(PDF) பொதுக்கொள்கைகளை நடைமுறைப்படுத்துவதில் பொதுத்துறை நிறுவனங்கள் எதிர்நோக்கும் சவால்கள்: நாவலப்பிட்டி பிரதேச செயலகத்தை மையப்பட

Journal of Social Review, 11(2), December 2024 Department of Social Sciences Faculty of Arts and Culture South Eastern University of Sri Lanka. nghJf; n fhs;i ffis eilKiwg;g Lj;J tjpy; nghJj; J iw epWtdq; fs; vjpu;N ehf;F k; rthy;f s; : ehtyg;g pl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;i j ikag;g Lj;j pa Ma;T vk;.V.vg;. m];kpah1 & uP.vg;. ][Pjh2 murpay; tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw - fiy ryhrhu gPlk; ,yq;if njd;fpof;Fg; gy;;fiyf;fofk; Correspondence:

Ma;T r; RUf;f k; rkfhy murpay; kw;Wk; nghJj;Jiw epu;thfk; njhlu;ghd Ma;TfSs; nghJf;nfhs;if gw;wpa Ma;Tfs; Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wd. nghJg;gpur;rpid njhlh;gpy; nghJkf;fspdhy; Kd;itf;fg;gLk; chpik> Nfhhpf;iffSf;F gjpyspf;Fk; tifapy; nghJf;nfhs;iffs; Njhw;wk; ngWtJld; mit vg;NghJk; nghJ ed;ikaspj;jiy Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L fl;bnaOg;gg;gLfpd;wd. ,j;jifa nghJf;nfhs;iffs; nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fshy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLtJld; mtw;Ws; gpuNjr kl;lj;jpy; nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjhf gpuNjr nrayfq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt nghJf;nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; gpuNjr nrayfq;fs; tpidj;jpwd; kpf;fitahf ,aq;f Ntz;ba NjitAk; cs;sJ. vdpDk; ,e;epWtdq;fs; nghJf;nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; gpur;rpidfis vjpu;nfhs;fpd;wd. ,jdhy; nghJf;nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; gpuNjr nrayfq;fspd; tfpghfk; njhlu;ghd gpur;rpid vOfpd;wJ. me;j mbg;gilapy;> ,t;Ma;thdJ ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;ij ikag;gLj;jpajhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJld; nghJf;nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;jpd; tfpghfk; njhlu;ghfTk; Muha;fpd;wJ. Kjyhk; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiy %yhjhuq;fspy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;l vz;zsthd kw;Wk; gz;gsthd juTfs; ,jw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l juTfs; tpguz Kiwapy; gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. ngwg;gl;l juTfspd; mbg;gilapy; nghJf;nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;jpd; tfpghfk; gpd;jq;fpa epiyapy; ,Ug;gij ,t;tha;T fz;lwpeJ ; s;sld; mjw;F jilahf ,Uf;Fk; epu;thf uPjpahd tplaq;fisAk; milahsk; fz;Ls;sJ. me;j mbg;gilapy; nfhs;ifapd; njspTj;jd;ik> epjptsk;> kdpjtsk;> epu;thf Cf;Ftpg;G> rpwg;ghd jiyikj;Jtk;> Copau;fspd; gq;Fgw;wy;> Neu Kfhikj;Jtk;> ghuhgl;rk;> xUq;fpizT> ey;yhl;rpg; gz;Gfs; Nghd;w epu;thf mk;rq;fSk; nghJf;nfhs;ifia eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; fhzg;gLk; jilfshf milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. gpujhd nrhw;fs;: nghJf;nfhs;if> nghJf;nfhs;if eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy;> nghJj;Jiw epu;thfk;> nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fs;> gpuNjr nrayfk;. mwpKfk; murpay; tpQ;Qhd Ma;tpy; nghJf; nfhs;if gw;wpa fy;tp kw;Wk; mJ njhlu;ghd Ma;Tfs; vd;gd Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;W tUfpd;wd. Vnddpy; xt;nthU mjpfhukpf;f muRk; nghJf;nfhs;ifia Kf;fpakhdjhf fUJfpd;wJ. Nltpl; <];ld; vDk; mwpQu; nghJf;nfhs;if njhlu;ghf $Wk; NghJ nghJf; nfhs;if vd;gJ KOr; r%fj;jpd; mjpfhu xJf;fPl;bd; gad; vdf; Fwpg;gpLtJld; Rw;Wr; #oYld; murhq;fj;jpw;F ,Uf;Fk; cwT KiwNa nghJf; nfhs;if vd nwhgu;l; I];Nuhd; vDk; mwpQu; tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jfpd;whu; (cited in Anderson, 1997). Nkw;$wg;gl;l tiutpyf;fzq;fspd; ISSN (Print): 2448-9204 - 77 - ISSN (Online): 3051-4908 Journal of Social Review, 11(2), December 2024 Department of Social Sciences Faculty of Arts and Culture South Eastern University of Sri Lanka. mbg;gilapy; Nehf;Fk; NghJ cyfpd; vy;yh muRfSk; nghJf;nfhs;ifia nfhz;bUg;gNjhL muRfs; xU ,yf;fpd; mbg;gilapy; nraw;gLtjw;F nghJf; nfhs;if mtrpak; vd;gJ GydhfpwJ. murhq;fj;jpd; xt;nthU nraw;ghl;bw;Fk; nghJf;nfhs;if Kf;fpakhdjhff; fhzg;gLtjhy; cyf ehLfisg; nghWj;jtiu nghJf;nfhs;if vd;gJ jdpj;Jtkhd ,lj;ijg; ngWfpwJ. ,e;jtifapy; Nehf;Fk; NghJ ,yq;if xU Rje;jpukhd muR vd;w uPjpapy; murhq;fq;fspd; ,yf;FfisAk;> Nehf; f q;fisAk; milAk; tifapyhd gy; N tW nghJf;n fhs; i ffs; fhyj;j pw; F fhyk; murhq;fq;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;L mit eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;Ws; ,yq;ifapd; kdpj ts N;kk;ghl;L nfhs;if> Njrpa tWik xopg;Gf; nfhs;if> Njrpa Rfhjhu nfhs;if Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpl KbAk; (Saranya, 2011). ,t;thW nfhs;iffis cUthf;Ftjpy; muRfs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw te;jhYk; mf;nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;j Ntz;b tUk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; nghJj;Jiw epu;thfj;jpd; gFjpahd nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fspd; gq;F mj;jpatrpakhdjhf khWfpd;wJ. nghJj;Jiw epu;thfk; vd;gJ nghJf;nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; vy;yh nray;fisAk; nfhz;lnjhU Kf;fpa gFjpahf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdbg;gilapy; ,yq;ifapy; nghJf;nfhs;ifia eilKiwg;gLj;JtjpYk; nghJj;Jiw epu;thfk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw tUfpd;wJ. kf;fs; eyd;rhu; nghJf;nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; ,yq;ifapd; nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fspd; tfpghfk; Kf;fpa ,lj;ijg; ngWfpd;wJ. ghlrhiy> itj;jparhiy> nghyp]; epiyak;> khfhz rigfs;> gpuNjr nrayfq;fs; vd;gd ,yq;ifapd; nghJf;nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; nghJj;Jiw epu;thfj;jpd; rpy gFjpfshFk;. ,g;nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fs; gy;NtW nghJf; nfhs;iffis rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; eilKiwg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,g;nghJf; nfhs;ifapd; cz;ikahd Nehf;fk; kw;Wk; gyd;fis mile;J nfhs;tjw;F mjd; mKyhf; f k; tpidj; j pwDld; ,Uf; f Ntz; L k; vd vjph; g hh; f ; f g; g Lfpd; w J. vdpDk; ,r; n rad; K iwapd; N ghJ gy; N tW gpur; r pidfis nghJepWtdq; f s; vjph; f hs; f pd; w ik mtjhdpf;fg;gLtJld; nfhs;ifapd; ,Wjp militAk; rpyNtisfspy; Nfs;tpf;Fl;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. me;jtifapy; nghJepWtdq;fSs; xd;whd gpuNjr nrayfq;fs; nfhs;if eilKiwg;gLj;jypy; gy rthy;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLj;J tUfpd;wJld; mit njhlh;ghd Ma;TfSk; mz;ikf;fhykhf mjpfupj;J tUfpd;wJ. ,t;tha;thdJ fz;b khtl;lj;jpd; gpuNjr nrayhsu; gpupTfSs; xd;whd ehtyg;gpl;;b gpuNjr nrayfj;jpdhy; (,g;gpuNjr nrayfk; g];ghNf Nfhuis gpuNjr nrayfk; vdTk; miof;fg;gLtJz;L) vt;thwhd nfhs;iffs; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd> vt;thwhd rthy;fSf;Fl;gLfpd;wd vd;gij Muha Kw;gLfpd;wJ. Kd;i da Ma;Tfspd; kPsha;T nghJthd gad;ghl;by; nfhs;if vd;gJ mur mjpfhhpfspd;> mur epWtdq;fspd; my;yJ nghJr; nraw;ghLfspd; Nghjhd egh;fspd; elj;ij my;yJ elj;ijfspd; njhFg;ig Fwpg;gjhf cs;sJ. me;jtifapy; nghJf;nfhs;;if vd;gJ murhq;fk; vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk;> vjid