtf T{r F{tf , EFI{rl €'tffit{ tF {l{-rFld {tlt qffit cilqEB qlfrq fi-m cnn sl{N< qfutk 'ir sq'{ l&tra-{E+rd r :ct q1$G t.oa-'{ mraiF qftc{r ,o uao *1r+ sBqn q.llr{ qr<l-R {t{H 'flfi f" ffrq{ tB{t{ frftqr ftT {ft trr< srdA eRcq cq.l-l rq rl1eis cdq e|{lr.R ffil"t sXsS, qleq{, 1RE1a aEF fr-{r{6{{{<r{qs {mrqfrEs 4iar< qvqq{ El{r{ qrffi ct& el+trR c$@ qfil4 sEvtfg{ €cIE c{nFErdF 6lE Dic Hrh,rt tu C?Ma 'Tre ol;ao-, tt, (., a{r/ ()b))} E@qrqr"n,s' ffi r*rsrd-< qTfu T{ (qzi5? cc'ilTT rFr r..i.,in.u.;onr fl{rc:I tr1F ql{Ia qprn +?s . qd {qq qE ErFi 'lrn Efir+BlTq rqlft-' .4/,iz ,/ Fl{6{{rfr\5E{ "ilinear A'1ciett Archaeotag (5b18)'1 '!ffi{ q{6{tli el.EH Trd - 6{..n[{ l6c?l'iro evolutionism) iq66r gn?rd qFt .!r r{ l<r r:-trcfE{ Yq lfua" o.-"eo,n i* qrtqqna qq, e er*d ,iE"td iir+tu' qf<fs 'rgrl {6 ffi c* qr r q? {Hmft FR!fiqfu frsrn ud e+ qr r +*rot8t< (l?r.rR clr ftcfiq&a @l{ {6 {n '',jftr'qlGrisqr< frrw[< 6[< eb fsfir{ ffi 6drq ss Tcn r qtq{sF d& Ita-{<'t qRsr{ € ttl F( ,{<( {-{6{l q{(Eff tdlfi qefir't{ EYIfq irr{M-r{lft-{ t rrjlriir {l$n I u<ffir+ xq&+ fin6+<m (uniln<ir culuril evoludonrsm) uq:rro. f{(rm r< ae}foro :sr' nn+ qftl.' .se E't{l6ls EI'n 6tr T,r rn srd qlrfir{r Bfr{ ,lgrfi F<6fi4-fi (cr{, qft{l TsrslFQ& cll,flTmsR fl{h<'rqr * to q{&-$ Sfu fferrr fi$II r <Rz hak+ tcslq.{ri {FfissR T.fu$6 ft1 $un, \,inqg s qlG,qR-srqr .qi'ttft? Te5fud fudozEr {? rq qIqtqf{, s5-= *dr-{fr.qtr GFrI qllr 6frr | }Cr{Eq-r BIhr{r,l {! ldq{t; lrrF? eEE( ast ,rn .inr fa<;fls {r I sggrfT{ gq &4R rrf{. (erhnoloAnr I ..1{(? cdtrl <{ cs l3Es {{lq wV, qYqq{ rFrc rft'-{ $rm ffiR6-{r efi-c cr(6l€. {6d c"I{l atr c{ (qfi ldEq qG<t{fir {Irrq, qE"fo 4fuT{sn {Brq {{ fiFA c1'lnt mtq-d cF@ ,{i <,irBfr qwEq .s rc<ffi T{Efn fr-*tq 1ri\r, cEr[ crt(E q qsm ets{Er ,tfi-{rd cEit Qa fu qq ft {rTlT, 6r6|r<FlF elysq (colonialist archaeok,gy) oEe T$qrs _ {R s"r< t3roirr br,q{r<6r6{l Tr 6V\ fcr fti{ crfrr.5 t:ty'F? c6R ElcTfEla - F{ <{r , lbqf{r{Fl.l Evsql qsjS'm {&d +1" 6{ Ar$-,im{ $'t qtF6{r wlrqr n(s fiq Brml f{r'FE q€{l rt-{ fur { r r q{rrd? sgqg sFr-glr{ n(Bt e.r EflEszgr lethnolosyl 'ftq, I.iE ftrI< qftqql i1iR5 sn irqfvc rr-s-r ca?s ,165a qfrr wt{t {q( f{E Ralmn qfii6 {(1r lcaFs rr,(6rl .qdq (qtFs) s" 1lfi' g{re? {Ers{ lfu{c (itlr {zsr& s6 {r<, qltrfur ffi vrql rtm, vn qrqe, G'ifir{r,llgd wfr{E qt(.Ttthr.f, qs vR Eriq&-{ r{rqrfr ErfuT {trE qR qtrql lu.-{Ift{ ,qwrd rcltr{ m.fi ,ll!-d-(c(N <q irirrs $irr6 ?.4fr.!_g{aor s-<ft afo{i {E{Ilr - q ftr{ V .{n' <l vEfrfu, {|EdME 6fr, 'l]{tvti, r6{l{_{..zflcE t l6rdft{rqr {v !fifr-ae'ltr, Rrq cqrm ffffe, ils{E ft ,l{oTlx& - c<Fqt ftq< F r r ,lfur E]{q&o Brfrr{f{lh eG*B a{6< frrf ffrrl qaEq qlrdl cE{re {< (s aqr{ fiq ()E)l) '(o $ €qFrr{Fla Fg]q'm 'I1$T{ slrs{di t6{c 56< c{grrs? {{-cofu-{ qlq{smft Frsrqn c<l qq I qS QEr 'fitcfir 'ffis qlr fi1q? El{qR-{ qBr4 F{q 6r< f" e&{q fu(FlE {{ qlffi q<q1-4 q{ffi - fr4 "r$o"r.ra crq{ro .flfrs rdi cFc i&{r{l<ql,|< ,+* ,{r $ eroErr< $qn kccr< r EnOa E{fi ekq{ i&qrcfr4 fr q{ IlTflfin,Il <rfi, q{T{-teacfi( Iqi6n l&qr q!jnr+< cnis Gm{ € {iq{t E{ {l:DE{ 1}st q{IE6{stla EITI{ itnfrrqq qAn, tBr{lfu 6<dicB ft{fisE ?Cqllffi {disln I{I s q{i{ 1{l rgl(rqr mE '4t fr{lfr''!-s $Flgln c's<s (qTc fis-l qsr ffi{q isrd{ Efi'l 'ls'fi sFi ql(ft-{ $ - qt {t'f{ rGRI6 fi-c<l r Iful elft{, r$ s fiq 'Ra, {Iscli s EGI' fl {r€ld {1Tr r frq q< RsFl c1cn6{ sffilffi' 6H "e{ EiI}RlI ffiEr< rrgr q$trfi< lt$rl {ffi .iru. $rq $ao i(Ts otl qliE{] {r<erqa k{ $r{ I EEGFrtili$q fiR I],a, q-tor*s{ cflq rvlq-q6r{< cT(E c{r({ qF{ ouqlr <lrlg "llll. qt (l i iRtD il{F llErr rr{ fi i'r*r - qFcE {frq <re vt wEs aftl vrav(! cfrr.t{ Tsr k, ,sl {rd{ c&t{-l {? I {(E cfli {n lqlAn {c'r{ EES{I {sjq{{i r$qfu FqrTr qldFrc{d T]{irI ((c {(n I]{; $ft{ l$r{ll'R CF@ qI{+Dt ,4atqr< !-c{ cfil q{ a {& Bqq& s {{sfi{ q {, ql [& qt$crd< <'Fr'l l$r<lft{ {sisF q61 16Ik {rl ${ I {qq'ln nmrm wfiiR TC,ti{ q:I{Fr Elt i1; 3t1 S lf60 ci'rs.lri !r<Cs- qr{todsR {ri , T6<lt. st{cfi C6C! Iovf.<qe lrriaaf.t qil.{ ?f({n {ir tn E{n lqrflq{ ltrrn_rr*B qi {rqal c<T{ E"ifu fu, <*c+ I.r-fr-qqrT{ {ti{{+ Rrcia ZDrI <FI{R q*R qt:rlq q4fi fir.I! nirqqn€ {atE1 | .{l qre{ tfu{rTr {l?itfi+ &R( c&-lr<r IEr TEd- E{. qfr- {{b ?fuirE+ fr! offe yr. o6_<na TTiY, E!-rgih T'. o<e q!-++ E$n r I.t eBI. 6rn r E|f* iFrflftir ,ttqs.ri of tcl fow o<r er - ft-5 yr ))ho rtc tVE Eq. TrI.{Tn qW tt ffi ,rqT!.P'. csIn qFF" T6 I, fit )1so,fr, qn frtr pnr ,I|r6IFr dr{ Tl-{'r5B tz8r< <riirR i'{ [{ nR.l c{tr qs n qiq{ c.fiq, F.em om qffq nrrc ,lfr:{tr{t{, 1fur e{ 'fi{.F ,rfm lli (qtEv) ro "l.{.:qI.' ET{ rrB q-CiI "lf{A r-cfi qra'l"tdld Tr{rE rrE crv *v{ {6 TlUfrI Efl n6s {3<.s f-gz< o<riF srrfl_ e po_ffe-<r ocrFr qfu.{ nfdE_{ FNlq rErdra i \co q{! ,{TE Ytrq frfl't ! s n <ilsrcrs m{E ,!l <1$n ?qEI' 4II ulE qF qlql{ <{{ 1de uv ftqv qsfld qfrE{ <$ 4i!\o d I sa{ ft-$q-i'ciflriff{ q C'fiqE rflTn q&{ FFi.fi F'cr4 C{, qT cTQ qE {qld <q< 'Ir{ '<v' snc{Iff e']ft{ <l(ql.(Ffi {cG qI'I{ 4c< "' qq-ql s$4:nr.B qi&r sl.tra.l Q&{rrd q&q.tt'rd sEE qr \r dBrniFlT .{q.tr{l{rq qiFs E{ (ETi6qlr, .il5lsrtq, $FlR eEl) f' ( FrcnF q{E q{'{ffs v"B <]€E qR c6tm erq ql rn <ldE{ qw{ q qs'i (flftE qa"im fres frq r q6e' Q&{r {ffi cliv, {r€, rF, nlEn, $i, <r isrtfr Tlqt{E€slr< qsB q{q {c[< qfrE{ sq{ 'll€$ m mqfi{ thflq,iRr cTna3 (q< {q\ &Efq !e8t-)ecbi ifrn"pl 1tA qfl 19 <{< <Iqq rGI, !e8t-)8)Ci r.o <E< {t<, qFIR A'a. <E{, !8eC'-)8tC) r q{ 'l{ T{slq{ T{{F qdTlil<oo cfi"ro \nqn itrmros sFnr{ q'q"l {rn <rs-{, SFml.{ {R 4rEfitr, cTs t s fir{F t foq* qQa ,eFfr\o 1't" .tR-t- tFfI,' nR-l<T{Frfi' qlffn E$fi ,{q{ F'GFi I srB s E'nfi €f{rtd 6fi.{ erH {5] d Flflfrft cq6{ "nsTr {t{fr I ,!T{lo q'{{lft{ frfud o€ s.E'flI-{fr-o &F'erfr+ &'nr-Eq-fi-{ <?ft "ff+n-At .lRr{ q{\ <BrFIFr nR-?- frfi' lGBrtn arsn Ram E(a{ Trfi raq sr{ q E,tii qRE sd.l sl" (q, &fi fiff{ qrprqtr sefd qc+ qftrR S&h ecr{ <tslfrcrr trq\5f{ frTft< q"" fifrr Affio,flTc fi-drq q[frr ,{< dq.isr<5< ('f$r6 clr srfi t&{s s/6{-t-fiFq'En EIC ftrn lfrrfq {r{{ 6{ftem-r $an BrEl {r{{ fr{ Etr{hld ,!< fl5r fr I . olql-Bk q|qlgRlq: c{lvt{r tB{rJrI fiuts {rFflr (lgltl{q q'rfl,R q]&r.ttftr Ttr{ q('l{{r.t cq 116 qqs sr rc{ qr6z<ri {rfqffrdi cflnq et {rn 116q 116{ -oni_ rnIE Tfi !y{E <;tfrl'r6r€q? !furra Em {trEl rf6s {q{Irrr sQ IIn tqBn.nffi+ cqqqifi ffr {r{ fitr{ rvr|rn? ql {urfi ?ulFr' Rfir< r66fr ({as sr. r'dq { FIg[rql lfu{rord q(,l fiI[s mq? qFrcci qr{M{ <{ lfudr{i 'lfi.q{q rr.dl r trfu: wqq, lq, ltr,,&, cfiF, r&cgr (i6fi € tqqb <Rqm.l s q{cqr "rfur<rr< v<,rftr,tl; xF& ) qfie, <n, rF, *, ,4*, 416aq e lIS f;l+cm sllfrr-n) <6qrq ffi6q6 Elft{ qr"rffi{ qt w{,n iT{ i6TI{ qtftr{6{ qft-e'tq !d frD]I< @rrdl dE {{ (tsist, q$-r qlffi ({6I]4 {(4lm{ '3 €]Tlg-r qftq t{ 'tftEt "tq.s< ("|{sE l lBct,i) {ai iffire 'i\9T qF ({IlftI< itr € {crd fi(Er {$l rs) plvl, qfi-c.lit 1{sr qll,l <rqR {lq1il <w qE l€ fi{r{< {{& 1t4 (+tlt csr{ stm qqsqfrqiq 116 tq 4+{ rsJsR ffif{ r'trc(E{ r tc{ Qta roea4l frfrT w{'rE 'fcg BdQq ,!I qq6(q, {l< nllr Br6nrr1'n {cE <r, 19, rlT, c.iv, a{sn s dic+n r ftc nnllrfr$ Tm{ 6{qrrT FFls [Fiq { qEFrc {d it !rqt{ I I ra{ qq{ $FE r{ qE< qfl-{ 1'{ {{ qfl!'€IqF +{fi frCn fl{ ftEEr 'ifr<6 !6Ie s]o {trr wsrs {f{66 sn'Fiq'&{r q{qrc* qaF cT(Rq {4nrtl q{qF6rqr< cE$rRT I! rt I sr< or+ 1fiffi u:RI qr{ 4t r qi5]trI.l fiFLqd {{Fq {t{l {sm 41 6rrl 6{fiIB Ifrfi q{ ,4F $r6fi Arq Frl TCsr {t{{B {<1 qmrq ffcil fi6{ F{"rfii crrffT far6{ clclq c q{qlE l ,i' \ < (tl ,t rn .t il -q.c+.,{r .1. )8-)c {!r(E tl{{€ r qs Tr,1E{ lllti, {FI6.a rk.7r, {&{l, {l$ <€ {t{{l6d ir<l{TfiE (D}l ani qrTrE r qFB fr'{cr{ qG {tt6rr (!.F[], !f,{cit, \o))) IE frrirElr{ qrs{.I qdl(g 'l&, 16{rlr qr46s ffi-idl-r ,er q{{F <6s lG<trq <{ {rern fr$lI< qt< GTs6r s'rcra qTqT c(I,l) | {ifu \ 'l!rn& rm - (8$t{':lq) (ndTr{ fri*l qf.'t e {(slzFl vtrrrfq6tl ,{r q?s qlcnrtT 'tn € stTrqr 'lfuT{(fd q(1fia!.| r fiAG sr -ffirqtcFrstlEB q{ qlg clnF|IrE G#t{e\q) qE{ E rr (idTI{ {qfiEq s ERzgr qofrctl) "rfumrx &6T{ '\r qri ffid qIT{qIgIr rrrf{ EEnstr Vs-{}r q{q qIdF{q Trfi Et{ ,€ q{-et{ (r6TF 'ftfi& ftT c{E rl.qlg(m+{ rnpftq1 e qflfta,ts) € QE E-{ cdtl[r 'lft'{{(l.d !ffillFr {re, qlmsql.gltr t{-El"a6{ frrt qE wfi {rfr Tldq firfiG s stfi nEIqrr (ft-{R) eGdFl ir{{ {it {fr5{rfr cFfu frq ?'trft-{ c{F ftr,Tgrr< ErElrspn. Ifrrrc ' 'r'. cqf{rn qk .ffiE llqR cfi<le+cs e,ooo_s,ooo c]-4:rafl 'ltiq, {l&{ E'lQtu - E-{ ?rfr"€Fr fr'flsrq fBrq q{i pfr.{r 6ra1F q{ r6sd rl'.ffq {'I"r4Fr6rr g.s6 q{fts fu ({rFd c"ifrrl, b&'$), 'trl aft{ Srl fu er qfi +fir, {r il-{ r 'tpr q'mfi {q\'cq - E-{, r {Ti, Fqfr{ - 'f{lfiG frq Efr.r ]1r! fu !i"t q{r.t {r.ffqr e'Fri itF[, cri{l !-T Grngaridae, Gmdaridai, Gmgaritai, Gangaridum fifiG {.c+.qc. ,tt{:dsflq 1. tr-tr ts TrnUE !mr, vnta rNrn t twr (Er!l q{{r, I 9i C] aqlt qFrd,fr qi "fu lr4 nt {,rfrG qtB Gendaridr, tu 'qErr lrsrqr'fib dr 'lEr{< sel{ ft-is (ffi qtq.iii i{d it.€T e-tsrqA qrFr61rl q{ <r{qs Ek Usr q&rt cqrF qlne l11 iY:st (rbn Baftura) q<R 6{ Fr,6 strts st-Etr]n o(ans Ta yuin) )e8c Q$]a c!r6{ :e8b E*Efi lir{ \iEFr ft-{dr.t {sq1 EIqqO qw'ffii <{4t fi-r€ fua ?riqR' € tlrp1o11' fi ffi.1< s*.cuo I ,C{ e ?<1s ffi qqqlii lqlrlliG, {E fi €.mr{ fil ,9rfrffi"R qfu$? I1r Td-aftn qrd ?Er4t' .mr <rcca rrofa r ,{l !fo-{n TE Tr{ aBfEs rr{!.qir "n-l ts,-ff" &ce,,rnz< lroo: &:-)e.r) ft:) rr{ c!,"{t 'l{r€1 iirE T{.m fi-{ Vt'r{ ()eta,E:-)ea) E,) ql &{fi qc@irt &{fi q{Efr-+ lBfrli 'ifrq5 srd&rfi rF {{ ?qFn'T{S qlqr6 firli {:rd tqrn emqff qsqsn sG E,fiE sfF iftE st ,ei6-{<rtr ,Aer{" qiTdr.1t I sr{ ,{aS {e {lqqt (rt{|{ frtd qcdq <lh ftrn) rrr{r (Far lFrflq ft wE $T'l1 q<r q'arfrrcq ?!qf IlTGs qB qqrfd ftrrr ll$Tt-stqqt cqmr sFfl sh tR rrr cqr{i <il,Fr-stI< <t{ds Eh rs' \.1 lE {qRq rrq{ E{ rq{qn qr qR{E )bq) q ,fiftiq qdT{rt ll(.Ilrlirfi ?('lEE t' nF{r<.t q<( ?qctcFrt' {l{{-dr.rd cqqIn c{ TMff&{rtq cElE strErl1' az{t Eti TqIER l&{lc € YL ilq frtm 1'rqqs ftTI< Brs"l aGfier c{I{g 6E cqfis d{ v(',zqr,tr lB<rc (r{rT'D, frOs {q q aqTafi ,lnF <Fr{tr arl q{o <t(rtB l&qll <'i-d Clll {rtrer ffire {(s]'m,t rEr qiIS cFr.R E!fi{ {s{rn 6rr{I cd {{t q atm Frarqm (q-r{t"l+{ {(.IE6.t fiE qf*iq6{ rlTcfi F.rl? fu &fr \iF qr{{ frqn l(drfir yfr.{'m ffi{ 98 {(qT[qnii nFtrflfi qltfu{q !:rE {GFl r q]q {\t icrri EE qt Grn,ilffi rq{qlLird ?SrzErt' n]Ts<"i firT tffi-s cFcr 6{tr{l Cqffiq] qR{ d lF {qBfui' q&tr5 &cr{f4 tG.{{r{€lnq fitrr"t {.0? qfi I (Trla qEq rfir '11T{.r{ cE{l q{D qicE ts 'frq s?R-Eqrs <iq<l< qr< cirB ui""'v opposnion fi{E.k llta qir{fi.lil q&rfl{ tsfr-n cttl FrtrCQ?, tu q6 oBnla-c<eTfia fi{tu-{ Gfr Fci qtr{]n q<Q{ efi r FIE qtlr Ffrn< EEi {dFlfr ErErt iql crql; q?.rc{ 31Tt Eg rq{qlcrd ql<[t {, qr{< y1ifl{ cfi B16"l ffiT rE[it(e4- T6qa irqAftis qfiQfus qt ,41ar {T{r.t crr(T {irr{S sqt T4t err{IEFI I !b8c ]Tn qi qr{d +m rfcel{ qa]I a(f<q q{|Fls {{ t{65 ifu:r{, ts tf{, W tfu{r <f{s €*trq r srl{ 1llst t{R q{ '?\qffi{ lfrrcFr" fiqftr T{'idE ,et rE{{ qdvqr ql dqr fr'{T{E cTcft irRl.{s rcr crFr {c{R it c{t{ qi qlFl{Ir q{i'r{ &q 4l fu q?fr t{Ii {tuTr trF frfu €fl ?..4l-m.i' TE ,{{.t I'dtir c.tFrBrr('fl {tfico cr. cor rrtt6'r6 <6:rF fl3i .rE 1t qfui +fos qtr<tq qfrfi[E{ fu qftvi{ lir{Ei]{ 4r qfur{{ rfF qrflqq {ll ,el qilr rd.l adl qI{fi c l&{Err ft-ii rArs ,IfiIT{ ?(qEc,l' rF *q 6a;a n6 {R I ?qt! tdTq lrq]sl' m {nfiFnq? msTT - {E iI(sld q!'E aE q(..lr 4T ifiq' .lcfd q'fs$i, t{ <r {rqd {n'rTId fr'r qrq {4'1{8fi1 Sqr lQlql rr{ {!Ec,rr{ {dI{ <llnql<Es I rVfi ,ivrQ QIst 1{lnr.r' (Bms-rlah) 'fi6 cfrv ilqi ar qffiG fiqld qfu.mzq fifu lrqllfi-{ T{FIT 9C "fro+t-M") rr{w qt$Iq I 'llr frfi€ ctrt* ,9i <t{ il<{r llrlr{ r "i{frsi ll'I ,{rErl qrfi Erl{ ruri ('I{ lfu Bqr Eft.t) <'tFrR qt ffi' 4r {{.l .frfi i{ri' qrfi 'Bensala' 'lL t(taq{l t{k t{s rfur rfr$ Fr.r{ B€"s.,l I F{( fi{ qtcEIE c{ lgrci qcrq fit rr.l Bengd iGRt qefu E!s. Ecmln t{rm c${ ttst mt fid qrq (ar* qr.,lil 4E alffilrE Bengal vrf< ?en' r rdffi <R.TtrF l Efi t{<n (Emt BeneaD <Fm qBfu 1& | 16{tr? E['tFl ?(4rrFt' am q{.1 {frflrEa r qirc x$FR € t{td 6{t{ sG{E {IT{ fi - lRtd itr.t sEis <rffis ct{Rl cftT fu ?(qEF,t' 4trm qd rfi-{6{r{ {"14 qqq ilfus 'mr rE r srfi e{Flq1.N qfuT{rfr rqrm ffir rq-<,l6n € ff1Tn firii qfu'T{n Ttr{td {Ai I FrR dQrEc{ t(aEi { - tdl 6{fn q$tr 4r {c E-sd-rftq {-qfu {{.t Y(rtd c.rtFfi cc'(,B ;1]{ &4 <TtFfl qT(Eld Beogal qfirfi <lqE[r,F F{+tq <r'fift <ffi 1ftT{rri5 ?(-rt[E l' arq qBfu {G{i sfdrsir qqfiqr AV s&mftEm cc$qfda 'lftTirrr frrqtr{ qBrs fiTre, qlqs ffi{ td€ crl qlft{ <ntq € {ctFIFIrrr {!3 !t lEl' nlIi Tdq F{Efl mn r qlq qftT{I'I oltrr{l attfi <FTl qa6fr ?$nF.r' iE! qFmfiE qn q1( iF5'fficn {is16r "lfiE Etr'T ERI({ ?PTt <Tj {ql {{ | ql{dl€ frrs 'rfrr{ { t{s 6m{ qqq, qfiq s dqF'd, ?$irFq' <FlI.r rfiq {{{r $ltR tft qa qW, qrriq € {FlF[d qfrE{ "trqM{ qrm dFr{ qdr{ tq{s {dE frr ft mlwr rd{iqr{d ?'.d ccr.k t&{l{ 4{ qrfiRfu iFfi ltq r !l ,161 u<r rftv<l {r< - frt{ q<{ r6{n fu{ q<( qFIFI cqrr w{v <rrrto& r I ft6tq {frfl <raFn, {lpfiIq,i, i ft filB qad Bengat d {qi q(d rFrds {sfl{ 'R ctrl $R (T<|T{r{ {{qrFfir rffi|n' dEq]r crq6 Fr 1l - ?(n s inprR' sli cmq), d(tIEE{ fi.q 6{F {rr{ q*q <'irqt { rs]I.tl rft{F qftaR q-{s qq nv{6{rtr {t r E{n GrIFE TBq!ft i'r{{G {idrt t{ wifu{ r qRsE qifimfi? 116 Ilfui e cqfu{ rlrr{ {Rri rifin rFt'T{{r {ft cfffi 6t{fi'{ t{tftFr q{ql.qs {tql fut r 'stdl( tf{rF ({t{ lfuT{rrs fi qFlcfiras qlflfl ?