Pearl S. Buck - Wikipedia

Pearl S. Buck - Wikipedia
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American writer (1892–1973)
Pearl S. Buck
Buck on the set of
The Big Wave
in 1960
Born
Comfort Sydenstricker
1892-06-26
June 26, 1892
Hillsboro, West Virginia
, U.S.
Died
March 6, 1973
(1973-03-06)
(aged 80)
Danby, Vermont
, U.S.
Occupation
Writer
teacher
humanitarian
activist
film producer
Education
Randolph College
BA
Cornell University
MA
Notable awards
Pulitzer Prize
1932
Nobel Prize in Literature
1938
Spouse
John Lossing Buck
m.
1917;
div.
1935)
Richard John Walsh
m.
1935; died 1960)
Children
Signature
Pearl Comfort Sydenstricker Buck
(June 26, 1892 – March 6, 1973) was an American writer and humanitarian. She is best known for
The Good Earth
, the best-selling novel in the United States in 1931 and 1932, which won her the
Pulitzer Prize
in 1932. In 1938, Buck became the first American woman to win the
Nobel Prize in Literature
"for her rich and truly epic descriptions of
peasant life in China
" and for her "masterpieces", two memoir-biographies of her missionary parents.
Buck was born in West Virginia, but in October 1892, her parents took their 4-month-old baby to China. As the daughter of
missionaries
and later as a missionary herself, Buck spent most of her life before 1934 in
Zhenjiang
, with her parents, and in
Nanjing
, with her first husband. She and her parents spent their summers in a villa in
Kuling
Mount Lu
Jiujiang
, and it was during this annual pilgrimage that the young girl decided to become a writer.
She graduated from
Randolph-Macon Woman's College
in Lynchburg, Virginia, then returned to China. From 1914 to 1932, after marrying
John Lossing Buck
, she served as a Presbyterian missionary, but she came to doubt the need for foreign missions. Her views became controversial during the
Fundamentalist–modernist controversy
, leading to her resignation.
After returning to the United States in 1935, Buck married the publisher
Richard J. Walsh
and continued writing prolifically. She became an activist and prominent advocate of the
rights of women
and
racial equality
, and wrote widely on
Chinese
and
Asian cultures
, becoming particularly well known for her efforts on behalf of Asian and
mixed-race adoption
Early life and education
edit
The Stulting House at the
Pearl Buck Birthplace
in
Hillsboro, West Virginia
Originally named Comfort,
Pearl Sydenstricker was born in
Hillsboro, West Virginia
, to Caroline Maude (Stulting) (1857–1921) and
Absalom Sydenstricker
, of Dutch and German descent respectively.
Her parents,
Southern Presbyterian
missionaries
, were married on July 8, 1880, and moved to
China
shortly thereafter, but returned to the United States for Pearl's birth. When Pearl was five months old, the family returned to China, living first in
Huai'an
and then in 1896 moving to
Zhenjiang
, which was then known as Chingkiang in the
Chinese postal romanization
system, near the major city of
Nanjing
In summer, she and her family spent time in
Kuling
. Her father built a stone villa in Kuling in 1897, and lived there until his death in 1931.
It was during this annual summer pilgrimage in Kuling that the young girl decided to become a writer.
Of her siblings who survived into adulthood,
Edgar Sydenstricker
had a distinguished career with the
U.S. Public Health Service
and later the
Milbank Memorial Fund
, and
Grace Sydenstricker Yaukey
(1899–1994) wrote young adult books and books about Asia under the pen name Cornelia Spencer.
10
Pearl recalled in her memoir that she lived in "several worlds", one a "small, white, clean
Presbyterian
world of my parents", and the other the "big, loving merry not-too-clean Chinese world", and there was no communication between them.
11
The
Boxer Uprising
(1899–1901) greatly affected the family; their Chinese friends deserted them, and Western visitors decreased. Her father, convinced that no Chinese could wish him harm, stayed behind as the rest of the family went to
Shanghai
for safety. A few years later, Buck was enrolled in Miss Jewell's School in Shanghai, and was dismayed at the
racist
attitudes there of other students, few of whom could speak any Chinese. Both of her parents felt strongly that Chinese were their equals; they forbade the use of the word
heathen
, and she was raised in a bilingual environment: tutored in English by her mother, in the local dialect by her Chinese playmates, and in classical Chinese by a Chinese scholar named Mr. Kung. She also read voraciously, especially, in spite of her father's disapproval, the novels of
Charles Dickens
, which she later said she read through once a year for the rest of her life.
12
In 1911, Buck left China to attend
Randolph-Macon Woman's College
in
Lynchburg, Virginia
, where she graduated
Phi Beta Kappa
in 1914 and was a member of
Kappa Delta
sorority.
Career
edit
China
edit
Buck photographed in 1932, about the time
The Good Earth
was published
Although Buck had not intended to return to China, much less become a missionary, she quickly applied to the
Presbyterian Board
when her father wrote that her mother was seriously ill. In 1914, Buck returned to China. She married an
agricultural economist
missionary,
John Lossing Buck
, on May 13,
13
1917, and they moved to
Suzhou, Anhui
Province, a small town on the
Huai River
(not to be confused with the better-known
Suzhou
in
Jiangsu Province
). This is the region she describes in her books
The Good Earth
and
Sons
From 1920 to 1933, the Bucks made their home in Nanjing, on the campus of the
University of Nanking
, where they both had teaching positions. She taught
English literature
at this private, church-run university,
14
and also at
Ginling College
and at the
National Central University
. In 1920, the Bucks had a daughter, Carol, who was afflicted with
phenylketonuria
that left her severely
developmentally disabled
. Buck had to have a
hysterectomy
due to complications of Carol's birth, leaving her unable to have more biological children.
15
In 1921, Buck's mother died of a tropical disease,
sprue
, and shortly afterward her father moved in. In 1924, they left China for John Buck's year of sabbatical and returned to the United States for a short time, during which Pearl Buck earned a master's degree from
Cornell University
. In 1925, the Bucks adopted a child named Janice (later surnamed Walsh). That autumn, they returned to China.
The tragedies and dislocations that Buck suffered in the 1920s reached a climax in March 1927, during the "
Nanking Incident
". In a confused battle involving elements of
Chiang Kai-shek
's
Nationalist troops
Communist
forces, and assorted warlords, several Westerners were murdered. Her father insisted that the family should stay in Nanjing until the battle reached the city, as he had in 1900 in the face of the Boxers. When violence broke out, a poor Chinese family invited them to hide in their hut while the family's house was looted. The family spent a day terrified and in hiding, after which American gunboats rescued them. They traveled to Shanghai and then sailed to Japan, where they stayed for a year, after which they moved back to Nanjing. Buck later said that this year in Japan showed her that not all Japanese were militarists. When she returned from Japan in late 1927, Buck devoted herself in earnest to the vocation of writing. Friendly relations with prominent Chinese writers of the time, such as
Xu Zhimo
and
Lin Yutang
, encouraged her to think of herself as a professional writer. She wanted to fulfill the ambitions denied to her mother, but she also needed money to support herself if she left her marriage, which had become increasingly lonely. Since the mission board could not provide it, she also needed money for Carol's specialized care.
Buck married her publisher,
Richard J. Walsh
, the same day she divorced
John Lossing Buck
Buck traveled once more to the United States in 1929 to find long-term care for Carol, eventually placing her in the
Vineland Training School
in New Jersey. Buck served on the board of trustees for the school, where Carol would live until she died in 1992 at age 72.
16
While Buck was in the United States, Richard J. Walsh, editor at
John Day publishers
in New York, accepted her novel
East Wind: West Wind
She and Walsh began a relationship that would eventually lead to marriage and many years of professional collaboration.
Back in Nanking, Buck retreated every morning to the attic of her university house, and within the year, completed the manuscript for
The Good Earth
17
She was involved in the charity relief campaign for the victims of the
1931 China floods
, writing a series of short stories describing the plight of refugees, which were broadcast on the radio in the United States and later published in her collected volume
The First Wife and Other Stories
18
When her husband took the family to
Ithaca, New York
, the following year, Buck accepted an invitation to address a luncheon of Presbyterian women at the
Hotel Astor
in New York City. Her talk was titled "Is There a Case for the Foreign Missionary?" and her answer was a barely qualified "no". She told her American audience that she welcomed Chinese to share her Christian faith, but argued that China did not need an institutional church dominated by missionaries who were too often ignorant of China and arrogant in their attempts to control it. When the talk was published in
Harper's Magazine
19
the scandalized reaction led Buck to resign from the Presbyterian Board. In 1934, Buck left China, believing she would return,
20
while her husband remained.
21
United States
edit
Buck divorced her husband John in
Reno, Nevada
, on June 11, 1935,
22
and she married Richard Walsh that same day.
20
He reportedly offered her advice and affection that, her biographer concludes, "helped make Pearl's prodigious activity possible". The couple moved with Janice to
Green Hills Farm
in
Bucks County
Pennsylvania
, which they quickly set about filling with adopted children. Two sons were brought home as infants in 1936 and followed by another son and daughter in 1937.
15
After the
Communist Revolution
in 1949, Buck was repeatedly refused all attempts to return to her beloved China. Her 1962 novel
Satan Never Sleeps
is heavily anti-communist and filled with religious themes, and was adapted into a film in the same year. During the
Cultural Revolution
, Buck, as a preeminent American writer of Chinese village life, was denounced as an "American
cultural imperialist
".