nra;af;$lhJ vd;w tplaq;fSf;fhf Nkw;nfhs;Sk; jPh;khdq;fNs MFk; vd Thomas Dye Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh; (cited in Brynard, 2005). nfhs;if mKyhf;fk; vd;gJ nfhs;if cUthf;Fk; nray;Kiwapd; xU Kf;fpakhd fl;lkhFk;. nfhs;if ,yf;Ffis milAk; Nehf;fpy; nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;j gy;NtW gq;Fjhuu;fs;> epWtdq;fs;> eilKiwfs; kw;Wk; El;gq;fs; xd;wpize;J nray;gLk; rl;lj;ij nray;gLj;JtjhFk; (Stewart, Hedge & Lester, 2008). mKyhf;fj;ij xU nray;Kiwahf> xU ntspaPL kw;Wk; xU tpisthf ghu;f;f KbAk;> NkYk; ,J gy nraw;ghl;lhsh;fs;;> epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;L El;gq;fis cs;slf;fpaJ. ,J ,yf;Ffis mikg;gjw;Fk; mtw;iw miltjw;fhf ,af;fg;gl;l nray;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;Gfspd; nray;KiwahFk; (Pressman & Wildavsky, 1973). nghJf; nfhs;i f mKyhf;fj;jpd; rkPgj;j pa Nghf;F fs;> KbntLf;F k; nray;Kiwfs; kw;Wk; tpisTfis Nkk;gLj;j njhopy;El;gk; kw;Wk; juT gFg;gha;Tfspd; ISSN (Print): 2448-9204 - 78 - ISSN (Online): 3051-4908 Journal of Social Review, 11(2), December 2024 Department of Social Sciences Faculty of Arts and Culture South Eastern University of Sri Lanka. xUq;fpizg;ig typAWj;Jfpd;wd. ntspg;gilj;jd;ik> nghWg;Gf;$wy; kw;Wk; Fbkf;fspd; <Lghl;il Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F b[pl;ly; fUtpfis murhq;fq;fs; mjpfstpy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wd. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> gy nghJ epu;thfq;fs; ,g;NghJ r%fg; gpur;rpidfis milahsk; fhzTk; tsq;fis kpfTk; jpwk;gl xJf;fTk; ngupa juitg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd (Mergel, 2021). nfhs;if tFg;gjpy; mjpf ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ> mq;F nfhs;iffs; mDgt juT kw;Wk; fLikahd kjpg;gPLfspd; mbg;gilapy; tbtikf;fg;gl;L rupnra;ag;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j mZFKiwahdJ> nghJf; nfhs;iffs; mtw;wpd; ,yf;Ffis miltijAk;> rKjhaj;jpw;F mstplf;$ba gyd;fis toq;FtijAk; cWjp nra;tij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ (Head, 2020). ,e;j Kd;Ndw;wq;fs;> nfhs;iffs; vt;thW tbtikf;fg;gLfpd;wd kw;Wk; nray;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij kWtbtikj;J> kpfTk; jpwikahd kw;Wk; gjpyspf;ff;$ba epu;thfj;jpw;F toptFf;Fk;. ,yq;ifiag; nghWj;jtiu nfhs;if eilKiwg;gLj;jypy; ,yj;jpudpay; murhq;fk; Kf;fpa tfpghfj;ij nfhz;bUf;f tUfpwJ. Nrit toq;fiy Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> nghJj;Jiwapd; nray;jpwid mjpfupg;gjw;Fk; kpd; MSik Kaw;rpfis ,yq;if murhq;fk; jPtpukhf Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpwJ. ,jD}lhf murhq;f juT Kfhikj;Jtj;ij ikag;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; newpg;gLj;Jjy;> mjd; %yk; ntspg;gilj;jd;ikia Nkk;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; Coiyf; Fiwj;jy; vd;gtw;iw Vw;gLj;j Kaw;rpf;fpwJ (Gunawardena & Jayasinghe, 2021). nghJf;nfhs;iffs; nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fspdhNyNa eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLtJld; ,jd;NghJ nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fs; gy;NtW rthy;fis vjpu;nfhs;s NeupLfpd;wJ. Kd;ida Ma;Tfspy; nfhs;if eilKiwg;gLj;jYf;F vjpuhf cs;s rthy;fs; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. me;jtifapy; nfhs;if tbtikg;G> nfhs;if gFg;gha;T> Fiwthd murpay; MjuT> ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l nfhs;if> mjpfhuj;Jtj;jpd; xUq;fpizg;G> Fiwthd kf;fs; gq;Fgw;wy;> Fiwthd epu;thf jpwd;> epjp kw;Wk; tsg;gw;whf;Fiw> Fiwthd epu;thf Cf;Ftpg;G> Fiwthd Copau; xj;Jiog;G (Sapru, 2006) Nghd;wd nghJf;nfhs;ifia eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; NghJ ,lk;ngWk; rthy;fshf milahsk; fhzg;gl;Ls;sd. mJkl;Lky;yhJ> nghJf;nfhs;if eilKiwg;gLj;j y; Njhy;tpailtjw;fhd fhuzq;fshf nghJf;nfhs;if njhlu;ghd njsptpd;ik> ghuhgl;rkhd nfhs;if eilKiwg;gLj;Jdu;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wik> murpay; td;Kiw> Fiwthd ey;yhl;rpg; gz;Gfs; vd;gtw;iw Signe, (2017) milahsg;gLj;Jifapy;> kf;fspd; njhopy;El;g jpwd;> r%fj;jpd; gy;tifj;jd;ik> r%f xj;Jiog;G> murpay; MjuT> nfhs;ifapd; njspTj;jd;ik> epjptsk;> kdpjtsk;> jiyikj;Jtk;> jdpahu; Jiwapd; jiyaPL Nghd;wtw;iw Leevw, Clavier, Breton MfpNahh; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh; (2014). jdpegu;fis xOq;fikf;Fk; rupahd nfhs;iffs; ,d;ik> nghJ mikg;Gf;fs;> murhq;fq;fs; vd;gtw;wpy; nghJf;nfhs;if njhlu;ghd rupahd epfo;rr ; p epuy; ,d;ik Nghd;wdTk; nrythf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd (McConnell & Hart, 2019). Smith (1973) vd;gtupd; Ma;tpy; nghJf;nfhs;if eilKiwg;gLj;jypy; r%f FOf;fs; kw;Wk; vjpu;f; fl;r pfs; vd;g d nghJf;n fhs; i ffis cUthf; F tij tplTk; nghJf; nfhs;i fia eilKiwg;gLj;JtjpNy mjpf nry;thf;F nrYj;Jtjhf fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. mJkl;Lky;yhJ nghJf;nfhs;if eilKiwg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ r%fj;jpy; gjw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; Xu; tplak; vd;gJk; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. vdpDk; Khan (2016) gy;NtW ,lq;fspYk; nghJf;nfhs;if eilKiwg;gLj;jy; Njhy;tpailtjw;fhd fhuzq;fshf nghJf;nfhs;if eilKiwg;gLj;jy; njhlu;ghd El;gkhd Nfhl;ghLfs; ,d;ikNa fhuzkhFk; vd $Wfpwhh;. Xiaodong, Xiaoping kw;Wk; Feng (2019) MfpNahuJ Ma;tpy; nghJf;nfhs;ifia eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; nghJkf;fspd; gq;Nfw;ghdJ nghJf;nfhs;if khjpupia nray;gLj;Jtjw;F cfe;jJ vdTk; nghJthd ,yf;Ffis mile;J nfhs;tjw;F cfe;jJ vdTk; nghJeyid Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F cfe;jJ vdTk; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. vdpDk; nghJkf;fspd; tYthd gq;Nfw;G ,d;ik> nghJf;nfhs;if njhlu;ghd tpopg;Gzu;T nghJkf;fsplk; ISSN (Print): 2448-9204 - 79 - ISSN (Online): 3051-4908 Journal of Social Review, 11(2), December 2024 Department of Social Sciences Faculty of Arts and Culture South Eastern University of Sri Lanka. ,d;ik> nghJkf;fs; kj;jpapy; fhzg;gLk; vjpu;kiw ghuk;gupa murpay; fyhrhuk;> nghJkf;fspd; mwpTj;jpwd; Fiwthf fhzg;gLfpd;wik Nghd;wd nry;thf;F nrYj;Jtjhf fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNt nghJf;nfhs;if eilKiwg;gLj;jypy; nghJkf;fspd; gq;Nfw;ig mjpfupg;gjw;fhf nghJkf;fs; kj;jpapy; nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fs; njhlu;ghf tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;Jjy;> nghJf;nfhs;if eilKiwg;gLj;jypy; gq;Nfw;Fk; jpwid gapw;Wtpj;jy;> murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; Fbkf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; ,Utop njhlu;G nghwpKiwia epWTjy;> nghJf;nfhs;if eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; jfty; ntspg;gLj;jy;> tplaq;fis tpupTg;gLj;jy; Nghd;wd gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Ma;T Kiwapay; ,t;tha;thdJ vz;zsthd kw;Wk; gz;gsthd juTfisg; gad;gLj;jp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. Kjyhk; epiyj;juTfs; Neu;fhzy; kw;Wk; tpdhf;nfhj;Jf;fs; vd;gtw;wpypUe;J ngwg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jpy; Neh;fhzy; gpuNjr nrayf Copau;fs; kw;Wk; kf;fsplk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJld; ,jw;fhf Nehf;f khjpup vLg;G Kiw gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; gpuNjrj;jpd; nkhj;j rdj;njhifiaAk; cs;slf;fpathwhd tpjj;jpy; 76 tpdhf;nfhj;Jf;fs; ,dk;> ghy; vd;gtw;wpd; tpfpjhrhuj;jpid fUj;jpw;nfhz;L vspa vOkhw;W khjpup mbg;gilapy; fl;likf;fg;gl;l tpdhf;;fis cilajhd tpdhf;nfhj;J toq;fg;gl;L nghJ kf;fsplkpUe;J juTfs; jpul;lg;gl;ld. ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr kf;fspd; nkhj;j rdj;njhifapy; (76593) 1000:1 vDk; tpfpjj;jpy; 76 tpdhf;nfhj;Jf;fs; Nkw;gb toq;fg;gl;ld. ,j;juTfs; tpguz uPjpahfg; gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gl;lJld; fl;likf;fg;gl;l tpdhf;nfhj;Jf;fisg; gFg;gha;T nra;tjw;fhf SPSS gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. tpdhf;nfhj;Jf;fs; tpepNahfk; gpd;tUk; ml;ltizapy; tpgupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ml;ltiz 01: tpdhf;nfhj;Jf;fs; tpepNahfk; rpq; f sk; jkpo; K];ypk; NtW nkhj;jk; ngz; Mz; ngz; Mz; ngz; Mz; ngz; Mz; 18391 17226 14739 13951 5994 5442 450 35617 28690 400 11436 ngz; Mz; 39574 37019 850 KO 76593 76593 tpdhf;nfhj;Jf;fspd; tpepNahfk; 18 17 15 14 6 5 1 40 36 76 NkYk; Ma;tpd; ek;gfj;jd;ikia cWjpg;gLj;j juT Kf;Nfhzg;gLj;jypYk; ,jd;NghJ ftdk; nrYjjg;gl;lJ. mjdbg;gilapy; tpdhf;nfhj;Jf;fspd; %yk; ngw;W f;nfhz;l juTffis cWjpg;gLj;Jtjhf cs;s Neh;fhzy; %yk; ngw;w juTfSk; Kjyhk; epiyj; juTfspypUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhz;l tplaq;fSf;F Mjuthf cs;s ,uz;lhk; epiyj; juTfSk; ,dq;fhzg;gl;L rupghh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;tha;thdJ gpd;tUk; fUJNfhis ikag;gLj;jpajhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. H1 nghJf;nfhs;ifia eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;jpd;; epu;thf uPjpahd mk;rq;fs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. ISSN (Print): 2448-9204 - 80 - ISSN (Online): 3051-4908 Journal of Social Review, 11(2), December 2024 Department of Social Sciences Faculty of Arts and Culture South Eastern University of Sri Lanka. ,jw;fhf nfhs;ifapd; njspTj;jd;ik> epjptsk;> kdpjtsk;> epu;thf Cf;Ftpg;G> rpwg;ghd jiyikj;Jtk;> Copau;fspd; gq;Fgw;wy;> Neu Kfhikj;Jtk;> ghuhgl;rk;> ey;yhl;rpg; gz;Gfs; Nghd;w epu;thf mk;rq;fSk; rhuh khwpfshf vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd (Leevw, Clavier & Breton, 2014; Sapru, 2006; Signe, 2017). fye;J iuahlYk; KbTfSk; Xt;nthU [dehaf ehl;bYk; nghJf;nfhs;if vd;gJ kf;fspd; mgpg;gpuhaq;fis ikag;gLj;jp mtu;fspd; gpur;rpidfis jPu;g;gjw;fhf Ntz;b cUthf;fg;gLk; xU tplakhFk;. ,t;thW cUthf;fg;gLk; nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fNs gpujhd ,lk; ngWfpd; w d. ,g; n ghJj; J iw epWtdq; f spy; xU gFjpahd gpuNjr nrayfq; f Sk; nghJf;nfhs;ifia eilKiwg;gLj;JNjhL gpuNjr kl;lj;jpyhd midj;J nfhs;iffSk; gpuNjr nrayfq;fs; thapyhfNt ngUkstpy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;thW kf;fSf;fhd nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; gpuNjr nrayfq;fs; gy;NtW rthy;fis vjpu;nfhs;fpd;wd. me;j mbg;gilapy; ,t;tha;t hdJ ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfk; nghJf;nfhs;i ffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; rthy;fs; Fwpj;J milahsk; fhz Kw;gLfpd;wJ. ehtyg;gpl;b ,yq;ifapd; kj;jpa khfhzj;jpYs;s fz;b khtl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;s xU efukhFk;. ,J rpq;fstiu ngUk;ghd;ikahf nfhz;l xU efurig Ml;rpf;Fupa gpuNjrkhFk;. ,q;Fs;s kf;fspy; ngUk;ghd;ikapdh; ngsj;j kjj;ijr; Nrh;ej ; tuhth;. me;jtifapy; ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjrj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; FLk;gq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia ,d uPjpahf gpd;tUk; ml;ltizapDhlhf ghu;f;fyhk;. ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;jpy; nghJf;nfhs;iffs; gy eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,it murpay; ahg;gpd; gbAk; murhq;f Rw;wwpf;iffs; %ykhfTk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; nfhz;Ltug;gLk; rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; xOq;F tpjpfs; ClhfTk; tu;;j;jkhdp mwptpj;jy;fspd; thapyhfTk; khfhz kw;Wk; cs;@uhl;rp nfhs;iffshfTk; fhzg;gl tUfpd;wd. NkYk; mj;jifa nfhs;iffs; jPuk ; hdq;fshfTk; epfo;r;rpjpl;lq;fshfTk; Nrit toq;FjyhfTk; fl;lis gpwg;gpj;jypd; ClhfTk; cupkk; kw;Wk; mDkjp toq;Fjypd; ClhfTk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLtijf; fhzyhk;. mj;Jld; ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;jpd; %yk; vt;thwhd nfhs;iffs; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd vd;gJ Neh;fhzypd;NghJ mwpag;gl;lJ. ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;jpd; %yk; gy;NtW nfhs; i ffs; eilKiwg; g Lj; j g; g LtjhfTk; mf; n fhs; i ffis eilKiwg; g Lj; j ntd nghWg;gspf;fg;gl;l Copau;fs; fhzg;gLjthfTk; mtu;fs; %yk; Fwpj;j nfhs;if Vida gpuNjr nrayf Copau;fspd; xj;Jiog;GlDk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLtjhfTk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ. me;jtifapy; gpd;tUk; nfhs;iffs; ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;jpd; %yk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;jpd; thapyhf rpWtu;fspd; ghJfhg;G njhlu;ghd nfhs;iffs; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,jw;fhf ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;jpy; rpWtu; cupik njhlu;ghd cj;jpNahfj;ju; xUtu; fhzg;gLfpd;whu;. ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;jpd; %yk; rpWtu; ghJfhg;G njhlu;ghf gy;NtW tplaq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtjhfTk; mtw;Ws; rpWtu; cupik njhlu;ghf kf;fSf;F mwpt+l;Ljy;> rpWtu; J~;gpuNahfk;> rpWtu; kPJ Fw;wk; Gupjy;> taJ Fiwe;j rpWtu;fis ciog;ghspfshf gad;gLj;JtJ Nghd;wtw;iw jLg;gjw;F eltbf;if vLj;jy; kw;Wk; mtw;iw Gydha;T nra;jy; Nghd;w eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;StjhfTk; Neh;fhzypd;NghJ fUj;J njuptpf;fg;gl;lJ (jdpg;gl;l Neh;fhzy;). NkYk; tUlhtUlk; ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;jpd; thapyhf rpWtu; jpdk; nfhz;lhlg;gLtJld; trjp Fiwe;j rpWtu;fSf;fhd MjuTg; nghjpfSk; toq;fg;gLtg;gLtjhfTk; mwpa Kbe;jJ. ISSN (Print): 2448-9204 - 81 - ISSN (Online): 3051-4908 Journal of Social Review, 11(2), December 2024 Department of Social Sciences Faculty of Arts and Culture South Eastern University of Sri Lanka. mJkl;Lky;yhJ xt;nthU fpuhk Nrtfu; gpuptpYk; cs;s rpWtu;fs; midtiuAk; ,izj;J rpWtu; “nfFY” fofk; xd;W fhzg;gLtJld; mjDhlhf rpWtu;fspd; ghJfhg;G> fiy fyhrhu kw;Wk; fy;tp eltbf;iffSf;F Njitahd topfhl;ly;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. mj;Jld; tWik fhzukhf fy;tpia njhlu Kbahj rpWtu;fspd; fy;tpf;fhf r%fj;jpy; cs;s jdte;ju;fspd; cjtpiaf; nfhz;L khjhe;jk; “rpRjpupa” Gyik guprpy; khztu;fSf;F toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ehtyg; g pl; b gpuNjr nrayfj; j pd; thapyhf r%f mgptpUj; j p rhu; e ; j nfhs; ; i ffs; eilKiwg;gLj; jg;gLtij fhzyhk;. ,f;nfhs;ifia eilKiwg;g Lj;Jtjw;fhf Ntz;b ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;jpy; r%f mgptpUj;jp cj;jpNahfj;ju; xUtu; fhzg;gLfpd;whu;. ,tu; ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjrj;jpy; r%f mgptpUj;jp rhu;ej ; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Kfkhf %j;Njhiu ghJfhj;J nfhs;tJ gw;wp