('fl mn'-qi wft rfu 'rB <sfimR q( ql c{E qwrrdt Qfuql{ ql de qt.IlGs Erlhrs fr-Cc ll{tEE t' c frm ?rfi qt&' {'rlt r( TMI {.l1 {(.ir{ lrn clffitEi rlE fil lt r ltilrq utwBla tt Ell 4ftflftr.r{, sm qftr qm tf{rr{ dffifiq ?Cclc € 91!l1sr+ cef +fu EF$r{oE{ {rfi qffi qlfi \tElfi? <!$re r{ ro' rq{qF cffi{ ffiH? wvncfi e*rq< {I( +rarea vBr qnF (rEn, {$iz4{ ftrcr{ ffiFs dm .{ft{ y{qE cqsa rNr[ Q.I{r< cqr-rfrGs {{ Icfr{ {r{ r Q&qra5asEli< {r* $Frfl( crt'r qBr rq{fiITi nvr{ {!s rrdlqn, fufrs (rq{Etrdr rFlt) &{1-EE-+d rr+r {fis ftT r eFflL.lit cElt arfiEr c{, dsin T$5 tcFE c'{c cqr{l {fi68 qrr qtr{ I sk tr{ (lq,{lr "ifi6& ft{ rWcB <l {fi{, ,s1rm r{Et (gTn 6rnm {gct GFI{{{ {&{ Tirrc qlrfifi I q{B ds.i lFr{rq Trqr r{R-l-<]rlfrfi' qi ctrRt q1q, ,{d tErrc 'l u{ {{rd qF c{'tr{t r&r tE{cfrqn"t qrF 't{s {&-d €flE ,flrTnfr qfi fl{.i E{ TE{El'a{d {q qFlnn< frr{ {qr ffifi <ls I \i1< qI-<FR q{stft {+{ {(Etfiz.Ft fr,Ft]r dtd{F { 6EI <rfd qriE, q6\ {r{ fr{k t frsrn qE I di€ rrfi E{ {qqqR frrq q frsr{ 6{'l1qi d(flF-$ <]Fiil B"ft'l{ Trfifr, cfiFlTl{ qg o]dfin <N6R F{r.td cifu{vt !iI'I qrdlq{ r sa{ Gfr {fi aMfid i\F{rI{ l&-{zr< Befiql{ fuqI{ {r{qB {dli "Il-{ ?EF ' fr[cr< Sfts qlqr{ lfu{lffi{ fl[Frn qmr{ dlql s ftfiaq? (58 +-*rql sr{ dl? ftqr qn$lrl qsrclt{ {{,rs yttr fit q{ti, "n<rva r fio srtq Flir.B frcr{.ET ...inFn' mrr qqr Grrl "rQ t{r 1Ysn q{f{sfF frA? T{qrF Oe{fr{rrr fl$ fttqtq-l-fr{rq< (dn {ratr ifi.Tll Erg{ "rr<6 rq.,< &{t-EE-fi-i qq,I{l{ q<( qEiE (cloFi fu{q' (ffi {rl1 gs< fln ffi ft{r qRili) effis hir.[d {t{ qrl4 $t Err Er{Efl .$ra, -i@IEr I r ! ) q{ri&-{ nlTrr lfun, frfr ,n avr 6crnf+ r{q rr{{, qQ {{cr (fiftr Tlvfl fftq rR Vsqrl'r ffrq) ,nFrr{frs !!r(li 'tlt! q1( {{{([d qafts Trtr{ ,s<( ft{] {1mq frW q{ irGFt t) ! qr{{ fri difl '$1 fi'r' ({rnrhn flq) {n lAGs qr( {EI frrqfi4r{ +rTfi! <Fm nR {Gs, ?rrErn fr{nv {F€1, sErfl q&g,l {n c{ sRIr] dlEld qr qHlq rfrl< {r( $fr-coE irFfl\ rt{rEr rt{ c$n frfi \FTfirfi \mrdA rlft+{ qtqrr ftfi-{sR ffi{r{q {l!-'fl vRrdl istqr{ir lFr{lffir fu <tf<+{ GA< {1t{ 1tr6l qcFl q+41?< s qmro qfus {{ re qfir 6* qrti i'ffi {LE, <fu rct-rp 46 -Esft< Eid qR-fffr'{s1' r \r{' ! s t {( rr6Fn6 kFrtti' 6fts r(l {ffie c<( tRfrq' 'r{F fifiTst' car{ qr{(e rR cd FqT W q1-fifi-sst' qr qd 6dl mro "flrd ''ilfts €Bn' qrfs rq{Ic{ qqa 1B,no qlr t6rc<Bo em$i T.rF <F\5! ,!<( qfts 1E4v qsq ErT6 'll6II<Bs, nF{Ar<BE, {l]t{{Gv qir q t<FB m{ rln <g{l{ 6Be sG[cEr r Itgl1q'l ird I q qvl <6ff{ rq{E t.T qr qrr.l srd{ {?l Erra r{, .fqfi-{ tB.{r tq q{riG, {E ft€ q4( cctrlr ts h{md ffi rffi ffit{ <fu -tH {lfir firqr{ '{R-l-Mfrfi' E{R.t{c.r{ {$1I <tg4 q{6Lad {r{ 6Re rir.f{ ffi \1b ftfi rt qq{qr \i1-d drq€ firs{F ErE{ {dF 'Rs s{$( yfu+t qr< {6rrffi vBv {t&{ lft-{ {{r{ ?(qEF,t' ftrcl< 6i*s l'rrs c<( i6qtI{d 5515 q1 6{ft{q,q qdr{d {t$rr q&o llrqtF{t{ 't{ dsTt' q{<, ftq< m'rgl ffit'tl' furr{ 6frs rifl< ,ar qqe Qnfrr{fr{ qRErr {rd{ l rFFd ) q qft{ft s trr< lrr<ff cq qqerrro q1fta waqq 'qr' R{qr{ 6R-e :Edt (r{aq q lGfifrqr.d fiM#r ll{nc 16Ittr1 ,!{rr{q firtfr-fs .{tlr{t I v({ fifl Et rq{Elrtrr '!r{G.fr. {{{F* qqr{ rq{E€ fii{A- sBt eMFs {({ ffin qr{itnn 1lt +ft< xroll r (r ,{sS -iF[ T|ft,n nff R.qr{ 6fts 4rf{ rC{r-{ {hd{a {nE TlfrqEci c$tFd sm fr-qE qr{ q ffirrr Fffitcg Sqfte {fiftrq{ r qc< qa. (i'. ffi* e{q rrtr{ 4lft{ T{II,R 'Frrr {Fifu Y{fu e 1{ Flr r6fi d\-rflTr.h qftt u cft{-t(ftr{ I {i& e r61F - r6ffi {R.frErir cft.r u Eft.t_t{ f fir+q{F@ {r ftTd q{fit" q{{r{ Fr idfi {$rEEcln Eftq € Eftq-t{ firr {{Tfr dFwfd cs-{ q{.y +r.{, {crl q{{n c-id {]r.Tt 'I€T1 q{ I glls {r1 F{ qn qfr{ft ts rqR rql{q fr.Eqlffr qfiEt {rq a{ r ql sn tfir E6l qcm aE ,it€Tl {tr qit ffiFtrg r ,!3 q{fr f{ql'lr. qk sm6 i{l{j, r idTFr Iftnq 6q r{ FEit fisT,llir o..t" ftE , fr* * * ffit, i li \ q.c{.or. nt{{|€rTq 1. )9-) l o {Ei!q krn, {hfr@ lqn lfuqn Ond: wqfi. ITr$i'tq qiR qITNIAT FE q@l cirdrq 4l{t rc qfi6s &l s cTl irlqlrqit wrq rl[fl qBq{ ,q14[ rED {rn m I fiq 'lliq(qd clr fi-c+ Tr q{qE ustr{r € qfufir Estn fr-ss <6r "LV I E-sfiwT{ B-s{ +fl k 'tql Tn r cfuftTr Sr]rfi ful qftrts if i cw r qlff{Er(q rI}.i a{ 4 rrEr q Elorrq wtql iPf€ l.n Qrq I 1q11) t 8) { (<( EtFrrft s {qt {r{l ffir sl:t{i{ffd q$ rf}d qflsr El {[qi 1611T{ t&{rTrglrq (c{Tn, v. qEq {frr ci$"") ,rrrs ("i!.t {r{{ I qfiI,lrs tF {cRFtc.R G{r<ls ?t' crql {qs rfi't frrtr{I.f{ ftq[s r{t rt{ m, &fur{ qft*ft e Eg rqfilrtr{ 6Rs filqr' sI fird lcFq qlq t.'t r|w[ qFt 'qr clqf{ <(r .FIr{f hR .tf{l Qq r qlfuc grte-6{fr-i' qffn\oR|F{ (Erns ?€.n? Er{[s&-{ <6rrq q{r{ c<fi u6E <q r qi dB.n rtsm ftFs q{n 't{E 164[ 6{ rfun t EtdqB€ slo stc'r{ :tdEfl qrrtEq t ,! cl w i'Gt {r6ls ) ${rrq B'ft"rt (r(I{ (?) {ri .{fi I <Erfi lsrnt rl'r <Mr 1rft c+rat qt( ,ttert ({ <lsr ,{( {t{fr r sr{ ,{fir ftFN <ls.n el{l fui $rqd r qrr6! {rFth q< crs{tE frr* imls {fui ftft IM< qtgaE-{R fir{ "ET-Rqrr {r{nfl{ ffifl rqrs tfrt {B r (l sfr &s, * ff* *o* ** <rqqr? rT{l Rr{rr qlfr Trdfttr{ r fu fie gn qlqlEfrafi q<( cfirrr< fis-n-fiffd .tvrq 'ttft fu ('flv]T aa qI{l ,{{ {tqn cwfi lrnrnt E(,i!RF rdF['{rn I$k crcrr {FT qsa tr*nfi Rrcr{ cr{ FrE ,llrrdB | 6rfi qqTl{'r{ Entqlq+ nr,sft 6{l,tErr{ {t{{R Trl E(mwqlr TE4I{FT {'l Cqrif {FPl rlsrEr cal qlR T6rE{ qaffi6q, s. {{fi {tE{R q{Fv r({m EfifiE <Jfu cel.<l qqJ (qrci E(,rffir m1T{ rymn {d{iqt{ 'lE{ Erqn nfr {rrrF r 'E lurr, rt5lTt eq( {r4fiq 'fff E6qrB ?E{R rrstri' qd ft&r{ frris, effi qEl !tr'R +(rrq{ a, E({Er q{nrr 6'r <l(lT1 qF l'fl {tn { ...str rrc, {(nl vFfl-l ftEmit fi{l frTnts, qri-{s r 8t qfi{ €&.fi-qqfr{R fi qfri &q I sR r1I{, ,tr{ E{rmd€ <t(qt sFlll bs{ I r(r {rc q+ dql? <Er <? {tsrrt, <i$Il EI{I{ {T{ qfi€ qT Erqtl <Eit {qt ' Toflr <rsa. Ertlz<! nrutfr r(?fvr rirurl Etn B'r5rn {cq riTq. {rs]6t ls?fur af6{qrd.qo 'tcl'l (Er{ <EIT{ irr <rql? <{ft {rE rri {{E fis f' EAes {fu!r{ fue E"lt"l{ rsfl? 'rd ctFtFr {rFlq q{ qEe ql<qiir qrr arfi q{\ "T€ RDt{ {lfi fu qq'llEtt qmd" qle{ qian lefi Arn qn {iFrE ({g TL?LE fr{l q[l{ q[{l ol ffi <rq {rfi fi, 'qIE F|v-{ <th fiIn q{d qsF 1.f l.$rk {fuRi fia qa qNiE rEtr{ trrnt <rq 6Rs TrQ" r$ sR @ ltw'cr q{{r (r{dI{ eFFf.t 4s cqR {T{A-{ ift{tc rr{ {r 'IrQ vn!.6v crlrE r sr{ q qwrrl ar F&n wiq - 6'tV, rr, T{r, <rr€, 1q, qfur'q, aalrbqq6 ,eTF qi frr&d "R ,|Trlr fi fi F,nFl T{IDr{ {Eq <r{qs ,fiR 6 adt lrr{t "{rldr q{is gl{1gl&-{' ffifi aoo E'S"|6rtr udirrfiro 'c{s' ,.Eqr Bra:1 q6rqs !r' {ird c+nat Brg{ a'Q rr' fu "isqF E-&{ n' {Ed ,ft? Tm EDrrift{ [to <r+ oml s"r+ qas !l {aql Eral Trr{ ., av.rg qFnqs Elti4\s rGs {rftq ffir qr{n q'('t I q{64 'FER {$ {Ia Fql cri I l{fir cfi a{E {R[v] ?r' nrqt (f{$cd{ Fln Ta{, cfrV, rtirErn {(trfr ,{n( I &o.t +m r &6'I{ qrrrd alTErfl rlm rr{ r<7s,?s ,se <i e cfiv nrrd Brfq 1gfftE Ehsqrf,d EE Q..r{ q{E s6 cfrr{.t \iR c{qf& c'tr{IE{ sEs <8fs qrFrTn qr, <r qq6md frq "fis{t {k Fq s{ qqRl (fiV fi (it wE irst ar{rn 6.{ {rd Dvd 'r*i 89 TGEft sld ?T{(, q iTd fiRq{ ef{rr c'11V, ar q<\ I{i qr BrE.l {rflq{ I qE Tfififr{ mr{ {(frltr{ 6]" fr!m\, ?,T{4q Brcl {rllE{ Tfl 'rglrd irfl-vrqt-I.f E 6{lqfir qlEfi {t+r T{l rs sr< <r< &fi rtrrg-l {(n U&l {r{rEn I CiErErd q{./lz(€ (frrgd Fql <rTl stle I q{i'Fr qqn Tfl fiGn Esr 1ma, cnftq,,? qd,'ra, TfiqfiRttrr 1Ecqfu, {Gmq? r!-{(?, T<7srrv, El{ q&M{ € rE{, rizsM-VEMr, d{tftflqa, ?trras sye) c{rs 'las G{mETd fi{tr{, q-r,theFrd (mr{, $-rrffi, civ-+fa<.f, IlT- I,s, sqa6, {n-{{sB-EFr{'.r) sr{{r{ Wmrqfd GGF v-{I'q.R rEi[ TBFI (!, "qt qfiheFrd {rr{I EFn'ru € {fr{ qlevld c{lr{ fi.r{I .{'{ <{ (dn.isr{d wr tg cdfi f"" qffn qrl frnw coqrq !'f{d € {qlEfnq iq' Tfiqr Etg{ {mfr I sr{ qE 'ncfi ffiqs q< c6i'nFr{; q{{n Efiru qrfr "l1qff{ m{ \r,' ?a,' \droli,' !{rre,' t'l{' q{( ''Nn TlEr{l& &r <(.l cFr€{ cavt q!!I {frs€{ qlrd rFqD lr'tr{rE {mrqq I {m +wt VIB r vBr c{JR qr{ ,tlsfi ('ize qe q66vqr< fffts ls{t ulff vr< l&{r{r{€fiq c{qiq-tE cwfu {{qrF qI{qrr rBFt <tBrrR $ftiq,{{E td (Fa rqh vt qrr - ql{t" q"R qrE ft{re qt{r{ oqfrGFl{ r&,.i qaB e. qfu fur { { !{ t. t. r "&vrr* ql{qI{" sr! ![an &T{ qF[rr F(t q]fr Ti (Ilr€ vl cm{sEgfr{ q{lq {in ,{t{ts ,f{r CEfr * 'r<l{nn {{{Er- a{fr$ wm {r{r Gruisct {fs ftrqr< r6{i firn ,Irfe " fie qX qrf, nfu{rfu{ qft\ frH a8 qr{zE{ G$'l{ Tdt rrTrE {q? 8. hqh&-$ fr{.1 Rrrn Rrfs.t sr<E r." il$rrtrl qBrTqrk qlq fi-def {,rfiA cFrrd qFr{'t{ -fi' el 8661 qrE ,o T{EErIv ?{' ,{r EtE-{ Enzq r &c:|r fiftq.* qs.t (qr qmIE fi +. ,JE q<R dfu qar aqrt-{ tfiqfdiT.I rfflLI5 irfr nr' ql i[Rti, &{ sEfr&r ".dtZ6 {rqlc+ "illr +r< {?,t6d ,l<r qil q'rd &q ffi e rr CEIE-i "m&s Trtr{ ( q(6tqx q* c,flRvl (<TT{) (? ftRr Tlql Trtr{ I nXE S,rdrq <a-<mc,i cerr< o;p rqr+ ffi oa sr"m orr+ ii tfrfiE nrr' frrn qrqtEdff {rfi ql+dg elIa6t E6{tt'ts R{{ <€Tl {rq! qEE afirqq c"trlqi lBql{r{glfi {ri< ql&dg qfir.l- {q fuTr{ riqrd 4rlrq{ q<( €rq? t{3rfrT.l <t '{{sqfitlrTd rrq a? {nfr | qlsis qi I n!, ?{ <rq qro qql{ll {l-{rs€ El r<ft 6dfE{ fE I { I efs -{r' ctvir{i a{Rrnil qNT I "qrsI Trtr{ ,,srff {r;r otlq ?r' {4r.r !:rd qfr.t {rm} 6<F{r6, qqir crd rErErId€ {rri rrqr {rq guE! it srn .cM{nfu. ts'JcR siE TlDit cqr{ qA T< Firrltrr ErE1 Frt {rq I cl'{q IIn r{aqE TirirTfr5.6 q_qsEr >f{R {rrFq, -rn qr.!^aLi (ErdfE s) Ttrqfr er{ y<R qrF,ra. q(qc ': Tr.ft qfrliq r|ErfT! sBsDri oE q?qt?ra {I(<I fr,rFslr< .<r-qr, ,IES rrT{ri .aT{ , ftrfa ?il'r {.Rs s]!,R? U(la srf{q, iF.{rE{ qTD qtETr{ I sr <IS.TI st{l <rr:r (qr+ <Tsrfl ffi eld <n q a,rl T{iq {rq'lT el{t{ Trr/Tq ,4{( qfiF? tdt6t q-{frE {rqs 4rq{ .lvl{8r c{'lr{t {fr ql 9I{Ir{ TTsEtT {6q SrErl 8C sm ql.e-mrs crfi EF{l,, .ffiFt eFt,qam .6{fu{ sl{l' Ra{r< qrlJlfts Twq{ w{A.+*,o Frf,s qs 5q{.q i,trE q? cTfifr$ rTr{ qjlq )q8e ctct rTtrI|cT{ ET qtfiefiit€ 6{ <ilql <TE<cr € '':?Ff<'r€ TE* nr6rfEa-{, cT{TFr {sET({ .G4ql. <rEF{ " .o< )q-)b <Eir {c< Tfqtfufiq {Frcag {EFl <lFrdq ersI.t FGFi L{( 11r{ 6{SET 4i€rrq &rcr{ 6fre rr<r{ qt,R lboo ftE a{B rd-flftr qftffi rt <tsEfln q{<Fi f" arn ef$fis {{ q<( alsql EFIIC{ 6{'F q,T$aTql T4 E; r :uo: cFI rn'(T ca6 EEhfir i5I6r.w nyrq 1t€Ej <i cfl{R .tq q+ E{ q<( sF[ (<r{lTN ?tsqt, .&ili qqra Gfrs rdB .ff Rrcr{ <r<qv ql r* srtr{fr r"r I Irqfr a qtr-!-qr€* {.q t{lq{'l'it{'(}4tr) I )ro8-)roc &6]I.i 1{fury fic e$+ < vwa 6r vqql E{s <'FIrq oE ,E fEq dirT r'! <nfJ$E {qE 6s Er qEf{ oafue s'rc acTfu.s GT?r fE .oi-g F{Er.,"' r{l$,ri qel! sElir-{cri'{Fr,iffifl.ts ?s.n, {rq r{lrFt q.TRR Erdn $r{{fr | iq<s ?r' <q'F stF vqeq E&.t <,rrs r{mtnl {rsl t I '.h ,{i.td -tlqk{ IFl.{l4 ntE cffrtd,lts hlET {rir{ | T{srft{ fiAa mr-en-ar <<ff dra u/F{-t-fi.*wtt -AF+nB1 nR-t-<rqtfrt, ccnq r1qfrm{ :fqqn fuTr{ Ergl <'rm r* q< $clrq auqB ,!i'F ,!('{ Fo {d r ,a q€ard n-<I'an F$te {6lEIi qlqluft-{ 6qlz,Fl,irq ,9i r{r(? {tsfi rfi-dl ITEraEr Tf[trr-rst cj]a r f<Frqfu pvra,r+ foi a <rem {,IlE rE{l .rri urro dr+ Cfrq TI.'| ferca GrEI rrrfi t"" rlfi( ,i].{ifud lFrm .nq fa-r6iro <rsrfqG? TlvF ftrcz< cqFr +tR ,t-{€ m{ qqdq alE6I frrqr{ 1fr6& {s Trnfr | q.s,irifr 3E* 5 f I I wbdix.netlsdnbd-org 8\9 l; 8q qlii& t&{Fl-dEd]]l (dominznt history wririns) q<( ,!? :wE {RFrqs qrfird, 'EtqlT <Ecr{' l&{I{{ F!fi <E <T | {iflr {qd (El Er{d {!d, ilEI{ EfrFrs qFF<rtr{ {<R itqFrt{ ()ayt, qrlt\ qlq a\eo <E{ qratD crr qlirfr ?tFi' - ?FI QrqF qd ,lqlsfr fEfi .I< rt I ?Rqt' qsc$, orq6 ftqnf< frql cqrts, qr++ ifua s a"iElTd {$ firn ftr{[E fi ffin {rt qqfte {eG-$-$sffi{ eF{f€{ q'nsv frr{E{aE qls qfi I ,4{(i eF\1{ fr{{ qrE ?fi' cc<q uqrfe {F-s ffqntrf Frft cr< al r <Mrfr qlqtrg1{lrln Btqft s ft-{,lrfi "iBcI< ?cq]' sqrTF <atfu{ ilqffi{ e an1fuo a-rdft, 1d e tffiir-+ er<i e oqw< fir1tv l'rd r t.c Effir QT qlfurrr ql{h {R'rmfr ElqnERrmr ffi' qr++ 6'r+t +sG qlffn\5|<Trq( qFfi qGfn € q{ftsr{{ Usqfr, fr{r9 e cr@ <I{.r Ra vtftvmm {Fqr, dff{ {q-6l-i' 6ks i'r{rqni {t frrE ErcJTlcl{|ff Eqmrir qimE{f{ frVe qficrd q.ciGs qr{Iq r &frr{fr+qr{ tifrc<Fr+ tql e E{stl qrr (l qqaq<nm {R.ll'ts qllif{qnrrd $, s efr'$Emr{ vtin qFnn Fm q6irlt{ ?[Tn-da' Gyncretic) vq'FIEI {ufi qlS{vRlE € <lql q(,G? $d.l]" ffia crqi <qs qI\5]Tgl{Ia fiq'B qftlr s w,5iTgl{Ift eFrr< qu{rrTd qF{t{ 1g fr{ll< I]'mn, cFts, q-l.rr, 1lA q<( <Iglfi q qryl] ql&{slr{ q! qlo{vr{q q!E-{ Rrqr< ffiq s qfrrrn <'n qrcrE fimatff ,i&qr srqa q!]a {E{.Tt {I4 ql qq !m{q (5rlg1 € Sq{'rn rqr{ns) s std lntclrr e lBftrr qfu'{srm qqrq F-cv ,irr { r E{6r &ffi{ 8t ql&qr4ll-{ {l ct(I&-{ +<lWrcn-+ vE @/q,ftT&< u* fr6 e<rs qn e6q q1& { qtq?66 cl!"tEtd s'ET r Tm tTr{ <;tr€{? ftEtr< mrn <E? afi a.trm <q?- qt q*F qNaat cqtr{ Bztro {{ I {{q{ .{]r{l {a-{ft-r fu.d {{ | qB Ei {q-{r$ir T($lr c-r6m 6E('t +13 I (T qTrql eFrq qfisti {[{r {,Farfr{ rk"t "r{,iE Em sd eFt{ {FF I *<TGa qthI1 qcRt ,fi&ft4' qffi4r{d cm {r{l{cl TI< qfr<fi ae9Fc+ ccfi <t ffio.,{Tffi qfi6 r" sli srtr{grn m ed et{q 'l.6n SE{''ld-qEqfE-S6,i{ q.f q{{F, 6q.T tqR' ''RrsqRq RITr{ etk< e e&BE {dk rT${ rh" "i{<q q(r-|, qcIfi Ttr<.I s q&-d fr.lt{ qrer+qr6 el.{{F qrdrtEii €t<; ql R {k"ll srre ft $r" qfrrEql &{, ftq{ fi-tqlr< "r< qa frErr< ,tl-r* c{rs qtqlrd <T qqq mE rjlfi aiR I qFrR ts qa Etr{'d vqFF&E ?ETI'rd fr-*za {t5n' { ffi{ ffir q-{nl{ qlfur {€{l {rqs T{fit{fiTri, {tr{.f qfrrs c(Efis irdR eFrqq, ql RT{Fg qrEnE{EI Er6{ sr< T141 frers, Tmtst-c{ft'-r qr${s]<r(q< E-({md ctqr€rr <ls]6 lmrr wfrrc< <G-w+qn eh, aful{ rldr d_6i6< o]irs< f<"riirs ErE- e ,eTfu-qg< q'C{qfihr q!rE.{ -{<r t-taq-'n-<fl ogtfr Tnn {rflFi d+isr.