Pope Paul VI - Wikipedia

Pope Paul VI - Wikipedia
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Head of the Catholic Church from 1963 to 1978
Pope
Saint
Paul VI
Bishop of Rome
Official portrait, 1969
Church
Catholic Church
Papacy began
21 June 1963
Papacy ended
6 August 1978
Predecessor
John XXIII
Successor
John Paul I
Previous posts
Referendary Prelate of the
Apostolic Signatura
(1926‍–‍1938)
Substitute for General Affairs
(1937‍–‍1953)
Pro-Secretary for Ordinary Affairs of Secretariat of State (1953‍–‍1954)
Archbishop of Milan
(1954‍–‍1963)
Cardinal Priest of
Santi Silvestro e Martino ai Monti
(1958‍–‍1963)
Orders
Ordination
29 May 1920
by
Giacinto Gaggia
Consecration
12 December 1954
by
Eugène Tisserant
Created cardinal
15 December 1958
by
John XXIII
Rank
Cardinal priest
Personal details
Born
Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini
1897-09-26
26 September 1897
Concesio
, Italy
Died
6 August 1978
(1978-08-06)
(aged 80)
Castel Gandolfo
, Italy
Buried
Vatican Grottoes
St. Peter's Basilica
Education
University of Milan
JCD
Motto
Cum Ipso in monte sancto
Latin
for 'With Him on the holy mountain')
In nomine Domini
Latin
for 'In the name of the Lord')
Signature
Coat of arms
Sainthood
Feast day
29 May
30 May (
Ambrosian Rite
Venerated in
Catholic Church
Title as Saint
Confessor
Beatified
19 October 2014
St. Peter's Square
, Vatican City
by
Pope Francis
Canonized
14 October 2018
St. Peter's Square, Vatican City
by Pope Francis
Attributes
Papal tiara
Papal vestments
Pallium
Patronage
Archdiocese of Milan
Paul VI Pontifical Institute
Second Vatican Council
Diocese of Brescia
Concesio
Magenta
Paderno Dugnano
Ordination history
History
Diaconal ordination
Date
28 February 1920
Place
Concesio, Brescia
Priestly ordination
Ordained by
Giacinto Gaggia
Date
29 May 1920
Place
Concesio, Brescia
Episcopal consecration
Principal consecrator
Eugène Tisserant
Co-consecrators
Giacinto Tredici
it
Domenico Bernareggi
Date
12 December 1954
Place
St. Peter's Basilica
, Vatican City
Cardinalate
Elevated by
Pope John XXIII
Date
15 December 1958
Episcopal succession
Bishops consecrated by Pope Paul VI as principal consecrator
Giuseppe Schiavini
22 May 1955
Cesário Alexandre Minali
5 June 1955
Ubaldo Teofano Stella
3 October 1955
Domenico Enrici
1 November 1955
Aristide Pirovano
13 November 1955
Adolfo Luís Bossi
14 September 1958
Antonio Fustella
25 June 1960
Giovanni Umberto Colombo
7 December 1960
Luigi Oldani
7 December 1961
Francesco Rossi
26 May 1963
Igino Eugenio Cardinale
20 October 1963
Albert Reuben Edward Thomas
20 October 1963
Giovanni Fallani
28 June 1964
Johannes Willebrands
28 June 1964
Leobard D'Souza
3 December 1964
Ferdinando Giuseppe Antonelli
19 March 1966
Giacomo Violardo
19 March 1966
Loris Francesco Capovilla
16 July 1967
Agostino Casaroli
16 July 1967
Ernesto Civardi
16 July 1967
Paul Marcinkus
6 January 1969
Louis Vangeke
3 December 1970
Annibale Bugnini
13 February 1972
Giuseppe Casoria
13 February 1972
Enrico Bartolucci Panaroni
29 June 1973
Jean Jerome Hamer
29 June 1973
Andrzej Maria Deskur
30 June 1974
Nicola Rotunno
30 June 1974
Other popes named Paul
Pope Paul VI
(born
Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini
26 September 1897 – 6 August 1978) was head of the
Catholic Church
and sovereign of
Vatican City
from 21 June 1963 until his death on 6 August 1978. Succeeding
John XXIII
, he continued the
Second Vatican Council
, which he closed in 1965, implementing its numerous reforms. He fostered improved ecumenical relations with
Eastern Orthodox
and
Protestant churches
, which resulted in many historic meetings and agreements.
Born in Concesio, Montini served in the
Holy See's Secretariat of State
from 1922 to 1954, and along with
Domenico Tardini
was considered the closest and most influential advisor of
Pope Pius XII
. In 1954, Pius named Montini
Archbishop of Milan
, the largest Italian diocese. Montini later became the Secretary of the
Italian Bishops' Conference
. John XXIII elevated Montini to the
College of Cardinals
in 1958, and after his death, Montini was, with little to no opposition, elected his successor, taking the name Paul VI.
He reconvened the Second Vatican Council, which had been suspended during the interregnum. After its conclusion, Paul VI took charge of the interpretation and implementation of its mandates, finely balancing the conflicting expectations of various Catholic groups. The resulting reforms were among the widest and deepest in the Church's history.
Paul VI spoke repeatedly to Marian conventions and
Mariological
meetings, visited Marian shrines and issued three
Marian encyclicals
. Following
Ambrose of Milan
, he named Mary as the
Mother of the Church
during the Second Vatican Council.
In January 1964,
he flew to Jordan
, the first time a reigning pontiff had left Italy in more than a century.
10
His opposition to
birth control
was published in the 1968 encyclical
Humanae vitae
. Paul VI described himself as a humble servant of a suffering humanity and demanded significant changes from the rich in North America and Europe in favour of the poor in the
Third World
11
Pope Benedict XVI
, citing his
heroic virtue
, proclaimed him
venerable
on 20 December 2012.
Pope Francis
beatified
Paul VI on 19 October 2014, after the recognition of a miracle attributed to his intercession. His liturgical feast was celebrated on the date of his birth, 26 September, until 2019 when it was changed to the date of his priestly ordination, 29 May.
Pope Francis
canonised
him on 14 October 2018.
Early life
edit
Montini on the day of his ordination, 1920
Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini was born in the village of
Concesio
, in the
Province of Brescia
Lombardy
, Italy, on 26 September 1897. His father,
Giorgio Montini
(1860–1943), was a lawyer, journalist, director of the
Catholic Action
, and member of the Italian Parliament. His mother, Giudetta Alghisi (1874–1943), was from a family of rural nobility. He had two brothers, Francesco Montini (1900–1971), who became a physician, and
Lodovico Montini
(1896–1990), who became a lawyer and politician.
12
13
On 30 September 1897, he was baptised with the name Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini.
14
He attended the Cesare Arici school, run by the
Jesuits
, and in 1916 received a diploma from the
Arnaldo da Brescia
public school in
Brescia
. His education was often interrupted by bouts of illness.
In 1916, Montini entered the
seminary
to become a Catholic priest. He was
ordained
on 29 May 1920 in Brescia and celebrated his first
Mass
at the
Santa Maria delle Grazie, Brescia
15
Montini concluded his studies in
Milan
with a
laurea
, the equivalent of a
bachelor's degree
, in
canon law
in 1922.