mwpt+l;Ljy;> %j;Njhu; mikg;Gf;fis epWTjy;> KjpNahiu tpLjpfspy; Nru;jj ; y;> KjpNahu; tpLjpfis elj;JtJ njhlu;ghf guPrpyid nra;jy;> guhkupg;G cjtpj;njhiffis toq;Fk; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;> tyJ Fiwe;Njhiu ,y;yq;fspy; Nru;j;jy;> nghJrd cjtpj;njifia ngWfpd;wtu;fisAk; tyJ Fiwe;jtu;fisAk; Ranjhopypy; <LgLj;jy;> r%f ghJfhg;G> Xa;t+jpa jpl;lj;jpw;F gq;fspg;G nra;tpj;jy;> njhz;lu; mikg;G gzpfs;> milahs ml;ilfis toq;Fjy; Nghd;w gy;NtW eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wik Rl;bf;fhl;lj;jf;fJ. eh tyg; gpl ; b g pu N j r n r ay fj ; j pd; th a pyh f k fspu ; n j h lu ;gh d nf hs ; iffS k; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. kfspu; nfhs;if rhu;e;j tplaq;fshf ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfk; %yk; xt;nthU gpuptpYk; kfspu; nraw;ghl;L mikg;Gf;fisAk; mjpfhu rigfisAk; mikj;jy;> Nkw;ghu;it nra;jy;> ngz;fspd; Nghrhf;F epiy> tplaj;J ; iwapy; mwpit tsu;fF ; k;; epfo;rr ; pjpl;lq;fs; vd;gdtw;wpd; %yk; ngz;fis tYt+l;ly;> ngz;fis fUj;jpl;lq;fspy; <LgLj;jy;> gpuNjr ngz;fspd; mgptpUj;jp gzpf;fhf Vida epWtdq;fSld; ,izg;ig Vw;gLj;jp nfhs;sy; Nghd;w tplaq;fspd; Clhf ngz;fs; njhlu;ghd mgptpUj;jpf;F gq;fspg;G nra;J tUfpd;wJ (jdpg;gl;l Neh;fhzy;). ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;jpd; %ykhf gpuNjr kf;fSf;F r%f Nrit rhu;e;j nfhs;iffs; khfhz rigapd; nfhs;ifSf;F Vw;g eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;L tUtijf; fhzyhk;. mjhtJ murpayikg;gpd; 13 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpw;F mikthf ngUk;ghyhd r%f Nrit eltbtf;iffs; khfhz rigfSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jw;fikthf 1987 Mk; Mz;bd; 42 Mk; ,yf;f khfhz rigfs; rl;lk; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. ,r;rl;lj;jpd; fPo; xt;nthU khfhz rigapd; fPOk; r%f Nrit jpizf;fsk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,j;jpizf;fskhdJ r%f Nritfis xt;nthU gpuNjr nrayfj;ijAk; ikakhf nfhz;L jdJ nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;Sfpd;wJ. ,jw;fhf ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;jpd; %yk; gy;NtW epthuz cjtpfs;; Clhf r%r Nrit nraw;ghLfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtij fhzyhk;. ,g;gpuNjr kf;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; r%f Nrit nraw;ghLfshf khjhe;jk; 3000 &gha;f;F Fiwthd tUkhdk; ngWk; Nehahspfs;> KjpNahu;> CdKw;Nwhu;> jq;fptho;Nthu;> tpjitfs;> 16 tajpw;F Fiwe;j mehijg; gps;isfs; kw;Wk; khw;Wj; jpwdhspfs; Nghd;NwhUf;fhd nghJrd cjtpj;jpl;lq;fs;> fhrNeha;> njhONeha;> jy;rPkpah my;yJ Gw;WNeha; Nghd;w Neha;fSf;fhd cjtpj;njhif toq;fg;gLjy;> jpBnud epfo;fpd;w mdu;jj ; nkhd;wpdhy; tPlL ; f;F my;yJ tho;fi ; ff;F Vw;gLk; Nrjj;jpw;fhd epthuz cjtpfs; toq;Fjy;> nghJrd cjtpj;njhifia ngWfpd;wtu;fSf;Fk; tyJ Fiwe;N jhUf;Fk; Gdu;tho;tspf;Fk; cjtpj;njhifia toq;Fjy;> r%f Nritfs; jpizf;fsj;jpd; %yk; toq;fg;gLfpd;w cjtpj;njhifia mduj;;jj;jpw;F cs;shd jug;gpdUf;F toq;Fjy;> fztuhy; iftplg;gl;l ngz;fSf;Fk; tpjitfSf;Fk; kw;Wk; tUkhdk; Fiwe;j FLk;gj;jpy; ahuhtJ xUtu; tpN~l NjitAilatuhf ,Ue;jhy; mf;FLk;gj;jpw;Fk; 2500 Ugha; ISSN (Print): 2448-9204 - 82 - ISSN (Online): 3051-4908 Journal of Social Review, 11(2), December 2024 Department of Social Sciences Faculty of Arts and Culture South Eastern University of Sri Lanka. Ra njhopy; xd;iw Muk;gpf;f khdpakhf toq;fg;gLjy; Nghd;w gy;NtW eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd (jdpg;gl;l Neh;fhzy;). fhyj;jpw;F fhyk; ,lk;ngWk; elkhLk; Nritfspd; Clhf kf;fSf;fhd kUj;Jt Kfhk;fs; kw;Wk; ,ju Nritfs; cldbahf nra;J nfhLf;fg;gLfpdw ; d. (jdpg;gl;l Neh;fhzy;). mj;Jld; tpN~l NjitAilNahUf;fhd %d;W rf;fu tz;b> rf;fu ehw;fhyp> nts;isg;gpuk;G> fhJNfl;Fk; fUtp> %f;Ff;fz;zhb Nghd;wdTk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. 1995Mk; Mz;L 30Mk; ,yf;f rKu;j;jp mjpfhu rig rl;lj;jpd; %yk; fpuhk kl;lj;jpYs;s ,sk; Mz;fs;> ngz;fs;> Fiwe;j trjpAila gFjpapdu; MfpNahiu nghUshjhu r%f mgptpUj;jpr; nraw;ghLfspDs; xd;wpizf;Fk; Nehf;Fld; rKu;j;jp rl;lk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. r%f cWjpg;ghl;il Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; tWikia xopg;gjw;Fk; mjNdhL njhlu;Gila my;yJ mit rhu;ghd tplaq;fSf;F Vw;ghL nra;tjw;Fkhd rl;lkhFk;. ,r;rl;lj;jpd; %yNk rKu;j;jpj;jpl;lk; cUthf;fg;gl;L fpuhk kf;fspd; tho;tpd; Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhf nraw;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. fpuhk kl;lj;jpy; rpW FOf;fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;L nghUshjhu Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhfTk; ghLgl;L tUfpd;wJ. ,r;nraw;ghLfs; khtl;lq;fs; NjhWk; gpuNjr nrayfq;fs; NjhWk; gutyhf;fk; nra;ag;gl;L mjpfhuq;fSk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mjdbg;gilapy; ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;jpd; %yKk; ,j;jpl;lk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLtijf; fhzyhk;. ,jDhlhf ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr kf;fSf;F RanjhopYf;F Njitahd flDjtp toq;Fjy;> tPlikg;G fld;> ,lu;fld;> nfjufld;> Efh;Tf;fld; Nghd;wd toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. mj;J ld; jpupgpar tPl ;L jpl; lj;j pd; Clhf gpuNjrj;j py; Fiwe;j tUkhdk; ngWgtu;f s;> CdKw;wtu;fs;> fztid ,oe;j tpjitfs;> epue;ju Neha;fis nfhz;l mjpf ngz; gps;is nfhz;l FLk;gq;fSf;fhf ,ytrkhf tPLfs; mikj;Jf;nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk; “jupagpar” tPlL ; Ntiy jpl;lq;fspd; fPo; capupoe;j giltPuu;fis ikakhff; nfhz;l tpN~l tPlikg;G jpl;lKk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. f h z p f ; n f h s ; i f n j h l u ; g h d t p l a q ; f s ; e h t y g ; g p l ; b gp u N j r n r a y f k ; % y k ; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mjhtJ gpuNjr nrayfq;fs; mur fhzpfs; njhlu;ghd rfy elbtbf;iffisAk; nra;J tUfpd;wd. 1978 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;gpd; 13Mk; jpUj;jj;jpw;F mikthf 1987Mk; Mz;L 42 Mk; ,yf;f khfhz rigfs; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; khfhz fhzp Mizahsu; jpizf;fsk; xt;nthU khfhzj;jpYk; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,j;jpizf;fsq;fs; khfhzf;fhzp njhlu;ghd eltbf;iffis nra;J tUfpd;wd. NkYk; kj;jpa murpd; epu;thfj;jpd; fPOs;s fhzpfis fhzp Mizahsu; jpizf;fsKk; Nkw;ghu; it nra;fpd;wJ. ,t;tpU jpizf;fsq;fSk; gpuNjr nrayfq;fSf;F mjpfhuq;fis gutyhf;fk; nra;Js;sd. NkYk; 1969Mk; Mz;bd; 16Mk; ,yf;f kw;Wk; 1981Mk; Mz;bd; 27Mk; ,yf;f fhzp mgptpUj;jp (jpUj;jg;gl;l) rl;lj;jpd; fPo; fhzpaw;NwhUf;F fhzp toq;Fk; eltbf;ifapYk; gpuNjr nrayfq;fs; <Lgl;L tUfpd;wd. mjd; fPo; fhzp njhlu;ghd tplaq;fs; ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;jpdhYk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLtij fhzyhk;. me;jtifapy; tPnlhd;iw mikj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;F my;yJ gapu; nra;tjw;F fhzpj;Jz;nlhd;W ,y;yhj egu;fSf;F ehlhshtpa uPjpapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Ma;nthd;wpd; %yk; jFjpAilatu;fSf;fhd fhzpj;Jz;nlhd;W ,ytrkhf ngw;Wf;nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ vdTk; ,jd; NghJ fhzp mgptpUj;jp rl;lj;jpd; fPo; Rtu;zg+kp> [ag+kp> uj;d g+kp> ud;gpk Nghd;w cWjpfs; nfhilg;gj;jpuq;fshf ,d;Wtiu toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd (jdpg;gl;l Neh;fhzy;). fhzptoq;fy;; njhlu;ghd tplaj;jpy; ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfk; ISSN (Print): 2448-9204 - 83 - ISSN (Online): 3051-4908 Journal of Social Review, 11(2), December 2024 Department of Social Sciences Faculty of Arts and Culture South Eastern University of Sri Lanka. vjpu;Nehf;Fk; Kf;fpa gpur;rpidahf jFjpAila kw;Wk; jFjpaw;w midtUk; tpz;zg;gpg;gjhy; fhzptoq;FjYf;fhf jFjpAilatu;fis fz;lwptJ fbdkhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vdTk; ,J tPzhz fhy jhkjj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ (jdpg;gl;l Neh;fhzy;). ,t;thwhd tplaq;fs; ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;jpd; %yk;; ,lk;ngw tUtij fhzyhk;. ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;jpd; %yk; mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jt nfhs;iffs; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLtijf; fhzyhk;. 2005 Mk; Mz;L 13Mk; ,yf;f NguopT nraw;ghLfs; rl;lj;jpd; gb mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jt epiyak; xd;W Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;epiyakhdJ jdJ nraw;ghLfis gpuNjr nrayfq;fSf;;F gutyhf;f k; nra; Js;s J. ,t;t hW gutyhf;fk; nra;ag;gl;ljd; %yk; mdu;j;jk; xd;W Vw;gLk;NghJ ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fSf;fhd epthuzq;fis toq;Fk; nghWg;G gpuNjr nrayfq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jDhlhf mdu;j;j Kfhikj;J nfhs;iffs; ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;jpd; %yk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLtij fhzyhk;. me;jtifapy; mdu;j;jq;fshy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; jw;fhypf Kfhk;fSf;F ,lk;ngau;e;jpUe;jhy; mtu;fspy; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; 150/= tPjk; xU ehisf;F czT toq;Fjy;> Njitf;F Vw;g cyu; czT toq;Fjy;> nghJkf;fSf;fhd tpopg;g+l;ly; epfo;Tfs; elj;Jjy;> mdu;j ;jq;fSf;F Kd;ndr;rupf;if Vw;ghLfs;> mdu;j;jq;fspdhy; Vw;gLk; ,og;Gf;fis Fiwg;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpfspy; <Lgly;> Gdu;tho;tpw;fhd Vw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;> mdu;j;jq;fspdhy; Vw;gLk; capupg;Gf;fSf;F kuzr;rlq;F Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf 15000/= toq;Fjy; Nghd;w nraw;ghLfs; ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;jpd; thapyhf ,lk;ngWfpd;wd (jdpg;gl;l Neh;fhzy;). ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; tuTnryTj;jpl;l epjpapdhy; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fShlhf xJf;fg;gLk; gd;KftuT nryTj;j pl;lj;j pd; epjpapid nryT nra;Ak; nghWg;Gk; gpuNjr nrayfq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jDhlhf fhyj;jpw;F fhyk; nfhz;L tug;gLk; nfhs;iffis epiwNtw;Wk; nghWg;Gk; gpuNjr nrayfq;fSf;FupajhFk;. me;jtifapy; r%fj;jpy; tWikia xopj;J> tho;thjhu mgptpUj;jpia Kd;ndLj;J> r%f rkj;Jtj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtij ,yf;fhf nfhz;l gpujhd Njrpa mgptpUj;jp jpl;lkhd “jptpneFk” (tho;tpd; vOr;rp) Ntiyj;jpl;lj;ij Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd 2014 ,y; jptpneFk mgptpUj;jp jpizf;fsk; cUthf;fg;gl;lNjhL mjd; mjpfhuq;fs; gpuNjr nrayfq;fSf;Fk; gutyhf;fk; nra;ag;gl;ld. ,jDhlhf jptpneFk jpl;lj;jpd; nraw;ghLfs; ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;jhYk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. jptpneFk jpl;lj;ij Nkw;nfhs;Sk; tpjj;jpy; ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr kf;fsJ tPl;LNjhl;l nraw;ghLfis Cf;Ftpf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; mtu;fSf;F ,ytr tpijfs; kw;Wk; cuq;fs; toq;fg;gl;ld. mNjNghd;W> fpuhkpa tPjpfis thfdq;fs; nfhz;L nry;Yk; ghijfshf khw;Wk; “kfneFk” jpl;lkhdJ ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;jhy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; njhy];ghif tPjp Gduikg;G> ehtyg;gpl;b- fk;gis tPjp Gduikg;G Nghd;wit ,lk;ngw;wd (jdpg;gl;l Neh;fhzy;). Nkw;gb tplaq;fis mbg;gilahf nfhz;L ghu;fF ; k; NghJ ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;jpdhy; rpWtu; ghJfhg;G njhlu;ghd nfhs;iffs;> r%f mgptpUj;jp rhu;ej ; nfhs;i ; ffs;> kfspu; njhlu;ghd nfhs;iffs;> khfhz rig nfhs;iffs;> tWik xopg;G nfhs;iffs;> fhzpf;nfhs;if> mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jt nfhs;if> fhyj;jpw;F fhyk; nfhz;L tug;gLk; nfhs;iffs; vd gy;NtW nfhs;iffs; ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;jpd; %yk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLtij fhzyhk;. ISSN (Print): 2448-9204 - 84 - ISSN (Online): 3051-4908 Journal of Social Review, 11(2), December 2024 Department of Social Sciences Faculty of Arts and Culture South Eastern University of Sri Lanka. nghJf;nfhs;ifia eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfk; epu;thf uPj papyhd vjpu;N ehf;F k; rthy;fs; nghJf;n fhs;i ffis eilKiwg;gLj;J tjpy; epu;thfk; rhue;j gy jilfs; nghJj;J iw epWtdq;fSf;F Vw;gLfpd;wd. mtw;Ws; nfhs;ifapd; njspTj;jd;ik> epjptsk;> kdpjtsk;> epu;thf Cf;Ftpg;G> rpwg;ghd jiyikj;Jtk;> Copau;fspd; gq;Fgw;wy;> Neu Kfhikj;Jtk;> ghuhgl;rk; Nghd;wd epu;thfk; rhu;e;j mk;;rq;fshf milahsg;gLj;jyhk;. ,e;epu;thf uPjpahd rthy;fshdJ rpwg;ghd nghJf;nfhs;ifia eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F jilahf mikfpd;wd.   nfhs;i fapd; njspTj;j d;i k nghJf; n fhs; i fia eilKiwg; gLj; J tjpy; fhzg;g Lk; epu; t hf uPj pahd rthyhf ehk; nghJf;nfhs;ifapd; njspTj;jd;ikia Fwpg;gplKbAk;. eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; nfhs;iffs; njhlu;ghd njspT kf;fsplj;jpy; fhzg;gLjy; Kf;fpakhFk;. ,jd; NghNj kf;fs; gq;Nfw;ghdJ mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;. me;jtifapy; ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr kf;fSf;F gpuNjr nrayfj;jhy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; nfhs;iffs; njhlu;ghd njspthdJ 7.9% gFjpapdUf;F kpf mjpfkhf fhzg;gLtJld; 35.5% gFjpapdUf; F mjpfkhf fhzg; g Lfpd; w J. mj; J ld; ehtyg; gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;j hy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; nfhs;iffs; njhlu;ghd njspthdJ 48.7% gFjpapdUf;F Fiwthf fhzg;gLtJld; 7.9% gFjpapdUf;F kpff;FiwthfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;jhy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; nfhs;iffs; njhlu;ghd njspthdJ gpuNjr kf;fSf;F FiwthfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gJ fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. me;jtifapy; vt;thwhd nfhs;iffs;> ahh; gadhspfs;> vt;tsT fhyj;jpw;Fupa nfhs;if Nghd;w tplaq;fs; Fwpj;J njsptw;wth;fshfNt kf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. ,t;thwhd njspTepiy ,d;ikahy; rpy nfhs;iffspd; gad;ghl;bid ngwhkNy tpLfpd;wdh;. ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjrj;jpy; fy;tp fw;Nwhu; gy;NtW kl;lq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. ,tu;fshy; gpuNjr nrayfj;jpy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w nfhs;iffs; njhlu;ghf njspthd Gupjiy ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJ vd;gJ fbdkhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd Neu;fhzypd; NghJ Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ. Fwpg;ghf Njhl;lg;Gw gFjpfspy; ,Ue;J gpuNjr nrayfj;jpw;F tUif jUk; kf;fsplk; njspthdJ Fiwe;j mstpy; fhzg;gLtJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ (jdpg;gl;l Neu;fhzy;). Kd;ida Ma;TfspYk; ,g;gpur;rpid milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ie[Pupahtpy; cs;s gy;NtW murhq;fq;fs; gy ,yf;Ffisj; njhlUk; ntspg;gilahd Nghf;Ffisf; nfhz;Ls;sd> mit ngUk;ghyhd re;j u;g;g q;f spy; rpf;fyhdit. nfhs;i f ,yf;F fs; ngUk;ghYk; kf;f spd; Nfhupf;iffSld; njspT kw;Wk; epiyj;jd;ikiaf; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. ie[Pupahtpy; cs;s nfhs;if tFg;ghsu;fs;> ,yf;F FOf;fspd; Njitfis mtu;fs; mwpe;jpUg;gjhf fUJfpd;wdu;> mjd; r%f #o;epiyia Nkk;gLj;j mtu;fs; Kaw;rp nra;fpwhu;fs;> nfhs;if ,yf;Ffs; njspthf ,y;yhj ,lj;jpy;> nray;gLj;JtJ kpfTk; fbdkhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gJ njspthfpwJ (Ahmed, 2016).   epjptsk; nghJf;nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fSf;fhd Nghjpasthd epjptsk; murhq;fj;jpdhy; xJf;fPL nra;ag;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. Nghjpasthd epjptsj;jpd; ClhfNt kf;fSf;fhd nfhs;iffis rpwg;ghf eilKiwg;gLj;j KbAk;. ISSN (Print): 2448-9204 - 85 - ISSN (Online): 3051-4908 Journal of Social Review, 11(2), December 2024 Department of Social Sciences Faculty of Arts and Culture South Eastern University of Sri Lanka. tpdhf;nfhj;J gFg;gha;tpd; mbg;gilapy; ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;jpy; nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; epjptsk; kpf mjpfkhf fhzg;gLfpd;wnjd 7.9% gFjpapdu; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s mNjNtis> 27.6% gFjpapdu; mjpfkhf fhzg; g Lfpd; w njd Fwpg;g pl; L s; s du; . vdpDk; nghJf;nfhs;ifia eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;jpy; epjptsk; Fiwthf fhzg;gLfpd;wnjd 55.3% gFjpapdu; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sNjhL kpff;Fiwthf fhzg;gLfpd;wnjd 9.2% Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sij fhzyhk;. me;jtifapy; ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;jpy; nghJf;nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; epjptsk; Fiwthf ,Ug;gJ fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. Vida murhq;f epWtdq;fisg; NghyNt ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;jpw;Fk; Njitahd epjp tskhdJ kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpdhy; toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. fhyj;jpw;F fhyk; nfhz;L jug;gLk; nfhs;iffSk; mtw;Wf;fhd epjp tsq;fSk; kj;jpa murpdhNyNa toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf 2004 Mk; Mz;L fpuhkpa tPjpfis thfdq;fisf; nfhz;L nry;Yk; ghijfshf khw;Wtjw;fhd kfneFkj; jpl;lkhdJ ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;jpdhy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ vdTk; ,jd; NghJ njhy]; ghif tPjpg;Gduikg;G kw;Wk; ehtyg;gpl;b fk;gis tPjp Nghd;wd Gduikf;fg;gl;ld (jdpg;gl;l Neu;fhzy;). ,yq;ifiag; nghWj;jtiu tsh;rr ; paile;JtUk; ehL vd;w tifapy; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l mstpNyNa epjp tsk; fpilf;fg;ngWfpd;wJ. NkYk; xw;iwahl;rpf; fl;likg;gpw;Fs; eph;thfg; gutyhf;fy; Kiwikf;Fs;Ns gpuNjr nrayfq;fs; cs;slq;Ffpd;wikAk; epjp tsj;jpw;fhf jq;fpepw;Fk; epiyia Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ (jdpg;gl;l Neu;fhzy;). epjp gw;whf;Fiwahy; nfhs;ifia nray;gLj;Jgtu;fs; nray;gl Kbahky; NghFk; vd Makinde (2005) tpgupf;fpwhh;.   kdpjtsk; nghJf;nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fspy; Nghjpasthd kdpj tsk; fhzg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jd;NghNj kf;fSf;fhd nfhs;iffis fhyjhkjkpd;wpAk; tpiuTlDk; eilKiwg;gLj;j KbAk;. me;jtifapy; ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;jpy; nghJf;nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; kdpjtsk; njhlu;ghd epiyia Nehf; F Nthkhapd; mtw; W s; kdpjtsk; kpf mjpfkhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd 9.2% gFjpapdu; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sNjhL 30.3% gFjpapdu; nghJf;nfhs;ifia eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; kdpj tsk; mjpfkhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;. NkYk; 56.6% gFjpapdu; nghJf;nfhs;ifia eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;jpd; kdpjtsk; Fiwthf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vdTk; 3.9% gFjpapdu; kpff;FiwthfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vdf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;. xU rpy gjtpfSf;F Mszpapdu; gw;whf;Fiw fhzg;gLtjhf Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ. ,jd; NghJ Fwpj;j ntw;wplq;fSf;fhd NtiyfisAk; VidNahu; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ midj;J nraw;ghLfSk; fhyjhkjk; miltjhfTk; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;lJ (jdpg;gl;l Neu;fhzy;). gpuNjr nrayfq;fisg; nghWj;jtiu mjpfsthd cj;jpNahfj;jh;fs; gzpahw;Wfpd;wNghJk; Jiwrhh; epGzj;Jtk; cila kdpj tsk; Fiwthf ,Ug;gijNa ,J Rl;bf;fhl;LfpwJ (jdpg;gl;l Neu;fhzy;). nfhs;ifiar; nray;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitg;gLk; kdpjtsk; kw;Wk; epjp tsq;fs; Mfpa ,uz;bYk; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd Makinde (2005) typAWj;Jfpwhh;.   epu;t hf Cf;F tpg;G nghJf;nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; nghJkf;fspd; gq;fspg;ig NkYk; tYTs;sjhf khw;Wtjw;F epu;thf Cf;Ftpg;G kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;jpdhy; nghJf;nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; epu;thf Cf;Ftpg;G kpf mjpfkhf fhzg;gLtjhf ISSN (Print): 2448-9204 - 86 - ISSN (Online): 3051-4908 Journal of Social Review, 11(2), December 2024 Department of Social Sciences Faculty of Arts and Culture South Eastern University of Sri Lanka. 3.9% gFjpapdUk; mjpfkhf fhzg;gLtjhf 31.6% gFjpapdUk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;. mj;Jld; ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;jpdhy; nghJf;nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; epu;thf Cf;Ftpg;G Fiwthf fhzg;gLtjhf 51.3% gFjpapdUk; kpff;Fiwthf fhzg;gLtjhf 13.2% gFjpapdUk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;. ,jid cWjpg;gLj;JKfkhd juTfs; Neh;fhzy;fspy; ngwg;gl;ld. me;jtifapy; ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;jpy; epu;thf Cf;Ftpg;G Fiwe;j kl;lj;jpNyNa fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd gpuNjrthjpfspdhy; toq;fg;gl;l jfty;fspy; ,Ue;J fz;lwpag;gl;lJ. mjhtJ nfhs;iffis mky;gLj; Jk; nghOJ my;yJ Nritfis toq;Fk; nghOJ epu;thfpfs; kfpo;r ;rpAlDk; cw;rhfj;JlDk; nraw;gLtJ mupjhFk; vd gpuNjrthrp xUtu; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;. mj;Jld; ,d;Dk; xUtu; Fwpg;gpLifapy; gpuNjr nrayfj;jpy; flikahw;Wk; epu;thfpfSf;F kj;jpapy; rupahd ,ilj;njhlu;G xd;W fhzg;gLtjpy;iy vdTk; Fwpg;gpl;lhu; (jdpg;gl;l Neh;fhzy;). ,jid tpz;zg;g eilKiwfis rpf;fyhd kw;Wk; Neuj;ijr; nrytopg;gjd; %yk; Vn[d;rpfs; thbf;ifahsu;fis Cf;fkpd;ikg;gLj;jyhk; mNj rkak; gzpafj;jpdh; gjpyspf;fhjjd; %yk; mtu;fspd; gzpr;Rikiaf; Fiwf;fyhk; NkYk; tPjpkl; l gzpafj;jpdh;> gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;f;ff;$bajhfj; Njhd;Wk; thbf;ifahsu;fSf;F kl;LNk cjTtjd; %yk; kd mOj;jj;ijf; Fiwf;fpd;wdu; vd Lipsky (1980) Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.  