23
Buck was "heartbroken" when she was prevented from visiting China with
Richard Nixon
in 1972, reportedly due to political interference by
Jiang Qing
, a prominent figure in the denunciation of Buck.
20
Nobel Prize in Literature
edit
In 1938, the
Nobel Prize committee
wrote:
By awarding this year's Prize to Pearl Buck for the notable works which pave the way to a human sympathy passing over widely separated racial boundaries and for the studies of human ideals which are a great and living art of portraiture, the Swedish Academy feels that it acts in harmony and accord with the aim of Alfred Nobel's dreams for the future.
24
In her speech to the academy, Buck took as her topic "The Chinese Novel". She explained, "I am an American by birth and by ancestry", but "my earliest knowledge of story, of how to tell and write stories, came to me in China." After an extensive discussion of classic Chinese novels, especially
Romance of the Three Kingdoms
All Men Are Brothers
, and
Dream of the Red Chamber
, she concluded that in China "the novelist did not have the task of creating art but of speaking to the people." Her own ambition, she continued, had not been trained toward "the beauty of letters or the grace of art." In China, the task of the novelist differed from the Western artist: "To farmers he must talk of their land, and to old men he must speak of peace, and to old women he must tell of their children, and to young men and women he must speak of each other." And like the Chinese novelist, she concluded, "I have been taught to want to write for these people. If they are reading their magazines by the million, then I want my stories there rather than in magazines read only by a few."
25
Humanitarian efforts
edit
Pearl S. Buck receives the Nobel Prize for Literature from
King Gustav V of Sweden
in the Stockholm Concert Hall in 1938
Buck was committed to a range of issues that were largely ignored by her generation. Many of her life experiences and political views are described in her novels, short stories, fiction, children's stories, and the biographies of her parents entitled
Fighting Angel
(on Absalom) and
The Exile
(on Carrie). She wrote on diverse subjects, including
women's rights
, Asian cultures, immigration, adoption, missionary work, war, the
atomic bomb
Command the Morning
), and violence. Long before it was considered fashionable or politically safe to do so, Buck challenged the American public by raising consciousness on topics such as racism, sex discrimination and the plight of Asian
war children
. Buck combined the careers of wife, mother, author, editor, international spokesperson, and political activist.
26
Buck became well known as an advocate for civil rights, women's rights, and
disability rights
27
In 1949, after finding that existing adoption services considered Asian and
mixed-race
children unadoptable, Buck founded the first permanent
foster home
for US-born mixed-race children of Asian descent, naming it The Welcome Home. The foster home was located in a 16-room farmhouse in Pennsylvania next door to Buck's own home, Green Hill Farm, and Buck was actively involved in everything from planning the children's diets to buying their clothing. Among the home's Board of Directors were librettist
Oscar Hammerstein II
and his second wife, interior designer
Dorothy
, composer
Richard Rodgers
, seed company tycoon
David Burpee
and his wife Lois and author
James A. Michener
. As more and more children were referred to the foster home, however, it quickly became apparent that it couldn't accommodate them all and adoptive homes were needed. Welcome Home was turned into the first international,
interracial adoption
agency, and Buck began actively promoting the adoption of mixed-race children to the American public. In an effort to overcome the longstanding public view that such children were inferior and undesirable, Buck claimed in interviews and speeches that "hybrid" children of interracial backgrounds were actually genetically superior to other children in terms of intelligence and health. She and her husband Richard then adopted two mixed-race daughters from overseas themselves: an Afro-German girl in 1951 and an Afro-Japanese girl in 1957, giving her eight children in total.
15
In 1967 she turned over most of her earnings—more than $7 million— to the adoption agency to help with costs.
28
Portrait of Buck by Samuel Johnson Woolf
Buck established the Pearl S. Buck Foundation (name changed to Pearl S. Buck International in 1999)
29
to "address poverty and discrimination faced by children in Asian countries." In 1964, she opened the Opportunity Center and Orphanage in South Korea, and later offices were opened in Thailand, the Philippines, and Vietnam. When establishing Opportunity House, Buck said, "The purpose ... is to publicize and eliminate injustices and prejudices suffered by children, who, because of their birth, are not permitted to enjoy the educational, social, economic and civil privileges normally accorded to children."
30
In 1960, after a long decline in health that included a series of
strokes
31
Buck's husband Richard Walsh died. She renewed a warm relationship with
William Ernest Hocking
, who died in 1966. Buck then withdrew from many of her old friends and quarreled with others.
In 1962 Buck asked the Israeli Government for
clemency
for
Adolf Eichmann
, the
Nazi war criminal
who was one of the main architects of the murder of six million Jews during World War II,
32
as she and others believed that carrying out
capital punishment
against Eichmann could be seen as an act of vengeance, especially since the war had ended.
33
During a December 17, 1962 visit to the Kennedy White House, Buck urged the Kennedy administration to help resolve
People's Republic of China-Taiwan relations
by supporting de facto independence of Taiwan for a 10 to 25-year period with an agreement that afterwards a plebiscite could be held based on a negotiated settlement.
34
: 103
Buck's ties with her native state remained strong. In the title essay of My Mother's House, a small book written by Buck and others to help raise funds for the Birthplace Museum, she paid tribute to the house her mother had cherished while living far away: ‘‘For me it was a living heart in the country I knew was my own but which was strange to me until I returned to the house where I was born.
27
In the late 1960s, Buck toured West Virginia to raise money to preserve her family farm in
Hillsboro, West Virginia
. Today the
Pearl S. Buck Birthplace
is a
historic house museum
and cultural center.
35
She hoped the house would "belong to everyone who cares to go there," and serve as a "gateway to new thoughts and dreams and ways of life."
36
Former U.S. President
George H. W. Bush
toured the Pearl S. Buck House in October 1998. He expressed that he, like millions of other Americans, had gained an appreciation for the Chinese people through Buck's writing.
37
Final years and death
edit
In the mid-1960s, Buck increasingly came under the influence of Theodore Harris, a former dance instructor, who became her confidant, co-author, and financial advisor. She soon depended on him for all her daily routines, and placed him in control of Welcome House and the Pearl S. Buck Foundation. Harris, who was given a lifetime salary as head of the foundation, created a scandal for Buck when he was accused of mismanaging the foundation, diverting large amounts of the foundation's funds for his friends' and his own personal expenses, and treating staff poorly.
38
39
Buck defended Harris, stating that he was "very brilliant, very high strung and artistic."
38
Before her death, Buck signed over her foreign royalties and her personal possessions to Creativity Inc., a foundation controlled by Harris.
40
Pearl S. Buck died of
lung cancer
on March 6, 1973, in
Danby, Vermont
. She was interred on
Green Hills Farm
in
Perkasie, Pennsylvania
. She designed her own tombstone. Her name was not inscribed in English on her tombstone. Instead, the grave marker is inscribed with the Chinese characters
賽珍珠
pinyin
Sai Zhenzhu
) representing the name Pearl Sydenstricker; specifically, Sai is the sound of the first syllable of her last name (Chinese family names come first), and Zhenzhu is the Chinese word for pearl.
41
42
Buck left behind three contradictory wills, resulting in a three-way legal dispute over her estate between her financial advisor Theodore Harris, the nonprofit Pearl Buck Foundation, and her seven adopted children. After a six-year battle, the dispute was settled in her children's favor after both Harris and the Pearl Buck Foundation dropped their claims (the latter in return for a financial settlement from Buck's children).
43
Legacy
edit
Pearl S. Buck's former residence at
Nanjing University
A statue of Pearl S. Buck stands in front of the former residence at Nanjing University
Many contemporary reviewers praised Buck's "beautiful prose", even though her "style is apt to degenerate into over-repetition and confusion".
44
Robert Benchley
wrote a parody of
The Good Earth
that emphasised these qualities. Peter Conn, in his biography of Buck, argues that despite the accolades awarded to her, Buck's contribution to literature has been mostly forgotten or deliberately ignored by America's cultural gatekeepers.
45
Kang Liao argues that Buck played a "pioneering role in demythologizing China and the Chinese people in the American mind".
46
Phyllis Bentley
, in an overview of Buck's work published in 1935, was altogether impressed: "But we may say at least that for the interest of her chosen material, the sustained high level of her technical skill, and the frequent universality of her conceptions, Mrs. Buck is entitled to take rank as a considerable artist. To read her novels is to gain not merely knowledge of China but wisdom about life."
47
These works aroused considerable popular sympathy for China, and helped foment a more critical view of Japan and its aggression.
Chinese-American author
Anchee Min
said she "broke down and sobbed" after reading
The Good Earth
for the first time as an adult, which she had been forbidden to read growing up in China during the
Cultural Revolution
. Min said Buck portrayed the Chinese peasants "with such love, affection and humanity" and it inspired Min's novel
Pearl of China
(2010).
48
In 1973, Buck was inducted into the
National Women's Hall of Fame
49
Buck was honored in 1983 with a 5¢ Great Americans series
postage stamp
issued by the
United States Postal Service
50
In 1999 she was designated a
Women's History Month
Honoree by the
National Women's History Project
51
Buck's former residence at
Nanjing University
is now the
Pearl S. Buck Memorial House
or in Mandarin
賽珍珠紀念館
pinyin
Sai Zhenzhu Jinianguan
) along the West Wall of the university's north campus.