16
He later studied at the
Gregorian University
, the
University of Rome La Sapienza
and, at the request of
Giuseppe Pizzardo
, the
Pontifical Academy of Ecclesiastical Nobles
. In 1922, at the age of twenty-five, again at the request of Giuseppe Pizzardo, Montini entered the
Secretariat of State
, where he worked under Pizzardo together with
Francesco Borgongini-Duca
Alfredo Ottaviani
Carlo Grano
Domenico Tardini
and
Francis Spellman
17
Consequently, he never had an appointment as a parish priest. In 1925 he helped found the publishing house Morcelliana in Brescia, focused on promoting a 'Christian-inspired culture'.
18
Vatican career
edit
Diplomatic service
edit
Montini had just one foreign posting in the diplomatic service of the Holy See as Secretary in the office of the papal
nuncio
to
Poland
in 1923. Of the
nationalism
he experienced there he wrote: "This form of nationalism treats foreigners as enemies, especially foreigners with whom one has common frontiers. Then one seeks the expansion of one's own country at the expense of the immediate neighbours. People grow up with a feeling of being hemmed in. Peace becomes a transient compromise between wars."
19
He described his experience in Warsaw as "useful, though not always joyful".
20
When he became pope, the
Communist government of Poland
refused him permission to visit Poland on a Marian pilgrimage.
Roman Curia
edit
Montini alongside
Pope Pius XII
during his service at the Secretariat of State
Montini's organisational skills led him to a career in the
Roman Curia
, the papal civil service. On 19 October 1925, he was appointed a
papal chamberlain
in the rank of Supernumerary Privy Chamberlain of His Holiness.
21
In 1931, Cardinal
Eugenio Pacelli
appointed him to teach history at the Pontifical Academy for Diplomats;
22
he was promoted to Domestic Prelate of His Holiness on 8 July of the same year.
23
On 24 September 1936, he was appointed a Referendary Prelate of the Supreme Tribunal of the
Apostolic Signatura
24
On 16 December 1937,
25
after his mentor Giuseppe Pizzardo was named a cardinal and was succeeded by
Domenico Tardini
, Montini was named Substitute for Ordinary Affairs under Cardinal Pacelli, the Secretary of State. His immediate supervisor was
Domenico Tardini
, with whom he got along well. He was further appointed Consultor of the
Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office
and of the
Sacred Consistorial Congregation
on 24 December,
26
and was promoted to
Protonotary apostolic
ad instar participantium
), the most senior class of papal prelate, on 10 May 1938.
27
Pacelli became
Pope Pius XII
in 1939 and confirmed Montini's appointment as Substitute under the new
Cardinal Secretary of State
Luigi Maglione
. In that role, roughly that of a chief of staff, he met the Pope every morning until 1954 and developed a rather close relationship with him. Of his service to two popes he wrote:
It is true, my service to the Pope was not limited to the political or extraordinary affairs according to Vatican language. The goodness of Pope Pius XII opened to me the opportunity to look into the thoughts, even into the soul of this great pontiff. I could quote many details how Pius XII, always using measured and moderate speech, was hiding, nay revealing a noble position of great strength and fearless courage.
28
When war broke out, Maglione, Tardini, and Montini were the principal figures in the
Secretariat of State
of the Holy See.
29
page needed
Montini dispatched "ordinary affairs" in the morning, while in the afternoon he moved informally to the third floor Office of the Private Secretary of the Pontiff, serving in place of a personal secretary.
30
During the war years, he replied to thousands of letters from all parts of the world with understanding and prayer, and arranging for help when possible.
30
At the request of the Pope, Montini created an information office regarding prisoners of war and refugees, which from 1939 to 1947 received almost ten million requests for information about missing persons and produced over eleven million replies.
31
Montini was several times attacked by
Benito Mussolini
's government for meddling in politics, but the Holy See consistently defended him.
32
When Maglione died in 1944, Pius XII appointed Tardini and Montini as joint heads of the Secretariat, each a Pro-Secretary of State. Montini described Pius XII with a filial admiration:
His richly cultivated mind, his unusual capacity for thought and study led him to avoid all distractions and every unnecessary relaxation. He wished to enter fully into the history of his own afflicted time: with a deep understanding, that he was himself a part of that history. He wished to participate fully in it, to share his sufferings in his own heart and soul.
33
Documents uncovered in 2011 went up for auction and contained, among other items, proof that beginning in September 1950, while then serving as deputy of foreign affairs for the Vatican, Montini worked with former Nazis and members of the Spanish military in planning for an anti-communist mercenary-style army to operate within the African continent. Another revelation was a letter from the priest of former Nazi Lieutenant Colonel
Otto Skorzeny
to Montini in which the priest praised Montini's efforts to fund, harbour, and give safe passage to
former Nazis evading Allied
capture and punishment.
34
While the evacuation of Nazi war criminals was mainly organized by pro-Nazi bishop
Alois Hudal
, Montini also played a key role as the contact person for the
Office of Strategic Services
(OSS) in the Vatican; similarly to Montini, the OSS saw these former Nazis as allies in combating Communism.
35
36
Montini continued his cooperation with the American secret services in the post-war years. Most notably, he was deeply involved in the
CIA
's program to interfere with the
1948 Italian elections
and prevent the left from gaining power.
35
As Pro-Secretary of State, Montini coordinated the activities of assistance to persecuted fugitives hidden in Catholic convents, parishes, seminaries, and schools.
37
At the Pope's instruction, Montini,
Ferdinando Baldelli
, and
Otto Faller
established the
Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza
Pontifical Commission for Assistance
), which supplied a large number of Romans and refugees from everywhere with shelter, food and other necessities. In Rome alone it distributed almost two million portions of free food in 1944.
38
The Papal Residence of
Castel Gandolfo
was opened to refugees, as was Vatican City in so far as space allowed. Some 15,000 lived in Castel Gandolfo, supported by the Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza.
38
Montini was also involved in the re-establishment of Church Asylum, extending protection to hundreds of Allied soldiers escaped from prison camps, to Jews, anti-Fascists, Socialists, Communists, and after the liberation of Rome, to German soldiers, partisans, displaced persons and others.
39
As pope in 1971, Montini turned the Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza into
Caritas Italiana
40
Archbishop of Milan
edit
Montini as the Archbishop of Milan,
c.
1956
After the death of
Cardinal
Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster
in 1954, Montini was appointed to succeed him as
Archbishop of Milan
, which made him the secretary of the
Italian Bishops Conference
41
Pius XII presented the new archbishop "as his personal gift to Milan". He was consecrated bishop in
Saint Peter's Basilica
by Cardinal
Eugène Tisserant
, the Dean of the
College of Cardinals
, since Pius XII was severely ill.
On 12 December 1954, Pius XII delivered a radio address from his sick bed about Montini's appointment to the crowd in St. Peter's Basilica.
42
Both Montini and the Pope had tears in their eyes when Montini departed for his diocese with its 1,000 churches, 2,500 priests and 3,500,000 souls.
43
On 5 January 1955, Montini formally took possession of his
Cathedral of Milan
. Montini settled well into his new tasks among all groups of the faithful in the city, meeting cordially with intellectuals, artists, and writers.
44
Montini's philosophy
edit
Cardinal Montini in 1959
In his first months, Montini showed his interest in working conditions and labour issues by speaking to many unions and associations. He initiated the building of over 100 new churches, believing them the only non-utilitarian buildings in modern society, places for spiritual rest.
45
His public speeches were noticed in
Milan
, Rome, and elsewhere. Some
who?
considered him a liberal when he asked lay people to love not only Catholics but also schismatics,
definition needed
Protestants, Anglicans, the indifferent, Muslims, pagans, and atheists.