-E. ds-6 IE fiEv q€xt {rEE TeIq lt {cl (e{ft qErR sml.r (qrli\ ry qi rNGWft) qtr'flGs {c{ qfrE, q( ft{c-frfuq - q I 8h li{{erqt s <l\qEqtrB qlqrsffift futtEErcr q\4li' iI(6 qq{\5Rlh crQ \rqs ccr{g ql${qm &s{F ffi' {at.itq ,Wffi qr€ rr$npE qG sr{d -,E Fcr n GE t B'lffr<r.F 1r{ qS{ERlm-{ {1-{d {ls!i qqn lftT ftc m ,aB bfrr qvr{ Ufir<r.R unurfg{ vrqErer n'{IzI r ffiq qzT&.1-{ 6rfr{ Fft Rrcr{ ,a{D qfrW? rrr{ qfralGs {€Tt ts.rfi eltqeB q&{q<Ih qfunr {rq ?sEfii a{Tt,td ,{ffi< Ffrc s u6s q{F I ftEl( qlqnsr{tc qr sDEr m rfr.q{q {n qfqr.Td {\6rtfri{t{ q.Jl cficqtQ I ,{ {lqFl'l{R {li ?<Ftiri { s'ffi R{r< ftts irewq? c[$ q{Ju{ <r!r{ r?-fitat rE( qG cqtrE \trl IsTIvfi c{ {rr.r cc{cs "rE cs, &fr firqt r{T{ q$I{Prd &.T{ | 6td 'c{,F A' Ftr{FIT{ er<r6 GF BrS?r srdl 6{. ft{R iifras q\r{, at(nrm .6{rtrt, r&R Sfurr.q {t 6flg ENm 4ffiqs Efl& qFEs <4 1rrII q( qlG <frtg t(rdetq {tdtrF race rrpr vr(l€ {rtltft qr{ | qrd ffi'fi lt?& 'ffq''lrrr cG{Tda'lt <I{ffi I r {ft{, ,q<q c{.Rr+ c+.fd lfu r r{rFr € TFfipl fi ltert{ EFm oE{ qr{{ q(!(-q-rt{r{d {E ,{gat {t{ I !fllilFt {fiSc' .tffii vd{t aftrq qflr{l .ItrlG{ TqfiEl' qFr{ld {frfl qlfr- fu !nGn' rftrq qlq{, {tfi6-qlqn, Fn-rrlGr, cr-r+nn {$e_ qrer {rrft(s {n - sn\'rfi r{*tqt $iT il {Eilq s {rll {rqr qflq - (Dttn ffi' nc {r{{li rrtr{ "rFt{t't' 4! $tqrrt {ft{ {nl.{E qqre T{BFt-tsl € 4{qfi-{ ngl {F fi'flrE{ - ft1fi 6{rt{l cR'R cE} fi dfdF lfuTr{ qrr4famfd en fro fup&nv ofmrl t{n 1116 crffu rrfur lts {ofrn ff{ cdt qNI qftq qn - cni qrcn {dFn qEft.{ inr Trqr f{.lgll qfiq Trr l) {t<.fi ",fum , r efsFf{{ lBllr srr|tir ()w8-)bto) cr qc{ {6 Eti!ft {ET{ trR(' (race) c ll&' (ethnicity) +16, fiq efrrqr I& En n,l flrsr x :;oo ct r q{( Eli t{ {6 $er cfi ffid frrlq Tr-s, {n 6{ Ifg| fl FFrffr r$sE fftfE{ qgl qfia rl&qrf dl{ g {{{:'ltJr{ ('alil1-!ft{-TgR ! e cFFt\rE rFiIrn I ,! r{r qir{|}fr Fq u-drJflftr 1.t,{la {Afr{ a.ffirr nIr rtqG{ c crEfis t Frl}n i{rsr frTl{ri I c{tri qrm. rlrin !firr qEfu. rI frEx-{t. (p!yotoA/) {d!{r frEri' EIR Trr n IfitS.IsR alr6 | ql qnfird eII'<n o.TrD cEr r ftfr {t.F, rft {rE 'Il.ffql! a Tf,rct iirFf € m\ {rfi ,qe qn {Iq | fu ,cG {qrs rq ' wA ({. {dr{ {(E ?q{ d <rtInfuFr (rlglfrlo) - (t qt{d c{rrl $r r !fri rqr{{ figtft( 'Rdttq 6{fl tffi fiAr Aqm {rr {lRftHt E! u 6k {rIH .Vi I:fiFiFn q,$i {n I skt ,{rS a{ll qTfl stBc(t!-r !E-dri5? M d rq" &tus cncF 'ii r ftfifrq ttu s ?rEtfr{ Tfi{llq ftr r r"{f*,] )bao rrtrTr {t ftlErs d t{ rFtiri (!:- -fi..1 € qO{, dLflffT.. ur{l-Q,fu. c rtrTffaa crna rlrrc qffi{rlR 'difu. ,q.{ ffi! r{rdE a I U'm. < nr-+l wL'rrft nqfu aFil ,{r {rc.f-&fu hFtrBr {I{, miG{-cr( ({la1 qrF-r{ (q! | rl{trqqR {r{.f tiG qfi ltlffE {Ififiv e,ti $rl![it qrI:Tr ir-qt $rq (r{l t{ qf{ qt qflwr {rn rn wl q|{{ Tfi.f 6{t{IrE Elt s$ ,41 i{Gr nfu fi qfu_ a) {r{{rr rfi qqItl qtifi €llln t{ r* {TtrstftFr {tql fipH q)trfi T{6ffU, fi cifr fi, lcldq c{r.Efi caq fr@lFM fi, qft*n dcfi q{r t Gfu+ ri 1'ettnic groups') @t'l fifrq 80 <f(rr rlfuqq{ frrtr ftk qqr< r{{rl .{irc iI{{qld Tflft q6fus ir{Mr{ qr(E qdB c.n iFr {a rfi( e q1&ftfu c'f r' {d{df e ql&({ Tl{ {rF {$n qfr{ Gnfu r'{FE fiE EiIe qi! ,tfu.nfi e[r 6EFi {T I $r sl qft{cFr Rq {i{ El'l {dl {r, <li-fltrr {frTmr qI {qrfr m {rr frrmfitr €l ts I qflrci FI io ffrcrq crfl c rM T{ {rrg o'lrr {rE cftffqr iffin qallr at w r l$e q {ql$ qgl ({ {fr{ir{ rr$ {tr{4 ts q&i! frlF i&'dq 1O €rfi' qRh ,f{tcrr qs nsl fi Tfid- ! t&-frGn fi({l {FFrft w{Ftt tEl 'Il,l0q r strt qt(v | lREl{l qfri tq ar.n, nr{rfi {rdd afu qI lBt{lfir {Frff,T llnFfir'tl lcs{tFt' cE q1frcsB ,{R.fi {ffi nt{rffE ll{T{lEI r" )brr crt.r {<Er aEftE q$B &'Idt <sn-< Enaa,- qh{r{ (t}r l)-ci) 6trr {kfi ?,n-kf t<Fffi{ c(e,i ElE Trt <{rq fr.lRq crE{ mr q{F{ ct mlGIlv qltrsfrE{ffir 61{ )rre1 ctcT{ ,{TG q{ Cl.f{ ,4ill qtflin (tt q:l ,flca-fic ErE{ sdt qmcq, lfr'qilT{ qtrfiE{? \{lTr1 race qd T'l1a l,116l {riI{r{ TtFt i w{fir{ {gtEI.rd c(fr{Ei lo:r {16r IforFN !-ofiA' .tqtrr {tr{lfr l(rr& EIs 6qen qtcE erhnic sect Rrqr{ I qRF ,r(rEliiTq Ffu Ttr{|fr nFrE{rn qE{ cq"+i etrDic sloup Er{ iglR+ ffiEs' ftnfi filE 1r<'rfr'jEvtI{ Yq t[qs q qfi l.\rrt c{Irqfi-{ {rqt s&th cqrF .f{lFlv ts firii ,rit{$t, ,J&q'l{ Er rqfis qr{ {n qE, srln ft.qr{ (rt !q <n l{ ffi-{rl E&rT rgrs ,116r, q r<wl w1rT{ r" qlFrD' eR[6 gl]E frtfi qm TfuTn .th, t{ 6'rtFF <r{ r rffi r ff ...,trF< c {trfir <jq{rr ,t|€Tt :rF ftqt ,eiirsfi er{]Flg ?g1 {ftsj? lGfi' ,{rqr qqr {ra. fi{r{ g$r v'lirmd FErfi{ {61 ?qtGrr lgtfuir "tar{'r c qqltcffi qtcfiE{]il 1}{{ ts rfili qfi[< lEGs rfrE{' FqR qd \'M{ ffr q(aFE 1fi6& r ErfiI rltr{ q<r nr{ffr rBldftrs FBN Tn qql{fi! l mfr r WT{ am ftt rEm qerH{lffi {r r dtFr6, qG (!fiTd qdrcfu {r{ d fi rfu{| {{Er Trt{rrrl! I'|n{l?rill rff! iqt{ rl&r, qtfl ,{T{ lrrrfi qroqr.n F tr {{ - {ifr{, rlqfrr fu{ Elr{t - ({fte 6{{! <(tn wr llra st tq r*'tft* ct'fl{rffstn "{rr.Tclr- ir.Ir trrfr{ qi-fi'R qG qh 6rGF .(6n lq{ fil (n { fr{ ql lcR{ E ltitrrr {lsr{, vtn vrm lt1fo+ ffin ltlrrl cqm, *+*{"n fifu. qtDll-qq, sm, r'(, c"mr+ 1o ctE, r!E{ frtrt(qlr{ sucrcm) I {fi{Frdl rn&' ft{r{ qnqqffT, rqq{ EO'f ts{k qaql'd - ifrIT frG'fi|, ltrfu s {irefr{ rEw {$I{ 'qtte JIEI trqr{ qfu,t {dn dlEi frfrr qt:lB-{ et$lF|E e|-{s *q1&d *{-""-o "erhni€ity" € 'race,' ct*ll{ <tr4 A&.lrf{ cnFTa:ncr <r+CR fi.m qtr ceL,Fr q<( q (f@ <F\qt El{E A&61i\-ftq fiAIEr atzw Etrqr.t yrn rcT{ ,{qr<, \5]? qrFtl qFIn fr Elg i(ctct I qFrn {.r1 qlrqn ft n{ cq-{.TE nt ql icrl' ,{? {{t Br!{ qrd eNE fd olt ertr{ c{ ffid, {lr.n {Riln lDr-,F irn .qr{t &r P fu 6k i'qR ftq qfr c9 ,!{{s {rq qlffi { eErt cqD ?Gr*tfu w{ Eq qlGEh qd r ,! Fr{{E qRs qfr$R nt I vt &q <{q( rRr E€ E t"il$t{ ,c? ?q'rFFIdr? 6{l.{<ft' E1Rrtrrd c{ldT &E[qt "trfr w+'tufivr* frr{ ftrd vmtr tb" 6T{IF ERq &'eMt +rrq, '\fi ft qle?" .{qt Eitt qd +m<, "qtF ft qrltt qtG?" Bftq qHr qr{rs fin, 6{ln qlq{f erql .qts! qlff{ r*fsG E-6 .q'n, "Rt r" Cfrq fr{s {rn T(.1, r{F q{r" rd.rqr{ {rEr, 'cqnw 1o<.f r" Eftn FKe-r IvfE "{qlTd qt r q{{ ctffe qrHl (qER qv qrR?,, {rn qrq, T{cl qrrFF {r{ qFrc EI{, '{tH 6{t" rfr{ Eg EdltcrF qm 1fiQG? r.fnt Tdrq{ ,{vtr{, oftqn, tftT{ Fqlr 1tr{ {l I rFn li, tFri.t, TIT{, M, &tr fiit q{B qlG qR ql.{ EYfr 6+11 ele{ E\tn?- itrrn vt6 qvttr nkr4ir nf{.( Efrgq{ {dq& qsH Tm qlG fr{({ fivr Etr{d E m F6 +rr, "q{rrunr q Gffi $Etr cqfttqrfd, qER rrqfl qtErnts, rls {-ffE E6{+- tfls€ 6s c+. $.r{ fl fl, qfi EErq, t{| qlf{ fr al{l.f qlfi-{?" E r{ frEtr{ {{rrB qlG rfffl ft{tTd aqr{ rq, 'tBIq]:I { (n) t{ r (\) -stft frlrn T{qft{ qH{ | (€) ,FrR {r{d s't{ utB< qfi qGl q{gG q< lEk \fr fi ffi{ {lfr+Et EE& r)"r )hroi q,FF c(IT ffEr{ s lfrArfi qnFlE{t{ qC, q&-iE, qqfiFE sye cqrd qilB cqFEi ffi{ {|{ I ,q F{rsn qndEfiFn {r{t \rriu{ 6rn&t qrrslirfi r \iR rt. b"gi*a ahaaMka Ril,oi|ar M tb. Onia s rtl cr6t 6F{ !4!itlit. ,9TE e ql rr Et$ts 'Jar{ {a, q (rrTt.(a) 'rftqfiS {tr{R cyr{ rql{ I q} rgmn-r <Rqs'fi{qn C Flv*m (r) at qr< G{l {rs mr, \rR{nqd qr{lsfl€ trq 'ttrr I i(At affi frfi! qtln T{R {r(1 !fr, i-rd fiH{fiElr{AffiWqr c8 ,{q( qlG-EE n,ddr Uv{ fuTr< i'frs yn rr*qr ,r<r 6n <m ant+ tet{C6Tt, ). {&s cft aad tpftad at \ana,attlat"a A TEs ffift-$ r-dEI{ ,!<( qE fusll< A11<6 rEr{rd 8G dfi &-{ Gfi ar;a ffi$\q," vr< qlG e gfle{vl{m, l-Rr irrrfi a&ftq fifi{{ ftT ,{q sqrr <qrl FroR , qR qrrn[q qfu{"frq 1.,!!D. ar* qf.) td'r{ (& r {R <r.r{, qlq{vFltrn c{-{F f{B}r ffi- ,9T{ rrs!fi t{FEr (qfr-{|$t (F@ vtrit) { ftr{ ,{dl ql&r{ qir El&r s ulG-fi'qA offf cqr+ qqtct El{Tn r. ft{Rh e. clf,cB{ qq{s, {r'E <lBs frc{, FR{ q<( qfifr 8. @1b q?ql{ | qlB-d rq-c]rte slzqn \rft{r't qq'{,I[{ r'qrf qlr{ d r !frs qzq-r qrsl-rfr fir cynffir tnq rirD qrc+ ftSas, ql&-r+ ffIl<Ffrri {rat T{t {{, TT{.1 T{zEr{ <v qG <lft, fu vt iTl-<c !ft et qle'{ dr'flFri' ft{tr{{I <K, {{, vl{(q q qdl q1&-d +fird$ c&Gr ('dr{ r c+trql qlfrl firqzrTn' fi{ rlT{w&d rta( qTa fi'{nfiXs Qrcr{ qFid Trir d y${s, r erT rft,61l Tiq Tf{l T{T {{ I sR.t q qt$r Sqtft qrna ,{r.t q{ {{rn ${.I qt'{rscflB e RGfq fftri' srEtd t{{vll-{ K(q Trr&6r q!( RAfuvd R'{d q&q I {rfi t&{T Tr (Tn ,{{G $r,t q.r cc qS 14st c,imEq, fii crl({t q{E {Rv {dr Efl qfifts qntfff-gl[< €i {di f<Fr$n <ay{TFr crl' nl{EF, efuq q<( TEIqR{ Elfr ,{<( ft{'.{l5ls firye? rqtfid R{fi< slT("t qTeT {ri.ll {s <l ctdrqr fr(rl< qrt sd I u96, qfu:+ qlF c?tl{ frrcr{ sffit Fjfi < FRq cfuI{h qcrl qqlrr qrr 6,ll{"r {qffiE (n,tB qr{rqe, wfur{; Tftt .tqd q< qEVE-{ IEr{IA isarr< strdr a! T{ qQ qyyr{tG Eriu {Ir.fir{r {t{r€ IlI$ e.it cR.t njfl? I qtS{sREEr qfrd Ti? qr{'f6ir ft,{ ft {E[rn c{r{ UlRr{r.t qF{Etfr <En '!rde Tra <a1trvl n, qqnsr{lh <{I "1TT ,4. Uq{r r tsmPrd irqhfu{ fr{r{ cFst l&fiTn qFE Sq'ttr{ fr(qa! qlG{sr<Fir+ mqt ergt r )bso q<( 'qo ql q.Es q&.{'l, Ehv q${T !E{l{_rE{ld lsrftfi otrbt ffimrd qlffi offi rw6{ sr6< {q qX fur, q ri{'q Uafir{for.Tfrv fi.ll a{lqt Nr<t qr+cQ? cc r:nFftr r< uQtt t! o frsrn qT{v &rrq cr, qfr lQ"1i (q5ql qNnfr {d| {rT(E ful-?Evril qt& n(s]ii {(at qLr$E{R qft{lrct q ffi{6 lfrf,r{ rdt Trrro r Gr7{ lrrlft flFErl q {R.rd q{s.{ {lir{ <qa cqraGiT& qiErffi rF e+F miT teqnrn qfruqfus q]${stffir Uqq s fiq& frr{ qtr4rE{ cni dR crq, sfl.6iTgl-{tft oq+n Cr{s qri qfu iBrftqi qffi ffi qI!Tl:E{rl\5Br cm, q{F,-{-FEfis tGr rq qlvf*rq <mq. E'lllllI{d T1nq qfur leTn R R#n xqrrsr e rifrqrE cEtfu{ q(tkfi fr{& qrtr qtss ffi qffiT frqrqn fisft "tfr-+r, plr e ar.tfiTrql {B$R frv& \r! R T{6ft{, T{rfift € 'mEirrn-c{{rdrB (si$dn 5l1fn lFf&gltr T{(s c'trq, q{i6+ udi{E Uq-fiq qq) r qtrdl rBR61-fi Ttrr.t q{d cqFl eGr {.sst, qt? mFl dtr<T.q" qB< q?qm{:- iV{ {retmd nqtn ft{vdstc<, 6-{Tqr< sgqr <s qlsl I Bli qTftEd I8 ql{fi or<ln 'E"t {&<m" 1p;nt capitalism) qr qG r d&<tccr EqF ,!<( l.B qll{le+-ffi+ qftTl<c{c, ({mr{l(td ftcr{ Er"rr qfr-6rr* flsl qrtgr{T{ qa$ qftzEci c$'lt( {ro m 1Qe mz'n6k lr$ rsT'tTF 'l € q{cl{trc.R qii corfl {Rsr ql,ff{ E1(|, lEu{ E rE|F{ E&rr frrs {ql{i {r< r ff s-{r{Ar IIr', EE t q(ftqTa qfuq <l qrt ffiE T,iR6E <srR 6{lrnt qm frcrlFr fu qt, q {Eq {&-fiEd FRrq {lIi m qTB cr$Iqld. q-{ftn {r.tt Rrfiq "qIG\ {frql E{'tr.t{ ?Esrrdi El'fl ,iE{ q]Igt-{rFt {Csrr, etT rTr{ <q {ffi:rqr6 e Sq3lFi fiG{ Fqfr{l? {qm 'qlqrsF c" ds-coE rryrTd Iz$ RVs q€rR rE6 6{'tE{I't <r{qB ftlcR.t € Sq "E{, 4{F sl{l-q1{fi-{ {H frF|{]n q{l-t<G(rr$ frAin irdR srsl dtF{ I qQT(r qsfu c{ qitslifirmr q1&{ fiqI <R q{&{sll-{ q6E crB filEnsd {?.fl, cqB "sr4"i {l{]ta qfry Errg {rl Gfr {rEr+, 'r< cr{firrd rz$ rqutrq{ sl ffit qfi,$[T dEEs r srelr€i-ci{q[gtr{ir fiFllrqrar Eils iv (ft$ {{s firtlr{s), vt cBv qs qtcln aqtr qlrtr{ TEqIrsn 'fl(ar q{G iF, qftmB ss, qr {I$ fifu d, in( (+Tn cEqBr({ c+r{ $krq $fi {dt <8, sr< rc$ "!'o qfsl.acq t?y qmq or<r tBftq {l{cemr{T-d s,R, ",ifuq qfr$r{n" s'rr (invented ttaditions), {tr{t, a&o e &&rq* e+a i Wffiw n {rE ffi-{E q!ffi fiffs qrF &m{ {{r{ | q<( ml qtd. sfte qS Affi{, {E wag, qbE a{ I &&{fi-{ qs{R a1flit qlffrvFllft {$r{r TE{ llt | ltrc <.|!] l ?Br q, qtrqR.d ,4<( Fkk qs{slqtrE? vBevt Cn ft r firt* r< elqasr<rzqr ql,i)TvRlff !&E-{k ,{r {iicF q q i frq Fq qc6r&ir ,qBqlv W.rq|{ c!ahm,' qeqql qGreT{Tq? r&BqT<,&.1 irn BIqLE{ qt,€i?vl{tft q,Is]3t'cR TeIn, CDl.td 'Eq cgtrq I Eiutr-qfl-strcri? qr{n qr{r.fii ftr fivl Trfi | Gfr qi cstrEr{, qlq{srdh str ,t&v q:gctr"r EiDltr <r.rn, )bao so',er E{rss ql&{sl{tElT G{l {Rftq 0qFIr{FF, 1fu{ aE at+ .{Fm s qk{td rErrd qfun qa$n ftr{rd I Et6t, rqls fr :Fq,' qlft{qrftrf fir[ {rIfrr FnF TEE 6s{l lBr*n"R ,!{lE I{cFr E rqR frrn-q r,' ,!Gr{n n affi-o l&aFi?" qi'F 6dMi fucr{ r )blo Lffi qnF; ctqrn oQ {&qtc fiq{Eit {1€{t {a{ {Ir, vtr qlfd fi{rq 4l ql&-&fr-{ qlersFmI{ TTfi ftHrq GftE Tdt c* <{,- qqnsffirEn i'Rrqt F{r,fr fi'laiik &$ crdlT.t {q 6.'l qra$, qt qrrq! tifu e nR(Iq {6 qfERc.T{ qlqnvRkc-r ck ttr{ ftD{ Trd rrBff {IT{- rF orAl-oRET{ ffs$.{B ftrsr< sr{t {I - q6\ efr ,a.6 $FA rrr"'q &fr{ fid qi-qsr.rd 'rtF Il{Frq qrl-qtt id.{6 Srr {rl. fu TTs oR qr$ ,er{r arq ol tor<r,r c{rc snftr{(.rcn (Fr.l raft/qEEfi r{r rI[ - vl{ri q.Tas qrlr ,i1d ; ,ffi qffi fu ifu yft r @ WRczI" _q{ft{ frr& fsqra Tffin !&{tc t[E totalising srfirc-.{zE{ lfq{rr"=r o! v{ bnFnfto ,flqa; trrflltiErir. s" ifu{ffor{i u-{rF 6fl rt . EIUfr.r.rr, ...{q {6{ vffiq", Uq-o$rr{Fr{ 1ftfu {fi-{TrE{ Eh-d feqll mt ffi(fio r ql{rl fr{{lffEt< qlfr{EF @tsr\q I tG{rc? {S fr{n <E i$rrn qEtrE? qfurdlq urtfiff sf<s qr{ Bra'q FT[q ,e etl{I.]ir ftae{. cfift t,ifrrfl-frrrtft +r**, "ofr e1 q',tsl;l.q[Td 6tl{ {{ <ii< El{ mi qftsr<Eq{ nfrr{ qrF rrqh&{ cc$r Qr{r{ ccFl rroE qr€ crcnd IR <{ r',"" E rqqF {&1th" q{fr{ ql${ srsrd B{sr{d Edr (TF sl&hfrs cEr Tr{ t)o' {ts'rl q{Fa{ d$Tt stsEt !t lETl c{]-ffi c<( tQ?ftn fri-{krrrn cffi )r lsm{ eE{ir fir+ qqt ii 4i{Fls En tific1 ,lErff? drlFl1ft BTrn lrr<& vrn cnEisnrd \5Rt ftr{r{ afi El{t-$ q&-{lFlg 4rd q< <MFr vGvtvrn-< $qfr-o +tw* 11c{ Qrcr{ EW {{ | qUFr it$tl vt{lrl fr-slrR wq{ wfiO $v ql v1-& T{r ql fr-qft Eeqls c{fr smd {ysmr{l q{fr{' crT&{ (a6 q${ lGqs v*r< q+ qr*qfu vrovfro FmftB wn t(.Tt vr*ro q&s rG I ,!Q r{{ dE s \Eraftq ffi[cr fiT rrrd qrtl qt{F{Ft, ct:Fff{, c(ltn"l(. $m&{ ,9q( {fur-6r6 {fiq n$v tF I qt ftqA q&qEd etmd q$r{ qleB-{ rfrErm qEA' CTGI? Lg$D Fm frrcr{ Sfrv +n r raan c(r{ ArFr(F|{ c-{$C .fdftrc" lfd {Ftl qBflq{ frr I (str{ sFfi qT{ .!