Pearl Buck's papers and literary manuscripts are currently housed at Pearl S. Buck International
52
and the
West Virginia & Regional History Center
53
Selected works
edit
Autobiographies
edit
My Several Worlds: A Personal Record
(New York: John Day, 1954)
My Several Worlds
– abridged for younger readers by Cornelia Spencer (New York: John Day, 1957)
A Bridge for Passing
(New York: John Day, 1962) – autobiographical account of the filming of the
film adaptation
of Buck's children's book,
The Big Wave
Biographies
edit
The Exile: Portrait of an American Mother
(New York: John Day, 1936) – about her mother, Caroline Stulting Sydenstricker (1857–1921); serialized in
Woman's Home Companion
magazine (10/1935–3/1936)
Fighting Angel
: Portrait of a Soul
(New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1936) – about her father,
Absalom Sydenstricker
(1852–1931)
The Spirit and the Flesh
(New York: John Day, 1944) – published the two above-mentioned biographies in one volume -
Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul
and
The Exile: Portrait of an American Mother
Novels
edit
See also:
List of bestselling novels in the United States in the 1930s
East Wind: West Wind
(New York: John Day, 1930)
54
– working title
Winds of Heaven
The Good Earth
(New York: John Day, 1931);
The House of Earth
trilogy #1
Sons
(New York: John Day, 1933);
The House of Earth
trilogy #2; serialized in
Cosmopolitan
(4–11/1932)
A House Divided
(New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1935);
The House of Earth
trilogy #3
The House of Earth
(trilogy) (New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1935) – includes:
The Good Earth
Sons
A House Divided
All Men Are Brothers
(New York: John Day, 1933; revised 1937) – a translation by Buck of the Chinese classical prose epic
Water Margin
(Shui Hu Zhuan)
The Mother
(New York: John Day, 1933) – serialized in
Cosmopolitan
(7/1933–1/1934)
This Proud Heart
(New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1938) – serialized in
Good Housekeeping
magazine (8/1937–2/1938)
The Patriot
(New York: John Day, 1939)
Other Gods: An American Legend
(New York: John Day, 1940) – excerpt serialized in
Good Housekeeping
magazine as "American Legend" (12/1938–5/1939)
China Sky
(New York: John Day, 1941) – China trilogy #1; serialized in
Collier's
Weekly
magazine (2–4/1941)
China Gold: A Novel of War-torn China
(New York: John Day, 1942) – China trilogy #2; serialized in
Collier's Weekly
magazine (2–4/1942)
Dragon Seed
(New York: John Day, 1942) – serialized in
Asia
(9/1941–2/1942)
The Promise
(New York: John Day, 1943) – sequel to
Dragon Seed
; serialized in
Asia and the Americas
Asia
) (11/1942–10/1943)
China Flight
(Philadelphia: Triangle Books/Blakiston Company, 1945) – China trilogy #3; serialized in
Collier's Weekly
magazine (2–4/1943)
Portrait of a Marriage
(New York: John Day, 1945) – illustrated by
Charles Hargens
The Townsman
(New York: John Day, 1945) – as John Sedges
Pavilion of Women
(New York: John Day, 1946) – made into a feature film
Pavilion of Women
(Universal Focus, 2001)
The Angry Wife
(New York: John Day, 1947) – as John Sedges
Peony
(New York: John Day, 1948) – published in the UK as
The Bondmaid
(London: T. Brun, 1949); – serialized in
Cosmopolitan
(3–4/1948)
Kinfolk
(New York: John Day, 1949) – serialized in
Ladies' Home Journal
(10/1948–2/1949)
The Long Love
(New York: John Day, 1949) – as John Sedges
God's Men
(New York: John Day, 1951)
Sylvia
(1951) – alternate title
No Time for Love
, serialized in
Redbook
magazine (1951)
Bright Procession
(New York: John Day, 1952) – as John Sedges
The Hidden Flower
(New York: John Day, 1952) – serialized in
Woman's Home Companion
magazine (3–4/1952)
Come, My Beloved
(New York: John Day, 1953)
Voices in the House
(New York: John Day, 1953) – as John Sedges
Imperial Woman
The Story of the Last Empress of China (New York: John Day, 1956) – about
Empress Dowager Cixi
; serialized in
Woman's Home Companion
(3–4/1956)
Letter from Peking
(New York: John Day, 1957)
American Triptych: Three John Sedges Novels
(New York: John Day, 1958) – includes
The Townsman
The Long Love
Voices in the House
Command the Morning
(New York: John Day, 1959)
Satan Never Sleeps
(New York: Pocket Books, 1962)
The Living Reed
A Novel of Korea
(New York: John Day, 1963)
Death in the Castle
(New York: John Day, 1965)
The Time Is Noon
(New York: John Day, 1966)
The New Year
(New York: John Day, 1968)
The Three Daughters of Madame Liang
(London: Methuen, 1969)
Mandala
: A Novel of India
(New York: John Day, 1970)
The Goddess Abides
(New York: John Day, 1972)
All under Heaven
(New York: John Day, 1973)
The Rainbow
(New York: John Day, 1974)
The Eternal Wonder
(believed to have been written shortly before her death, published in October 2013)
55
Non-fiction
edit
Is There a Case for Foreign Missions?
(New York: John Day, 1932)
The Chinese Novel: Nobel Lecture Delivered before the Swedish Academy at Stockholm
, December 12, 1938 (New York: John Day, 1939)
56
Of Men and Women
(New York: John Day, 1941) – Essays
American Unity and Asia
(New York: John Day, 1942) – UK edition titled
Asia and Democracy
, London: Macmillan, 1943) – Essays
What America Means to Me
(New York: John Day, 1943) – UK edition (London: Methuen, 1944) – Essays
Talk about Russia (with Masha Scott)
(New York: John Day, 1945) – serialized in
Asia and the Americas
magazine (
Asia
) as
Talks with Masha
(1945)
Tell the People: Talks with
James Yen
about the Mass Education Movement
(New York: John Day, 1945)
How It Happens: Talk about the German People, 1914–1933
, with Erna von Pustau (New York: John Day, 1947)
American Argument
with
Eslanda Goode Robeson
(New York: John Day, 1949)
The Child Who Never Grew
(New York: John Day, 1950)
The Man Who Changed China: The Story of Sun Yat-sen
(New York: John Day, 1953) – for children
Friend to Friend: A Candid Exchange between Pearl S. Buck and
Carlos P. Romulo
(New York: John Day, 1958)
For Spacious Skies
(1966)
The People of Japan
(1966)
To My Daughters, with Love
(New York: John Day, 1967)
The Kennedy Women
(1970)
China as I See It
(1970)
The Story Bible
(1971)
Pearl S. Buck's Oriental Cookbook
(1972)
Words of Love
(1974)
57
Short stories
edit
Collections
edit
The First Wife and Other Stories
(London: Methuen, 1933) – includes: "The First Wife", "The Old Mother", "The Frill", "The Quarrell", "Repatriated", "The Rainy Day", "Wang Lung", "The Communist", "Father Andrea", "The New Road", "Barren Spring", *"The Refugees", "Fathers and Mothers", "The Good River"
Today and Forever: Stories of China
(New York: John Day, 1941) – includes: "The Lesson", The Angel", "Mr. Binney's Afternoon", "The Dance", "Shanghai Scene", "Hearts Come Home", "His Own Country", "Tiger! Tiger!", "Golden flower", "The Face of Buddha", "Guerrilla Mother", "A Man's Foes", "The Old Demon"
Twenty-seven Stories
(Garden City, NY: Sun Dial Press, 1943) – includes (from
The First Wife and Other Stories
): "The First Wife", "The Old Mother", "The Frill", "The Quarrell", "Repatriated", "The Rainy Day", Wang Lung", "The Communist", "Father Andrea", "The New Road", "Barren Spring", *"The Refugees", "Fathers and Mothers", "The Good River"; and (from
Today and Forever: Stories of China
): "The Lesson", The Angel", "Mr. Binney's Afternoon", "The Dance", "Shanghai Scene", "Hearts Come Home", "His Own Country", "Tiger! Tiger!", "Golden flower", "The Face of Buddha", "Guerrilla Mother", "A Man's Foes", "The Old Demon"
Far and Near: Stories of Japan, China, and America
(New York: John Day, 1947) – includes: "The Enemy", "Home Girl", "Mr. Right", "The Tax Collector", "A Few People", "Home to Heaven", "Enough for a Lifetime", "Mother and Sons", "Mrs. Mercer and Her Self", "The Perfect Wife", "Virgin birth", "The Truce", "Heat Wave", "The One Woman"
Fourteen Stories
(New York: John Day, 1961) – includes: "A Certain Star," "The Beauty", "Enchantment", "With a Delicate Air", "Beyond Language", "Parable of Plain People", "The Commander and the Commissar", "Begin to Live", "The Engagement", "Melissa", "Gift of Laughter", "Death and the Dawn", "The Silver Butterfly", "Francesca"
Hearts Come Home and Other Stories
(New York: Pocket Books, 1962)
Stories of China
(1964)
Escape at Midnight and Other Stories
(1964)
The Good Deed, and other Stories of Asia, Past and Present
(1970)
East and West Stories
(1975)
Secrets of the Heart: Stories
(1976)
The Lovers and Other Stories
(1977)
Mrs. Stoner and the Sea and Other Stories
(1978)
The Woman Who Was Changed and Other Stories
(1979)
Beauty Shop Series
: "Revenge in a Beauty Shop" (1939) – original title "The Perfect Hairdresser"
Beauty Shop Series
: "Gold Mine" (1940)
Beauty Shop Series
: "Mrs. Whittaker's Secret"/"The Blonde Brunette" (1940)
Beauty Shop Series
: "Procession of Song" (1940)
Beauty Shop Series
: "Snake at the Picnic" (1940) – published as "Seed of Sin" (1941)
Beauty Shop Series
: "Seed of Sin" (1941) – published as "Snake at the Picnic (1940)
Individual short stories
edit
Unknown title (1902) – first published story, pen name "Novice",
Shanghai Mercury
"The Real Santa Claus" (c. 1911)
"Village by the Sea" (1911)
"By the Hand of a Child" (1912)
"The Hours of Worship" (1914)
"When 'Lof' Comes" (1914)
"The Clutch of the Ancients" (1924)