46
He gave a friendly welcome to a group of Anglican clergy visiting Milan in 1957 and subsequently exchanged letters with the
Archbishop of Canterbury
Geoffrey Fisher
47
Pope Pius XII revealed at the 1952 secret consistory that both Montini and Tardini had declined appointments to the cardinalate,
48
49
and, in fact, Montini was never to be made a cardinal by Pius XII, who held no consistory and created no cardinals between the time he appointed Montini to Milan and his own death four years later. After Montini's friend Angelo Roncalli became
Pope John XXIII
, he made Montini a cardinal in December 1958.
When the new pope announced
an ecumenical council
, Cardinal Montini reacted with disbelief and said to
Giulio Bevilacqua
: "This old boy does not know what a hornets nest he is stirring up."
50
Montini was appointed to the Central Preparatory Commission in 1961. During the council, Pope John XXIII asked him to live in the Vatican, where he was a Commission for Extraordinary Affairs member, though he did not engage much in the floor debates. His main advisor was
Giovanni Colombo
, whom he later appointed as his successor in Milan
51
The commission was significantly overshadowed by the insistence of John XXIII that the Council complete all its work before Christmas 1962, to coincide with the 400th anniversary of the
Council of Trent
, an insistence which may have also been influenced by the Pope's having recently been told that he had cancer.
52
John had a vision but "did not have a clear agenda. His rhetoric seems to have had a note of over-optimism, a confidence in progress, which was characteristic of the 1960s."
53
Pastoral progressivism
edit
During his period in Milan, Montini was widely seen as a progressive member of the Catholic hierarchy. He adopted new approaches to reach the faithful with pastoral care and carried through the liturgical reforms of Pius XII at the local level. For example, huge posters announced throughout the city that 1,000 voices would speak to them from 10 to 24 November 1957: more than 500 priests and many bishops, cardinals, and lay people delivered 7,000 sermons, not only in churches but in factories, meeting halls, houses, courtyards, schools, offices, military barracks, hospitals, hotels and wherever people congregated.
54
His goal was re-introducing faith to a city without much religion. "If only we can say
Our Father
and know what this means, then we would understand the Christian faith."
55
Pius XII
asked Archbishop Montini to Rome in October 1957, where he gave the main presentation to the Second World Congress of
Lay Apostolate
. As Pro-Secretary of State, he had worked hard to form this worldwide organisation of lay people in 58 nations, representing 42 national organisations. He presented them to Pius XII in Rome in 1951. The second meeting in 1957 gave Montini an opportunity to express the lay apostolate in modern terms: "Apostolate means love. We will love all, but especially those, who need help... We will love our time, our technology, our art, our sports, our world."
56
Cardinal
edit
Cardinal Montini at the opening of the new building of the
RAS
, Milan, 1962; photo by
Paolo Monti
On 20 June 1958,
Saul Alinsky
recalled meeting with Montini: "I had three wonderful meetings with Montini and I am sure that you have heard from him since." Alinsky also wrote to
George Nauman Shuster
57
two days before the papal conclave that elected John XXIII: "No, I don't know who the next Pope will be, but if it's to be Montini, the drinks will be on me for years to come."
58
Although some cardinals seem to have viewed Montini as a likely
papabile
candidate, possibly receiving some votes in the
1958 conclave
59
he had the handicap of not yet being a cardinal.
Angelo Roncalli was elected pope on 28 October 1958 and took the name John XXIII. On 17 November 1958,
L'Osservatore Romano
announced a consistory for the creation of new cardinals, with Montini at the top of the list.
60
When the Pope raised Montini to the cardinalate on 15 December 1958, he became
Cardinal-Priest
of
Ss. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti
. The Pope appointed him simultaneously to several Vatican congregations, drawing him frequently to Rome in the coming years.
61
Cardinal Montini journeyed to Africa in 1962, visiting
Ghana
Sudan
Kenya
Congo
Rhodesia
, South Africa, and Nigeria. After this journey, John XXIII called Montini to a private audience to report on his trip, speaking for several hours. In fifteen other trips, he visited
Brazil
(1960) and the USA (1960), including New York City, Washington DC, Chicago, the
University of Notre Dame
in Indiana, Boston,
Philadelphia
, and
Baltimore
. He usually vacationed in
Engelberg Abbey
, a secluded Benedictine monastery in Switzerland.
62
Papacy
edit
Papal conclave
edit
Main article:
1963 papal conclave
Pope Paul VI appears on the central loggia after his election on 21 June 1963.
Pope Paul VI crowned by Cardinal
Alfredo Ottaviani
Montini was generally seen as the
most likely papal successor
, being close to both Popes Pius XII and John XXIII, as well as his pastoral and administrative background, his insight, and his determination.
63
John XXIII had previously known the Vatican as an official until his appointment to Venice as a papal diplomat, but returning to Rome at age 66, he may at times have felt uncertain in dealing with the professional
Roman Curia
. Montini, on the other hand, had learned its innermost workings while working in it for a generation.
63
Unlike the
papabile
cardinals
Giacomo Lercaro
of
Bologna
and
Giuseppe Siri
of
Genoa
, Montini was identified neither left nor right nor as a radical reformer. He was viewed as most likely to continue the
Second Vatican Council
63
which had adjourned without tangible results.
In the conclave after John XXIII's death, Montini was elected pope on the sixth ballot on 21 June. When the
Dean of the College of Cardinals
Eugène Tisserant
asked if he accepted the election, Montini said
"Accepto, in nomine Domini"
("I accept, in the name of the Lord"). He took the name "Paul VI" in honor of
Paul the Apostle
64
At one point during the conclave on 20 June, it was said that Cardinal
Gustavo Testa
lost his temper and demanded that opponents of Montini halt their efforts to thwart his election.
65
Montini, fearful of causing strife, started to rise to dissuade the cardinals from voting for him, but Cardinal
Giovanni Urbani
dragged him back, muttering, "Eminence, shut up!"
66
The white smoke first rose from the chimney of the
Sistine Chapel
at 11:22 am, when
Protodeacon
Cardinal
Alfredo Ottaviani
announced to the public the successful election of Montini. When the new pope appeared on the central loggia, he gave the shorter
episcopal blessing
as his first
apostolic blessing
rather than the longer, traditional
Urbi et Orbi
Of the papacy, Paul VI wrote in his journal: "The position is unique. It brings great solitude. 'I was solitary before, but now my solitude becomes complete and awesome.'"
67
Less than two years later, on 2 May 1965, Paul informed the
dean of the College of Cardinals
that his health might make it impossible to function as pope. He wrote, "In case of infirmity, which is believed to be incurable or is of long duration and which impedes
us
from sufficiently exercising the functions of our apostolic ministry; or in the case of another serious and prolonged impediment", he would renounce his office "both as bishop of Rome as well as head of the same holy Catholic Church".
68
Reforms of papal ceremony
edit
Paul VI did away with much of the papacy's regal splendor.
His coronation
on 30 June 1963 was the last
such ceremony
69
his successor
Pope John Paul I
substituted an
inauguration
(which Paul had substantially modified, but which he left mandatory in his 1975
apostolic constitution
Romano Pontifici Eligendo
). At his coronation, Paul wore a
tiara
presented by the Archdiocese of Milan. Near the end of the third session of the
Second Vatican Council
in 1964, Paul VI descended the steps of the papal throne in
St. Peter's Basilica
and ascended the altar, on which he laid the tiara as a sign of the renunciation of human glory and power in keeping with the innovative spirit of the council. It was announced that the tiara would be sold for charity.
70
The purchasers arranged for it to be displayed as a gift to American Catholics in the crypt of the
Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception
in Washington, D.C.