{ &fu(g qfiqs <n sR €"rd r &Tn qt$ :r{a!E qr l|{rdlllyd FFiql ccn cu qrqrI{{ frf sffi e Bqfir{{-t-s< Efr{ frt€ st{ rD{ Tm{{ I III{ {C<l ql{tc< 1'6nl ,t{E 6{stft qr{ baft<Fru cqre cqrc ts l* (q{frs) e qr(cfr+t, 6q6n<Fr+ I ab 'mft{ rlr ql,o]trgRlftd snE6.q ErEfirfu qlq{ fuql d, d[ fiRmfri' {gg tWQrfi I ETrFd {ze ql& <l irffic (i5 q('lr qrj frA ql&, qlrtr{ s qrlgItr{r{d ft.rlll.td {t$rc +Tii1sT_c{fu-s q]${st_ 'TEtfr <rfl wqlrir q{lB lrft{ qlM ql6r r€{R sR{ CE{rE ,ri - cq-{ir* a$co c{AW u6r+"fic cofri f+va , qi {lE o qqn Dfi-{ Iffi6r '.trrfqq *r A qftrt {TE Erfu +. qrE Grs"GrrE c"rIrfE-q ff{ q l{llIl A1ffilT ,tk ctrl<'lr{FT ,Efi-{ }+i ftr,r< (En F Hft.I? sn &cRn_ fr rinr.ri-rfi q;-g.E{-{rini'r-<ft !-fi -drs ffi{Fr rstatq, ]tt $r6IE. cq-s <r5ro. ufuFo c{IqltE, rqf BEfr{I! s16M, EtqI.i<|ft T{lE qr 4srT fl 1fu{ lEe {{ $ ':r<+ctm aQ-s '6{F 6ird:ir,. i-{qqfu' rT .-{EIrBq, fc.I(< qBl5ri' 'lf{. i'li I1r Tc-5 <lQrr T{rFrr{ € qfir,B qtb{ ,1"1 ftq nl _<'np! uzrr r).r gcr_qlTfu-r lfr{qs ]1* rr{r-ar{trc'Esc{ orfrrgRrfl ,rc{Enrd q'$lR l))' vrgwrnr+ c.Itn fimcu "ni+ {r{j: s,ld'I4s eI{ B*n clq{wiltq-r r{rqff ,Qas Trl q1&{vRjzEn {rfitd.t (cRfi ([Trq I { 'tfrrflfus ITc{F rvrfus ofu-wgr ftrrrc fufr Trra! d\t-SfEird, ,fs-n6oi. sft-d-c!!, q&_$GIvRIq r ,{,r F,ri. m{I{ Tw{, qlf{l67 (r.rFr{l qr {Fl Ierdr.- "' 13TTfr TA, cD-q{l fu(qrtit "lfofir frr*rq {ftn cDurr{ fiffs B€fis qrn qqFts {co qr+ rgl".7{ shs, 4?Tr, Ffr.i, ryrcl, movfi cr.ofo s 1a7an qffi q[r! E{-frtm a-r-{ ft.r 6{. fti q'rnTt 6{6qrfi cor{ *W irTr.rE{lT.r$ Igr{, ftt c'N-{ Frnftrrrq, trf{ rnqr ci*m FT 1T rl? <frEErtr tffiT+{ Esn t{{Rc r{r[Ia l{rrdt tnIqi[r rd mrrfrA r))r ,{ c[6r frTr,{.I tiqft d{fu IvEs E {rqrr:- q$,lr q{ {{qTln ql& I SF sftgl {.TE <Iqfi, fid EFrlrB {n, qBEffit EF rstrs @fu. {IEr €iiB Erhe, sm-i'F Srr dt& rr). e.1 lbsi-,fflcF tffi t{ {fuE{ gtsr_Gk qqlgifiir{ cn-qrsr 6IS[Err FstrE T.Id <rs.Tr nE wa fuov qr{ T{ 'lllE\tF €m qv.r s!r, qJ{I- € t3}fs-Flg< gir€iTs]l qTriA a$rf sfrqE r .!rA qFi"<.{ Fraq )hct qn EFiI qTr{ EFr I "r'Il q$nsFfic fi( r{-CG-+ cfftvnrn v<t- e n1G-&ft-+ qTE w{lIR qvEr{ w <{ 'rca r Ler r.tFE Rrrq rnts 'it a?-u+q {rdr s"R ccrdFpt r qnt lz'{r EffiT rfu{sr frI{ Et&?c{ "flffiqlolEm m{rFq(I reFn s qtRMn qltr dEqr qrir{Q Efi twqn <t&r qRG alFrl{ fiturFt EtE cqNrE'{ !Ji'sTr{ ilFTDR, q6e" qrFsft q6rf s Errrn c{rqft nf6 ftr{r< | lry{E qrft qE{E !l I qlqr{r {{(Ii FEi&rqiia]\'i {-tf {m flEIuJ" statr atl{s frrHfrs <T l (I9rqll c'm gst ni(qB-Q ,",1C qfrr{B q&, fq ,{ rfwB qr{r qd 4E 6{, ,! afrf,gj fifuiaE ql.fdl ,{{.l }3rt I ny{ d8r Rfu{ qrdqri q-{: wrtrq? aq&{ rvui iEm d${E q<( (fl(sl { wq{ n({&r q{i fi qrfis{ {n, ql.{rdt rtE qr.Fe qtEm qrs cEs rri& {lftsrl Dttas qqE{ qrfiq{ "ft{ g) q]lrfii tEilli-{r{ {ffi, .x{r1 (<Ft r ...,I{ ar.rrl Ilfu (TaE ql.{md E(6rl t{4rTd cr{r{{q Q&g, q{is q,,&t wwq.{l.cl'llq, {Eq e qr+{ +.afor q{(}s q.rr lTn ft{r qBt< qG< {Gr qqrt emlr+ (FqiI fdrd qdj ff+l l& qta F{I qcFr$ 1,. at{v erc;1 f<vfi ftrryc< rAt-g'{ff EEq,fn. <ri4l dfid E rq|'F. EIflr srRI :nFr qr{{Ezs fitrfr,t i5?rr ll$r{ {(qr{ {Eira {{-fr6i q${q{ tfrqE eIDa a$ Th r <ls.lfoT S{ftr{F{ {ud ({.Ttd qeF srD?R Ta(] qr{l crrs fiR I q{r{ 8. s. : (! {fuI{{fi {(tm eb cnqemfi-+$ 'ng (tflqc,sn) qt$rr{ flB qrE *'t!q t{ {fuI{ ardft't 'flfudr+r c-{jv{ r|Erq {fi! flF.6s qr5r4rra Ma orl r'), q rFrrn ffi qycN. )bc.t ,frd 4lqrn ?EqE: ErtI Ffl,fl€ qT{ilD imatln ,{Eri it-.I{ st{t {*tt q* I i6{l-< qratraB {s Rt ctsfuFdt I ttft T{FE{i {|(.IF {cF|{ st{ fr.qr{ E( qsm nR cstrfi I qr fr{ft.s rf6.d \fl{1ir+qr<rft ffisnk ftFf{ fift-e qa tfra sh {T{M-6{fu{ flfts <tsifoq" (E& a ,!r frr{{ d's.i el{Ir {rr qlrql'rr{{ eEG firE rs" ffi sd1 i'.r i@i ,i .t{t{fr qiGq <6 {rcd { I Fr<.i qmRt-cffffi qrnTdl qkn qm Fqt asg- sE <(,r sl qlfr-o Erfl fu 4t qq q{ efslr,lir <I{{ {l( {fi {qs EItt qlG-d {6ns {m s.RrE EFr c{EF e{ {('rll w,tq{ qlrfr, b{s {.r frrs'a ... GsRq e|E|{ !b81-R6d t&rn s,l aliq ccr.rd 1fta o wrrrrr vne r<rFni qrq sF Ttrr r !b8q qtRK a qrf$ {fqfr{ T{Ast a-.rlit qrD arrirn T{ qtecrn rfiqfr g|q < arr-Tr.nsn ftrn qmR <r€ fr(cl< aRcr rqrq r))s curfi t{ (l(.Trr setl cfitqrd cr.rrd q!fiosrirff-rlTrrR 6!lrr!r q{trrrar cqq cqr< sr&l-on (ri.fl d-r{fr-.vt c{re EEr- e ,(Tfr_ 6{fu-o rrrFt Fnrrn fEr+ ell.rt qi r stofr{ c$tt{szcR crlr{ asrr{lF Trl(s {Rftrr d (wlr evrd qlqn cDE{In qs .l{t cE& qqn (rE tfi(rqRr{r{{rllqf{ .Edir {qFFr',{tFln q rbe q r fi[.irr aR.fi sFm {fuEii q{,q{ ,{TE {EE|{| T{fr nA (ql(n r))r lbay :trls q{Erl qT={ cr.t tTtar4 foDtss fr'ffi, o. cqs Etst ffi({t qlft{ {ilr t{ EI< lfrr,t< ffi <(qt sFrR l&{fi ,r4r{IE{ iir64 c[11 ]]r< cr ErsR 4tqfi-{ ftEtmr {Crr Ersn {cfiri {si TlG-{r, Ra{ m 1{qsI{ alffi{ 'l1r5 qrq Et-{l) r... )o. EIT&{ El\ ts EM? fiEXEr ccL{ firq qrr& Gtu sB frGq(EqGn ffi ,?-<T rq< En- r orn lqnm cst cqr{ <i(qt qfl fuqa q{lB c{E ?Isdr&r q{{ln fr(q +rd r q <Ed{&r qr{rn sI{E iIrE crft\' q-F {{T&{ qgftrr IEr1 irr{ I q s9ftT{ qa.s|l.'t gfr{ drH I1fuI, {,t8 , furqr, c$s I {tt-{Iq q1#n c{Tdftr'iii r(gt 4i1 wrirr{d qlaIw (<t{l{ sct o witr{ $q TiFn qr{l izqlq{ 'as cqfr' r\. cqfr FIqr{ eEs v{1 r iFdrs EF i'Rl I Affla&d rzg,t {fdqR qrot,rfi vs"rdsl c{"RF El r fiEr q{-n qrwt <T €r, orrt- e lr1fr-coft-+ w$lvFfiacar q{ft.r+ € qrrd I rte-si-'ftr{fi{Irq. .!! ffiRi 'JT{qfc C'ft {il-cisft1ssr q6{. la; qGETgREF{ ccdm qsru qr.F {r6rft re1furo <r<<-l $id {n I qT <g STl.t qt q? I.G(tr{l <E{I I q{tr <NIFTr{; 99 q-{&{fr{qrr ftT 6rE ffis1 {{ cr{rqlir {,FFqd sFn ts c(T&-&R-i' qq{El{lft ovd {st qF{vl qqi ?F{rs clr{@ qtqFFa qRrftcrt (frfr-{ qle{srd(R[ Il{EfiE T3rc \q at+iEk "ltr{q G-{ [.tT{ Tlqla&o-n1{l&{ s ct(T&r eq'RsR !$r!Trr{ q:FE f$ | wr[ q qr &{ qtr4tq<rdE Ed r eE qT RYs {dElT al <ftfr-+ qftsnq q<( Etrn- E q(1&-GB+ q${sHzc? {Pn"fiR ib$9-qs< <l..qEq(,l cT{lt ,{!F qlq{vl{EEr !fl<s ,{FF (ldrr{r .q{.E fr | ?tlirFft qq{sr{lh' ,91 {rtit Tsro I ,!t crdfr {n et$a]-d {('l-{ dl4{n,qlyq {frqr ,!l qlfrr {rsR c{tf{m qqraEr, {lr-lifi, ,{q c(tq$R qtlq {frq r{Bfuo Enq{vRtq {r qfr'd&v {'{rnqt g8 )b1\! tr.T A& {Ffi.c+ tiq{st{c C{qrs|{ qrtq afuE{ qlfi{sR qE]Td ,cr sB 5fu tufi'qlqlEliflfiE]? fr{+rc B.sr q'Rt,R qlfuc.sR qfo\a craBr{l 'q\ ql ciRffi c(T$.i {{re ad <sn]T ,a{F qe-ffim ft,r{< Sfr6s qq I ffqd cqfirtr{ T{{f{ q<( 6n adl&+ {{rqltfi qa qGasB {rqrs {FRE i'cFr I <6r{ +<qEFr{ ql${vR fiSr cmf6 cEtI<t sG6E {n r vr{ c esB fCEM-frE {lar R[{ct qfr6s e!{u sr6< ?rqftfus qRrE <{a c&-Tlfu{' +B16,rdi frqfts l cra srqm cq{rtrr frai{.t Brd{r{t'tr, rfiErt Er5MCEr 6rql a ye]fu @-+ Tlqffifoissr {ft{ alq{qfu{q csrd q idE d{ , mi rEry cEt q[El ql cH Tlqtte$qrq€ 63r <](srd qfrrn frrsa r cl ir(vR fii+rs rcfiFft qrffiq< qr+o lc{ ,|G.llft Tc{ {{ r fu <tgG q1,5]Tgl{IftrEr ,rq( m{ * cr hr-{slr{l qrqTIrrS dt qE qifi lt€tfr {rg l1r 4. qtrti ffi @{ (th""losic"l) Cft? li5{s]? e"r< hl&rse rtqft& {irc Em {1 r q{,fi-a{ <lvrk eNi qmfi *Sm t{FTItr{ s.<'ts € qrqt <6iE E{s€ sR ;ni ql \phitosup}trcJ, E_srr.i {]lT fr {Rrq cnEq-,TF I aqfu{ fi'-r cem ,!t {d| qq 'f{c:r{Q q<fi foqr 6{tr Gft iviTr (Eh {rl fr r {stFt s1,6ffi{r ffi +ra <Rqtrr.t qqF qlG TE q<( ql,5]lgt<1ftrq? qTqAC'{ li' a? EfrRs ISEE q{qtft crq(v cfrElfu rMfifrr ftlftrE rrqu-,t*<fi {&dq- rts{I e qqlfrnr< mla ml}l!?nt ?fimff qGnsli G{c!a I qefr cldT(t I qF qt ctdt(IE qtfi[Er <ttllltqft ql0{vrd rxl{r ifu, Bfr € !frfiq e..t r I qt{"r 4{, qFlIl qlYI$, Fs {c{ it? ffifi nes-!&qrc, t{rn-qFF, {{Ffrqh, FB-clfru,-flsr, r(ffq qrftI r {tr.Ttrcft qt&{ qtrq Fq! ft+qml, ftT{{Ft, rl.dofte iviER$dl r ElrR flOns fr.'|! {rilEfi, qrr{n'tf,c, vlTtrfi € qE'{r{q&r ffi{ r qrrr Ec{uftts {Ex qrt I{-IsNd Td, qi$t qlr{f-q-fi&r {(Tfr r qfii fr{r{ € {nstcq rff(E ,4T{ crNI hfilr, st cHt 1tft cqr{ ,{IEr rlqrB El.{ Tr{ra - ,{T{ft c-{rFr fir.lr rt \rwrq-r {$rlElft ts t{'ir-ET{firrr cqIrFs r lwrtrT{ Tq[ 1'I4I L! Sirn' C], ,{rirtl ta rlEl(rl crrRt sn1frft-6'E3fl&{ld, {{'FflN ql${\5F[h'] q q{{r{r{ vt{ qtr{l4{ Wr ffi qi q{Qi{d 4zq mfrs ftfir{ ar|{,l €rer fi'osi 6{ 'n& tr ?fifift g(. qtu q6a& r qG ltQ iE cfiEm 6-{l ft$ T0 {tqt qlG qd dE 6-{ mI @1 cftEl I qagl q& e a&< ga< e c-i-6e Eftr{s r <tqtFr qffir* cct"fl'flEn fr{ft65 {r{EEff srfrnsRFi frrqr+ {(.Tlc5nq iG{rq? qFK6 fri' <Iq qrH Tins ftr fi, +srft q€]Tgl<Icrll qbrm qM defu-$ {fisff{ qfiq&s ffi {&* ormq {GI {{ I qRF r qr ,{! {rd< EqFiG qT6 '{Rr< T1Ie Errr cS qlq fr-{Hq rfi qlvl at(r1lm$ qq{s]atcrd qE 6sI{ lRrdE{ gft{l ql{fi mfr fi I ,el {kR c{t{ q<ns qfiTq <l (l+v qftrr Tta I'lrfi qr Br T(91 rqql{ qliis T6r {'F{, "rF!FM qFIIr{ ftV '€rfr te{i q{,it- fu FT{lsTr{ qTfi c{eri Garr fiq& - qllff[q-d eFsT6, {t-{ rFla" t)rs &fi {ri rFrm n tfil lvr+ <irr+tqc{ft-{ cq qlfr-{sli E!fli ldIq q {F{nft{vR mlc{ E? q{( n-{F-dil t{ <rffiro mn'Es aqfui vrr+ ftran ftfu r*rtre <g{rrdir rqqrFFir <ruft ql${vr{lFtr{ T{rs {t{ rs "...€fir<FF s.Ffl\rrr G&zrE qt{ nn{ fi.r{ <Idfr qrfuq? cRT&r Gfr iN {dtifl {r{ it" r)r'Ts{< qtrdt IT'FI: qr{k TrA 1-v&{ ffi.fl {s, ,i&{fi-+ {l{.fi fria.{-{ E{r'nff qE{rg,i frr.ffi rq ,iffi$ qvtt {Ira fit .rvltrffi lG{r{r qB{rn ft&In {qtfr e <l$mF{r{ lrtrs {r{ qv(g ffrn frrqac-d rrv pt, nlln, q{(ft{{ qc,f asl nl qffid is cr{ frrtrl, stm vr* 1-vtfro Gwvm rFrF Tii q{rlr qsq< sls{s frr S rvErrr qi € lG{ETr {c$ qfr q{R qaffftT qRrfi Tdtr qliE 6t{ $fr r)ro <lqFr I r qt vrrnE{R r{d <ffi 6{, T{_mft-$ cFqnrfi-{ vt€lsr<r.r* I(ifi cqr+ d(q']rE t ql6{$ cqTE ,!fi cdrqrq qGqrdi ,FsF.l c\rfi{ft{ xt$rr, {t 6fifr uFrei Brqc {(re r ftlfr qlqrvklrrr xff.{vr* Ir<n t 4eT{ E#cE ?qlrFft qlqn- sl{n' e'tGrn qr.fiD.m Tq{ir{ aF{6\, 1E nMfr qt€h_ rs Srs { T{.ti? El<. ttr4rs € (srFEs D6r slTr =;<.-cEd 'rft aar is.FFrsti <rffi nr1 rqTfE Rr+ F1.E fq llr-r-!{6:t i-T(.iIF4 q]irFr ezlr qIiaTE nfre 'E-s(ii r,&{ iRum {$izcilyd "flr rvl{s qqH TaflEI vh ms, , {q(f{ FlTt-c(1G-{lqft&_'rcEs:{ qzql(fit rfi {qm sFI[q {lti' {iEr{ firerc< tufft irq qlfr srtrn, sirA ltrEE'fr {rar firvfi-d q@ {rtr{ d cm farqFr ..T6Taq? fq snr<. rrel e lqfua ,nr<.. {FrT. Trs. Dr6T. !ti!-r. TErq, grF. t"I,r sEfu.i T5r :rsl q+{R {R r, EI("]I rfurg< o*9 qw c< El.{t Gt-$s I n-t ?c,i ulIeiT (fiq Er{f{i5 { fld EI@,.i "l+tr{ '," g€rsq'!, el'{ar rsf<{F ql da' {H-o wr crrc+ aB rs Els,T.Er rr{IF q,qE crkfin. sdm-sB elT(' q,m,q qfu< crt-qra ,.?.rsr{ qt-{R E{ {mrE I qf{iG !r6rEr. qfs 5r€in frfi s xeFs erq !16fI.rr$ssri"Fr.l r<Lq t{cTre_ T{T{|l{{E qft{E Tn fi sreru c zre{v+ {d<! T<rf<ft} c_<rcrfl qlfu -t{r<$ s lr{tr{6 rl{IE +fffi slol lfuIrn< ql{rE .'rrtE:,FE 'irordo. < artrsl\ qda 1I!r+ otfu .io s rs5 qtn Gfr rtrr <rq+"f*rrrrr,6aq orelor<nm qi {(ql, qi (s|{.IR {!rT{ ?tslG' 6& A lGqM-frfu qlq q? T6qFr {r€ficcr.t qi n$D l&ifi-{[{|{ fu q|{r< {({ (R.l Ta{cq I qlqT-ek Egb qlft{slillft qEdlfi Gun cqr$ ftqlc ft-$ErE {c-a ,f65(q I QqFn<FIs qrln t&{c-?E{r< q6GrE FEFFist? qBqls dfu Ert EtRr{ {t{nr ?sfr <lrq, <6na cq+lsllj' kfq<l&sr ffin Et fucz< q{t {ldt Dfr {rE. qF 6Ro on, <6n <l(alcq-fi qrF'lr{ qsl* <Mft { {<drFft <tutFR fiqr q-ifuF qfrqE q"i{l"rr ql&t qE{rq? c$t({l !ir6R Trd[q I qit6{ ,4{r{ ci {li { ql a SflA-{[bt{ qqq.R ff6fl1bt({q c{rsM qt i{r{li qfrq qsl ir{t s]Iq { (lq1ft ftEn< qfirG ?e{q-r6< d,iz-"r< qrq {E qc{ fosl *{fu{ft{ (rl lwzq EI T4.F {rq qttfi< ftr< qrFns {c-{ l&{]q-rq$r lfuftc< (hisrory of h;storv-writing) &-6T s q'Bfi't3t r qt&r+ qtqslrffift l&<F-rE-{r c{r{ qqrTd \flffi qmr+6 Er T1rfrq]a ,rfiETfrr ft{r{ dulBm (1lE qwF( q<( Gfts srR <9 Gfl{rq fu{r{ EqIrfE ag{ir< arqlrd{ Ttrrcl qft qllm q"rd c{t G$as Cqlffi cs, wdr fu1vr rmrErfi B,flfrc1r s'mfr{lT R.{r< qq{ {-ii {{ g[r q ({Trd T.vt sE {l.n,r{ 'tlt qr q<r qd r+ Ellfrn {m 'llFrrrBv tE El{ r <6$r{d vnn6u oq{n U{fi1-{6|ld) qalsrr{ 'tlfrr<0v ts6 qlr ,a qsrq {lfr Edlr]l&n q{{]n qEl€ rd{i I u{E E{fr-{6fi ftqr< {qtFrd q<rm Aftrq qGqv cn q ns or$5md l6{rcqvsrS{ qT+qfi{ frrT fu[n sFqrq cRs <r< r ffw< ffi-{dtrfi ffi',rITd {fr $ qt {wft s$s]&a € tfufir{sl5t.l 6II:rr r6s-lfufi c{ri' <it fGn 5Trfti c{ fiI {F€acl fi?ll {rE s] {rv <{ q( {qnfr{ Tnirn 1]frr {fr q$ q{!1A crdr ftq ,lrfirit rl{q,,l4 r fi! qriqqR {F$ qrql {qr@r flrfl&fln fr-{, Erfr? fiq, i'trdl {rq, {d{R q<\ q{ft ,nfrr ffii Imran, "Folklote-archaeology of Wari-Bateshwar...,, 200s, Vol. 11, p.42 r ,!fifr I&{16? n&{l.c cli1& (Eqrd F{.t clrcss e.Jtsir stazE {rr i&{ar< q foi Eys +{I <Fl ,!irE qrs lGqr{-dE{t grsi 8.? Tdfi cqFF 'nd9tc, ntat qt&qEh {ErTr brQEr m6{ 'fr4 c&q {E"lts" ei{FiB {glft {q'rsTr{ <r{ql-d {dlq qslE fi-sr c<1fu lirqr I ff( nrn-<nfl ,q! er<tqE c:ww{ aFqe <E fi qB ?s{' lit&d Fqr JT-,lfu Rrqr{ <6$r{ ffirfrs {g r qA (s w{[ffid i'E ratr+ {R I'll qcTrq eEnI {Fr qGIEE qrE {dRrtr{ q,aoi I qlEtEr wfifftd ,a3rfl <t {RGj-.F li{{r{r 4lvEld qfi ,aQ :Elv[ r.'E Tffrr {I{qk {d <E q'Bfi'rd qlfuql'lr {{tEtir 6? wFB ?slB'cqn {c{ fififi{ q&cl qrq <eRq csfi qhlrr=i { qTlN {fr I qelE r <'i 6{rq 'irR {{l1l{ frftR Trl,f i&{c itcEq {sfi <rqs c"rr riEro {rq 'ne{l qr I \tr{ €fi <41, q€rfiit {qrqFl ftliEq Vamgiya "Ilzm qTW{ TE ql&TsR ('lFpt{tr{r {l'{ 6rgq {[g cqtt{ tiri slsl{{rfi Ttv, 1w ftf}Frs samvamsiya v(1 1fu Iq qlfr($A-{ qfiqflfi BrqrB qt qm1-fid't qct{ Tdt {rc[e q<( Vamgiya <ceil qcm (rjlul qfi q Cf(rlF ,{aelt fi c{rst qlrd fi, :rtqF a{ftn F,fln {'{qr6r cLr ,0q( fiAEr rflftq ar\tf <'lrq 4rr1 qlfur q1r{d qsrr r{lnlrst'i E{ I lclrlr frr{ c+nm l&ql.{ ccrlr't qr!.d rlefl qr{fi ,{erla {sfi c.rftc+ qM r vc{ fu lBnr"' 6R tfi.fir {{rr{ fiftr{IE4 {q'fir{ !$rTr{ffIr{ { qq Et9 rm Wfurtt&r <ra fta aU r{1r € <Rr€ q|pl EIV {i{l q]Gd Il-$ e&rn &q srd Efl.t (i,qe {wtr catrF eT Tan ,{ Esffid qfip{aa qrdqfrrn c'trcl ql{l ${ I rls 'ts<H tE< 6{s vrm tr< Elft&< ro t-{ fi(! {Ei"itxE {' {FE aMFfr qfilG arfq q E{t!F {\dt{ € €}fi-{l'ir{{ q,El'rd ql&{sR gfr{l el{{ qar | Se6e eeqr{-E6? eGE 69 ql Efiqr.