"The Rainy Day" (c. 1925)
"A Chinese Woman Speaks" (1926)
"Lao Wang, the Farmer" (1926)
"The Solitary Priest" (1926)
"The Revolutionist" (1928) – later published as "Wang Lung" (1933)
"The Wandering Little God" (1928)
"Father Andrea" (1929)
"The New Road" (1930)
"Singing to her Death" (1930)
"The Barren Spring" (1931)
"The First Wife" (1931)
"The Old Chinese Nurse" (1932)
"The Quarrel" (1932)
"The Communist" (1933)
"Fathers and Mothers" (1933)
"The Frill" (1933)
"Hidden is the Golden Dragon" (1933)
"The Lesson" (1933) – later published as "No Other Gods" (1936; original title used in short story collections)
"The Old Mother" (1933)
"The Refugees" (1933)
"Repatriated" (1933)
"The Return" (1933)
"The River" (1933) – later published as "The Good River" (1939)
"The Two Women" (1933)
"The Beautiful Ladies" (1934) – later published as "Mr. Binney's Afternoon" (1935)
"Fool's Sacrifice" (1934)
"Shanghai Scene" (1934)
"Wedding and Funeral" (1934)
"Between These Two" (1935)
"The Dance" (1935)
"Enough for a Lifetime" (1935)
"Hearts Come Home" (1935)
"Heat Wave" (1935)
"His Own Country" (1935)
"The Perfect Wife" (1935)
"Vignette of Love" (1935) – later published as "Next Saturday and Forever" (1977)
"The Crusade" (1936)
"Strangers Are Kind" (1936)
"The Truce" (1936)
"What the Heart Must" (1937) – later published as "Someone to Remember" (1947)
"The Angel" (1937)
"Faithfully" (1937)
"Ko-Sen, the Sacrificed" (1937)
"Now and Forever" (1937) – serialized in
Woman's Home Companion
magazine (10/1936–3/1937)
"The Woman Who Was Changed" (1937) – serialized in
Redbook
magazine (7–9/1937)
"The Pearls of O-lan" – from
The Good Earth
(1938)
"Ransom" (1938)
"Tiger! Tiger!" (1938)
"Wonderful Woman" (1938) – serialized in
Redbook
magazine (6–8/1938)
"For a Thing Done" (1939) – originally titled "While You Are Here"
"The Old Demon" (1939) – reprinted in
Great Modern Short Stories: An Anthology of Twelve Famous Stories and Novelettes
, selected, and with a foreword and biographical notes by
Bennett Cerf
(New York: The Modern library, 1942)
"The Face of Gold" (1940, in
Saturday Evening Post
) – later published as "The Face of Buddha" (1941)
"Golden Flower" (1940)
"Iron" (1940) – later published as "A Man's Foes" (1940)
"The Old Signs Fail" (1940)
"Stay as You Are" (1940) – serialized in
Cosmopolitan
(3–7/1940)
"There Was No Peace" (1940) – later published as "Guerrilla Mother" (1941)
"Answer to Life" (novella; 1941)
"More Than a Woman" (1941) – originally titled "Deny It if You Can"
"Our Daily Bread" (1941) – originally titled "A Man's Daily Bread, 1–3", serialized in
Redbook
magazine (2–4/1941), longer version published as
Portrait of a Marriage
(1945)
The Enemy
(1942,
Harper's Magazine
) – staged by the Indian "Aamra Kajon" (Drama Society), on the Bengal Theatre Festival 2019
58
"John-John Chinaman" (1942) – original title "John Chinaman"
"The Long Way 'Round" – serialized in
Cosmopolitan
(9/1942–2/1943)
"Mrs. Barclay's Christmas Present" (1942) – later published as "Gift of Laughter" (1943)
"Descent into China" (1944)
"Journey for Life" (1944) – originally titled "Spark of Life"
"The Real Thing" (1944) – serialized in
Cosmopolitan
(2–6/1944); originally intendeds as a serial "Harmony Hill" (1938)
"Begin to Live" (1945)
"Mother and Sons" (1945)
"A Time to Love" (1945) – later published under its original title "The Courtyards of Peace" (1969)
"Big Tooth Yang" (1946) – later published as "The Tax Collector" (1947)
"The Conqueror's Girl" (1946) – later published as "Home Girl" (1947)
"Faithfully Yours" (1947)
"Home to Heaven" (1947)
"Incident at Wang's Corner" (1947) – later published as "A Few People" (1947)
"Mr. Right" (1947)
"Mrs. Mercer and Her Self" (1947)
"The One Woman" (1947)
"Virgin Birth" (1947)
"Francesca" (
Good Housekeeping
magazine, 1948)
"The Ember" (1949)
"The Tryst" (1950)
"Love and the Morning Calm" – serialized in
Redbook
magazine (1–4/1951)
"The Man Called Dead" (1952)
"Death and the Spring" (1953)
"Moon over Manhattan" (1953)
"The Three Daughters" (1953)
"The Unwritten Rules" (1953)
"The Couple Who Lived on the Moon" (1953) – later published as "The Engagement" (1961)
"A Husband for Lili" (1953) – later published as "The Good Deed" (1969)
"The Heart's Beginning" (1954)
"The Shield of Love" (1954)
"Christmas Day in the Morning" (1955) – later published as "The Gift That Lasts a Lifetime"
"Death and the Dawn" (1956)
"Mariko" (1956)
"A Certain Star" (1957)
"Honeymoon Blues" (1957)
"China Story" (1958)
"Leading Lady" (1958) – alternately titled "Open the Door, Lady"
"The Secret" (1958)
"With a Delicate Air" (1959)
"The Bomb (Dr. Arthur Compton)" (1959)
"Heart of a Man" (1959)
"Melissa" (1960)
"The Silver Butterfly" (1960)
"The Beauty" (1961)
"Beyond Language" (1961)
"The Commander and the Commissar" (1961)
"Enchantment" (1961)
"Parable of Plain People" (1961)
"A Field of Rice" (1962)
"A Grandmother's Christmas" (1962) – later published as "This Day to Treasure" (1972)
""Never Trust the Moonlight" (1962) – later published as "The Green Sari" (1962)
"The Cockfight, 1963
"A Court of Love" (1963)
"Escape at Midnight" (1963)
"The Lighted Window" (1963)
"Night Nurse" (1963)
"The Sacred Skull" (1963)
"The Trap" (1963)
"India, My India" (1964)
"Ranjit and the Tiger" (1964)
"A Certain Wisdom" (1967, in
Woman's Day
magazine)
"Stranger Come Home" (1967)
"The House They Built" (1968, in
Boys' Life
magazine)
"The Orphan in My Home" (1968)
"Secrets of the Heart" (1968)
"All the Days of Love and Courage" 1969) – later published as "The Christmas Child" (1972)
"Dagger in the Dark" (1969)
"Duet in Asia" (1969; written 1953
"Going Home" (1969)
"Letter Home" (1969; written 1943)
"Sunrise at Juhu" (1969)
"Two in Love" (1970) – later published as "The Strawberry Vase" (1976)
"The Gifts of Joy" (1971)
"Once upon a Christmas" (1971)
"The Christmas Secret" (1972)
"Christmas Story" (1972)
"In Loving Memory" (1972) – later published as "Mrs. Stoner and the Sea" (1976)
"The New Christmas" (1972)
"The Miracle Child" (1973)
"Mrs. Barton Declines" (1973) – later published as "Mrs. Barton's Decline" and "Mrs. Barton's Resurrection" (1976)
"Darling Let Me Stay" (1975) – excerpt from "Once upon a Christmas" (1971)
"Dream Child" (1975)
"The Golden Bowl" (1975; written 1942)
"Letter from India" (1975)
"To Whom a Child is Born" (1975)
"Alive again" (1976)
"Come Home My Son" (1976)
"Here and Now" (1976; written 1941)
"Morning in the Park" (1976; written 1948)
"Search for a Star" (1976)
"To Thine Own Self" (1976)
"The Woman in the Waves" (1976; written 1953)
"The Kiss" (1977)
"The Lovers" (1977)
"Miranda" (1977)
"The Castle" (1979; written 1949)
"A Pleasant Evening" (1979; written 1948)
Christmas Miniature
(New York: John Day, 1957) – in UK as
Christmas Mouse
(London: Methuen, 1959) – illustrated by Anna Marie Magagna
Christmas Ghost
(New York: John Day, 1960) – illustrated by Anna Marie Magagna
Unpublished stories
"The Good Rich Man" (1937, unsold)
"The Sheriff" (1937, unsold)
"High and Mighty" (1938, unsold)
"Mrs. Witler's Husband" (1938, unsold)
"Mother and Daughter" (1938, unsold; alternate title "My Beloved")
"Mother without Child" (1940, unsold)
"Instead of Diamonds" (1953, unsold)
Unpublished stories, undated
"The Assignation" (submitted not sold)
"The Big Dance" (unsold)
"The Bleeding Heart" (unsold)
"The Bullfrog" (unsold)
"The Day at Dawn" (unpublished)
"The Director"
"Heart of the Jungle (submitted, unsold)
"Images" (sold but unpublished)
"Lesson in Biology" / "Useless Wife" (unsold)
"Morning in Okinawa" (unsold)
"Mrs. Jones of Jerrell Street" (unsold)
"One of Our People" (sold, unpublished)
"Summer Fruit" (unsold)
"Three Nights with Love" (submitted, unsold) – original title "More Than a Woman"
"Too Many Flowers" (unsold)
"Wang the Ancient" (unpublished)
"Wang the White Boy" (unpublished)
Stories: Date unknown
"Church Woman"
"Crucifixion"
"Dear Son"
"Escape Me Never" – alternate title of "For a Thing Done"
"The Great Soul"
"Her Father's Wife"
"Horse Face"
"Lennie"
"The Magic Dragon"
"Mrs. Jones of Jerrell Street" (unsold)
"Night of the Dance"
"One and Two"
"Pleasant Vampire"
"Rhoda and Mike"
"The Royal Family"
"The Searcher"
"Steam and Snow"
"Tinder and the Flame"
"The War Chest"
"To Work the Sleeping Land"
Children's books and stories
edit
The Young Revolutionist
(New York: John Day, 1932) – for children
Stories for Little Children
(New York: John Day, 1940) – pictures by Weda Yap
"When Fun Begins" (1941)
The Chinese Children Next Door
(New York: John Day, 1942)
The Water Buffalo Children
(New York: John Day, 1943) – drawings by William Arthur Smith
Dragon Fish
(New York: John Day, 1944) – illustrated by Esther Brock Bird
Yu Lan: Flying Boy of China
(New York: John Day, 1945) – drawings by Georg T. Hartmann
The Big Wave
(New York: John Day, 1948) – illustrated with prints by
Hiroshige
and
Hokusai
– for children
One Bright Day
(New York: John Day, 1950) – published in the UK as
One Bright Day and Other Stories for Children
(1952)
The Beech Tree
(New York: John Day, 1954) – illustrated by
Kurt Werth
– for children
"Johnny Jack and His Beginnings" (New York: John Day, 1954)
“Christmas Day in the Morning” (1955) (Copyright renewed 1983, illustrations copyright 2002 by Mark Buehner. Harper Collin's Publishers.