In 1968, with the
motu proprio
Pontificalis Domus
, he discontinued most of the ceremonial functions of the old
Papal nobility
at the court (reorganized as the
household
), save for the
Prince Assistants to the Papal Throne
. He also abolished the
Palatine Guard
and the
Noble Guard
, leaving the Pontifical
Swiss Guard
as the sole military order of the Vatican.
Completion of the Vatican Council
edit
Main article:
Second Vatican Council
Pope Paul VI fully supported Cardinal
Augustin Bea
, credited with ecumenical breakthroughs during the Second Vatican Council.
Paul VI during the Second Vatican Council
Paul VI decided to reconvene
Vatican II
and completed it in 1965. Faced with conflicting interpretations and controversies, he directed the implementation of its reform goals.
Ecumenical orientation
edit
Main article:
Pope Paul VI and Ecumenism
During Vatican II, the council fathers avoided statements that might anger non-Catholic Christians.
71
page needed
Cardinal
Augustin Bea
, the President of the
Christian Unity Secretariat
, always had the full support of Paul VI in his attempts to ensure that the Council language was friendly and open to the sensitivities of Protestant and Orthodox churches, whom he had invited to all sessions at the request of
Pope John XXIII
. Bea also was strongly involved in the passage of
Nostra aetate
, which regulates the Church's relations with
Judaism
and members of other religions.
Dialogue with the world
edit
After being elected Bishop of Rome, Paul VI first met with the priests in his new diocese. He told them that he started a dialogue with the modern world in Milan and asked them to seek contact with people from all walks of life. Six days after his election, he announced that he would continue Vatican II and convened the opening on 29 September 1963.
41
In a radio address to the world, Paul VI praised his predecessors, the strength of
Pius XI
, the wisdom and intelligence of
Pius XII
, and the love of
John XXIII
. As his pontifical goals, he mentioned the continuation and completion of Vatican II, the
Canon Law
reform, and improved social peace and justice worldwide. The unity of Christianity would be central to his activities.
41
Council priorities
edit
The Pope re-opened the Ecumenical Council on 29 September 1963, giving it four key priorities:
A better understanding of the Catholic Church
Church reforms
Advancing the unity of Christianity
Dialogue with the world
41
Pope Paul VI meets with the first Catholic U.S. president,
John F. Kennedy
, 2 July 1963.
He reminded the Council Fathers that only a few years earlier, Pope Pius XII had issued the encyclical
Mystici corporis
about the
mystical body of Christ
. He asked them not to repeat or create new dogmatic definitions but to simply explain how the Church sees itself. He thanked the representatives of other Christian communities for their attendance and asked for their forgiveness if the Catholic Church was at fault for their separation. He also reminded the Council Fathers that many bishops from the East had been forbidden to attend by their national governments.
72
The opening of the second session of Vatican II
Third and fourth sessions
edit
Paul VI opened the third period on 14 September 1964, telling the Council Fathers that he viewed the text about the Church as the most important document to come out from the council. As the Council discussed the role of bishops in the papacy, Paul VI issued an
explanatory note
confirming the primacy of the papacy, a step that was viewed by some as meddling in the council's affairs.
73
American bishops pushed for a speedy resolution on religious freedom, but Paul VI insisted this be approved together with related texts on topics such as
ecumenism
74
The Pope concluded the session on 21 November 1964 with the formal pronouncement of Mary as
Mother of the Church
74
Between the third and fourth sessions, the Pope announced reforms in the areas of
Roman Curia
, revision of
Canon law
, regulations for
interfaith marriages
, and
birth control
issues. He opened the council's final session, concelebrating with bishops from countries where the Church was persecuted. Several texts proposed for his approval had to be changed, but all were finally agreed upon. The council was concluded on 8 December 1965: the
Feast of the Immaculate Conception
74
In the council's final session, Paul VI announced that he would open the canonisation processes of his immediate predecessors: Pope Pius XII and Pope John XXIII.
Universal call to holiness
edit
According to Paul VI, "the most characteristic and ultimate purpose of the teachings of the Council" is the
universal call to holiness
75
"all the faithful of Christ of whatever rank or status, are called to the fullness of the Christian life and to the perfection of charity; by this holiness as such a more human manner of living is promoted in this earthly society." This teaching is found in
Lumen Gentium
, the Dogmatic Constitution on the Church, promulgated by Paul VI on 21 November 1964.
Church reforms
edit
Following his predecessor
Ambrose of Milan
, Pope Paul VI named
Mary
the "
Mother of the Church
" during
Vatican II
Synod of Bishops
edit
On 14 September 1965, he established the
Synod of Bishops
as a permanent institution of the Catholic Church and an advisory body to the papacy. Several meetings were held on specific issues during his pontificate, such as the Synod of Bishops on evangelization in the modern world, which started on 9 September 1974.
76
Curia reform
edit
Main article:
Pope Paul VI's reform of the Roman Curia
Pope Paul VI knew the
Roman Curia
well, having worked there for a generation from 1922 to 1954. He implemented his reforms in stages. On 1 March 1968, he issued a regulation, a process initiated by Pius XII and continued by John XXIII. On 28 March, with
Pontificalis Domus
, and in several additional Apostolic Constitutions in the following years, he revamped the entire Curia, which included reduction of bureaucracy, streamlining of existing congregations, and a broader representation of non-Italians in the Curial positions.
77
Age limits and restrictions
edit
On 6 August 1966, Paul VI asked all bishops to submit their resignations to the pontiff by their 75th birthday. They were not required to do so but "earnestly requested of their own free will to tender their resignation from office".
78
He extended this request to all cardinals in
Ingravescentem aetatem
on 21 November 1970, with the further provision that cardinals would relinquish their offices in the
Roman Curia
upon reaching their 80th birthday.
79
These retirement rules enabled the Pope to fill several positions with younger prelates and reduce the Italian domination of the Roman Curia.
80
His 1970 measures also revolutionised papal elections by restricting the right to vote in
papal conclaves
to cardinals who had not yet reached their 80th birthday,
81
a class known since then as "cardinal electors". This reduced the power of the Italians and the Curia in the next conclave. Some senior cardinals objected to losing their voting privilege without effect.
82
83
Paul VI's measures also limited the number of cardinal electors to a maximum of 120, a rule disregarded on several occasions by each of his successors. Previously, Paul VI himself had been the first pope to increase the number above 120 (from
82
in 1963 to 134
in April 1969
; but he reduced the number of cardinal electors below 120 in 1971 by simultaneously introducing the voting age limit).
Some prelates questioned whether he should not apply these retirement rules to himself.
84
When Pope Paul was asked towards the end of his papacy whether he would retire at age 80, he replied "Kings can abdicate, Popes cannot."
85
Liturgy
edit
Paul VI celebrates Mass on the occasion of World Missionary Day in 1971
Main article:
Mass of Paul VI
Reform of the
liturgy
, an aim of the 20th-century
liturgical movement
, mainly in France and Germany, was officially recognised as legitimate by Pius XII in his encyclical
Mediator Dei
. During his pontificate, he eased regulations on the obligatory use of Latin in Catholic liturgies, permitting some use of vernacular languages during baptisms, funerals, and other events. In 1951 and 1955, he revised the Easter liturgies, most notably that of the
Easter Triduum
86
The
Second Vatican Council
(1962–1965) gave some directives in its document
Sacrosanctum Concilium
for a general revision of the
Roman Missal
. Within four years of the close of the council, Paul VI promulgated in 1969 the first postconciliar edition, which included three new
Eucharistic Prayers
in addition to the
Roman Canon
, until then the only
anaphora
in the
Roman Rite
. Use of
vernacular
languages was expanded by decision of
episcopal conferences
, not by papal command. In addition to his revision of the
Roman Missal
, Pope Paul VI issued instructions in 1964, 1967, 1968, 1969, and 1970, reforming other elements of the liturgy of the Roman Church.