|'{q Sfufl qTfl cfiaq I qr i9 EEr$q alEI, t&<m <ttT{ atT€{q 6qr$ rF qr frs's{Er frlt|{ qrnE, rtcEq .qI'tlFr{'e-lz{ 6fts "aq qqq <4:- <dI|{ ij$rrq.t s sr{reii iftTlFl I rq qEE e qr{l6s ftqf{ qqq{r€ &Ts nft Effil si< cqrR, srffqrn <rlrlerT$Er ol l&fi ()e)a <{tq), rnr< Ett "(crri&{,{ ()b)a), rc{,t E€ {E{qk ql {r{ii'll$tr ,4a ?s4E efuqc FW) ()b8b), fr{,.trdfi rk q< q/stffc (!b8h), c{r{l! an:n qFn q< ?(EE l&{/T teE]" q1fis) (En{{{Bfi-{ (!bc8), qqa afu ,!3 ?t(q/? t&{l{()hqc), {qst6 wTq I{-m {c{",t$El ,4< ql€n l&<,mr Eryt ?Ai -rfta fishrEr qr{q (.reer-J?or &te) ()hbb), q.c<'.qr. .tt{{t€{tE ,ad {q& ?r$rk {q\,l (too8), "€1"?Ig/" T{,q s {([& (roos), .nFfl{ {ffi qr </qti ?{rd, a.ca.q{. l|R{€{fq s qMEE lTlT{ .{< yn6ra e&{l{ (ro))) eqG "(EF <t<4t cqr4a qfirf r ,4fi $rq, frrN srd i'fffar{n ir{ T'lI{m. ?T!|c Etr ar{r"llli-rr, fr{-trdffi TR ql {rrq qt'i&aTfrs {{s nI(o T{Erqr qnl< "rfr c<@ {utFrl c,tdr{ ieqr{ Rc r{ fifuv qnrq r qfta sR'{, c'aFfl{ cqtr,fi ffirc, T{T{ {r{l{'fin, q.r{.q{. $fltsfiq, c'fl { Tflh ,!< {Tq lfu{tcF{ qnT{ s Eft q<( {ffiq€dq {{q(rd ?slfrn q$&.t qf{qr{ frfte Tin {rfiE r fr{m€, q{B $'ro qs6 qfr6g nqm$ q.ffi T1" {l T.tft n'I[t ftlFrd &fu€i 'tt <T lftr{1l I ,s{{ i&{|.{ E{ qsB ca-{ q{G q{qfi {rd <6s {rs(E r qqt6r eG:i{qr{ q{{srr{ E,t{,l{ €t <{rE, {r{ {C-{ q qsrq ltdfr' <rqs qi, csm vtfr? $N T{mt &s lt ,a<( n"& I lcrl c{st <rrq <6ftrr tfu qrq e ftqqtrfi {&,rq ,f'rr{I 4qe ,9{l i8r{1i <d{F <lrq'Et t m:FF g{rgi 6<61cfits q{{FI T3s iT ?€lfr' <rqe cq-dt"ri{ qlB< {r$ {lstn qq6md qfr'r{ car$ r6t< qfr cfi crhnt q{q]Q mqrg fiifr r .{T< €lq qE vt{|n Erg{ Tda- qfr {d c{r{ r6{i 't{g r{q lfu{|q {rql {Mfrd ,9{{ ciir.r< l&qM { w c+n+ Ec<r"t* {q q&-6r er{a qftEd qls qrr r'o' qF firqe q.6{.q{. 1R{s{rqq{ I <6e {l.aB{ ss rFiEa TqI{r6 $rR {uftrr qrfir{i E,I{'nre ,{rq(,E lE{M-dr{t { t$fi' <Id q q,ldPtii ql&< erlft | qIqE-Ef q!-{s tGqz{ E&T itE'llfi 6Rs {Er!i qle{6l frftdrq Efinft {nB I sG6v AE-{cRq € qlq{frFfi r{i-fi1 lRr{n frFB{rflrt oridt6 q{.Trr{ d .13 ts ,Mrs q{fr{wr <rs (1q dfrSv ?qfi' qsnlDr{ rErfiq {rd frm crfi q-{q s{m <6rr{ E{aG l&{ta'tl! F{R{ rrrn,q{ | bqr$q Ct.i fi, snv<rft tfrqlc - le(trnr uQ category qEE qr {:Fircq? r{I ftT sRv rr&{ AGn El]&{gTr{ {R.t {dR 1116 rtIir, fu '?(ct'l ?&qrq rl{+ tnTevx cd ft6 rt1{ I cflVEQ sl B.rt i,M nFt'D {fi {tn I l&qF-rE{rr q.tr it{ q{iir qtB{ VIFIFI I <6ETr qlqnvl-{]ft fl'{d frft'fi ({rqftf{(firFft) aGs tfu{n 'ltIt cq'fin tat er{r'f € qdi {'drE1 Efifi-<tn{r{{ 6tq.3?i qft$lrfi ( D Tlrr.l I qqrn ci {(.[, {E]tr fr{fte ql frGst er( aufr eyq&-r ft ql,{ris <\EtFr cftfi 5tts1 qle$5l{lff qENr{d s"rd rri&In fr.{vt d iw otr +ra rt[E{ it? qn rqtaq A{rr< "rirE{fr gl. ft1 ffi (rs wit to))) ls Ek .tq+ $<q 6Rv rfisGts T6ffi <tcstrs.t y_ {t(F q4qa qlffi fircl{ 6fre €dR q{E c"tr{[E{ q{,[ )bq!-t{, <lqrd ?tslB ftqo sr. ftl rfr* :rcq Tun I lr<-qBqlv Ehs qt r <tdfr qtffrsr<lrqr c+c{ acuirr{ ,flfu q€Tlir ll{rfi ql&r Gsffu{ qT diF.l dlqftG qi(fiI ,fiI{. rfis sfi'ttr ?ulFr' qlG rr"{E ftq(Etr q,rfi,in TE elfufiAerEk ,rd (<'l i'lElrn irvrrs mfi r .E vmr iq FirE {{6Fli rtq,t& qI{ llsqt qq6rq rnei{ ,m&v sr<&.r etrl {a qfr{rft qlG I q{r.n *{ <rr+pu cGqle ql&.{ qFrfi 'rr<ft{ror r q ffi tr{ ffi, ()rc8)-q c?,t n},,Ir{ E-iqrl qtrE I qt er4- €l Tffr& E& EflGr ril qlll rT{ qh +rt4iQ ict {lrr { cq ci6"{jl {ch e1ftl w{6q? Fkq I rgi Trr q{( qilgi qnrFlill ftrEr[{ e{r.l {-q alr, $fl artrt qr ql& ers 'lII? { r {ft ql t! qlfr? {r$ &-€r<l cn sr{ q q{fu{ qrqs rrqfr{ Elzil {{Ew qar lB-{r{ {aq. fu qh ft|{ EEi! {q{ q{fr IWfiE}a rfrr Et Efi.ngtm {E{l T{Rs qfi{ c,rBrae m. <Rqtir {{q:rFrEr srfi ,1Tl&v-dl qr{ &q { r'* stdt &q qffi {lu1a-fi {El{lsl'{ iitEl.s& {Fl q]?€ {6rT EasaE cq, {lwr|ll tgr EkIgd yrqfin qr{{ tq qr{al qrca r q{rq ,a{F F{n 6rsfu r{ q{rft[r qfil<lff al qfi{ €t {rE strEr !&qlcr{ cm{blEE< €dlr TE.t ftc{c1 aFqrrl <{Iq c{, vfd ,m&s I fu vm c{ qdt \5rn1{ r fii {f{ fi'qt &ftr{fr{ {r|{lR{sk {(] fim c {dle vt er\ ffifr caD ea.q c,iare q {rEI, qrftrd ElIs qfiIuEd' ,Rtql{n lfu mE q&rrg qls orr r G,rrc, ,{F <t{ErR qliq& qlG-d c'ttr{T{ qqs fiftqi afusF rFrc at l&{M-{E{ld $rT ct-fi, € Etn-{ &A rmcE r trrP {rT1I ql "stT{ ElirsTr6 !&{l{ -qs q ffizit rr*tefr ann {ll loa ({rl {.n trsa c{ EBv ft{ts< qcst YzE{ 6sI qfiqs <r{ EFiqrEr {m I A CS@ {.rt :rt€I m le{c {Efiq sk ftw{ @sff cqm qcc frrq< qrqtrr-d ifrrqftpl e{lF .{fffr{ q{sr' {(q nfr fia r qf{Rs, qlfud qrtr f{r{l (d, Trr{l ft{1il \fl<R ?{Fn 'trc-{fi{ fiErfirr qtE I It{l[{ IfrFE F{r{ram $['d t[' frrcR 'ir, €l l&qfq-{E{R cs@ t&cl{ s w&N {{vt ql{tr Er{ {Erq,lH fiffirEr ardIE 6lqqlbr *r,o rattr+ *+n s &6T qlt{ er.\,t{ I Eq fla qrFrtq Uns Tfr+m e r{ rB$Trtrr {fr{ ftm< qvr+trft ftmr< c+ffii {fi[Q r 6T'Fr:- )CCo Ctrfir E{R{ EffiTrlr qrn 1rr ,lfrsF Tn <E rR {ltrs rlrTd E qe rn cql(rl I 'ffiSF c]EFr qicitff,€ g'ifiziFl{ rMr € {&qBrTr ftrrs F@rq "iW &ttr r i)q !qrc. ctzq G{<F| {Rc|i ftqR, qtms{frd fr#m )rcc, )rrs) q(r, )rc) ctcq {sFr.l RER q$fiE rFcd r'* lgR.t ,tvFd ,R'<G q{( frc.t 'r5tr,r lFrE tR€ qmT,r{ rNOs <'rfi ql$fi1, qaF )b! 1 qtr.I {{rElt \rEqT r{', c{r{ Cs, fi{r! qffi qlffi .iffiq {i i afro qq $r+{ {d {n GE{ frrlt$ qrmrn irg sd r*. vqFFRs qftr q1t *{Rr{frr 4rrFFl.t .116rr+ e.r{lvl-6afr-{ r{,4'{ {tslFn w{, qrG (lr{ 'lfiolg {{ r)" (gE{t jrtr qrdl qfi c{, qr{ q<r qqt{ cq {'r{d cr[E \{frT{t' qlG.lE aB-{r{d ci&-$ frs?w{R fi-s ({r$ qnF ser{lFlv q'affi r'* "trt flFt s? ,aai T{rrd lB-{Tc{ qffii fictqer.ll-r yq:lt{ {E]4rq-d stdt I(!m'E frErq{{ etR{ &.-{ nlr{ qrbt qq$v {{6' kccF <Ffrj r c1r ,{ qr( tsrffiir <t€frt" q'Rl'R qlfr Rrns qErq* {t€E]? {$fr€ffid i&{|4-rF{tn sscqlqqn q(W q$rqlr{ fucr{ EfrRs <* r q6<" strEn +f{lq !6v lG{rq qrfiE-{ d {qlGq rfi{| 6q{tn eE{ s-fir{ Er{+ft E6{I Qlqr{ qGfu {{k s[6tk {ifr{g| ErF €t {a r fiE {+A{, <Rvr* c{rf]ao rl-{rtBr clEFFre q'rdtlir qtful {ffi qrcrE, fiE i6flq <l$rt[Eflti q{sl iEism 6sFrl qr1 ftr+1 76416ss qzqr cr{ SiR& ct<t {l{"'- fu at FErrqt {rEs qbt (ETt yq qr{ d m rFv !&<q cqm qrfi qFrl cqqk qdt q{rDA c{,r cqrficofstat rcml tdln r siersr'(.fr qlrtr{E rV EEEd.t {6q1, $efu{ errqjT{t{ qeIE ,{ qrFrfi 4Er!? IFfts aFr{v nt S't{r.t mfi- {q (rt{), cdErFl (6d{.t), cFrt (<rir), qtfi-emE ergB fi c{ qffio qqrqrq q srq-qfqr rrt<{{rg qlrlr qrrrs 'ift r srdF, T"*" Tfrq T{lM{ Tftq {s& cqr{ er qr{ Tfr t'Fdr.R {r q{E am qfur'n& rr< vrwan Rr}ru fu ffis tG{fi srmi wn "rd|d !r{ lffih'H 'ng ?EF l.drv fr'qvt +'{ql ca rronqq (dl{{t ,{l qIIsfrfr.t ql{fl cc-{(s {R (gqrl,l qiFIETr{T Cs@ | ,{\ qtrqpmr 6{A tEt fi-{r{ qrd dsE{ 6-d.g $& msrR Ctft{ \x|ffi c"dclr{-{ 1'l!r{ qr frq{ {rrl lGFs qrq cqR { r {&$6n 16'o tB{Es q? c{5qr frfu c+tat rts* qa r r r 18 qftr€ qflRE qFr<tft qqctc{< q(,EEaa,:l eG<tq qq6 fr{'{ {r4l G. ?tslfti nrgt {El{ffids GlTlas ffifus fiqi cffF{ q.F c$F.r {i{{t &q d qrFs srr@ r fu qli"l& lufi' AqFn<Frc Elr{ nl6 qm r6fu{v !&{q-86< (q]Eti ftrn trFn<FiT EFi-vft <rr{F Frd ,9? fir{hs qrGro 6fr-s F-dq iqtnfuqE' R.Tc{ { .lirfiq qril ftrqr{ ffn c{rs ,i1rr 8..1 &[5i te{r{q.m'R ct&r{ tr-ffi1 e+l Tri&tl cGft{r rqF,t l(I,lt{fu qt€itr$1 fr$r{ frnlsm qi F'Gr (<\ $ro rr vr* cn-.tt11 cl, {(qEqrt{ )bqt ,4 Efts srE c(Rftns {Q fr61E {<.1 {dt {l {I {Ft.r{ rtdtrFr .Ttirn isnlr GrrI t4+ 'qrcjtq{s' Qrar< Fpv +aQ r q6\ <l\,Tnq, td {Ec ql& &rcl{ ?sfi' ftqr< ffi6s qrit vt{ {5a q{ sl'E fl, ffum fr qrqa rgqa c6l{t 4qFI<-t fr{S "fielt? <Tgt6-d ,{{lr! ft rrs.r Edq? furd Cqfi nA c*'r1r, Tq ft{rin {b {es6r rE{r,qr{r fi'n, e"r<s {{E crffs {eT6-frfr'{' frGn frL{{n firo, ffuqhr{ c{t {rd dft&{ra qqfu F&i ft-{rq.r ftras ,rfr ftr{, wltE{t w{rrqrg{i firc r 6{fu{ lt{r{e('l'ri {I{, q&tE ora {rq ('lqt'{ Dnr{q qE FBrs tooq cilc <{finff adfiE Ifu{h q&fr-{' q{hfid ,4TO qlTlqi'tr, q<( ffi{r rElfr fl" rft-{rcs qfr+ftm rem fta ,tai'its im"lrtfi llr.nqr q<;E fi6 <t}c<'r €"r* er+Ftg qr.TtEllr qlfi{ fa) Ifu{hr$ qRft-{ ,f6r{ w{fu{ {l$Tw'irs c{Iqfd (oiqr{ aTG iV rFk.t {r'ft, q fi{irartrE qT]IEd rfirEa[s q&G'r{r Efr Nqr ((r{ qfr$ chTsr{s (essenrialiscd) ffifl 6dq a<( q{ftm {rd qr <fta ar*cc qNEF{ Ifusq< el{'Flg qFI'l r q{s{ qlla at ErE q frarE qfra $q <utfi <lqE s'rd'r< eftc{rqi {&{ffi q<qlrfi Tqt qFn <dffi <i4lnr.t q{E{ qm I qETfil mfiit 4E1{$A ${FrarEt qa( ,!I,ad (qrh,l.r SG(en 1fu$6n fi F{ Ws stT{ Et clTq-sl'Tqe-ft3i <ttslFll {h (Tw{ ct{lr"t lIrtfr-{ Enz< ,!it nI irdt a{t .flqF-{ m {&{h !{$a {iBlfrn ,es{ cdr r E"rq cG{tr{ BfrFIE Frs{F c6.f qrGtrli-{lft fi{fr{q'{ qrcnq er{ {ln taqswr< qfi{bE r qft-4'E () )a rts), {.{|{ {ftEn Eq, r'ai.tis{ ({cs ef€Frs(,o'3r c"tail.{. A<fudiarr q&-stn I1T{I q|Br q-q{ fu 1turqmn qn r ts.c+. fr!" fu fr'{ r &fr {4n qfii{il ,!{!tq +{ Fln 1ifr <tqEF.i 6n ogd :n-{rm rRF? Tdflrr yRv<{Iqi &fr IFMR ({r{ {Fsh q${c.r .rtr{ q<\ ,E{ aqMr ftqr{ DB!t:r{ "tr.fi{fr, d{ft{ {|lt< {16 'IIdt{vk cEq q$EE t +rEq r q-+<fiom &fr <('In q{Fc.Tir Tffi q(n{<q acFr r frrl! iFra qFr{fu qd-d "fts{R d.E E&r{ fts n'fqii gft-'st "ttT{ str{ r &fi <E {lqlG {ftr$ 'f]f.i'rfi crfir< {s c{r{ rFl <'rcs qr{{{ r"' ( Elgt€ qrrl].li m qfii<].ft Ai 1&r{lhftfi {t{ 'tTsTl TI{. sl qc'fl, €T{ ,r<i .nft1< co,r+ arn ug qfiTq ci'tE, E{i c{r$ {fi, cfi{ RE <dn, ft:"H {fi, dff olE ci'tD, q&e dRqlzFr.rd 6cl1-r T€]1 qqfis {<\ 't i4qMfr <TgICqit tfiTrfi q{fi*i ifi, r{ rg +{q, <i-t rt <fi, {6t rt <fi r"' arq{t cerT Rdr 1xtr {rhk, tft Trla, fufdq r{fltrFr, wst3t r€q, arE {.{R { t, $ Dt {rE, {Ir"t r{ Eg id{, T6-{ Et 6{tE, WT,l T{8, 8-dE f.*8, ma a41, nRh.r TdR, qn w {q, frt E{ ctqd, 1fr-{al sfls, qE q3rfl, }r{a tff r)"" o qgts qg<rsTd (e,rf EfiE l( qnlrqB clt.{ c.ir s?ls, {td&, 'r(?c ri<roF cell.{' ff{ qi( d, {6rffi)3$cqr$ ffi{ m'{fi( cllre fiRq {q'\ {rVE&. ft..nr frX{, }r'*<'trc nm qciq {$tF-r ss'frq DlFrcnQFi{ I {l'tm rlqti&{ € i0 {rTfil {rq qE]IFj fifu ?$r{ q<( fi.nfi TiBt ,Mr{ qII&rTr srl{u ilft{ fi TiSEIETEE fuFff 6{rlm ryr{sI'fu Elfog ,lFr{ Tr(frrT{ | qlr,€ q46 fi.{{ qilr qlfr qFi(rft {( irs'Gnlrtrr {t(Eiffirqn {fu{C6 qct{r.r qfroF frsrn r EjTFs q? qr \ooq qIIEri ts 6{r,i!Rlir '6 E{ qtffiF{ ,e$r{ frsr{ r'"" {( rtqrar Efr{l {&.sh Vfiro rFa-i iTft fu 1furqw fi6< Trsn Tstsr[k E€ T1T{ ,st q-{brri S{t"lT {er{ht qF-{ U#+ lutq r Cfr Cft-{'Eq Eral q<ro 1l c{, qrp 11ql T$F('I{ )bq) cta{< s\i'Ian q{ft {e{r,tT T{i'tE" ?E1Gr fi'r.t] E{rqb fr{I< Elfig 'ltT{ TInIE{ r qr{ -ft{ {I{-r rr(E r( w{fii l&{cq (frir{tw gfi-i't € dqlr q|fficFd strqt cqq1"rt6 qFrcs Elt{ q{\ Tm qmrrri'rEE-o (Folir iEFr q<( qftm $q 1ftrfi c{G q$ r rbq) irE qI[d EF-fi lir{ q'tfi ?qrfi{rd I {(.FT, )bC) c]T4l \'! cfitTr ffir{ nEtr{ fdt{ <i(Emri'il q{r{ {fu{th qrfr{ft[r Vfrfi fifi ,1& Fqrl qst fi-{ ql{fi {{E Tifi Tli il c{, q'{IrR cqr,i ScEds (<ft !flfiiafi ctrA rma ,4<q sErr frf,a n(IG, q$, ftatwq q<r qrf,i& rcro r qRr 4lrr,h! wfi qfi-(,Bt {l{S I sBl Ei'F vlTt !irq! qTt.I qqla rv q{F Vfi-sl 'ttT{ {rir&pI{ I e qtffi {trrmcm TC{r qr{r{i ft{q IE{ dqr<e qRs fsrq{ r {f{qr D&fi qrflrE{ {e'Em lGm qv,E !"qtf ,mF ,e.rlTl q q4TE GrG qqfr{fr TffiI I F,nS qqfurtrr cr$ {( rlq,lfr-{R {dEfr I&sf, q('r&.I ffi q(\ tFMqfrr T( Ilrda.n rtqqfr{n 1 ql rlqlr m {rq {t tET{ I frfi <rqr qr<Ir{ {EIF q(n${.t cnft,fi r fi<6cs Efr q6{r t{rr{s frr{n 'nE {rifu'Fr I q aTsilr (E$rcrr {rl Uqdft{lr Rfi(< {qpll1 qfifts {{ {ql{lff tft{| cct I q{A E6{ fifu tS {('tr tr !fu{lql {ft{ fin fifi )br) nrrtl rlalcq erEr qfiq 6r't'iF@ EEftrv ft[T{ efr Tfifr $q q${{r.ti 'firfi{ft cFfia'lr fitq e<[ Grtfio ran<r $" {( a]qfd Rdy' llt ,s{tr{ fufdEqr< y(4 {rfi &iE {q{furrn {.$ qTqir qi iqlB-i<E firqffin 'lt{Wn dfr< r1T I ftT {fur{lhlrcr qqqfiq {r{{ q<! frrqs irF{ | ss{fft{ <tdt q<( <gTl({? {TF-{ld-<t(qEE t iftr ffi eFSt{ {h {{lcR rfrdfit srsr | <Eil *eF< riYq ffi+r bI$ RTdv c|lEvt ccllT <I(qEFr.t Erq q@ r<r ls fumvr< qqvl{q *{E ffa or+ns q+m +rm r tr< il6{qq{ {<frR {rs i]11h" ffi fiq ffi<rcRc fu[< {ln t{& oartE< E st frI{ <|qGJzq-{ {c$ "dfrt rs" {r{tl< r qls{ 6I{+n rin ef<m u'qrr< qiq +frm rq-l fi, {mfu Iq{ i5{rsl.{ fiqr GEE< T{{t{ q1( ftd ,isrv qtft q16r Di{lr qETl{E qlqn fffima, qcl{ cqr{t \ftqr q{rflFl {REt{{ TriRr'tn )." ,i{&-rE .Iw e-$r{ fi-{E {fd {rn s1Trs I6Is qfqFB i'(lErqr I rJffsl Di{tIIrd T{qts s{r{{ th ssFtft{ fi-&&fi rn.|VIE&Iq c(r$s qH&Er. 6qr BIEn sf,n lffift{ qtfu ${Mr Qr,t{ r'Bqft-or fr$I ss$ffia qsFFlr qR 8o-ao w {ffi €{ {{ qfr< EB{lr 'l]{sr cEs )0) dEm {r$ q{q{ 6s<fi El.oT| or<fi Fifi qsltff qff 6-c<r+r+ !e? c{ {& ("[-? ftn eft Er.ra r'"' lra c{n, 'rtrd &n \itm Nn c*l qr r Fclmr< qfrrl mrt{ qm 6-s<qr:rd ff qqrrq Fn&rEn qr {r{& {qrdr, ft+"r+ decfts <f{ aIierqq ccl FlEk.t tDlr s {sf< dRft | veae <a ftfir-+ qran, Iyrr "R $r "1r* qffi ffi tft{ FE{&.l {t? r")oe fd{ffi 4rtvr ?-i f,Et{ $ nq{rF, (qr{ltn ffiA-{ ie-fi frfti ft$ fr{r"K ft( ftraa c..Tfu{ {'q &fi Tr.i irq{, 'E&-{Er BIolfts qr{Iq w[{ Iq|&{ Erqrtrfti tlq<] r$T <, <rt4 I qR \it-{ !fi ,!$tqrr {l4. qFffiA crfr{ q{a'lTa? qqcl )t'ql Q Ie.{I sRrq cG,t isqE 6t. \fia[d rn !&{(I c{.Tt vld f ffi qFl{tft aft i&r{l6nrr rqf ,an adl$ 'Ifurq t1r{i (FE{q), 6l{n fifr (FEne), lir{El ct (trr{rs), <l<ft aqrfrv (ffi{qri), ! l{t qET{ (fi'lc), cqn&sEr qr{fi ({rgrq&), qw ntsTF ($rqq&), frsr II(I1 ((Tqrfi{), (91311 {tqtvl (mrvJqrt, fr{M'F), ctr{d G ({ffifi(E), Bfffl qrrTq (ff(lriar), ffii E ({{t{), 6sr F-{n ql{re (.{dr{'r{), 6qrc fr{fl( (r{t{) I ql{cs ffi Dr qTr{FTr{{ r'fi {&{l ,er {rdr<r &rfi aftBh$ {ffi rqqJ, 1ff{ ftii Ifu{h' s ?g{ <R4' q<( Efutdnlfir q{ srstqfu c(<tt, qrfr {i'tq"E, {m< {rrl qwn ftsrd, .