rpwg;g hd jiyikj; J tk; rpwg;ghd jiyikj;Jtk; vd;gJ $l;Lr;nraw;ghl;bd; %yk; jkJ Nehf;fq;fis mile;J nfhs;tjw;fhf egu; xUtu; jkJ #oypy; cs;s mq;fj;jtu;is topelj;Jjy; MFk;. ,t;thwhd rpwe;j jiyikj;J tj;jpid xt;n thU nghJj;J iw epWtdKk; nfhz;b Uf;f tUkhapd; nghJf; n fhs; i ffis rpwg; g hf eilKiwg;g Lj; j KbAk; . vdNt nghJf; n fhs;i ffis eilKiwKiwg;gLj;Jk; nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fspy; rpwg;ghd jiyikj;Jtk; fhzg;gLjy; mj;jpatrpkhdjhFk;. ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;jpy; rpwg;ghd jiyikj;Jtk; kpf mjpfkhf fhzg;gLtjhf 2.6% gFjpapdUk; mjpfkhf fhzg;gLtjhf 22.4% gFjpapdUk; Fiwthf fhzg;gLtjhf 52.6% gFjpapdUk; kpff;Fiwthf fhzg;gLtjhf 22.4% gFjpapdUk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sij fhz KbAk;. jpwikahd jiytu;fs; gq;Fjhuu;fis <LgLj;Jfpd;wdu;> xj;Jiog;ig tsu;j;J> nghWg;Gf;$wy; kw;Wk; ntspg;gilj;jd;ikapd; R+oiy cUthf;Ffpd;wdu;. mtu;fs; mjpfhuj;Jt mikg;Gfspd; rpf;fy;fis topelj;Jtjpy; jpwikahdtu;fs; kw;Wk; jftikg;G kw;Wk; kPs;jpwd; cj;jpfs; %yk; nfhs;if Nehf;fq;fis miltjpy; cWjpahf cs;sdu;. ntw;wpfukhd nfhs;if mKyhf;fk; ngUk;ghYk; mtu;fspd; FOit Cf;Ftpf;Fk; kw;Wk; Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhd jiytupd; jpwidAk;> mj;Jld; nfhs;if ,yf;Ffis gue;j epWtd Nehf;fk; kw;Wk; kjpg;GfSld; rPuikg;gjpy; mtu;fspd; jpwikiaAk; rhu;e;Js;sJ (Hill & Hupe, 2014). ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;jpy; rpwg;ghd jiyikj;Jtk; vd;gJ FiwthfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd gpuNjrthjpfspd; Neu;fhzypd; NghJ njupate;jJ. mjhtJ ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;jpy; nfhs; i ffis mKy; g Lj; J gtu; f Sf; f pilapy; Kfhikj; J tk; njhlu; g hd gpur; r pidfs; fhzg;gLtjhf gpuNjrthrpfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;. NkYk; VjhtJ xU Nritiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s nry;Yk;NghJ mjpy; ,lk;ngWk; gpur;rpidfs; njhlu;ghf jiyik mjpfhupfis re;jpf;f NeupLk; gl;rj;jpy; mtu;fis re;jpg;gJ kpfTk; fbdkhd nrayhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ (jdpg;gl;l Neu;fhzy;). ve;j nthU nfhs; i fiaAk; ntw; w pailAk; tiu mjid topelhj;j pr; nry; yf; $basT jiyikj;Jt Mw;wy; ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gJ xU rthyhf Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J nfhs;ifapDila vjph;fhyk; kl;Lkd;wp murhq;fj;jpd; Nehf;fk; kw;Wk; kf;fspd; eyd;fspYk; ghjpg;Gr; nrYj;jf;$baJ vdyhk;. ISSN (Print): 2448-9204 - 87 - ISSN (Online): 3051-4908 Journal of Social Review, 11(2), December 2024 Department of Social Sciences Faculty of Arts and Culture South Eastern University of Sri Lanka.    Copau;fspd; gq;F gw;w y; nghJf;nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; NghJ Fwpj;j nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fspy; flikahw;Wk; rfy cWg;gpdu;fSila gq;Fgw;wy; fhzg;gLkhapd; nghJf;nfhs;ifia rpwg;ghf eilKiwg;gLj;j KbAk;. Nkw;gb ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;jpy; nghJf;nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; Copau;fspd; gq;Fgw;wy; kpf mjpfkhf fhzg;gLtjhf 1.3% gFjpapdu; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sNjhL 27.6% gFjpapdu; mjpfkhf fhzg; g Ltjhf Fwpg; g pl; L s; s du; . mj; J ld; nghJf; n fhs; i ffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; Copau;fspd; gq;Fgw;wy; Fiwthf fhzg;gLtjhf 55.3% gFjpapdu; Fwpg; g pl; L s; s NjhL 15.8% gFjpapdu; kpff; F iwthf fhzg; g Ltjhf Fwpg; g pl; L s; s du; . nghJf;nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; Copau;fspd; gq;Fgw;wy; Fiwthf fhzg;gLtJ fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. nghJf; nfhs;ifia eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; Copau;fs; mjid Rikahf fUJtJ Nghd;w czu;Nt mtu;fSf;F fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mj;Jld; xU Ntiyia epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;F gy epu;thfpfis my;yJ Copau;fis re;jpf;f Ntz;b ,Ug;gjhfTk; ,J kf;fSf;F miyr;riy Vw;gLj;JtjhfTk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ (jdpg;gl;l Neh;fhzy;). Copah;fs; nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;NghJ fl;lisfisg; gpd;gw;wy; vd;gjpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wdNu xopa mKyhf;fj;jpD}lhd gad;fs; Fwpj;J fuprid nfhs;tJ Fiwthf cs;sJ. ghuk;gupa nghJj;Jiw eph;thfj;jpw;Fk; Gjpa nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;Fk; cs;s NtWghlhfTk; ,J fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. Copah; f spd; gq; F gw; w y; %yk; ,g; G jpa nghJj; J iw Kfhikj; J t nrad; K iwfs; ; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk;NghJ nfhs;i f mKyhf;fKk; ntw;wpailAk;. ,Njtplak; ,e; jpahtpy Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;tpYk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. Rahmat (2015) mu;gg ; zpg;Gs;s gzpahsu;fs; gw;whf;Fiw kw;Wk; nfhs;if topfhl;Ljy;fSf;F ,zq;fhik Mfpait nghJf;nfhs;if nray;gLj;Jk; nray;Kiwiaj; jLf;fpd;wd. ,e;j FiwghLfs; fhuzkhf gy nfhs;iffs; mtw;wpd; jpwDf;F Vw;wthW nray;gltpy;iy vd Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.    Neu Kfhikj;Jtk; Neu Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gJ nghJf;nfhs;ifia eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fspy; filg;gpbf;f Ntz;ba Kf;fpakhd tplakhFk;. cupa Neuj;jpw;F Fwpj;j epWtdj;jpw;F r%fkspj;jy;> cupa Neuj;jpy; flikia fhyk; jho;j;jhJ nra;J Kbj;jy; vd;gd nghJf;nfhs;ifia eilKiwg;gLj;jiy ntw;wpaila nra;tNjhL nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fs; njhlu;ghd kf;fspd; ed; k jpg; i gAk; cUthf; F k; . me; j tifapy; eilKiwg; g Lj; j g; g Lk; nghJf; n fhs; i ffs; ntw;wpaspg;gjw;F nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fs; Neu Kfhikj;Jtj;ij Ngz Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;. ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;jpy; nghJf;nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; Neu Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gJ kpf mjpfkhf fhzg;gLtjhf 1.3% gFjpapdu; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJld; 25% gFjpapdu; nghJf;nfhs;if eilKiwg;gLj;jypy; Neu Kfhikj;Jtk; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd;fpd;wdu;. vdpDk; 39.5% gFjpapdu; nghJf;nfhs;ifia eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; Neu Kfhikj;Jtk; Fiwthf fhzg;gLtjhf Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJld; 34.2% gFjpapdu; kpff;Fiwthf fhzg;gLtjhf Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sik fhzyhk; . m e;j ti fapy; eht yg; g pl; b gpuN jr nrayfj ; j py; ngh Jf;nfhs; i fi a eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; Neu Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gJ rupahd Kiwapy; Ngzg;gLtjpy;iy vd;gJ Gydhfpd;wJ. ,J nghJf;nfhs;if mKyhf;fj;jpw;fhd jilahfTk; fUjg;gLfpwJ. ehtyg;gpl;b ISSN (Print): 2448-9204 - 88 - ISSN (Online): 3051-4908 Journal of Social Review, 11(2), December 2024 Department of Social Sciences Faculty of Arts and Culture South Eastern University of Sri Lanka. gpuNjr nrayfj;jpy; nghJf; nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; Neu Kfhikj;Jtk; rupahf Ngzg;gLtjpy;iy