87
Among the revisions of the Roman Rite were as follows:
The rites of the ordination of a deacon, a priest and a bishop
88
(June 18, 1968);
The
General Roman calendar
89
(February 14, 1969);
The Roman Missal renewed in accordance with the decree of the Vatican Ecumenical Council II
90
(April 3, 1969);
The rite of children's baptism
91
92
(May 15, 1969);
The funeral rite
93
(August 15, 1969);
The rite of the profession of a nun
94
(February 2, 1970);
The
Liturgy of the Hours
, in succession to the
Breviarium Romanum
95
(November 1 1970);
The rite of the
sacrament of confirmation
96
(August 15, 1971);
The discipline of the tonsure, of the minor orders, and of the subdiaconate
97
(August 15, 1972);
The rite of the
anointing of the sick
98
(November 30, 1972);
The rite of penance
99
(December 2, 1973).
These reforms were not universally welcomed. Questions were raised about the need to replace the
1962 Roman Missal
, which, though decreed on 23 June 1962,
100
became available only in 1963, a few months before the Second Vatican Council's
Sacrosanctum Concilium
decree ordered that it be altered.
101
Attachment to it led to open ruptures, of which the most widely known is that of
Marcel Lefebvre
Pope John Paul II
granted bishops the right to authorise the use of the 1962 Missal (
Quattuor abhinc annos
and
Ecclesia Dei
) and in 2007
Pope Benedict XVI
, while stating that the Mass of Paul VI and John Paul II "obviously is and continues to be the normal Form – the
Forma ordinaria
– of the Eucharistic Liturgy",
102
gave general permission to priests of the
Latin Church
to use either the 1962 Missal or the post-
Vatican II
Missal both privately and, under certain conditions, publicly.
103
In 2021, Pope Francis removed many of faculties granted by Pope Benedict XVI with the publishing of his
motu proprio
Traditionis Custodes
, thus limiting the use of 1962 Roman Missal.
104
Relations and dialogues
edit
Pope Paul VI during an October 1973 audience
Pope Paul VI at
Mount Tabor
, during his 1964 visit to Israel
To Paul VI, a dialogue with all of humanity was essential not as an aim but as a means to find the truth. According to Paul, dialogue is based on the full equality of all participants. This equality is rooted in the common search for the truth.
105
He said: "Those who have the truth, are in a position as not having it, because they are forced to search for it every day in a deeper and more perfect way. Those who do not have it, but search for it with their whole heart, have already found it."
105
Dialogues
edit
Pope Paul VI meets
Jafar Shahidi
and
Hossein Nasr
, Iranian Shia scholars.
In 1964, Paul VI created a Secretariat for non-Christians, later renamed the
Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue
, and a year later, a new Secretariat (later Pontifical Council) for Dialogue with Non-Believers. This latter one was in 1993 incorporated by Pope John Paul II in the
Pontifical Council for Culture
, which he had established in 1982. In 1971, Paul VI created a papal office for economic development and catastrophic assistance. To foster common bonds with all persons of goodwill, he decreed an annual peace day to be celebrated on 1 January every year. Trying to improve the condition of Christians behind the
Iron Curtain
, Paul VI engaged in dialogue with Communist authorities at several levels, receiving Foreign Minister
Andrei Gromyko
and
Chairman
of the
Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
Nikolai Podgorny
in 1966 and 1967 in the Vatican. The situation of the Church in
Hungary
Poland
, and
Romania
improved during his pontificate.
106
Foreign travels
edit
The countries visited by Pope Paul VI
Relief commemorating Pope Paul VI's visit to Nazareth, 5 January 1964
Pope Paul VI's diamond ring and cross donated to the United Nations
Main article:
List of pastoral visits of Pope Paul VI
Further information:
1965 visit by Pope Paul VI to the United States
Pope Paul VI became the first pope to visit six continents. He was also the first pontiff to travel on an airplane, visit the Holy Land on pilgrimage, and travel outside Italy in a century. He travelled more widely than any of his predecessors, earning the nickname "the Pilgrim Pope". He visited the
Holy Land
in 1964 and participated in
Eucharistic congresses
in
Bombay
, India, and
Bogotá
, Colombia. In 1966, he was twice denied permission to visit
Poland
for the thousandth anniversary of the
introduction of Christianity in Poland
. In 1967, he visited the shrine of
Our Lady of Fátima
in
Portugal
on the fiftieth anniversary of the
apparitions
there. He undertook a pastoral visit to Uganda in 1969,
107
the first by a reigning pope to Africa.
108
Pope Paul VI became the first reigning pontiff to visit the Western hemisphere when he addressed the United Nations in New York City in October 1965.
As the U.S. involvement in the
Vietnam War
was escalating, Paul VI pleaded for peace before the U.N.:
Our very brief visit has given us a great honour; that of proclaiming to the whole world, from the Headquarters of the United Nations, Peace! We shall never forget this extraordinary hour. Nor can We bring it to a more fitting conclusion than by expressing the wish that this central seat of human relationships for the civil peace of the world may ever be conscious and worthy of this high privilege.
113
No more war, never again war. Peace, it is peace that must guide the destinies of people and of all mankind."
114
Attempted assassination
edit
Shortly after arriving at
Manila International Airport
, the Philippines on 27 November 1970, the Pope, closely followed by President
Ferdinand Marcos
and personal aide
Pasquale Macchi
, who was private secretary to Pope Paul VI, were encountered suddenly by a crew-cut, cassock-clad man who tried to attack the Pope with a knife. Macchi pushed the man away; police identified the would-be assassin as
Benjamín Mendoza y Amor Flores
of
La Paz, Bolivia
. Mendoza was an artist living in the Philippines. The Pope continued his trip and thanked Marcos and Macchi, who had moved to protect him during the attack.
115
New diplomacy
edit
Like his predecessor
Pius XII
, Paul VI put much emphasis on the dialogue with all nations of the world through establishing diplomatic relations. The number of foreign embassies accredited to the Vatican doubled during his pontificate.
116
This was a reflection of a new understanding between church and state, which had been formulated first by
Pius XI
and Pius XII but decreed by Vatican II. The pastoral constitution
Gaudium et spes
stated that the Catholic Church is not bound to any form of government and is willing to cooperate with all forms. The Church maintained its right to select bishops on its own without any interference by the State.
117
Pope Paul VI sent one of 73
Apollo 11 Goodwill Messages
to
NASA
for the historic first lunar landing. The message still rests on the lunar surface. It has the words of the
8th Psalm
, and the Pope wrote, "To the Glory of the name of God who gives such power to men, we ardently pray for this wonderful beginning."
118
Theology
edit
Mariology
edit
Main article:
Mariology of Pope Paul VI
Paul VI during his visit to the
Sanctuary of Fátima
in 1967
Pope Paul VI made extensive contributions to
Mariology
(theological teaching and devotions) during his pontificate. Given its new ecumenical orientation, he attempted to present the Marian teachings of the church. In his inaugural encyclical
Ecclesiam suam
(section below), the Pope called Mary the ideal of Christian perfection. He regards "devotion to the Mother of God as of paramount importance in living the life of the Gospel."