{ER"E, ffi, qnl tf{ftr lrtr {Ercg q&rfiFfiri rEq cftcq ft'rsn 'oo ffi ft{l.s{ ,a{rne{rrf a}qv Ffu {'*sr, cn? T6' E$rtr{ {&r$61rEi {r$ {?n qFiFr-dqF i'ir6r.r t'^ d]1ln frftr {frfl {a r]({b liivt. "ll,dry trfr "ttffim* ct'n .rq lBr{mml {Le '[EH €rq{, qoFl *v1 ctlBttt q'itcnI{ qFII{ cg6s qe1{{.t Frd{ t!(r q6{l qr{s {t6l8t &t, <t*r+ qrq? cE{, w cErs {Fl <rrfi r)4" csrdlfr{l ffrrcl( )bc) o <tc{ffi frfi fi,ivlrq {lftc ql fiq{ {rfi EtA Qzqi | Iq rtr qn rim E[c {r{, {l{ lzss q{R $Id frnTr fts m€{FI stzcrr{ qff< lt{'ilstq afq {{{ffi Trtr{J nrE{clit AE{ qTII4'n. 4r{ri {dld {{q ocB yns w.wq+ crr '0" qtn clfr{ a{m-d rqr a&{c-&fu+ afq ,Ift* $ e {6rrrrd dRft cqri qt{rg {h a iR& {lftrErs .c(nffE E iffisrr{" {(l Tdt <nR{ t- carq+{ cnrF, qft {lqlTtr[Fd rErr{j qFI ffdlE oa qITr Esrr Fs cmqrm r{q, trft crs, c+iat frr,ts c{m6F fEq <rq qff {rtrat yrq frrr 6{v 4fcft[in lt csr{ qFrrg qffi ft*trqtzEd cEl, gtEd 'nA qr{r+t ffir rFltr{d {frr frrdr{, sq{fi-{ cRCBfi 'l Ifl ({q\ !t +'flq), clqff {&.fl GrqFnn cffi{rqtrd{ {Blcl d'in), Erff q{r (crtqqEvl E <l'ir), rfrclq ({qFflb 'IEI {lrlr{), {Rff qO ((q{f{ 6 {16), {rBfl € afiff irm fu Tla-{ (FFFI E rFir), rT{r yfrq (rqti?I{ Er rr'in); (qt'ri.F q{rflt EFI € rft +f<n gfi"Il E {{Fr), qq.ffid ff{q lrrfi (oora-{[E{ n {apy, qfr4m arffi anr+ 1trtfo o,ttl E llfi{) I qrrrdt qFrg {fi Fmdr qtrdl ftF qffi ftsrl'errl qtl, 'nR dfrq (I.l"qi qFr). .Tff rr+ omr (ciq&{Mk) | {t6t{l TftF {lf 6{El TcIvA {(TlcI ffrn qt{, 'lmr fr{ <l(+trfi ft{d rlEfi sR tu& vtr{ qEl{ q{{t{ El{ ftrd qt{[.its {Ffr{ stffil{I Qrr d, .t{ .R 'lFr I 'kfrT {H slr$, {lsnld {N trqrfin sT {€TtF { fi l") q|frftr{ t) fiFBh {n fir{ sf{ <1ll cqr{, s{r{ Etq1{ v fii d((qtIg, \YSR <rr{q-ccq{Fd qvnER")q ,4t "iir qa Rt(s &fi qfrLn fu Elitrsd <l{t{ EcEt c[rr rTT E{. str+ qFna qn frrn qtfl En, frrl {ts{t {* {+qI Trt.-t,"tH cr{r{ cqr{ 'f}l.rd qs ,Erfr<reR qrrq, ,rc+< qq'mft q+ trqrfi {r(E I 'r< '!k <k {RAr{ fir{ {s <n6r str{ qfifu c6i1-{irt FF&{... Icsn{l <ld].i q.d {{ 11 r"'* &Trw ?nq qt qst$t IE {sfl< ftl t 1&mmm< sl'qk cfr[E rE{ s.{ {]trBR rMr{Ii {86 dt-$ eR qtni r {&{.E {6or +ffi-rq Brgq qra flqTlFd onIG rftTl (qF.rE)-r Ta[; qlfrn r.J c c{R+ fr'Idfr (q{Fr) {{fi I (Ttsri cflRftr {T{ eo-ea &q ,!Tfi'-n q{T ft q;<q a6q 1-o \5l{ rtql" qfrc foqftF{ cfacl I sffl \i]r+ ,rq|.{lg" $Il, "fiffi -fi-{dl.T ,gbt sk {nn frr{Iq r")$' qt{s !i-d cyrr q<r{ Gfr * '!EFr {a{ {la ")r'd rfts qr{q EB$[[{ rMl{l6r lift{Tn rt nl{Iq tiffiEBdr sQrl rxrv fiq cqm Dt{tq ctrrumpr fiB&*E c&ftg ql ,q{r qme 1ffi qrq qft{q I {qR frsn {FTl 6{, ,qtTr{€ ffir{t rE q&'l {d {{A a<n ar+ 1&gn vtffim'* ftg{ 'trt ydr{r rql q|{l qtr{ I rql 6'iFrRFl{ aqrd$fr-d qsq{ ftfi-strwd q< ar{{l{ s frqrr fiq frTc c{Efffin fit (rTA r iEtrw rtrqa cfer{d {rqs 6{trnl s$-Eqf€ y(.r {r{ nl 6qqri cqr{r 6 dc'TtrFr.td {R{m qci&.l{la ql& R(ftq c'fti"< cqt,q r*rs {cr I sR 'ttH cq.T w rct ,!t frUfrflr {6 Tf,{ vtFFtrft {furqhi6i-{ sJtrII €t r{Bre I {qfirc,t q<( Ifu$ qrtr rMFir cftfi flqR nffcEtTq dfiEEE'l- q0 qE ru+n q*ftqq ird tnl a.q rlqe+ !e{I, tEsr'{Ufi cfirRrl& {FrEcnr E filE{, sr{ <tqEcl affiT cffflit +oan+ a.q&o aftrraet e< Ek {Tr frfiq "{IqG-{ ftfi" ,$rqi csia6 q$Tr{-d qrB q!-nr qdct riq {q{ q$nrB gtffi pq u oO6, f,*,0,* TrTq srizq r'* qi q{firg ,q:q-{sn< c<1jE! ql&-n s$ qIreflGE {nlq vlrv :rrq qr{ qfta {({ c$mqr q|& Rz{r< {t61FR s{rqE ftTfui' n$$'l c(rt$s $F ,! ct.qn fi q{rtr{ir qnfiE{ lF {rri q'Rl,rd emFlv qTSTc{d rrsl qr.tgTr< wqi6-.' {6TcE r{{lrd drraFls fl{rn- fraqr{ clq il(flm$l qrye 6T{ tq6? qfi kr I R(qEqr.k ctr1&$ fts ofrgaq lTlofr,' 1ft<r.R cr{ cffis q.{rq qTrd ?nglFr-' Er(Er {qfu{. flfifoo. {ft{ +<car ofrd. f{-{Ft, ?ufrn ,rftEr, zlito. u.-{<Tfu r{${ -irstcrE fir{H Tr{rq gq{q-{ '!<( a-drE r E{-c(TG[g c-{Effid ?hdFr\ qrr, ,nq Sfrfie <r(! | ciftr\rr qrarm cr{s'n< Fdt qrrrE - {r{ {a< {l'mfiff Gfr.{ *q= -I qrq g--{(Tfur crfivr. 'rrs (grct nfd? ,9<( liPtilfi Elfur Er$ r{ xftE u6r om id {(qICETrFr ,reIfu-d tfuffi cqr{ Afur cqrn,e{ErE q{Ilfi qrfi(ii T{rr I($t T{ qtBr{ qs {lltri fu Tfrrn cEMr{|zE? q"ri\ ftfrq? dtffid ,s( 6&{H1+1? qp fua-* qftql frmz.q ;ffi{lfu RI <ctrcE I q{r{ c+n-{s1r{ c{E-k (Da fil {{fi lrdfi' cqG{ crc ,!ri? nfrqt EI lfucMr+ I {qrcr.rd dr'f|fr{ q{t[{d qlr'rlr4rr{ q$rqr< ffi.t Bl {HIe fictr{ {rqtcFrt il*iersl{ Eq@ rft!"fi ?Frq cs qf w&* r*r<a qRrseqRF TifuFrG cr{ .4t.{e qffi <rrgzr.ftiE fti qr'lTsif s {kc$Il{ ccETl {rT(Q ,4<( stqil CiClE{ qEd.t e {sGend q{?sR Tli { n$tr{n Flf6r BE{ fi {r{[q fu q1.f qrfiE{r qq{nqlqtfr? (sm rffarr{ E@{ T{ q{fr qI{ .{r{a qFflE{l-n cfi.la {h -E i'cr f{, <l(qffirr< <6s {e&-s t&ctcc ?sfi' {.r'l ,!sF t-d!s? cq& (<( q1r ,Fr qlG <a1fu\'{ q..IG ?utft! ar1& <vbt a1r vt c<+tot< w{, q{E{E q{]l{m gdFIEns fr51rdr w{ {Fqk TiT <TrE ,!as@ oqfrr<Fl+ sIsR Fi.qrit E-nsqd Rfic{ mFr.ll TTB qtEqfu cfrfia{ crl sfrrl ffin r'o' {rq Tfrrl ch--T sEFd I $un, egsq, l&{q-rtF qEtqr-{lft \s.rir-cdt+ 6d.r4- c{ I q'Rq frfa.iii ,rri Bm<q <6{a (l$TEEC,n a&-frfd.l qGtlr{n $$II rR!frs qr{q qlEir{l qqH qt{ aG'e tt'rqfi q(irn\ (arr{ q"rdt'r'ii qlGr{r ?glfi' ccll-$ ft&i i'ifr n qliqe qltu6rfr{ tfufi-Ef {dlT{i ffift-Esrlqd srfqrfrq sfu{t T(Ei ffdrq? qt q]qra?{ cf{rrd q-F Efi eF r.t {r.n {qdsflsfr <t..qlrq.l {trfii(d Ets{ ,ljrdETfr q. ft'l ffi-r qFKrff FlE{ (rs qER to))) I qr{{erql <6s l&{r{r T( aKqli rrd fft fi cIEt <rTcq< q6 eB6e rdrs c{ qr qlffivll w{fi(r{.t ,{Q g1B! qtfi-{ft . Effi fu "ilrsq 'lld qTflfii rd.l 1lfrH fi-{ c{. v(q, cl{6-{"nq qlfi-{rftrql 1!r{ r srsl{rq, Is]Q-i' @sftIq qfiiafi-E6 tsr {{ rvtr qiFr )vvc qFl (rrFF I cq {{rn qtFrfift fiq-nq& foT 6Tr-{ arr{ItqR qmre gR cftrqq! Fnc+ {lfiTdl FrdLqi ({fl, 'rd<qao Gfr'l-fr{ 'lgrs fifti {$n cEfi-{'tq qqfi, 4q<tfr, rFsi-qacc 4er6/, sEEd, ftlglro 4,kt, r&+ qro L8 sa{Ia, eVfu qcc(,I 'td-qfrsE ffi o.r+rrq q*q<q +rs qF.{rft ft{rd< {'fi ft+ y(.r {rI Er{Iq, il,los a{lFN qr{IE qBb6-+ qfiqsfffl Ftqr<FCm li{Tr qffi<t si rrirffi F s$ iBrqtrrr fttr[6 q&<m qFrnfr w{ }1{ {r{Tfirr{ cBli[{ftr EtirE cqr{ eFFlFtE firr*r ,|frT]" !e,t E[.Ir fiq{ rtc€ )rto ITrq cq{F? q]{ B(Ert Elgt € fiFft{ cltltlr{ rFtlisrir {r{et? qtc{ q{fr er<d q,fl q{ i 'rtriqro fiaqtql.E fira< r,tFilut )1q8 'r{tT frfi{ld-nqdrq cgcsl qlGn fi-{d"t )E(t rtq re1ff-{ qfu'{T{ cEc {ri5 qrrBr {fi {E{ qfiir{:t qffi frTr{ rE4I {t{ erdFo tro $r{ rl.ltnlel qr iTqtq-dn )e)e {6{d {/Es7 ,6.ss 46-fin 8d r$fin cq1E{ cfls clc{-{. Ek{frc'fd sFT = slB I Er{$ firtd sFl-sqt ercrs rq"t Et cqrs qlfrrT.(E{. Erfifrn (aGq q{iq edL{ ({1-l-li€-d11,fl) ldft't{ RE {E <tA4 frE{r ol qn-cr< lr<r Tftqsl ,qI{rB ,Biqrs drllrr4i sdT'ft{jTr{< r qftr.t {*ilF{Is A{Iff qfr{'k 1I sTroR }I 't(18.l,!l .D|a{ qtfrr rqid -d, )e)8 {isl{ rq{F€ firs firr+ crr+ er{lFlv {{ r fu cry{r{ Dlr{t T{llq{ ftE $fl&iT qlER?G FEfi rc<q Gfi clFTr;rt a6ICE{ tli-+Fst-egl { 6{Trlt {fuiEflq +l r {{rq q|6ti ,rr< g+, vtfii<rftr-* aG"ts nqiI< dRl qfi-{ ffirq qlft.{Ifl' nqr{Ms esI{F{ {I{{Rt $ qatl cq{l {E { ,!t 48fi <I{fi tr{ Fr< (em eF re1q st q]{ {< qrfr 4 Err€ qfrr i,]T{.r {(3TEqn itda q.{r qrt c(ri't sTn q6Es Er{fu qffi' qsr.{E {Cql 6ftGs Ei]&T{r{r qisrTB'lg {lsta&s qq"iBEc l*" tc {ft{ <T$mrrl T{sq € {EG Ffu qt&l ffe qlqrqon o ercqstrit qfufu q flrq&'{ A&ffi-Efri fir{ qrrttnrrdqrt frra qftql*Ecr< I 'tt{cv !tqa' qqc\rREci c(!tsr{ rqdrra€ Tdr.t cdrlt tF{fiau-*n 1fu+9fu5+ a<rro en r"" B'r*s, qtulM lfrr.trs q mt Effiz<1-U6{ ft <tufi qt$r ,q{Rr qB-{E fiftnR6FvlE{ {tffi tETEFrfi a&qrr ql${vk qfrEn F6fis <rreqr61?vRrft t&q|qrft< <ts {Ca r TR.l. {iFr sBr <6tr+l rirl.{ fifu{ sr" i&cn-fur qwr qr.rn-+ I cGBs \&{q-rfu qh 9} 6{, nd${ d(q1rEn R{s qrv qc+ hoFr? qlilq r c(\ l&{lc {l#d {lqrn qmv "|1G cs, c{lv,r ,]gft{ 1r{ rdIlr{d $s fi ?q'n' iT.! ifiG& 4E {rdE ,a( StF,r 'lElftr lad q qsffid st{ ?B'n' ff{ dts {{ff I qv,q{ ( qwrB {E{ dqft Rr{r{ Fr{ (qrc qBE',{ qtd {r*A vl Wfli rfi qk qtd sE fr{Frq-{ dt{ T{-{ {irfrr {&'fi Flr.mtl EcFt rm{ E€ rqqqR, qttEr .fu s{r ?r('7t cst R ?fu4tc <t qten l&{r{FETFITrI ({ ffi4 ctE.!I{ t&fi-?E{ {rnr[i {l r6rn fi&n lG{trrd d FiH Er.T[c{ ]1 qffi,R f{Ge lRr{i{r{st vtqr ltrfi FEr[i]I qt? $i lt c€, Trq r&qrr! rm c"Eq iMA! (ftdrd tfu{Fl I qR qr{ frr{Erfi cG'{rn qlq{sl{ c(i c"rfi'rd q]G< qftyr{ qiq ftH llslft' qlq$5yqrq-r frqlt q{q ffrE qr+ fir{qr{ qG{l{-{E{r {{cr Ror{ 6frs rdrq ft qd&i' {r{, ,{rF@ Er{ETG{ s cElElR-{ Err{ s&6s !&qrq-rf A {tlu{ RgR {'lq rd[E ql? <6{tr{ aF{ SVqq{ .tK{.tk TtEjIT qt{d qos rqG qFlrd (5!.l {t< q& fu st t <rs qq r{{ q+lB FIF{ "ra€i' fifu rvm wfrq* (F$ rqrfi I 4Firt6{{rqrd cra friv,e-n< q{rdl( 43ras ut&'- qr<r< fr csrll cq{r{{ m t&{rc/qq& citqt c.E sr FEE< tEqr{r cl l&.{rc ?vfi, qoe qrd ;la r+ln qlfu{ q{cE{d rql EBRg {mce tt {cE? Wasnm, ftstr{ l6{fi-{D-dIr r&letrs cliqG q&-d fuy ,t!fl-l s{s'n ,Ecl ira q 'rfti! 6s cffa i6ql{ cq{R mnbt qlv qR qirq rflTdt r{Rffi-TEdld mra c id? T16I(_T ?l]dfr' qE6e {{Ir qEq qlG €d1g {fr r q|d Llqr{{ c{EII "tfrEtn Erivtq{ {B irg fiF ts 1-r E tr$ ?Ev lnOft,qqrcmfr i&qrcq< q<\ q$1Fts ,{Ec{c Rr.t{ gfro "ttrr oarq e<r iFrn EGEE , q5.{< fi nrs-.or' c(}fu qE ) eT.iR <qrTd aFl'f(i fra im rg Ezirp srro frrr qftffi ifu{qr{ f{ry{q €1 I$ ff+r c{( cfiIri q.{n" ftffic{ t{i qgs\1( em q,6l allrFl:Ed q qwq-{ lfr{E, Clt ifu{rarr .{6+ qfcoisl "fd 'fft Enrr I8 Edt ft 'E{,r" {{? "iffi r cr6qfr <q-rftn uTd q? q slB'{ qli-{'R fiarTd rE{F q1lr{ Yrq rilT 6iG.{st st{q{ c<& <q<l$ 4qt qT{r,- r1sfiffil drd, {urft* RqrnG} fu qrqr.l q{] qr{q ql&'{sr{ qrqE q{a.t € fit ftr q{ EMqe s{'Ft€ ?rTrea c<r mQ ftCcr{ ftrefir q]&qs e sRfs R{n qk{B *' R qli-{R dEFr q{G n.ffi{ ,{t Irqr cri ,{Frs {rtr {.TIs EE <t..qtaqrfi lGrtq crfl €i|6 c'nA ftr{r< lrsrF? q?F'i n[ q<t tG{F€ \jt rtFr (F{ el ,lcr{iFrr nMft' ,!e6 A&{fr{ afu{t{ G&q q<( qt 'l1g qfu{h clq q'rdt"tr qlmr nffi{ sfutn clq {{l{1fri' qqE$ Trflq EE J Rrrr{ rfi6s sR 6{ q{qfb {t(qtrE \r. {lF{ frrEd T<Fq lG{trrn E,lll.li,{1t q(I&,af{{5rr{ llB]fr l e. rir{ ,tvn r q! lFqr,r-rEff{ (s@\e frsqq Ta lG{trc qrmfi qt&d c. qre {nd il I ,{vE< lGfi-Tr{B ffiqfr+sr ffi! t' ql.5itrvl{lft qfirsrr{ qs!(a.l Fftsr{ qrfr FFr.t q+O ,ifrraF-+ afur r .!. q. y. b. /o.*** fttr+rq ci'{InF-{ cr@ qff Bmr{ ,qpr{I {n {fi r qr< '{vrs q{,tt qflr{r {({ U0fr I frr qr lFrd qff ,{Ta{rd 'fl T(ql Er (qr{ fr{ 'rft-ffr.td cgsd cqrr cfr{r (D} erd {lft {q l[d (G[ | \qEr 4a qlB rN-{R qr{lwl Frr qFFr{ svfr'-{ rEfr{ GtFfiElf 1 {fi qFl 1F[ro fris rIrl qfqrr* r 6I{$l Wrfiqr{ qhE s{E r qF c.Nfi (Er{ !"qtf'BErf aElr{r sm {r.r atd qtrfl sfr qFE TwEt I (T{'G fr@ Trl cfirfi Ucqlrq q{t.n wl "it<Fr{ lFqfr ql r{.r ffiqrm vrdt qtftr 'fir{|q i ,{Ti ,{rG aT{l t({ tks qqn qff+rm Fm{tm lr< qel{qq frnts qfi-d qEq rBIe stmr 4& cmt qrqrnn I {ht{l ) rffir n(r,[{i rQrGT {a&{s {a qln ftrqlr qfi fit tl s YI! lo:r ar.,q. {4!, ?(}7,zEHr r{?fi F6+s !r(+t{+ft/ (rlrFt, r t. ql{! qFFn+fi, \o))), 1. b I "Statement released by the Foreigfl Minisry reeardins indigrnous people" ro Banstadesh.. July 28.201I {tsmr.k rG{r{ {uFr 1lnl{ {dt {n ff( t_FR fi.r{ "<nfiff" r ql eFztr qF q5Flv aFrr{, rqt, "<tqft" rF{t{ ca& r W fr+rftB effiis <{frr ihfi-$ {'tE? r0t{t{ qFfE to!8 q(l}tn I mt{ !o qtS to)8 qfr6{ er{lFlg ?hfrs qsT q,rql qn-Ofr B{R!9 Eqrdv ! I r ftX BERrq yrE sd&, Dt{t fttRErtqffi{ t&eE fiEffi{ q$PRr c{{{E Tf{t(qit rtslsal,il fi't{, ,,By Citizenship, By N^nond1q," HiDaJ magazin€, August 2011 I'ttr q<rt[E ql C.Nl, "BmCtdesh's Fifteenth Amendmenr "fr and lhe Cnminalzadon of tre€ speech, In rhe i\4rddle of Nowh€re. \l/w.llJnahmed.wordDress.com- SeDrenher 14, 2ul I I ,ftrEll rc{,{+r qlfs ; qlsr\5r ffiri Egr<-{t ar{r.t rr. a{r+dftr 6rLE G6 fir{rs nr6r El{r{ Tfrri (!nt!6&{ qn&€), rFt{, "Concem regardins the 15th Amendmenr or rhe cons;-,on a-d"a..h. tun"gonq H,I Tracrs Commission.- qi )r qflt ro)!, aFFfil*rl etF-i Qfr. {t6{]f?. T.ror{ drqln € aErfl ffiLitril , Irtq ryrs' epga ffi. a11463q oaft< o qlvE ltftl Fr{orTd wtr cqfiv ,!aG .t(fi.tl Ttq" T{E frrn {rft, )buo E{FEI r$Etrt, qfult nqsffi qgrq o ,a*o* $flur+.r cEr,rr cfiftfr nq (qr&s)-or.rrE lEt cc€fi Tr{ I qfr -F&q c{F ls? TrqIT{- .rt iRGs qnn 6{U-6EU ar{ "BU qQrfr orqgl'i q(.1 ftrcrcE mrii I wft* qr{ !&fi qrg 'ifr& !. {ft{ ql itr w r qHI{ {EE qtn qF-fi ft{fu{ ts <q flft-{ EM c(!t ql A& qfitm {trt ,Fff'{R.t rn, npq qft.T q&fi sc< qI&BIc? \r{ffi fitr1ir r t-{nrm ql ruq rur 'II!R cfusrr{ fi{k{ sn&-r c{ltr{ 1& {r1 cilifu-{ +om*El ctq qrcs Ftcns q ,{{G c[rB ltnq e rfirg{FFrr{.{t{ TirI6 'llcr, Trl€ I {rt&(.ll cfisFl $E PI qr, qFft{ 6{ \iE tffd nTr,ld {l(nt q{tq {{rq rfut{, Er$ <mr{l Iftq flFi' cq{i, Kendal W. Stites, C,r/ Socied ry DNgr Dano/!, NGO, a"d tbe Inte enn DMbP-."/ Cnrh ;n B ghklh (Connecticur Praeger, \oo\), '1. !, a-s {rf{]vl 4EI{ +lit I the atchaeologist of a commemorative space in vhich the idea of the asvlum was lo(ared sets hmself apan from the tusrofld oi dre derelopmenr of fijs in.Erudon. rn de\ls,ig r hisrdographicat m€thod rhat deals with the thetJrical forms with which instirutionalizatiofl is justified iather dran with the developmeot of instirutions themselves, Foucault has opencd I rc$, domain of historicat research one principally concemed with the history of discourse, or more bmrdly, of representation.,, patrick H. Hufton, y't u ^ ^ A// oJ M?dltt (Hanovtr, New Eneland: UDversiry ofVermonq I993), p. l07 I )o. )). )r. "Raia Devasish reiects FM's sr.tement, " Daib Stdr, Jdy 28,2011 "Hence, in Bengal termed as ancieflt 'b.oga' [sic] and no." independent Bangladesh, its original inhabitants or first natjons of this soil are the e$nic Bengalccs by desceflt that coflstitute neady 99% of Bogladesh's 150 milion peopt€. They have all beco original inhabitants of this ancesnal lmd for 4,000 yeds or mor€ according to mhcologicat lsicl pr@f found in the 5J0.ri Betcshwar' cxcavations. We ethnic B€ngdees alc flot, I rcp.rt not colooial s€tders who cam€ to the l.nd of Bengal in th€ p.ssigc of time, o€ither arc we foreigfl€rs or non-indig.nous to ow orrn native laod, never will be. lJ(e had a vcry disrinc culture, ethnic h€ritag€ rnd language when our colonization took place and we srill uphold the samc dcspitc ou subsequent rcligious convcrsions." fii$, "Statcmcnt rcleased by the Forcign Ministry..." I a&fir{r brc historiosraphy s frrryH Qfu{f{-IE*r* qfu {tE 6cl tGfi{E{ {, d,&tlfr&rrqIs .....Fouc.ultu r )e. !T0 frr,t{qtq-{ 'IfrrnE{r Edr aqfl.:fl}E ffiz9li, -{hrVEE{ ftlrd cE{l' tF {TdE{t{ qI6sir.R c{lq." q|{q s et&r-J, ,f{fr{ IRqi (El{i, qft, to))) I !8. (rqfl qEr{q, as{q{F-fi," tfi.