Christmas Miniature
(1957) – published in the UK as
The Christmas Mouse
(1958)
"The Christmas Ghost" (1960)
"Welcome Child (1964)
"The Big Fight" (1965)
"The Little Fox in the Middle" (1966)
Matthew, Mark, Luke and John
(New York: John Day, 1967) – set in South Korea
"The Chinese Storyteller" (1971)
"A Gift for the Children" (1973)
"Mrs Starling's Problem" (1973)
Television credits
edit
Omnibus
(1957) as herself [episode "Brewsie and Willie"]
Person to Person
(1956) as herself [season 3, episode 29]
The Alcoa Hour
(1956) - screenwriter [season 2, episode 2; "The Big Wave"]
Robert Montgomery Presents
(1957) - screenwriter [season 8, episode 26; "The Enemy"]
Film credits
edit
The Good Earth
(1937)
Dragon Seed
(1944)
China Sky
(1945)
The Big Wave
(1961) - Official film debut; Screenwriter [with
Tad Danielewski
] and executive producer
The Guide
(1965) - Screenwriter
China: The Roots of Madness
(1967) as herself
Awards and recognition
edit
Sign for the Pearl S. Buck Meeting Room, photographed outside of the Doylestown Branch of
Bucks County
Free Library in 2025.
Pulitzer Prize for the Novel
The Good Earth
(1932)
William Dean Howells Medal
(1935)
Nobel Prize in Literature
(1938)
Child Study Association of America's Children's Book Award (now Bank Street Children's Book Committee's
Josette Frank Award
):
The Big Wave
(1948)
Museums and historic houses
edit
Pearl S. Buck's study in Lushan Pearl S. Buck Villa
Several historic sites work to preserve and display artifacts from Pearl's profoundly multicultural life:
The Pearl S. Buck Summer Villa, in
Kuling town
Mount Lu
Jiujiang
, China
Pearl S. Buck House in Nanjing University, China
[2]
The Zhenjiang Pearl S. Buck Research Association and former residence in Zhenjiang, China
[3]
Pearl S. Buck Birthplace
in
Hillsboro, West Virginia
Green Hills Farm
in
Bucks County, Pennsylvania
The Pearl S. Buck Memorial Hall, Bucheon City, South Korea
59
See also
edit
Christian feminism
List of female Nobel laureates
References
edit
The Nobel Prize in Literature 1938
Accessed March 9, 2013
"Kuling American School Association – Americans Who Still Call Lushan Home"
Kuling American School Association 美国学堂 Website
. Retrieved
July 23,
2021
Conn,
Pearl S. Buck
, 70–82.
Lian Xi,
The Conversion of Missionaries
, University Park, PA: Penn State University Press, 1996) 102
ISBN
0271064382
Smylie, James H. (January 2004).
"Pearl Buck's "Several Worlds" and the "Inasmuch" of Christ"
Theology Today
60
(4):
540–
554.
doi
10.1177/004057360406000407
. Retrieved
January 22,
2024
Absalom Sydenstricker, of German ancestry, was born into a strict Presbyterian family of Greenbrier County, Virginia... Carie, Pearl's mother, was born a Stulting in Hillsboro (where Pearl also was born), of Dutch stock leavened by French yeast stirred into the ancestral mix.
Shavit, David (1990),
The United States in Asia: a historical dictionary
, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 480,
ISBN
0-313-26788-X
(Entry for "Sydenstricker, Absalom")
"赛兆祥墓碑"
mylushan.com
. Retrieved
July 22,
2021
"Pearl S. Buck house in Zhenjiang"
. Retrieved
July 22,
2021
"Grace Sydenstricker Yaukey papers, 1934–1968"
. Orbis Cascade Alliance
. Retrieved
January 17,
2019
"Grace S. Yaukey Dies"
The Washington Post
. May 5, 1994
. Retrieved
January 18,
2019
Pearl S. Buck,
My Several Worlds: A Personal Record
(New York: John Day, 1954) p. 10.
Peter Conn,
Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Biography
, Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996) 9, 19–23
ISBN
0521560802
Mary Ellen Snodgrass (2016).
American Women Speak
. ABC-Clio. p. 115.
ISBN
978-1-4408-3785-2
Gould Hunter Thomas (2004).
"Nanking"
An American in China, 1936–1939: A Memoir
. Greatrix Press.
ISBN
978-0-9758800-0-5
Graves, Kori A. (2019).
"Amerasian Children, Hybrid Superiority and Pearl S. Buck's Transracial and Transnational Adoption Activism"
(PDF)
Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
143
(2): 194.
doi
10.1353/pmh.2019.0016
S2CID
150848411
– via Gwern.net.
"Reader thanks Pearl Buck for 'beautiful stories' by tending her daughter's unmarked grave"
The Daily Journal
. Retrieved
July 24,
2023
Conn,
Pearl S. Buck
, 345.
Courtney, Chris (2018),
"The Nature of Disaster in China: The 1931 Central China Flood"
, Cambridge University Press [
ISBN
978-1-108-41777-8
Pearl S. Buck, "Is There a Case for Foreign Missions?,"
Harper's
166 (January 1933): 143–155.
Melvin, Sheila (2006).
"The Resurrection of Pearl Buck"
Wilson Quarterly Archives
. Retrieved
October 24,
2016
Buck, Pearl S.
The Good Earth.
Ed. Peter Conn. New York: Washington Square Press, 1994. pp. xviii–xix.
"Pearl Buck's divorce"
renodivorcehistory.org
. Retrieved
October 15,
2015
"A Chinese Fan Of Pearl S. Buck Returns The Favor"
NPR
. April 7, 2010.
"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1938"
NobelPrize.org
Nobel Lecture (1938)
The Chinese Novel
Conn,
Pearl S. Buck
, xv–xvi.
Lipscomb, Elizabeth Johnston "Pearl S. Buck." e-WV: The West Virginia Encyclopedia. 04 January 2023. Web. 01 April 2023.
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Pearl S. Buck". Encyclopedia Britannica, 2 Mar. 2023,
. Accessed 1 April 2023.
amy.gress.
"Home"
Pearl S Buck
. Retrieved
February 25,
2019
Pearl S. Buck International, "
Our History
Archived
2006-12-31 at the
Wayback Machine
," 2009.
"Pearl Buck's son speaks of her love: In Bucks Library, he recalls happy childhood at Green Hills Farm"
The Morning Call
. March 20, 2001
. Retrieved
July 23,
2023
{{
cite news
}}
: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (
link
Cesarani, David. (2005).
Eichmann: his life and crimes
. London: Vintage. pp.
319–
20.
ISBN
0-09-944844-0
OCLC
224240952
"The trial of Adolf Eichmann - Verdict - Exhibition Eichmann on Trial, Jerusalem 1961 – Shoah Memorial"
juger-eichmann.memorialdelashoah.org
. Retrieved
July 7,
2022
Crean, Jeffrey (2024).