119
Encyclicals
edit
Paul VI authored seven
encyclicals
Ecclesiam suam
edit
Main article:
Ecclesiam suam
Ecclesiam suam
was given at St. Peter's Basilica, Rome, on the
Feast of the Transfiguration
, 6 August 1964, the second year of his pontificate. Paul VI appealed to "all people of good will" and discussed necessary dialogues within the Church, between the churches, and with atheism.
76
Mense maio
edit
Main article:
Mense maio
The encyclical
Mense maio
(from 29 April 1965) focused on the Virgin Mary, to whom traditionally the month of May is dedicated as the Mother of God. Paul VI writes that Mary is rightly regarded as how people are led to Christ. Therefore, the person who encounters Mary cannot help but encounter Christ.
120
Mysterium fidei
edit
Main article:
Mysterium fidei (encyclical)
On 3 September 1965, Paul VI issued
Mysterium fidei
, on the
Eucharist
. The encyclical critiques certain contemporary Eucharistic theologies and liturgical practices perceived to undermine traditional Catholic doctrine. The Church, according to Paul VI, has no reason to give up the deposit of faith in such a vital matter.
76
Christi Matri
edit
Main article:
Christi Matri
On 15 September 1966, Paul VI issued
Christi Matri
, a request for the faithful to pray for peace during October 1966. As reasons for this call to prayer, Paul VI alludes to the
Vietnam War
and lists concern about "the growing
nuclear armaments race
, the senseless nationalism, the racism, the obsession for revolution, the separations imposed upon citizens, the nefarious plots, the slaughter of innocent people."
121
Populorum progressio
edit
Main article:
Populorum progressio
Paul VI at an audience in October 1977
Populorum progressio
, released on 26 March 1967, dealt with "the development of peoples" and that the world's economy should serve humanity and not just a few. It develops traditional principles of Catholic social teaching, including the right to a just wage, the right to security of employment, the right to fair and reasonable working conditions, the right to join a union, and the
universal destination of goods
In addition,
Populorum progressio
opines that real peace in the world is conditional on justice. He repeated his demands expressed in Bombay in 1964 for a large-scale World Development Organization as a matter of international justice and peace. He rejected notions of instigating revolution and force in changing economic conditions.
122
Sacerdotalis caelibatus
edit
Main article:
Sacerdotalis caelibatus
Sacerdotalis caelibatus
(Latin for "Of the celibate priesthood"), promulgated on 24 June 1967, defends the Catholic Church's tradition of
priestly celibacy
in the West. Written in response to postconciliar questioning of the discipline of clerical celibacy, the encyclical reaffirms the historical ecclesiastical discipline that because celibacy is an ideal state, it continues to be mandatory for priests. To Catholic conceptions of the priesthood, celibacy symbolizes the reality of the kingdom of God amid modern society. The priestly celibacy is closely linked to the sacramental priesthood.
76
However, during his pontificate, Paul VI was permissive in allowing bishops to grant
laicisation of priests
who wanted to leave the
sacerdotal state
John Paul II
changed this policy in 1980, and the 1983 Code of
Canon Law
made it explicit that only the Pope can, in exceptional circumstances, grant laicization.
Humanae vitae
edit
Main article:
Humanae vitae
Paul VI in his office on 29 June 1968
Of his seven encyclicals, Pope Paul VI is best known for his encyclical
Humanae vitae
Of Human Life
, subtitled
On the Regulation of Birth
), published on 25 July 1968, responding to the findings of the
Pontifical Commission on Birth Control
, affirming the minority report. The encyclical reaffirmed the Catholic Church's prior condemnation of
artificial birth control
123
The expressed views of Paul VI reflected the teachings of his predecessors, especially
Pius XI
124
Pius XII
125
and
John XXIII
126
The encyclical teaches that marriage constitutes a union of the loving couple with a loving God, in which the two persons cooperate with God in the creation of a new person. For this reason, the encyclicals that the transmission of human life is a most serious role in which married people collaborate freely and responsibly with God.
127
This divine partnership, according to Paul VI, does not allow for arbitrary human decisions, which may limit divine providence. The Pope does not paint an overly romantic picture of marriage: marital relations are a source of great joy, but also of difficulties and hardships.
127
The question of human procreation exceeds in the view of Paul VI specific disciplines such as
biology
psychology
demography
or
sociology
128
The reason for this, according to Paul VI, is that married love takes its origin from God, who "is love". From this basic dignity, he defines his position:
Love is total—that very special form of personal friendship in which husband and wife generously share everything, allowing no unreasonable exceptions and not thinking solely of their own convenience. Whoever really loves his partner loves not only for what he receives, but loves that partner for the partner's own sake, content to be able to enrich the other with the gift of himself.
129
The reaction to the continued prohibitions of artificial birth control was mixed. The encyclical was welcomed in Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Poland.
130
In Latin America, much support developed for the Pope and his encyclical. As
World Bank
president
Robert McNamara
declared at the 1968
Annual Meeting of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group
that countries permitting birth control practices would get preferential access to resources, doctors in
La Paz
, Bolivia, called it insulting that money should be exchanged for the conscience of a Catholic nation. In Colombia, Cardinal Archbishop
Aníbal Muñoz Duque
declared, "If American conditionality undermines Papal teachings, we prefer not to receive one cent."
131
The
Senate of Bolivia
passed a resolution stating that
Humanae vitae
could be discussed in its implications for individual consciences but was of greatest significance because the papal document defended the rights of developing nations to determine their own population policies.
131
The
Jesuit
journal
Sic
dedicated one edition to the encyclical with supportive contributions.
132
Paul VI was concerned but not surprised by the adverse reaction in Western Europe and the United States. He fully anticipated this reaction to be a temporary one: "Don't be afraid," he reportedly told
Edouard Gagnon
on the eve of the encyclical, "in twenty years' time, they'll call me a prophet."
133
His biography on the Vatican's website notes his reaffirmations of priestly celibacy and the traditional teaching on contraception that "[t]he controversies over these two pronouncements tended to overshadow the last years of his pontificate".
134
Pope John Paul II
later reaffirmed and expanded upon
Humanae vitae
with the encyclical
Evangelium vitae
Evangelism
edit
By taking the name of Paul, the newly elected pope showed his intention to take
Paul the Apostle
as a model for his papal ministry.
135
In 1967, when he reorganised the Roman Curia, Pope Paul renamed the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith as the
Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples
. Pope Paul was the first pope in history to make apostolic journeys to other continents.
135
The Pope chose the theme of
evangelism
for the synod of bishops in 1974. From materials generated by that synod, he composed the 1975 apostolic exhortation on evangelisation,
Evangelii nuntiandi
135
Ecumenism and ecumenical relations
edit
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After the council, Paul VI contributed in two ways to the continued growth of ecumenical dialogue: The
separated brothers and sisters
, as he called them, could not contribute to the council as invited observers. After the council, many took the initiative to seek out their Catholic counterparts and the Pope in Rome, who welcomed such visits. However, the Catholic Church recognized from the many previous ecumenical encounters that much needed to be done within to be an open partner for
ecumenism
136
To those entrusted with the highest and deepest truth, therefore, Paul VI believed that he had the most challenging part to communicate. Ecumenical dialogue, in the view of Paul VI, requires from a Catholic the whole person: one's entire reason, will, and heart.
137
Paul VI, like Pius XII before him, was reluctant to give in on a lowest possible point. And yet, Paul felt compelled to admit his ardent Gospel-based desire to be everything to everybody and to help all people
138
Being the successor of Peter, he felt the words of Christ, "Do you love me more" like a sharp knife penetrating to the marrow of his soul. These words meant to Paul VI love without limits,
139
and they underscore the church's fundamental approach to ecumenism.