{l ll.TF (nqrffs) q 6 q{{,r &{&cr?"? too e (Dr{T: {f+t q{rqa, to)t) )C'. frtn Tsr{..l cffid q{t{{rd{ srfv{ (qlq{V qVEq. Tr6Fl TT{ nrITEftats !1tr .qfi qm&-+ fu6rd G"c,,r scien cs)-q? q,tdt'fi Gfrlir{ !I!, ,eTifr qnfr-{ ,tRR frqnarqrrts fiIi, crq{l qEarq € rt{{ ci{i, 1AclR qqa , tatw s ,ef& 1o]t: q$,r {FFrcoir, ftqrs ry<pc-{ r r )e. looe) I cttFR Tt{rfi {fr{ ffrt{I{{t{ orFrr{FR .ifu {(T,l !1t. ftrl fu{ caGsrrr frq Frsrc frrFr sl{j, fufDq{t qfin crEtfiv B1g "lrdR f{st ts m6 <Fl ,tt*; lfii e sR qrEs- qrfrXr{ 6Gqt 6qstr{ c{lr{r{. tfld Fni C'a IIl{i. f{-{Irs Aftrrtfqs {r fr[q.trrr EIi rrA, tr) Vt{tll*rq 4.ttffl (investisative modaliry) 4r{t tr {l$r:{ qE q&-rtd'{sn ftq s6 I (lfu 6fI{n yflfinTr{ s{ft {.rcs cit{ltrE{, c{ rstrfl frrrc qrfisift{ ENr? r$l q<( c{ irfurs {qFR EFIFF nct{ 6t cn, mFr$ wG-{E Tdt qn, sk dfTr.t {dt qn, mFr{ fi U'llr{ {I{d.drfit Eln {{Efi! Gt {{ (fffi, amFls qfu<qa, afr{$ir, !&dq, olrqE, qtff AC, ,!BnA6rlirG$) r ,n {fi E{k { q$ff{Tr{ cfiftr Tl{jfi Erfrr{.t{lft Eh Es{E{ erd s Elirrqd lfrfi ctfl&{ wrsi G'R dq q(n rrl I qr{&fur <rF8-qFFni EFr us{ffs !i{, E4frr<fu t{rrr s'11 qrfil1s ({, El'ir qElr{t vEEr E1rqfrq qfrrn qr6crin Fl{n {I r cFt{ Betoetd S. Coln, Cohtialo .rd i,! Foffi oI K"orlbd!.: Tte Bfi*b i lndia Olew l€rscy: Prioc€ton Urivcrsity Press, 1996). A. B. Shamsul, "History of ln Idcntity, .n Idotity of . Historla The Practice of fid.yness' in Mala,5ia Reconsid€ied," Jo,, at af Sa"tted! St"di.',32 Q), n1tl ,4.F. qT{.r E <r{g c+rs{ {r clrfit{ir Fr Pannu, "An Invasion on thc Mhd? )t. )b. fit{ cq{i pau.la way. Funhe'. fie rcxr did nor enio) consflDus mong Mmber Srates. Under such ctcmsances, Ba"glades; of t). \t. "Ishrat Bangladcsh adhcrcd to all maior intcrnrtional hurnan rights insftumcnts and supponed thc rights of indigenous pcoplcs. How€vcr, thc Dcclaration, in its prcs€ot fom, , rndEEfr ttgmm r6fi {)bqt) | qm Eri. ,aqtqn, l].llr<q, s i( qjlEc, 1. r I "Bengzl and the entirc subcontuent being under ddni,tittunw colonz non oDly.. " (:it{t q{q mTi {in \e. \8. mf* eawaa r Roudedse, 1995) I Said, 'Represetrtins the Colonized: Anthropology \ I n lerlocu LoB:' Cnh.d t"q"ij. V ot. (\\ inrer 1e89, cr<Ffrr qT{rrE{ - 2 I t\, ,to. 6{fr qrT{Erir,Fr- (q{{|F+, nf{rflr "tc,, r€ffl qlqHE). (Tdfif{6r(Tr rF ({qfrs), 4se7I6 s6E 'EnFrr<Fr-sh qfq n$c frl& \r{fiIii, i-)a r Ct{{ 'Slaremenr retrased by (hr ForeiSn ItL;srrv..., tr{s qtFfiFlfr wl fiti, "History,,, In6oduction to pan I& BiI Ashcroft, careth Griffiths and Hel€n Tif6n (eds.), Tr, Po$-Coh"ial Sbd;* B'ddet O-iaon and New york: British Jrhan Ahmed (B.ngl.desh) sdd thrt her delegation supponed thc rights of any group that was disadvantagcd. lffi z'+,, TC{IE) | u.*.p.m.org r ql&rcTd hrd abstaioed in the vote r,' qIqIFr, fcqnm crprE Car6ql. rrftea #r+ tur+r, ryt er+FF. \ooc), ,. T{i A Study of the Malay Subi€ct Under the Colonial Govcmm.ntality fllJe," Kort t,Nt. 22, ml1 mtn *'*T,.un.ors I conrained some ambiguiEes. palticularty rhar ..indigtroL,s peopl€ had nor.been idenriEed or explcjtty defmed-in my rFr{sfis lc. t qfuL,f fLqtd7 tEFE: r<r{E- iooc ). 1. tqi "tfi f. ict t"lrlls, t. qet r .98€{M qtrm cfEftl qfirq s qq7 s qIft-{ ftfis n'qc{ ,{{l {je (cdq{ cT{fiE1, r6ffi cFrn {qE-{ {rR TlrT Gfi Grq{ nlr{{ 6{Bf{ eer{F{ cqrf Blv qrl,n qT{c ,9{l rrrnE FEnEi, q rKa.r, E1rrlE. I r i9 ,4Esr,6 sli0 zliE ii&rE ql qc{r c{t q{dE €t <rfie, sB na{ aG Fqfr.rr{ d I BtnlE, 1. occ-oco John Luk2cs, A St deit C'tidt ,a ,k St b of Hin O S/ilmington: Iotercolegiate Studies Iflstitute, 2000), 1. ry:': /5)i pr€rer Camp.r (t722-89): sr Francis G."i,r: Ar hq;io i,,o tt! ad Y"tpq'dor r8lo)t Aflhu de Gobineau t1}t6.g2). Aa H,nd Rad rr65r,: Madison ':?^."\!!::,,f.ta :r,! cfdt E YT| !. !1!ri18 ri,,4'h ld otRln ttet6/ ts24).. Lothrop -r i"toddtd as.^, tyti,, i_u T!-R | qi qrqtr, Cab r'ptda.y (1920) qlrrnE{,fu Cu{E ,rcr{:_ r H*!!l 2i.l."l: )br e.h. stsd;et tuadd,rlftq'7. ea l ?(trtrFft' qlq{qRmr{ +qft qlff{qRtm FqffE aknidt {{ Trr qTrft narqr6.F {tn {ri rffr a ft{]6 s. ?rtTEEr.n qG{Emft ftt-bEr{r ffi' l(Elr nrd' ,{ {ffi {({te I T{{ cn{l$rq itq'Il',fc$i{ Rtli !!G Br5 c€qrd 6flR .l?q {a'Tl frsl'iq fr{ ((rr .qh crrdf.f qrnqfi qrtrTlD, frT{ 6rFEw{ii-fr{T{ qF .rfttrEqr w! cct{, 6fi$1 ql<tfi, 'craErbrFl (€ {r{st): frI ,lF,{r, fu {cr," vBfr wD Grn, f+ qtzmfu q{fir trfidE ! TrGttr {&t - a rctrr H rfrEfrrTfi, \oos), Ih au)oa I I Mchdi S.m.4 "Islqmophobia, Culturc md Recc in thc Age of Empir.," el. 99. 94. t^t t Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Grif6ths md Hden Tif6n, Tr' Prrr 2010 _lq'aeus (1"0178); Ddwud rane. Httotu _ !11|!:!:!,ni Bt" ,"t*t . o, ,t" Nii,.ii'kil* 9arolus Cztn ral Srrdh', Volumc 24, No 2, Malch | ''scienri6c Raosm., ww.reducetheburden.ors 9C. 9!. crqlll w{Hr € rr+{ ci1a. 6wz_-l ow )t-)g I O. , Tt, Anot , ,P.,K4,J1* tzB4-tBJt Sni.tt tr?\, and Rt toti oJ Bitilb Bnd'br,, Nr}/r,4lrc (Amstcrdrm: Johrl Bcnj,mirls Publbhios Comproy, zxx) I M.hdi Scmati, "Isl.mophobia, Culturc ,nd R.cc," tdlt I ttE|ft+ cfi.lftrr q{wErr iE &t(l[ *at @ rtrtrd fi{s) iDII{ Efi,- Hcnri d€ Bouldovficrs (1658-1124; ba B,rgat a,1d tb. 1. Dnau, !,*.,-.p!" Press. 1988),,1, 8c .1xfty ,li..ly". whire peopjc AE caled )., 'cruc.sian?,, procedi s of rr,e Fi&h A,uluzt Cilde! lfT-T ci,g rnEm.rionat conference { yarc Detru: Oxford Universiry I ill*I. 1t.*: Desradadon: sr,very and rhe lonsru(Eoo or Race. November,-8, 2003, ,. S I 9t. E'irlli'. 1. )o I 9lr. U'rrdrE. 'r. b I 8o. btroy. 1, tl 8). qfu A{ {rre qr( Erutr{ vrgr 14e1 6rQfl gp1 l11r EIffE rRfr:. ,..rth€ Ary.n racc nouish;d in rndja as T.r ard_siftcd brds, and as conqu.roru or thc 6*r bcsinninss of huinan ovilis.rion a. d:. sf,e a.cs; rnd ir m.y bc nor€d thrr a :^"11,8 climare. fcnitc sod. and imDdrr;ns rivers :l:per.rtc. rhc o.temm.d ea_rlicst seats of civilisarion... Thc Arvmr r John Richardson, "Islam, Oricrralhrn md G.a.isr) Social Exclulion," chapt r I ia (Mi) ,q/r$",iq kh'r: Th, Rrr*r, aJ r #. 6r.. P Tl:iy"" iTls** T* liC w€re s€ttled or the Indu mey be earliet For *'osrnd ve,Is b€fot€ Chlist, war bcrween these -"nv ceoi:ncs thcre was r condnuous rribes of rodia' abodeind e*"'"" -a,r'. dark-skmncd ,r,h th" a"m"a o"" ."nquercd tlc wholc of thc countrv no$, honm as the Puojab from drc batbariaos With tltcir ot it tedirorial conquests thc Aryan3 cxtcodcd agricultur' cu-lti\qtcd ans and mdustrica, P.dcct'i thcn b€auofttl Smscrit hnquacc - thc old.st Atym hnguag! known to us of gert bcauty A - -a -."-*a hrmns and song! drc Pufliab in qucsr lcft conquctols Arvrn s€ction of dlese lrrn, and m in encicnt down settlcd recions, of -estem *erallv calle"d lranirns,.. Tho3c who rcmeioed iJt t}le i*i"f *.. U, distincrion, c,I.d Indo'Aryeos; md thcir *c prclcrvcd to fib &y' T ' kno*rl -aent hvrnns. which bv tllc collectivc nam€ of th. Ri8 Vcda -thcE was a ,* bawccn thc Indo-Arfns end the dark"1",i"""" shoncd rborisincs d"ing thi! rgc Thc eboriSincs rct'eted i.f.r. tf," ",-.t a"U..a o4riir.tion of th' Aryans' but huns ercund in fistncascs md forcsc, Plund'rcd thc .f thc Arlzn! rnd ltolc thcn cedc \Vith f -which pcculir to btberiena, thev fought "-i.n "U"*t is itr mriw for ccntutics as thcv rcmetcdi thcy mt'mPred &e -uious srcrifices saoc *zy in which rIrc banls of the Misli!+pi tBvc bc€n &rr.d of drcir rcn-,{ryrn tribes in modem times, eighteen and its tribuuri€s tu'o ot drce oi th.lt "onq"ttot', despised their ''bright gods." and plund.r.d rh& wrlth But the Arlms cnd: thc uce of civilisation widened -"i*.Ia a thc hndt vcr. rcchimcd end dottcd with **.], i*gr. -a cidrcr submincd to -i.s, ""a tu bertuienr "iir.*t ""a end mountdns hills to drosc or rctr.ctcd *. ionoucrors icclfi and r'Pclts Hilrorv livc. .til *i.i. OL a.".""a-" th. bznls of thc lndus wcrc dctcd of their non-Arvan rrc.! cightcctr hun&.d ycffs bcfotc Chlist' m'rch in th' bg 8t. hundftd rca$ .ft r ChEisL,, mff{ Romah C. Dutt, Tr, G.iu<ario" o/Itulid (NewD.Jhi Rupr & Co., 2002), 1. )-e I aq{l "History, Politics. Indus Vrlcy Gvitizatioa" n ww.sscneruch.edu I 89. "Ao Int€lvicw widr R.aiiv Malhotra tbout BruAiag tadit' (written by Rajiv Malhota and Arrvindan Ncetak nd.n) by Sandccp, Thc Redbco!,ery oflndia May 25, 2Ot r n'ww.sandccf reb.com; qlrfi Crit{ R4iv Mr.lhotra, '.Euro_ p€an misappmpriatioo of Sansldit led to the Aryan Rsce 88. 8C. 8S. 8t. Theory." w*v.etchaeotogme*,srrcw,ofkblogspoLcoE cttd "An Im.rvicw wifi R jiv Ma.lhot .... ,',E{6 8 I Oqffil{ !flBr qEs Rft qrnE{n w' cc!{, c,llv{ q, {rR cE{" d?{ ,6 c,wE r,!#e (ut+1':r@ ct+nff, qoor) ',,Q!fiwr r Brucc G. Trige!, A Hi"a, of Aftreobgitat Tbotgtt (CaErbddS.: Crmblidge Univcrsity pr€ss, 1990), ?. )sa I J.cquetta Havkcs G, Arla, t A irn, Aftba.otog (Londoo: Hei6cdr.nn, 1974) 8Y. I "...colonirhst I archr.ol r sc$cd to dcrjgntc thc nrri!,e tllrt Eutopcan colonisrs wcrc scckinr to domin.rc or rtplffc by off€fi"8 cvidencc that in preiisoric times thcy hed Ieckcd thc initiadvc to dcv.Iop o; rhei, ovn. Such rrchrlolog_ Ells doscly digncd widr cthoologr, which documcntcd thc ptimitivc condition of trditiond netir.c cdturcs rnd 6cir gln€frl inrbitiry ro ch.!g!." (|ltF ,{ HirbD ,IArh.rot4.alTboalt lr(s. 1. >ec socjctics r ab. mAr Michael Gotdob, 'Introduction', in M. Gorlob (ed.), Hilloncdl Tbi"*j"s in S,,th At;a: A Haadbook of Som* lnn Colanidl Ti,ret t0 i)? Pftlent oiew Delhi: Oxford Univeftity Press,2003), 1 (!1{1. c). t. )-bo q tq'.fl{ rqr, ?lsr?d t&'{m {fi tfr qqlsft, )bbc), 'l. eoo qF,t (tbd-ti'ao), I q{qEi, cE{{ C. N. Subrmaniam, "Periodis'tion of Indim History," w.revolutionrydemocracy.org I i'lfrr{FFrTrr EEs-{r{r TiEvI4 ql( cyE! lt(c qt6i ilitr €aq,llf fi{m (qli,lG sqq&{ E6, oqFlllFIf ryrqr.t, cFrr, !fifr-q6,S{) r&r qoiE{E w, cc{l, at$-{ cfl, zrz" sgv4rr qrftqs7'+.r {,Tfi s q{+r-{ v&r7 +{:dli (1Frt) (qRr+i-r.F frrfiFrprI, EFd! a&tr![, ioor) I Gfr qFs EIf{ Frf{, vrrt qrir \x{fis qFrr{ rFErrB s {qa Frin I slr0 srEfi cqn tFI{s Tr{{ | Er< \t!n qlffi rr c,i. (9. cittr* qqrtrt,Ffi Trlftr.f{ Et qHt It{ lt I qtrrrtErR wl fi$, F.qr. c${ftn c 1.t. qEr{E raifiE, qt{l,' nq&+ l&<m r ?l{rE ? ,qE-{ TfrrlTl.r-s (EFl: al$irFr ,qffiT (qF{RG), ttt r( *"ni rrsIqr r{{l" E$rin, a&{,r e arer{rq-f (Ero' {('lI ,!Tt[si, )b5a), ,J. )ci 4.({.{r. ai({ls{lq, ?E7rr {Q& {lg7n Isrsl (EI{l, fi-{t aFFrf, toos), 1. etr; C'IFTIjI $ftc, <,qn <qri" +E ? aq& (Etd, yfid qrFifi i(!r, tbh{.) cqcF cq. {oos),l. ll aqR, l&f,T r c8 qT ca E ildlE, 1. !s I e A&r{&-r, a'{v, 1. :v r ffifo I {rft, s,ltu{-M 6fr+rcn, Fnfteare+ tiG-{l, )bsr) q{r'FF qq{ rR, nMFn wqqfral, fiqfu{_1vft{ r cE. wto+.'66sr cb. g). st. <E T&{rEd IF(M r6q P€n-phs ,trqfrfi Tfi € rE n&{rq? r vflEt{, l&E/r' € Afrr{E-{, 1r{c, 1. lr icH Et rqqER, {rgl r4?rd arer{" ran {rt), ftfrs {a, cI {r6lq (fi{l!'l' (qnr({.T fttFf vnu ,6appfi, 551ry; qr?r <r('rr tfur{ fTrsra ql{r). (Erd: {r(Er -.frr. r , u<Icvff. 5;y11, 1. 1. tr-)o I 2r-5o , B"ndr6. r C9 c{,t't-{ qq? rTd pI{t ?stfrr qw6E{, filfutstfr+ qz.fiEit' frf+ er+cta Tlrr.flEn r {.r sqcfi s-n Et1r {qr glrff ql6,F (,qft-s), ttutFs qqqhF{ FdfrEBt q{ <lErkfi $lBq, oe*e, :u:; r r6rn ctI{B qqiT 6fir 4[6I qtr'ItF0 qqq Tfi qc{a lIgtq.{ T{:Ird wTlirriir 16?, e ,j@7. (Dtq, alrF d$t(qii, 98. 1971), 1. \rC. i, tbc Gtuga?b oJ AM.,r 4,d bdia. 2nd edirion rDeh: MoELt Bmarsidas", Di,eshchandra S;car, -r/, d,6 M?d'tual es-er rffi{? I r{{Et <I'I{, "Iolidas, the tnatitiooal cootem porary of Dinnage (fifrh (nrury A. D., prac€s rhe Vangas amidst Lhe strerms of the Garges (Ganges sona.nura.). The wenem boundJy of this counry extended beyond the Hooghly ro rhe possrbty ar rmes ri;e; Kapisa or Kasa in rh. MidnlPore drst ict.. E5v w*(ra R C. Ilrajumd{ and Sir Jadunath Sarkff (ed.), Httoo 0f Bnsat, vot. l @haka: University of Dhaka, 1943), \rs. 1.)ar q;l.CE. {rd HBI frI'l UEFE, ffi, of the Vangas on such tragne foundations.,, R. C. Maiumdr md SnJadunalh Srtar (ed.). HBl. q-b I 1. BnriIE, ?. u I Dineshchandra Si.ar, St di?r ir /ba Ceostd?t ,.!rts' .1. .frdr,! a"d C ttuft, eol. VII, '1. lee-eb ,tEft{t{ F{ qt v{r&.f F? 6{Ii&fi, yrq Icqrrfi ft{l, q.l{ frqr{, 1lF &q {6{ dl I I sl. rri, Tnnri l&{r{, s"E q!, !ffi. sr. rbr1, 1. ro qo q! \rqtr{ I6qir.E{ ft{l, ffiff+n FT crdfufi, y(c from, QE qtr {rq {&dl r c'tfiI.I WFE, {,qirr rE?tr GIet, q{{r trdtril <lfi stqt," ,(T& n({, \oo\e), 1. )r I "c/fr (.IFIE TrFtc, '{t('Il q{l s qfrqr, E/srtr ?{-c? s/& rqe, B{ant r 1. G'tRlE, 1. \sr I E lBn\r,1. tsr I Srnifls, ,1. tc) I 9g-\9b t I t). co. 1). q\. tst-e)t r Crvrd i7("r' "a7d s'i6fl9. 