The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History
. New Approaches to International History series. London, UK:
Bloomsbury Academic
ISBN
978-1-350-23394-2
"The Pearl S. Buck Birthplace Foundation"
. Archived from
the original
on March 25, 2015
. Retrieved
September 27,
2008
Buck, Pearl S.
My Mother's House.
Richwood, WV: Appalachian Press. pp. 30–31.
DDMap.com: 赛珍珠故居
(in Chinese), archived from
the original
on April 2, 2015
, retrieved
February 21,
2010
Walter, Greg (1991),
'Philadelphia', as quoted"
, in Sam G. Riley; Gary W. Selnow (eds.),
Regional Interest Magazines of the United States
, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 259,
ISBN
978-0-313-26840-3
Conn (1996)
, p. 376.
"Crumbling Foundation".
Time
. Vol. 94, no. 4. July 25, 1969. p. 66.
Conn, Peter,
Dragon and the Pearl
Benoit, Brian,
[1]
. This article only mentions the meaning of the second two characters, precious pearl, which in common language is simply the two character word for pearl.
"Pearl Buck's 7 Adopted Children Win Six-Year Battle Over Estate"
The New York Times
. November 18, 1979.
ISSN
0362-4331
. Retrieved
July 24,
2023
E.G. (1933). "Rev. of
Sons
".
Pacific Affairs
(2/3):
112–
15.
doi
10.2307/2750834
JSTOR
2750834
Conn,
Pearl S. Buck
, xii–xiv.
Liao, Kang (1997).
Pearl S. Buck: a cultural bridge across the Pacific
. Greenwood. p. 4.
ISBN
978-0-313-30146-9
Bentley, Phyllis (1935). "The Art of Pearl S. Buck".
The English Journal
24
(10):
791–
800.
doi
10.2307/804849
JSTOR
804849
NPR, "
A Chinese Fan Of Pearl S. Buck Returns The Favor
", All Things Considered, April 7, 2010. Accessed 7/4/10
"Buck, Pearl S."
National Women's Hall of Fame
Smithsonian National Postal Museum.
"Great Americans Issue: 5-cent Buck"
. Archived from
the original
on September 20, 2006
. Retrieved
August 14,
2013
"Honorees: 2010 National Women's History Month"
Women's History Month
National Women's History Project
. 2010. Archived from
the original
on August 28, 2014
. Retrieved
November 14,
2011
Pearl S. Buck International: House Archives
, archived from
the original
on June 10, 2017
, retrieved
October 24,
2016
Pearl S. Buck Collection: About the Collection
, retrieved
October 24,
2016
"East Wind: West Wind by Pearl S. Buck"
Fantasticfiction
. Retrieved
April 6,
2015
Julie Bosman (May 21, 2013).
"A Pearl Buck Novel, New After 4 Decades"
New York Times
Pearl S. Buck's Nobel Lecture
"9780381982638: Words of Love – AbeBooks – Pearl S Buck: 0381982637"
www.abebooks.com
"Play review |
The Enemy
: Say no to war"
. The Statesman. March 15, 2019
. Retrieved
September 13,
2019
"Pearl S. Buck International: Other Pearl S. Buck Historic Places"
. Psbi.org. September 30, 2006. Archived from
the original
on July 19, 2011
. Retrieved
February 25,
2010
Further reading
edit
Conn, Peter J. (1996),
Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Biography
, Cambridge England; New York: Cambridge University Press,
ISBN
0-521-56080-2
Harris, Theodore F. (in consultation with Pearl S. Buck),
Pearl S. Buck: a Biography
(John Day, 1969.
ISBN
978-0-381-98113-6
Theodore F. Harris (in consultation with Pearl S. Buck),
Pearl S. Buck; a biography. Volume two: Her philosophy as expressed in her letters
(John Day, 1971.
ASIN
B002BAA2PU
Hayford, Charles W (2009). "Introduction".
The Exile: Portrait of an American Mother
. Norwalk, CT: EastBridge.
ISBN
978-1-59988-005-1
Hunt, Michael H. "Pearl Buck-Popular Expert on China, 1931-1949."
Modern China
3.1 (1977): 33–64.
Jean So, Richard. "Fictions of Natural Democracy: Pearl Buck, The Good Earth, and the Asian American Subject."
Representations
112.1 (2010): 87–111.
Kang, Liao.
Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Bridge across the Pacific
. (Westport, CT, London: Greenwood, Contributions to the Study of World Literature 77, 1997).
ISBN
0-313-30146-8
Leong. Karen J.
The China Mystique: Pearl S. Buck, Anna May Wong, Mayling Soong, and the Transformation of American Orientalism
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005).
ISBN
0520244222
Lipscomb, Elizabeth Johnston, Frances E. Webb and Peter J. Conn, eds.,
The Several Worlds of Pearl S. Buck: Essays Presented at a Centennial Symposium, Randolph-Macon Woman's College, March 26–28, 1992
. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, Contributions in Women's Studies, 1994.
ISBN
0313291527
Roan, Jeanette (2010). "Knowing China: Accuracy, Authenticity and The Good Earth".
Envisioning Asia: On Location, Travel, and the Cinematic Geography of U.S. Orientalism
Ann Arbor, Michigan
University of Michigan Press
. pp.
113–
55.
ISBN
978-0-472-05083-3
OCLC
671655107
Shaffer, Robert. "Women and international relations: Pearl S. Buck's critique of the Cold War."
Journal of Women's History
11.3 (1999): 151–175.
Spurling, Hilary
Burying the Bones: Pearl Buck in China
(London: Profile, 2010)
ISBN
9781861978288
Stirling, Nora B.
Pearl Buck, a Woman in Conflict
(Piscataway, NJ: New Century Publishers, 1983).
Suh, Chris. ""America's Gunpowder Women" Pearl S. Buck and the Struggle for American Feminism, 1937–1941."
Pacific Historical Review
88.2 (2019): 175-207.
online
Vriesekoop, Bettine
(2021),
Het China-gevoel van Pearl S. Buck
(The China-feeling of Pearl S. Buck)
, Uitgeverij Brandt
Wacker, Grant. "Pearl S. Buck and the Waning of the Missionary Impulse"
Church history
72.4 (2003): 852–874.
Xi Lian.
The Conversion of Missionaries: Liberalism in American Protestant Missions in China, 1907–1932
. (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997).
ISBN
027101606X
Mari Yoshihara
Embracing the East: White Women and American Orientalism
. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003).
ISBN
019514533X
External links
edit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Pearl S. Buck
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Pearl S. Buck
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has original works by or about:
Pearl Sydenstricker Buck
Digital collections
Works by Pearl S. Buck in eBook form
at
Standard Ebooks
Works by Pearl S. Buck
at
Project Gutenberg
Works by Pearl S. Buck
at
LibriVox
(public domain audiobooks)
Physical collections
The Zhenjiang Pearl S. Buck Research Association, China
(in Chinese &
University of Pennsylvania website dedicated to Pearl S. Buck
National Trust for Historic Preservation on the Pearl S. Buck House Restoration
"Pearl S. Buck 5 cent issue"
Great Americans series
. Smithsonian Institution National Postal Museum. Archived from
the original
on September 20, 2006
. Retrieved
March 10,
2012
The Pearl S. Buck Literary Manuscripts and Other Collections at the West Virginia & Regional History Collection, WVU Libraries
Spring, Kelly.
"Pearl Buck"
. National Women's History Museum.
A House Divided
Manuscript
at Dartmouth College Library
Biographical information
Pearl S. Buck fuller bibliography at WorldCat
Pearl Buck
on Nobelprize.org
Petri Liukkonen.