Oriental Orthodox and Eastern Orthodox Apostolic
edit
Paul VI visited the Eastern Orthodox Apostolic Patriarchs of
Jerusalem
and
Constantinople
in 1964 and 1967. He was the first pope since the ninth century to visit the East, labelling the Eastern Churches as sister churches.
140
He was also the first pope in centuries to meet the heads of various
Eastern Orthodox
communities. Notably, his meeting with
Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras I
in 1964 in
Jerusalem
led to rescinding the
excommunications
of the
Great Schism
, which took place in 1054.
141
This was a significant step towards restoring communion between Rome and Constantinople. It produced the
Catholic-Eastern Orthodox Apostolic Joint Declaration of 1965
, read on 7 December 1965, simultaneously at a public meeting of the Second Vatican Council in Rome and at a special ceremony in Istanbul. The declaration did not end the schism but showed a desire for greater reconciliation between the two churches.
140
In May 1973, the
Coptic Patriarch
Shenouda III
of Alexandria from the
Coptic Orthodox Church
visited the Vatican, where he met three times with Pope Paul VI. A common declaration and a joint
creed
issued after the visit proclaimed unity in a number of theological issues,
116
but also that other theological differences "
since the year 451
" "cannot be ignored" while both traditions work to a greater unity.
142
Anglicans
edit
Paul VI was the first pope to receive an
Anglican
Archbishop of Canterbury
Michael Ramsey
, in official audience as Head of Church, after the private audience visit of Archbishop
Geoffrey Fisher
to
Pope John XXIII
on 2 December 1960.
143
Ramsey met Paul three times during his visit and opened the
Anglican Centre in Rome
to increase their mutual knowledge.
144
He praised Paul VI
and his contributions in the service of unity.
144
Paul replied, "By entering into our house, you are entering your own house; we are happy to open our door and heart to you."
144
The two church leaders signed a joint declaration, ending past disputes and outlining a common future agenda.
Cardinal
Augustin Bea
, the head of the
Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity
, added at the end of the visit, "Let us move forward in Christ. God wants it. Humanity is waiting for it."
145
Unmoved by a harsh condemnation by the Congregation of Faith on mixed marriages precisely at this time of the visit, Paul VI and Ramsey appointed a preparatory commission which was to put the common agenda into practice on such issues as mixed marriages. This resulted in a joint Malta declaration, the first joint agreement on the
Creed
since the
Reformation
146
Paul VI was a good friend of the Anglican Church, which he described as "our beloved sister Church." This description was unique to Paul and not used by later popes.
Protestants
edit
In 1965, Paul VI decided to create a joint working group with the
World Council of Churches
to map all possible avenues of dialogue and cooperation. Eight sessions were held in the following three years, resulting in many joint proposals.
147
It was proposed to work closely together in social justice and development and "Third World" issues such as hunger and poverty. On the religious side, it was agreed to be shared in the
Week of Prayer for Christian Unity
, which would be held annually. The joint working group was to prepare texts which were to be used by all Christians.
148
On 19 July 1968, the meeting of the World Council of Churches took place in
Uppsala
, Sweden, which Pope Paul called a sign of the times. He sent his blessing ecumenically: "May the Lord bless everything you do for the case of Christian Unity."
149
The World Council of Churches decided on including Catholic theologians in its committees, provided they have the backing of the Vatican.
citation needed
The
Lutherans
were the first Protestant church offering a dialogue to the Catholic Church in September 1964 in
Reykjavík
, Iceland.
150
It resulted in joint study groups of several issues. The dialogue with the
Methodist Church
began in October 1965, after its representatives officially applauded the past five years' remarkable changes, friendship, and cooperation. The
Reformed Churches
entered four years later into a dialogue with the Catholic Church.
151
The President of the
Lutheran World Federation
and member of the central committee of the World Council of Churches
Fredrik A. Schiotz
stated during the 450th anniversary of the
Reformation
, that earlier commemorations were viewed almost as a triumph. He welcomed the announcement of Pope Paul VI to celebrate the 1900th anniversary of the death of the
Apostle Peter
and
Apostle Paul
, and promised participation and co-operation in the festivities.
152
Paul VI supported the new-found harmony and cooperation with Protestants on many levels. When Cardinal
Augustin Bea
went to see him for permission for a joint Catholic-Protestant translation of the Bible with Protestant Bible societies, the Pope walked towards him and exclaimed, "As far as the cooperation with
Bible societies
is concerned, I am totally in favour."
153
He issued a formal approval on
Pentecost
1967, the feast on which the
Holy Spirit
descended on the Christians, overcoming all linguistic difficulties, according to Christian tradition.
154
Beatifications and canonisations
edit
Main articles:
List of people declared venerable by Pope Paul VI
List of people beatified by Pope Paul VI
, and
List of saints canonized by Pope Paul VI
Paul VI beatified 38 individuals in his pontificate and
canonized
84 saints in 21 causes. Among the
beatifications
were
Maximilian Kolbe
(1971) and the
Korean Martyrs
(1968),
Nikola Tavelić
(1970) and the
Ugandan Martyrs
(1964).
In 1970, Paul VI also named the first female
Doctors of the Church
Teresa of Ávila
, which he called
Doctor orationis
("Doctor of Prayer"), and
Catherine of Siena
Consistories
edit
Main article:
Cardinals created by Paul VI
Pope Paul VI held six
consistories
between 1965 and 1977 that raised 143 men to the
cardinalate
in his fifteen years as pope:
22 February 1965, 27 cardinals
26 June 1967, 27 cardinals
28 April 1969, 34 cardinals
5 March 1973, 30 cardinals
24 May 1976, 20 cardinals
27 June 1977, 4 cardinals
Paul VI making Karol Wojtyła (the future
Pope John Paul II
) a cardinal in 1967.
Paul VI making Albino Luciani (the future
Pope John Paul I
) a cardinal in 1973
Paul VI making Joseph Ratzinger (the future
Pope Benedict XVI
) a cardinal in 1977
The successive three popes were created
cardinals
by him. His immediate successor, Albino Luciani, who took the name
Pope John Paul I
, was created a cardinal in the consistory of 5 March 1973. Karol Józef Wojtyła (later
Pope John Paul II
) was created a cardinal in the consistory of 26 June 1967. Joseph Ratzinger (later
Pope Benedict XVI
) was made a cardinal in the small four-appointment consistory of 27 June 1977 that was the Pope's last.
155
Paul VI named
Štěpán Trochta
and
Iuliu Hossu
as cardinals "
in pectore
" in 1969 and only revealed Hossu's name in 1973 after Hossu died while formally naming Trochta. Similarly, Paul VI named both
František Tomášek
and
Joseph-Marie Trịnh Như Khuê
in pectore
" in 1976, only announcing the former in 1977 and the latter at the 1976 consistory itself, a month after having announced it and his hidden selection.
With the six consistories, Paul VI continued the internationalisation policies started by Pius XII in 1946 and continued by John XXIII. In his 1976 consistory, five of twenty cardinals originated from Africa, one of them a son of a tribal chief with fifty wives.