vd;gJ Neu;fhzy;fspd; %yKk; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ. mjhtJ gpuNjr nrayfj;jpw;F tUif jUk; gpuNjr kf;fs; jq;fSila Njitfis eptu;j;jp nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhf mjpf Neuk; fhj;jpUf;f Ntz;ba #o;epiyNa fhzg;gLtjhf Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ mj;Jld; Nkyjpfhupfis my;yJ epu;thfpfis re;jpj;J mtu;fsplk; ifnahg;gk; xd;W thq;f Ntz;b ,Ug;gpDk; ePz;l Neuk; fhj;jpUf;f Ntz;b ,Ug;gJld; rpy Ntiyfspy; kWjpdKk; Fwpj;j Ntiyf;fhf r%fkspf;f Ntz;ba epiyNa fhzg;gLtjhfTk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ (jdpg;gl;l Neh;fhzy;). ,jw;F Mjuthf Kd;ida Ma;T xd;W rpy tplaq;fis Kd;itj;Js;sJ. Kettunen and Kalliola (2021) nfhs;if mKyhf;fj;jpy; Neu Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gjpy; njspthd Nehf;fq;fis mikj;jy;> ajhu;j;jkhd fhyf;nfLit epWTjy; kw;Wk; Njitahd cj;jpfis rupnra;tjw;fhd Kd;Ndw;wj;ij fz;fhzpj;jy; Mfpait mlq;Fk;. ,J nfhs;if tFg;ghsu;fSf;F jhkjq;fisj; jtpu;f;fTk;> tsq;fis jpwk;gl xJf; f Tk; > tpUk; g pa tpisTfis milaTk; cjTfpwJ vd; W Nkw; g b Ma; t hsh; f s; typAWj;Jfpd;wdu;. ,jD}lhf rpwg;ghd nfhs;if eilKiwg;gLj;jYk; ,lk;ngw KbAk; vd fUJfpd;wdh;.   ghuhgl; r k; ghuhgl;rk; vdg;gLtJ ,dk;> kjk;> nkhop> ghy;> my;yJ fy;tp Nghd;w Jiwfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L rkdw;w my;yJ eLepiyikaw;w tpjj;jpy; nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; KiwahFk;. vdpDk; rpwg;ghd nghJf;nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fs; ghuhgl;rkpd;wp nraw;gLjy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;jpd; Clhf nghJf;nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; ghuhgl;rk; kpf mjpfkhf fhl;lg;gLtjhf 11.8% gFjpapdu; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sNjhL mjpfkhf fhl;lg;gLtjhf 35.5% gFjpapdu; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sikia fhzyhk;. mj;Jld; ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;jpdhy; nghJf;nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; ghuhgl;rk; Fiwthf fhl;lg;gLtjhf 32.9% gFjpapdu; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sNjhL kpff;Fiwthf fhzg;gLtjhf 19.7% gFjpapdu; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sikiaf; fhzyhk;. me;jtifapy; ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;jpy; nghJf;nfhs;ifia eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; ghuhgl;rk; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gJ fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. gpuNjr nrayfj;jpy; flikahw;Wk; Copau;fspd; cwtpdu;fs; my;yJ mwpe;jtu;fs; ,Ug;gpd; mtu;fSf;F Kd;Dupik toq;fg;gLtNjhL ePzl ; Neuk; fhj;jpUe;jhYk; mtu;fSf;F Kd;Dupik toq;fg;glhj re;ju;gg ; q;fSk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd (jdpg;gl;l Neh;fhzy;). Peters kw;Wk; Pierre (2004) MfpNahupd; Ma;Tk; epu;thf rhu;G kw;Wk; ghuhgl;rk; nfhs;if nray;Kiwia vt;thW rpijf;Fk; vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ> rkkhd kw;Wk; gaDs;s tpisTfis miltjw;F eLepiy kw;Wk; Neu;ikia nray;gLj;j cWjpahd topKiwfspd; mtrpaj;ij typAWj;JfpwJ. nghJf;nfhs;ifia eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; fhzg;gLk; rthy;fshdJ Kd;ida Ma;Tfspd; kP s ha; t pypUe; J milahsk; fhzg; g l; b Ue; j J. ,f; f huzpfis rhuh khwpfshfTk; nghJf;nfhs;ifia eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; nrad;Kiwia khwpahfTk; nfhz;L ,t;tha;Tf;fhd fUJNfhs; cUthf;fg;gl;bUe;jJld; ,f;fhuzpfSf;fhd fUJNfhs; tpdhf;nfhj;Jf;fspy; ,Ue;J ngwg; g l; l Kjyhk; epiyj; j uTfspd; mbg; g ilapy; SPSS gad; g Lj; j p gFg; g ha; T nra;ag;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ. ,jd;gb P-Value If; fz;lwpe;J Ma;Tf;fUJNfhs; guPrpypf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ISSN (Print): 2448-9204 - 89 - ISSN (Online): 3051-4908 Journal of Social Review, 11(2), December 2024 Department of Social Sciences Faculty of Arts and Culture South Eastern University of Sri Lanka. ml;ltiz 02: fUJNfhs; guPl;rpg;G KbTfs; nghJf;nfhs;ifia eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfj;jpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jk; epu;thf fhuzpfs; ngWkhdk; P(T<=t) onetail (P-Value) fUJNfhs; guPl;rpg;G KbTfs; 1. nfhs;ifapd; njspTj;jd;ik 0.001  2. epjptsk; 0.003  3. kdpjtsk; 0.087 4. epu;thf Cf;Ftpg;G 0.069 5. rpwg;ghd jiyikj;Jtk; 0.027  6. Copau;fspd; gq;Fgw;wy; 0.006  7. Neu Kfhikj;Jtk; 0.002  8. guhgl;rk; 0.001  ,g;gFg;gha;tpd; gb rhuh khwpfshd kdpjtsk;;> epu;thf Cf;Ftpg;G Mfpait 0.05 ,w;F $Ljyhf P-Value nfhz;bUg;gjhy; mt;tpU khwpfSk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy. Vida epu;thf fhuzpfs; (nfhs;ifapd; njspTj;jd;ik> epjptsk;> rpwg;ghd jiyikj;Jtk;> Copau;fspd; gq; F gw; w y; > NeuKfhikj; J tk; > ghuhgl; r k; ) Mfpait 0.05 ,w; F Fiwthf P-Value mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJld; Kf;fpak; ngw tUfpd;wd. KbTiufSk; gupe; J iufSk; ,t;t ha;t pd; Clhf fz;Lnfhs; sg;gl; l tplaq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; nghJf;n fhs;i fia eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; ehtyg;gpl;b gpuNjr nrayfk; gy;NtW epu;thf hPjpahd rthy;fSf;F Kfk; nfhLj;J tUfpd;wJ vd;gJ Gydhfpd;wJ. ,tw;Ws; nfhs;ifapd; njspTj;jd;ik> epjptsk;> rpwg;ghd jiyikj;Jtk;> Copau;fspd; gq;Fgw;wy;> NeuKfhikj;Jtk;> ghuhgl;rk; Nghd;w ,q;F fhzg;gLk; gpujhd rthy;fshfTk; milahsk; fhzg;gl;Ls;sd. vdNt> ,dq;fhzg;gl;l rhty;fspypUe;J kPs Ntz;Lkhapd; nghJf;nfhs;ifapy; jiyapLk; Njitaw;w murpay; kw;W k; jdpahu; Jiwfspd; nraw;g hLfis ,y; yhJ nra; tNjhL nghJf;nfhs;ifia RahjPdkhf;fy; Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld; nghJf;nfhs;if tFg;ghsu;fspd; tpidj;jpwid mjpfupg;gNjhL nfhs;if mKyhf;fyhsh;fSf;F Njitahd gapw;rp kw;Wk; tsq;fis toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jd;NghJ> nfhs;if mKyhf;fyhsh;fs; nghWg;Gzu;e;J nraw;gLjy; kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. mJkl;Lky;yhJ murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; kf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwitf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjd; Clhf murhq;fj;jpd;; kPjhd ek;gpf;ifia Mjupf;fTk;> nghJkf;fs; nghJf;nfhs;ifapy; gq;Nfw;Fk; msit mjpfupf;f nra;jy; mtrpahFk;. mj;Jld; nghJkf;fSf;F nghJf;nfhs;if njhlu;ghd tpopg;Gzu;t+l;liy Nkw;nfhs;tjpDhlhf mtu;fis nghJf;nfhs;if njhlu;ghd tplaq;fspy; gq;nfLf;f nra;a KbAk;. nghJf;nfhs;if eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; jfty; ntspg;gLj;j y; tplaq;fis tpupTgLj;jy; Kf;fpakhFk;. ,jd;NghJ kf;fs; jhk; rhu;ghf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; nfhs;iffs; njhlu;ghd ISSN (Print): 2448-9204 - 90 - ISSN (Online): 3051-4908 Journal of Social Review, 11(2), December 2024 Department of Social Sciences Faculty of Arts and Culture South Eastern University of Sri Lanka. mwpitg; ngWtjw;Fk; nfhs;ifapy; gq;Fgw;Wtjw;Fkhd tha;g;ghdJ Vw;gLfpd;wJ. kj;jpa murhq;fk; nfhs;if rpf;fy;fspy; ftdk; nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jd;NghJ fhykhw;wj;jpw;F Njitahd nfhs;iffis cUthf;FtjpYk; nghJf;nfhs;ifia rl;lg+u;tkhdjhf;FtjpYk; muRfs; fuprid nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. 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