"Pearl S. Buck"
Books and Writers
Pearl S. Buck
at
IMDb
Presentation by Peter Conn on
Pearl S. Buck: A Cultural Biography
, March 5, 1997
C-SPAN
Other links
The Pearl S. Buck Birthplace in Pocahontas County West Virginia
Pearl S. Buck International
List of Works
Pearl Buck
Archived
May 18, 2018, at the
Wayback Machine
interviewed by
Mike Wallace
on
The Mike Wallace Interview
February 8, 1958
Pearl S. Buck
at
Find a Grave
FBI Records: The Vault – Pearl Buck
at fbi.gov
Pearl S. Buck
The Good Earth
trilogy
The Good Earth
(1931)
Sons
(1932)
A House Divided
(1935)
Other novels
East Wind: West Wind
(1930)
The Mother
(1934)
China Sky
(1941)
Dragon Seed
(1942)
The Big Wave
(1948)
Peony
(1948)
Imperial Woman
(1956)
Letter from Peking
(1957)
The Living Reed
(1963)
Mandala
(1970)
Memoirs
The Exile
(1936)
Fighting Angel
(1936)
A Bridge for Passing
(1962)
Short stories
The Old Demon
" (1939)
Film adaptations
The Good Earth
(1937)
Dragon Seed
(1944)
China Sky
(1945)
The Big Wave
(1961)
Satan Never Sleeps
(1962)
Pavilion of Women
(2001)
Museums
Pearl S. Buck Birthplace
Green Hills Farm
People
John Lossing Buck
(husband)
Richard J. Walsh
(second husband)
Absalom Sydenstricker
(father)
Edgar Sydenstricker
(brother)
Alma Willis Sydenstricker
(aunt)
Laureates
of the
Nobel Prize in Literature
1901–1920
1901
Sully Prudhomme
1902
Theodor Mommsen
1903
Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson
1904
Frédéric Mistral
José Echegaray
1905
Henryk Sienkiewicz
1906
Giosuè Carducci
1907
Rudyard Kipling
1908
Rudolf Eucken
1909
Selma Lagerlöf
1910
Paul Heyse
1911
Maurice Maeterlinck
1912
Gerhart Hauptmann
1913
Rabindranath Tagore
1914
1915
Romain Rolland
1916
Verner von Heidenstam
1917
Karl Gjellerup
Henrik Pontoppidan
1918
1919
Carl Spitteler
1920
Knut Hamsun
1921–1940
1921
Anatole France
1922
Jacinto Benavente
1923
W. B. Yeats
1924
Władysław Reymont
1925
George Bernard Shaw
1926
Grazia Deledda
1927
Henri Bergson
1928
Sigrid Undset
1929
Thomas Mann
1930
Sinclair Lewis
1931
Erik Axel Karlfeldt
posthumously
1932
John Galsworthy
1933
Ivan Bunin
1934
Luigi Pirandello
1935
1936
Eugene O'Neill
1937
Roger Martin du Gard
1938
Pearl S. Buck
1939
Frans Eemil Sillanpää
1940
1941–1960
1941
1942
1943
1944
Johannes V. Jensen
1945
Gabriela Mistral
1946
Hermann Hesse
1947
André Gide
1948
T. S. Eliot
1949
William Faulkner
1950
Bertrand Russell
1951
Pär Lagerkvist
1952
François Mauriac
1953
Winston Churchill
1954
Ernest Hemingway
1955
Halldór Laxness
1956
Juan Ramón Jiménez
1957
Albert Camus
1958
Boris Pasternak
1959
Salvatore Quasimodo
1960
Saint-John Perse
1961–1980
1961
Ivo Andrić
1962
John Steinbeck
1963
Giorgos Seferis
1964
Jean-Paul Sartre
(declined award)
1965
Mikhail Sholokhov
1966
Shmuel Yosef Agnon
Nelly Sachs
1967
Miguel Ángel Asturias
1968
Yasunari Kawabata
1969
Samuel Beckett
1970
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
1971
Pablo Neruda
1972
Heinrich Böll
1973
Patrick White
1974
Eyvind Johnson
Harry Martinson
1975
Eugenio Montale
1976
Saul Bellow
1977
Vicente Aleixandre
1978
Isaac Bashevis Singer
1979
Odysseas Elytis
1980
Czesław Miłosz
1981–2000
1981
Elias Canetti
1982
Gabriel García Márquez
1983
William Golding
1984
Jaroslav Seifert
1985
Claude Simon
1986
Wole Soyinka
1987
Joseph Brodsky
1988
Naguib Mahfouz
1989
Camilo José Cela
1990
Octavio Paz
1991
Nadine Gordimer
1992
Derek Walcott
1993
Toni Morrison
1994
Kenzaburō Ōe
1995
Seamus Heaney
1996
Wisława Szymborska
1997
Dario Fo
1998
José Saramago
1999
Günter Grass
2000
Gao Xingjian
2001–2020
2001
V. S. Naipaul
2002
Imre Kertész
2003
J. M. Coetzee
2004
Elfriede Jelinek
2005
Harold Pinter
2006
Orhan Pamuk
2007
Doris Lessing
2008
J. M. G. Le Clézio
2009
Herta Müller
2010
Mario Vargas Llosa
2011
Tomas Tranströmer
2012
Mo Yan
2013
Alice Munro
2014
Patrick Modiano
2015
Svetlana Alexievich
2016
Bob Dylan
2017
Kazuo Ishiguro
2018
Olga Tokarczuk
2019
Peter Handke
2020
Louise Glück
2021–present
2021
Abdulrazak Gurnah
2022
Annie Ernaux
2023
Jon Fosse
2024
Han Kang
2025
László Krasznahorkai
2026
to be determined
1938
Nobel Prize
laureates
Chemistry
Richard Kuhn
(Germany)
Literature
1938
Pearl S. Buck
(United States)
Peace
Nansen International Office for Refugees
(Switzerland)
Physics
Enrico Fermi
(Italy)
Physiology or Medicine
Corneille Heymans
(Belgium)
Nobel Prize recipients
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
Pulitzer Prize for Fiction
Previously the Pulitzer Prize for the Novel from 1917–1947
1918–1925
His Family
by
Ernest Poole
(1918)
The Magnificent Ambersons
by
Booth Tarkington
(1919)
The Age of Innocence
by
Edith Wharton
(1921)
Alice Adams
by
Booth Tarkington
(1922)
One of Ours
by
Willa Cather
(1923)
The Able McLaughlins
by
Margaret Wilson
(1924)
So Big
by
Edna Ferber
(1925)
1926–1950
Arrowsmith
by
Sinclair Lewis
(1926; declined)
Early Autumn
by
Louis Bromfield
(1927)
The Bridge of San Luis Rey
by
Thornton Wilder
(1928)
Scarlet Sister Mary
by
Julia Peterkin
(1929)
Laughing Boy
by
Oliver La Farge
(1930)
Years of Grace
by
Margaret Ayer Barnes
(1931)
The Good Earth
by
Pearl S. Buck
(1932)
The Store
by
Thomas Sigismund Stribling
(1933)
Lamb in His Bosom
by
Caroline Pafford Miller
(1934)
Now in November
by
Josephine Winslow Johnson
(1935)
Honey in the Horn
by
Harold L. Davis
(1936)
Gone with the Wind
by
Margaret Mitchell
(1937)
The Late George Apley
by
John Phillips Marquand
(1938)
The Yearling
by
Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings
(1939)
The Grapes of Wrath
by
John Steinbeck
(1940)
In This Our Life
by
Ellen Glasgow
(1942)
Dragon's Teeth
by
Upton Sinclair
(1943)
Journey in the Dark
by
Martin Flavin
(1944)
A Bell for Adano
by
John Hersey
(1945)
All the King's Men
by
Robert Penn Warren
(1947)
Tales of the South Pacific
by
James A. Michener
(1948)
Guard of Honor
by
James Gould Cozzens
(1949)
The Way West
by
A. B. Guthrie Jr.
(1950)
1951–1975
The Town
by
Conrad Richter
(1951)
The Caine Mutiny
by
Herman Wouk
(1952)
The Old Man and the Sea
by
Ernest Hemingway
(1953)
A Fable
by
William Faulkner
(1955)
Andersonville
by
MacKinlay Kantor
(1956)
A Death in the Family
by
James Agee
(1958)
The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters
by
Robert Lewis Taylor
(1959)
Advise and Consent
by
Allen Drury
(1960)
To Kill a Mockingbird
by
Harper Lee
(1961)
The Edge of Sadness
by
Edwin O'Connor
(1962)
The Reivers
by
William Faulkner
(1963)
The Keepers of the House
by
Shirley Ann Grau
(1965)
The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter
by
Katherine Anne Porter
(1966)
The Fixer
by
Bernard Malamud
(1967)
The Confessions of Nat Turner
by
William Styron
(1968)
House Made of Dawn
by
N. Scott Momaday
(1969)
The Collected Stories of Jean Stafford
by
Jean Stafford
(1970)
Angle of Repose
by
Wallace Stegner
(1972)
The Optimist's Daughter
by
Eudora Welty
(1973)
No award given
(1974)
The Killer Angels
by
Michael Shaara
(1975)
1976–2000
Humboldt's Gift
by
Saul Bellow
(1976)
No award given
(1977)
Elbow Room
by
James Alan McPherson
(1978)
The Stories of John Cheever
by
John Cheever
(1979)
The Executioner's Song
by
Norman Mailer
(1980)
A Confederacy of Dunces
by
John Kennedy Toole
(1981)
Rabbit Is Rich
by
John Updike
(1982)
The Color Purple
by
Alice Walker
(1983)
Ironweed
by
William Kennedy
(1984)
Foreign Affairs
by
Alison Lurie
(1985)
Lonesome Dove
by
Larry McMurtry
(1986)
A Summons to Memphis
by
Peter Taylor
(1987)
Beloved
by
Toni Morrison
(1988)
Breathing Lessons
by
Anne Tyler
(1989)
The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love
by
Oscar Hijuelos
(1990)
Rabbit at Rest
by
John Updike
(1991)
A Thousand Acres
by
Jane Smiley
(1992)
A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain
by
Robert Olen Butler
(1993)
The Shipping News
by
E. Annie Proulx
(1994)
The Stone Diaries
by
Carol Shields
(1995)
Independence Day