1. tci I S{rlIE, 1. tib I .{.r{.-qr. T{dl€Tq. {r$rrl G{r{IE r T{ft, ti&qt, )kst) E{HE lq6. $w. qffi{-t-M l I "1. UX (qFrsM, ffi+ I , I r cxtremely hazardous to build any rhcory about the antiquity .1. L "cf&. T-4r. nslfr Tq6, T(<8. 1. rqE l ffifu I I q.(+.,4:{. nT<nl€TIq. fiFrr. !4. ta. ca. t{rdls,1. tqc c8. EiFFERT, lE{l" s.i&rtfri, a45, 1. ra. qrtn {fr{, ?(q,? l&-{fi (Iisrff wr?),'"G{rr|E, 1. a qs. v. ,4iD.fi. rtc dt{A {r.fi, "Somc *riters have traced rhe namc of the Vangrs another cady Bcngal tribe, to the Aitarcya AranyaLa. Ifl the text occur th. words vayamsi rangavagadhas cerapadha'. Th€ cxprcssion vangvagadah has be€n am€nded to Vanga-Mapdhr, that is the people of Vanga and Magadha. The Atanyak! rcfers to tlem as folks who wde gulty of umsgrcssion. Comm€nterore. mcienr and mod.rn, diffcr as to thc rcal me^ning of the words uscd io thc text. The possibility that th€ cxpressions in th€ Arenyzkr signify old ethnic namcs is not cxcluded. But ir is r ts"llriE ctsFFn \9rr. I rznu, 1. r s,l.C?E,'1. r_b {lfi d{ftr q{k lr{t {nfiG atft-{ 6T{ € fi{. cRS (q'(T Trlqfi ,&q T{ {rsrq I cnf{ ,i.|qi-{ ttd,r Ci{ft € TIiTBE I'me. -?qE Tqfu qr{rn._ c.t{ q{E qr1 Ciq-qR {Bqlq\r ,ea! qtsfiiv "flitvi c[{rr I stf,{_sM qfafiq-{ eF{tqr q$f s qqrrd fr<qsl," 'B"l6t qlqRBnEqts .{r, te Br{rr toor, or u,'*'rt,.af ts.bdnews24.com b). lrt. Ir9. r+t-{q ,Fr. 'c{,rn I fi i+a-dl{ rrf, €rffaq, tcff flFqFro (,ret, Try€T.f{. tooor. 1. rr,e-b"s I fit{ "Et}nicity and r.ce,,,frrr+ B'tmq r )o) Q6666 "6 , ,lrr b8 Devid Craig GrifEth, /rre'\ Minifial: L,1y.pdqa lrbor i the !oC'. 'It is im.gined because the members of even the smalest natioo will never know rnost of their felov-m€mbe6, meer dl€m, or ev€n hear of tlem, yet in the minds of each tives r}le image of their cormunion.... Commudties re to be distjnguished, not by rhen fdsiry/geDuioeness, but by the <ryle in wtuch rhey tre imaghed., Bmedjcr Ande,son, U,tihd Sratet (/Jb,'ny, Stl'te University of New York Press, 1993) ba I Enc Wolf, Emp a"d th? Pratb lYilt1'tt Hitory rqe*eley, Uf,iversity of California Press, 1982) John Richardson, 'Islam, Orient .lism," t(E I c,flE frtdt, sqtGd ff rq,- qq {qtfi (rqfrs), {fsi vql r r,.ri&, q{?& e T{tE &cn-r T(ffia (IlTt, Et{l fr{FEjt'In, iors), 1. ))-)! G{r{lE, 1. !! E t(rtv, ,l. )) I {lrUE tlrdln, 3r'rl1Erk qyqBe A&S {qEh'trF qn- Idagi co","""in+, xcttc. 1. 8b I seem, has decreed thzt we in the postcolorial voild shal only be p€rpetuzl consumers of modemity. Europe and rhe Americas, the only tru€ subjects of history, hzve thought out on our behalf not onty dre scnpt of colonial enlighte.ment and exptoit2tion, but a.lso that of our aoticolodal resistmce and p;stcoloflial misery. Evefl our imaginations must tmain forcver colonized." Parha Chzttc4ee, .qrhose Imagided Communiry?," in The Nation ad its Ftagments: Coionial and Postcolonial Histories (book 4, Tt panta Chatlcajea r qyEq: yfii'lEr{tft sys! Efr ft..rirnt{,r{ ffrr{{,- inft< <1 1qqfiE), qy-!E{q {fiv*l, ro){), ,1. ss )o). E. H. Caq Nanoulirn arl 1945) € F/''6 GFmq: <I{q]-{ r 4'r G',lev York Macminrn, I qB. cE{ta, effir q,\}?ur{llT{ A{ter '1t@, T{frql qIE (pr{lst: n]1rtn sdnE r{ O {Hff 6{Flfi, \oo)), ,{. 1.!r )o8 B. Andcrson, I'naqi ?.d An"rniti.': Rrltuctiow o" tk Oid,, ad Spead of Narimabn, Qandon: Verco. l99r')). S{arF qnslffi s "ll( rfiEfih qt cE Ed mfi (TE qlfr r-"lfttr{ Eq Ftr{Q et c-{.nt{ ct{r!trd ts,n,Mitthew Nclson,'Revisiting Andcrson's "Imrgined Communities" Alnost 25 Yee's trt€r, " R€vi.w Notes #2, PECO 5502; Othcr lwodds, Othcr Globalizations, Carl.ton University, April 20, 2007 d )og. "Hisrory, it vodd O,rr,r (New York: Oxford Uruversiry press, 1999). 1. c !o1. g'frltlE )or. titrtE, 1. s )oh. cTl. qlqq.r tcnE, "<t(.Tltcctd qfur: r(qt{i, qlqnvf{t{ ts 'q&{' q|B{g| eEq," qql-{r?v, ,rd (EFd: {qt fu'r, $dft{ntR fr{frqiDB), rs&( {ft.{ I(qn, \ooh, I I I l)o. ' ))). ))t. ))e. 1. ltr Panha Ch.$erjee, 'The Natiofl and its F,agments...,,' u a{s,1. ({t. ]Iqlqq t{w{, '1l(IEEFk qtfur," t{E, ,1. 1\l UiBmr I frflq.r Q{qT{ d{n, "{hdftr (. ffi," fi-*E s@ rqfr{,l (EI{l, fiFnif+ti, )htre), '1. e) I r )os r)s. h{q qffr qt{qln, "t{ {furna <l(sl {Rrv,r {lrt," T#z:rd:rtrz?r tq]@Eal, {lql{ slb y{Tf .qr{ c{&r{& Frd rlG \{rr {Rfi, sE qfr{qEt{ (qqfrE), c'Ftl ))a. !)s. ))c. ))r. E]vtbd {€t{ ({qfrq), sM-qlz-r,"zT{ Et{-flVe{ rEqfr (EFr: iEh-qFfr cq{ FrfrLiu, rooo), 1. )s ) E,l.( E, ,1. 18! 6'l.cnE, '1. G.f( rF, '1. !s! !s! )\b. Erzw loo. c. Tinti, "O. the Brahmi Inscription of 1996, 'J. ee-et' I Nc al khL drd tk Be,,rdt Fnnne. t2a.t -oa ,B.erketey: Uruversirv of Califomja p;s. 200J). Richard M. B^ton, Tbe 1. *1e € 1${'ffir {r{qfr'{ Bfr," &q, qrft-{q tc'{F €fi c-{ffs Fr+t: cl€a BTltd, {oo\e), 1. lql fii. IIqEq t{.rE, tt(nEqrtr {fu,," Ir{F I Tfim r1{{rd, sr{Iz'Ft r{ (!tql: :IlsrTl$qf{, toou), 1. cl I L )N. U,t6dl6, '1. e5 !i8. U'l6r1E, 1. \s )ic. u{6nF, '1. !( )ts. w$q {fta, "rrq1ff-i!,ftrn," I | (F.r{lq, IlfurnF[, !bra), 1. tra "u'l, I qlsff e i/UAS )tr. fiq!flv$ $(rlMfir rfffi, ftA{ ql, :t q{rEE I 6!s, ,,iTEr d€la, 4rqqMff rErffr cdiqtdl eNI 'tt6 <t q{truft, )brl), 1, e) | )tY. ,tt{ Masood Imiad, "Folklorc-arch.cology of WlriBatcsh$?r: An Interpretation of the l,andscape and Setdement Pattein in Rcsp€ct to Natural and Cultual (rFrl: CC'$ P. Mahasthan," in h"ndt of B tdl At (Dhaka: The rorer_ nationa.l Centre for Study of Bengal An, rCSBA), Vol. 1, tia r )"). cl{gq fTa, 1 I 11, pp. 35-44 I )!b. E lcrlE, 1. 8r )to. Fle {lF[, "otft )i). )\{. effi or Aich,eologli, Jahangmagar University, 20Os), Vol. Featur€s of Toponym" in Phtsa,abra 5o8 @\zk^: Dep^rrnent -9i-{TT{-nfo{Ifr4 EErqrF ca.n cI{-sr$ Fd.r: qi5t a-frifr+ EraErfi.ii qf{qsr{lq,- cIE rr?q {$ € qdIFIr (cqfiv), seh,/.d E$oy ot Hntury a,1d Arhatobe: pq$ pftldt.d Mmot ot pntetor.lit /,u (wFl: c{tB Fr qr(darrfr qs c{frEri fr{6, lorol )s{. Prathama Banerjee, ..Re,pr€soting p2sts: Saotals in panha Chatteiee md A. lineteenth Century Bengal,,, in chosh (eds), Hita7 a lbe pr$ar @ethi: i?ermment Black, 2002), 1. t88-\so I )ee. qn <ErnlT{Et, {rr{n Obra), Eqtirs crifi t'{q )e8. ym{ {cqt4l$E qr S{GE prathlm, Baflerjee-r eFrd, r -Re pr€senE g Pa.ts..., crrF )ec. s'llltlt, 1. tcb )eu. t'lrrts, 1. tab )e1. s,f6flE, 1. tc,t' !er. u{titlE,1. tcb 1a\'. f. is8 I I I I )eh. {MG{ tfiFl, \l.r{q.tT-,ifrr{fr{ sNsr$ qftn qt(vrF fr{fq," t{lg )8o. Praftama Baneqee, ..Re-pres€nring pasrs...,,' Utr{lE qr!F@ Sr!{ {cr rFtl qrfi ({ qRE T_flir{ftr(fi {lrq I I JoC y,rrrri qlG{$r BrQGd sq EI!-{ F{fr {a, {R Ftrq €I ftElz< rd&Eqt qR'flffi cErr I )8). <rr(E" mF Ge Eqr I qt )ca. *.*r,/.dchiv€.thedailysrar.ner I )8r. {Iqfi {ftq{ {{fii (c-ifiv), +izcz-rr Ye4v&6j F6tqria, ) cqr{ )a qe, 't.tcf€flEfr ll(.ItrE{ Ttr{lir, Eql :l]lqt.r, toob r t{r{ls )8e. I&{h Er q{stTfir{t r, ,. {F$ c ?d !rytg Grsrq,ifii, :cc. "tlr{ BR, 1frfl {C 6<6," cqRRlt lrcfu, IeEn ,{u +ffi, t{s, 1. ro, t? )ar. "<Ttrrl m€{H.- U{r{18. "1. 18 r l qGfrn,' qfr'{ -{ s G,l{prd- {frr Uft l!T", qr$q{- ?lE qft{, mqn Bfi u tm{c dfiRa! fifr&\5 cqr.F efqlFlg € rtqhqlv{E GBG I rsu. 1&qrn qtffirllr Cfr{t Rsr{ c{tsf{ Tr{rqa cqrFF frrq r Errnq qE, {.e fit Rfi lool )8b. cE{n qE[{ ff{cn, "C{rai ft'trIr r ff," $an qt{qB, dfrfl 6d1ci, {dttnt ({'t{, Iivm rFEFr e c{Til (c-ifis),rft + c 1r'tr<O ornffi? gm, eEr lFt{ rfli, \oo)), 1. oo I .rtrqq ft{lcmrs wttt,qtrl{, ftr r), Rr{r{ ETq Ht {E{rE I !ao. wra, 4rffr e), b'{r 8,qT!ttlI !ar. u'lmE, 1. a) I )ct. 6srrl crw &{ltr rq{trF ir{Er dfi cqr{ EEls I4rs qlqt{t erlRrr{ I c{t{ qffi c{tqi-{, "ftffdI Er{{l mlfi-{ cqr{ qBEr{{a-n <rI rFIt{," q'r{, ffr ffit{ r fis !fu !ae. fh qcn myr, c*r+r otn e ffi< ccRA, (Etsl, lrfrEu! toos) I r r (qRltEt nEfi-{, IB{z$ rr{o, 1IA Ol{t, iarsfi qfin ,1. 8 I qool), eIflFE, sldl .EI&TI ,fi {rdtr, br q.qFr{ cqr{ IEIah qr {t6li n14," G{riE, 1. !t-)e 'rin6:, ql'nrd oq qrfTfl .rA.- ts'tr )l I r )a,!. I )8e. cn{{ *s\,.loodoni.co )88. G{rfiq )8a. U{r E )8'9. !a8. cf{rT? rr, 1. )ct GnrdFr, 1. I lcc I I >c,b. 'cecltfr+t frTfl('E'itrlq. 1. >o:-lor )so. qtT{. it iJ. T{8,1. a) " (qlartn {c41, )\e). '{hctfi tfi," IeI.d ffu, 4t?, r !ut. 1.8er 'e{8, "rtfrS ?r6tr{," Strrre, 'J. aa , qrrdr cETd. Aqs{ ccrq!, (E {|, {rE'Iz.6 (rrz?zlrr 'lftgl al.rl,r. tooo.) 'J</fr{ ,1. U4rdlv, !se. ca rva. b,ranv, 1. c.e r )s(. ),t .!. ),!c. cE{n vtfi{ ,94v, 1. c.s r ({l{nn, -CIRi fr1*t," waa, 41pp ,r, r fiEfti s '1.8. qt{[rh ({eflfrs), 4/qe-r te{I,, qfr'{r,' m*{, q{i,r+ Frdqq llrnl fq-nesl, <nqnq.i ,lq'&-{ cOFlT.l7-s (Dl{t, 1|('rlfi{ ,!m{ fiFfitG, 6{.,sI. tooq), 1. nv-xv rqBr I qtEsfu dF,h qrnd sl{rs urtr.r q Efi A<tr Cq'l1g 'ilTr, He'rictta Lidchi, "The pocdcs ind the Politics of Exhibiti.g Other Cutrures," q<( Sruen HaI, of the Other," in Stuart HaI (€d), Rr?ftren,an0,: C"i$al Wldtuna a1'd S;g)'itirz Pradft' "The Spectade (Irndon: Sag€ Public.tions, 1997) I !srr. iTFr 'll(, ffi=1luFr+{ltTtrrft+t'iqlG," br{tDi €n), qt6 u, \o)!, \i'\,,/'v.un'nochon.net !sb. q{ qq{qF{ff qtrqMrTr fr-yq qtrrrtE{ld En fit{, r nft{ Dl{{l, qqffir {fur-r\I& ftr {ca qr{,' T{ltrq Er{{t (cqfis), &A srf{, Er.l, FrR-q"rS-ccr.iYd )bl,s, 1. \s I ;eo. ffi qq"rfi-{ U{r, T{l{ qE rEEft," \'rJBctqFt, tooo), 1. ts I 6ffis aBr Gl{r, {t?AarlFrar{ Brsr.&"AqdD i<fi $ \'qr C16{ yt {rqe lEtiq'ts' ,fi ftr ,!lrqa,B ,,iiFr{, o. csttlTl'l 6{{Q f{ {rn {lrq llq qTTtcEi qlfi I )r'co-)bso qr E tr+ ,9Iq,eH crlfu frrt sG.hi, qqt, fr{frqrqrrr F.'_ qq{I6tE "F .flf€-L{r TEgr qrpn{lt ri q'fq6 n(ror fur Ftl$nErFrr{ 'tgrr'rtq €s T{e qfTillrir fiIrffl, EIFIFI s Il{riRI Gfs EvIfrg ffi-{rr{i cErq-cTrrfl "Iftglr, c{{ € IlqF{Err TnIq f.{f{Frirrr F.lfirEft6+cFr il{rfur +Fi fEr LIsfirff {lqir6{ nrTd slr{El6 € 6{a{ ,tr{{ ftr1t Frr1o {.r) qrd fiqq(lk qftiE-{ rFErc.t rrn I ift.{ iffi 81, ilEni&{dr{ llDlri q€Tl qR 'nfs_zrFlr{. wr qgE {a? $qfrf r$q db6l €t - ffiEn rz{ qyfi {l.+EIfrrEr etq ,q\ &1q{I{k nfr 1+{EIrr 6vt-fi1r ,lfr {F ffilq {| {n c,r rFFrq {6 )bl) ,{, u<r_=r<nc. frerffi 6- qr-{+-J. )8Q furF{(l. olt.,n Fr+-+/ 3frAarr {s[ F.l <l {G ,!? ts]rqe d !DE. qr{lzrr frrr, FfltEiFTn € 'RfoTr E{FfR fft,lfua r-16 ,nr-rfra emn-frrr*l w I T{rq € n l q"rqfta faor.rl q* Tlst a rrr$qr< fqa cc !il-{i qql"ldfiq Eflfr int qra, q{Irn-{ fr,{tr s1 {ry ith, I E&,t 1EI "R Fl4Tr ftcs fur{ vr{E t {(r {s lftrvt-,mcITnn ,{acrn {€fi F\ cctoff r {rdRlfrfgrr1. "tt{fr{' s ERWR',!? ]I{r 6.wig.r. 6q ;ri-! I r6{fti FiTrr q{ qc {T!rq frEqrft qrr+r q{ dqr.dJDr fiI,llE"t.ll qr ftEt"tfieR I{lrE, aR-jsB c( qrr{t, ,q( ytrll ifi fiI-dE(lrr 1ft{q I q iqt qflfic{A I frfrq €R wI lfrifu{ T{E q1fu | E[r € rEl c{Fr srF { A atITln gs,tlfrE <{, sR rlq rrEf i r9-{ A, Trsfr c{.0 a glr{ rfrlR, r$q, rE ts c.iIql{rfis frH fr-ys, q 6irc {irf{ w, fo?Ictir {I,llG qrfr{r{ I q 11 {t-r 1lrFnfi II$ qlirG 6lrqi fr{aE frsl6rfi qm {{l 4n r {RFr{-{r{Hfur{ q{rt{n .EFr fr6.1€t, vtFF rgEs 'r[F Fdl rt:{ {{ I En 1ft{v rE{lr q|Ghfr'{ eRqq, {| ,{FlE qlqglft-{, Ere &.E cEurt qgr m I lfu{.{ u {lqfrfud ,eQ .{t{ cqra qFnn qmofl ctfi pfr+t e qtfrq <6n e qolli-d qt fu lffi qt.H qI( q,1ir c'ic,k {clq, Qtu{lr c aqG-frwo "tla, 56a e a&6q {RB eF,cA frqr ,Rfrrfr c1.q {&{ r{r{ rml 6+ rlff r 1fr!fu vrntfivt e v{-ftsr6 "lfffi n dfiffs {dt, c{Dtr{ clff k gtcctr fifr{ $Err al{{ lrq FBfisEtr{ .{ril 1&{l, qRrr Fn!{l lB{r-frhq eFfi{ :ErIlr I $en <m lTlelfr*n, qilfiElq, q6C, itudr, qVEg, {Agr, 6Er+(, {rB$fr, qt{ ts y'frt'fi 'ilrrr Flr{{r$FfFfi {M rf{ti qr{ | {E cf{r frr{ c{r 4-fl 'ctqr e qfur \' ff( ffqrv r+ Efis k{olfr{ cRqq ir{n € qlfu{ I ql{n )8r)/cwrfi to)a ttrfiq{a, r rl€llEtcllfr?frqlr-rEkrffiC qcgE t{{r {E firw his-story hBrlit clrm cEr r (i{{{ q{r{q (qt{ 4?r rfidfq FtF{, $Er{ frqn, qr{+fitr ffiflt n fdd qrqPm Wtglit FlF{, $ulr RsH, ttrdftrfir fr{frErq{ {ctc 1r-,{ t{.rE Fffi', IftEl.{ ftsfl, ${ Rffiqi'T{ {l{frfi ltt]rc E ,!Qr & Ftqq. nlfti rEri {rm {yr filq{, $E]1 frst't, Elld+f{ir ffiEn'n Trqfin rT{F FrF$, IftEli fisn, w{+tr{'n FiRcrFr{ ffi cEfralktr E-8. ))o {ftD @tE{, {& i( e\ ang {rfiG. !i -)tob. d(trlBrr ))) b/,a qmi(1]i Fm{l fim< fis imn"r I erfi € et6'o qFIT )8t)/q{ to)C iTq&-qdftfuT {+tE firfi <<( Trq Aaft{ effil o+E fio vm ry vli'ifu iGEET{ F E M {s rfirt{ {Ffi& I cRF c{rrr i-{rr cEr .nsd nIrfifl ariF{ vq$Rr*'r {FI {rd € itft{Fr 6d{Fn cl(rlr fft F {lyy, qE & qr-qr \filr cl?n' fi{6 sl{ft-{ Ilsril ,ffi {RFz, Elqi ft-8, Tfrb 6{rsn, <G i( et, rflE b/q {lTcE. Er+l-)tob, d(.l]iF,l e&-rg( fffi(h 6ldE sar agl? €< *qFr4 F(T(i n1".E[r'-r.l< eiq'<.i]Al elEffus< e|{q gErOr<< {rq anrmfio q"r<rro :Il1m lim qm< Fmo <a €}1 r{6ctd fr.di r{ q€ls !.1<r ,!<( Efirjq6RiiE an <\,<{ln aa - c{q l&qr q{dB <tqffi-qdftfil qE't< FTFTVI< {a rq c$q-o(T qrli q{qn FtFr <r E6 Fi$Iftd rfuasr< ltsra {fu{ axTtqu diI.i qG flr{ qIFi Flqr{ Rzfl< 'ng Oft ft+r{ftc q{6 nfuiqqr {iqE r{i Fr$r fuT.< ctrTi q ET.as i FiFr Fcqr< qq< nlsiaft <a, c't"fiitr atremr"l flst"y Fq ruF].ao ({a frl qSaE< {fi ft(s ,fi[n { {r< Tqq qii< c$i${.i{nls ft EqFrr<F]E qrnE iG{q r 1r<{s krr.< {{Ig qisa- cRTG$ qlo{ &tuq ftm< rfr6-s +\a{F< qtq <rsG {qF{ oretrg]<l€| {$n n({t-ar. lfu{l'4 ff.lr< tfl{< cf-ilT< 'nF "ifraE <. $ell lte{IllT ifu{n r< iqi:{i'l fe];qI< i'jT{rrd< nq+i(rs ef,!G T{ q{fi{ Tfu;B fur <.lrqB ari TfflTd rTrq qfu:rd r*t-<i-o l+r'- o? cfi q]Iri qolTr qc.r{tl E(9 qIIp rffica ffiTf {ESE q!v{ tm4 {E ft'err. qErft{i'l< f{dfiqH{