by
Richard Ford
(1996)
Martin Dressler: The Tale of an American Dreamer
by
Steven Millhauser
(1997)
American Pastoral
by
Philip Roth
(1998)
The Hours
by
Michael Cunningham
(1999)
Interpreter of Maladies
by
Jhumpa Lahiri
(2000)
2001–present
The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay
by
Michael Chabon
(2001)
Empire Falls
by
Richard Russo
(2002)
Middlesex
by
Jeffrey Eugenides
(2003)
The Known World
by
Edward P. Jones
(2004)
Gilead
by
Marilynne Robinson
(2005)
March
by
Geraldine Brooks
(2006)
The Road
by
Cormac McCarthy
(2007)
The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao
by
Junot Díaz
(2008)
Olive Kitteridge
by
Elizabeth Strout
(2009)
Tinkers
by
Paul Harding
(2010)
A Visit from the Goon Squad
by
Jennifer Egan
(2011)
No award given
(2012)
The Orphan Master's Son
by
Adam Johnson
(2013)
The Goldfinch
by
Donna Tartt
(2014)
All the Light We Cannot See
by
Anthony Doerr
(2015)
The Sympathizer
by
Viet Thanh Nguyen
(2016)
The Underground Railroad
by
Colson Whitehead
(2017)
Less
by
Andrew Sean Greer
(2018)
The Overstory
by
Richard Powers
(2019)
The Nickel Boys
by
Colson Whitehead
(2020)
The Night Watchman
by
Louise Erdrich
(2021)
The Netanyahus
by
Joshua Cohen
(2022)
Demon Copperhead
by
Barbara Kingsolver
Trust
by
Hernan Diaz
(2023)
Night Watch
by
Jayne Anne Phillips
(2024)
James
by
Percival Everett
(2025)
Inductees to the
National Women's Hall of Fame
1970–1979
1973
Jane Addams
Marian Anderson
Susan B. Anthony
Clara Barton
Mary McLeod Bethune
Elizabeth Blackwell
Pearl S. Buck
Rachel Carson
Mary Cassatt
Emily Dickinson
Amelia Earhart
Alice Hamilton
Helen Hayes
Helen Keller
Eleanor Roosevelt
Florence Sabin
Margaret Chase Smith
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Helen Brooke Taussig
Harriet Tubman
1976
Abigail Adams
Margaret Mead
Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias
1979
Dorothea Dix
Juliette Gordon Low
Alice Paul
Elizabeth Bayley Seton
1980–1989
1981
Margaret Sanger
Sojourner Truth
1982
Carrie Chapman Catt
Frances Perkins
1983
Belva Lockwood
Lucretia Mott
1984
Mary "Mother" Harris Jones
Bessie Smith
1986
Barbara McClintock
Lucy Stone
Harriet Beecher Stowe
1988
Gwendolyn Brooks
Willa Cather
Sally Ride
Mary Risteau
Ida B. Wells-Barnett
1990–1999
1990
Margaret Bourke-White
Barbara Jordan
Billie Jean King
Florence B. Seibert
1991
Gertrude Belle Elion
1993
Ethel Percy Andrus
Antoinette Blackwell
Emily Blackwell
Shirley Chisholm
Jacqueline Cochran
Ruth Colvin
Marian Wright Edelman
Alice Evans
Betty Friedan
Ella Grasso
Martha Wright Griffiths
Fannie Lou Hamer
Dorothy Height
Dolores Huerta
Mary Putnam Jacobi
Mae Jemison
Mary Lyon
Mary Mahoney
Wilma Mankiller
Constance Baker Motley
Georgia O'Keeffe
Annie Oakley
Rosa Parks
Esther Peterson
Jeannette Rankin
Ellen Swallow Richards
Elaine Roulet
Katherine Siva Saubel
Gloria Steinem
Helen Stephens
Lillian Wald
Madam C. J. Walker
Faye Wattleton
Rosalyn S. Yalow
Gloria Yerkovich
1994
Bella Abzug
Ella Baker
Myra Bradwell
Annie Jump Cannon
Jane Cunningham Croly
Catherine East
Geraldine Ferraro
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
Grace Hopper
Helen LaKelly Hunt
Zora Neale Hurston
Anne Hutchinson
Frances Wisebart Jacobs
Susette La Flesche
Louise McManus
Maria Mitchell
Antonia Novello
Linda Richards
Wilma Rudolph
Betty Bone Schiess
Muriel Siebert
Nettie Stevens
Oprah Winfrey
Sarah Winnemucca
Fanny Wright
1995
Virginia Apgar
Ann Bancroft
Amelia Bloomer
Mary Breckinridge
Eileen Collins
Elizabeth Hanford Dole
Anne Dallas Dudley
Mary Baker Eddy
Ella Fitzgerald
Margaret Fuller
Matilda Joslyn Gage
Lillian Moller Gilbreth
Nannerl O. Keohane
Maggie Kuhn
Sandra Day O'Connor
Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin
Pat Schroeder
Hannah Greenebaum Solomon
1996
Louisa May Alcott
Charlotte Anne Bunch
Frances Xavier Cabrini
Mary A. Hallaren
Oveta Culp Hobby
Wilhelmina Cole Holladay
Anne Morrow Lindbergh
Maria Goeppert Mayer
Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose
Maria Tallchief
Edith Wharton
1998
Madeleine Albright
Maya Angelou
Nellie Bly
Lydia Moss Bradley
Mary Steichen Calderone
Mary Ann Shadd Cary
Joan Ganz Cooney
Gerty Cori
Sarah Grimké
Julia Ward Howe
Shirley Ann Jackson
Shannon Lucid
Katharine Dexter McCormick
Rozanne L. Ridgway
Edith Nourse Rogers
Felice Schwartz
Eunice Kennedy Shriver
Beverly Sills
Florence Wald
Angelina Grimké Weld
Chien-Shiung Wu
2000–2009
2000
Faye Glenn Abdellah
Emma Smith DeVoe
Marjory Stoneman Douglas
Mary Dyer
Sylvia A. Earle
Crystal Eastman
Jeanne Holm
Leontine T. Kelly
Frances Oldham Kelsey
Kate Mullany
Janet Reno
Anna Howard Shaw
Sophia Smith
Ida Tarbell
Wilma L. Vaught
Mary Edwards Walker
Annie Dodge Wauneka
Eudora Welty
Frances E. Willard
2001
Dorothy H. Andersen
Lucille Ball
Rosalynn Carter
Lydia Maria Child
Bessie Coleman
Dorothy Day
Marian de Forest
Althea Gibson
Beatrice A. Hicks
Barbara Holdridge
Harriet Williams Russell Strong
Emily Howell Warner
Victoria Woodhull
2002
Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis
Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Katharine Graham
Bertha Holt
Mary Engle Pennington
Mercy Otis Warren
2003
Linda G. Alvarado
Donna de Varona
Gertrude Ederle
Martha Matilda Harper
Patricia Roberts Harris
Stephanie L. Kwolek
Dorothea Lange
Mildred Robbins Leet
Patsy Takemoto Mink
Sacagawea
Anne Sullivan
Sheila E. Widnall
2005
Florence E. Allen
Ruth Fulton Benedict
Betty Bumpers
Hillary Clinton
Rita Rossi Colwell
Mother Marianne Cope
Maya Y. Lin
Patricia A. Locke
Blanche Stuart Scott
Mary Burnett Talbert
2007
Eleanor K. Baum
Julia Child
Martha Coffin Pelham Wright
Swanee Hunt
Winona LaDuke
Elisabeth Kübler-Ross
Judith L. Pipher
Catherine Filene Shouse
Henrietta Szold
2009
Louise Bourgeois
Mildred Cohn
Karen DeCrow
Susan Kelly-Dreiss
Allie B. Latimer
Emma Lazarus
Ruth Patrick
Rebecca Talbot Perkins
Susan Solomon
Kate Stoneman
2010–2019
2011
St. Katharine Drexel
Dorothy Harrison Eustis
Loretta C. Ford
Abby Kelley Foster
Helen Murray Free
Billie Holiday
Coretta Scott King
Lilly Ledbetter
Barbara A. Mikulski
Donna E. Shalala
Kathrine Switzer
2013
Betty Ford
Ina May Gaskin
Julie Krone
Kate Millett
Nancy Pelosi
Mary Joseph Rogers
Bernice Sandler
Anna Schwartz
Emma Willard
2015
Tenley Albright
Nancy Brinker
Martha Graham
Marcia Greenberger
Barbara Iglewski
Jean Kilbourne
Carlotta Walls LaNier
Philippa Marrack
Mary Harriman Rumsey
Eleanor Smeal
2017
Matilda Cuomo
Temple Grandin
Lorraine Hansberry
Victoria Jackson
Sherry Lansing
Clare Boothe Luce
Aimee Mullins
Carol Mutter
Janet Rowley
Alice Waters
2019
Gloria Allred
Angela Davis
Sarah Deer
Jane Fonda
Nicole Malachowski
Rose O'Neill
Louise Slaughter
Sonia Sotomayor
Laurie Spiegel
Flossie Wong-Staal
2020–2029
2020
Aretha Franklin
Barbara Hillary
Barbara Rose Johns
Henrietta Lacks
Toni Morrison
Mary Church Terrell
2022
Octavia E. Butler
Judy Chicago
Rebecca S. Halstead
Mia Hamm
Joy Harjo
Emily Howland
Katherine Johnson
Indra Nooyi
Michelle Obama
2024
Patricia Bath
Ruby Bridges
Elouise P. Cobell
Kimberlé Crenshaw
Peggy McIntosh
Judith Plaskow
Loretta Ross
Sandy Stone
Anna Wessels Williams
Serena Williams
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Pearl S. Buck
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Hunter Corbett
Jonathan Goforth
Frederick Graves
Karl Gützlaff
Francis Hanson
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James Legge
Eric Liddell
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Lottie Moon
Robert Morrison
George Moule
Gideon Nye
David Paton
Karl Ludvig Reichelt
Timothy Richard
Issachar Jacox Roberts
Charles Scott
Cambridge Seven
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Pearl S. Buck
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Pearl S. Buck
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