155
Several prominent Latin Americans like
Eduardo Francisco Pironio
of Argentina;
Luis Aponte Martinez
of
Puerto Rico
Eugênio de Araújo Sales
and
Aloisio Lorscheider
from Brazil were also elevated by him. There were voices within the church at the time saying that the European period of the church was coming to a close, a view shared by Britain's Cardinal
Basil Hume
155
At the same time, the members of the College of Cardinals lost some of their previous influences, after Paul VI decreed, that membership by bishops in committees and other bodies of the Roman Curia would not be limited to cardinals. The age limit of eighty years imposed by the Pope, a numerical increase of Cardinals by almost 100%, and a reform of the formal dress of the "Princes of the Church" further contributed to a service-oriented perception of Cardinals under his pontificate. The increased number of Cardinals from the Third World and the papal emphasis on related issues were nevertheless welcomed by many in Western Europe.
155
The consistory of 1969 was the largest consistory since 1946 and would be surpassed later in 2001.
In 1965, the theologian
Romano Guardini
declined an invitation by Paul VI to be inducted into the College of Cardinals. In 1967, he also intended to nominate
Pietro Sigismondi
, but he died a month before the consistory was held. Also in 1967, according to the memoirs of
Louis Bouyer
, Paul VI intended to name Bouyer to the cardinalate after the Second Vatican Council; however, Paul VI was forced to abandon the idea after realizing that the French episcopacy would not warmly receive the appointment since Bouyer had been very critical of many of the positions taken by the French bishops. Other sources indicate that the Pope intended to name his friend
Jacques Maritain
to the cardinalate in 1969. Not only did Maritain decline, but if he had been elevated, it would have made him the first
lay cardinal
since 1858.
156
On 22 February 1969, Paul VI and Monsignor Hieronymus Menges discussed nominating Iuliu Hossu and
Áron Márton
to the cardinalate (Pius XII dropped an idea to name Márton to the cardinalate in 1946), however, Márton's potential elevation was not considered acceptable, hence, Hossu was named
in pectore
since the Romanians would not have accepted Hossu either.
157
Final years and death
edit
Allegations of homosexuality
edit
In 1976, Paul VI became the first pontiff in the modern era to deny the accusation of
homosexuality
. On 29 December 1975, the Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith issued a document entitled
Persona Humana: Declaration on Certain Questions concerning Sexual Ethics
, that reaffirmed church teaching that premarital or extramarital sex, homosexual activity, and masturbation are sinful acts.
158
159
In response,
Roger Peyrefitte
, who had already written in two of his books that Paul VI had a longtime homosexual relationship, repeated his charges in a magazine interview with a French gay magazine that, when reprinted in Italian, brought the rumours to a wider public and caused an uproar. He said that the Pope was a hypocrite who had a long-term sexual relationship with an actor.
160
161
162
Widespread rumours identified the actor as
Paolo Carlini
163
who had a small part in the
Audrey Hepburn
film
Roman Holiday
(1953). In a brief address to a crowd of approximately 20,000 in St Peter's Square on 18 April 1976, Paul VI called the charges "horrible and slanderous insinuations" and appealed for prayers on his behalf. Special prayers for the Pope were said in all Italian Catholic churches in "a day of consolation".
161
163
The charges have resurfaced periodically. In 1994, Franco Bellegrandi, a former Vatican honour chamberlain and correspondent for the Vatican newspaper
L'Osservatore Romano
, alleged that Paul VI had been blackmailed and had promoted other gay men to positions of power within the Vatican.
165
In 2006, the newspaper
L'Espresso
reported that the private papers of police commander General Giorgio Manes confirmed the blackmail story as true, and that Italian Prime Minister
Aldo Moro
had been asked to help.
163
166
Health
edit
Paul VI with
Albino Luciani
(the future John Paul I) in
Venice
Paul VI with Joseph Ratzinger (the future
Pope Benedict XVI
) in 1977
Paul VI had been in good health prior to his pontifical election. His health following his papal election took a turn when he needed to undergo a serious operation to treat an enlarged
prostate
. The Pope procrastinated in this but relented in November 1967; the operation took place on a simple table in an improvised operating theatre in the papal apartments by a team led by Professor
Pietro Valdoni
. The Vatican was delicate in their description of what the Pope underwent and referred to it as "the malaise from which the Holy Father had been suffering for weeks". As a result of the delay in having the operation, the Pope had to wear a
catheter
for a period following the operation and still was by December.
167
The Pope discussed business from his bed about 48 hours after the operation with Cardinal
Amleto Giovanni Cicognani
and at that point was off
intravenous feeding
in favour of orange juice and hot broth. Cardinal Cicognani said the Pope was "in good general condition" and that he spoke in a "clear and firm voice". The Pope's two brothers also visited him at his bedside following a "tranquil night" for the Pope. The doctors also reported the Pope's condition to have been "excellent".
168
Kidnapping and killing of Aldo Moro
edit
Aldo Moro
, photographed during his kidnapping by the
Red Brigades
in 1978
On 16 March 1978, former
Italian prime minister
Aldo Moro
—a friend of Paul VI's from his FUCI student days—was kidnapped by a far-left Italian terrorist group known as the
Red Brigades
. The kidnapping kept the country and the Pope in suspense for 55 days.
169
On 20 April, Moro directly appealed to the Pope to intervene as
Pope Pius XII
had intervened in the case of Professor
Giuliano Vassalli
in the same situation.
170
The eighty-year-old Paul VI wrote a letter to the
Red Brigades
I have no mandate to speak to you, and I am not bound by any private interests in his regard. But I love him as a member of the great human family as a friend of student days and by a very special title as a brother in faith and as a son of the Church of Christ. I make an appeal that you will certainly not ignore. On my knees I beg you, free Aldo Moro, simply without conditions, not so much because of my humble and well-meaning intercession, but because he shares with you the common dignity of a brother in humanity. Men of the Red Brigades, leave me, the interpreter of the voices of so many of our fellow citizens, the hope that in your heart feelings of humanity will triumph. In prayer and always loving you I await proof of that.
170
Some in the Italian government accused the Pope of treating the Red Brigades too kindly. Paul VI continued looking for ways to pay ransom for Moro, but his efforts were fruitless. On 9 May, the bullet-riddled body of Aldo Moro was found in a car in Rome.
171
Pope Paul VI later celebrated his State Funeral Mass.
Final days
edit
Paul VI's
papal tiara
, now in the Crypt of the
Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception
Pope Paul VI left the
Vatican
to go to the papal summer residence, the
Palace of Castel Gandolfo
, on 14 July 1978, visiting on the way the tomb of Cardinal
Giuseppe Pizzardo
172
who had introduced him to the Vatican half a century earlier. Although he was sick, he agreed to see the new
Italian President
Sandro Pertini
for over two hours. In the evening he watched a
Western
on television, happy only when he saw "horses, the most beautiful animals that God had created."
172
He had breathing problems and needed oxygen. On Sunday, at the
Feast of the Transfiguration
, he was tired, but wanted to say the
Angelus
. He was neither able nor permitted to do so and instead stayed in bed, his temperature rising.
Death
edit
Paul VI's body in the Vatican after his death
Tomb of Paul VI following his canonisation in October 2018
From his bed he participated in Sunday Mass at 18:00. After receiving communion, the Pope suffered a massive heart attack, after which he lived on for three more hours. On 6 August 1978 at 21:41, Paul VI died in Castel Gandolfo.
172
Before he died, the pontiff had been lucid after the first heart attack. An hour before his death, he said he felt dizzy and asked those present to continue the prayers in his stead. Present at his bedside at the time of his death were Cardinal
Jean-Marie Villot
, Bishop
Giuseppe Caprio
, and his personal secretary
Pasquale Macchi
, as well as two nuns and his personal physician. By the time the Pope died, he was already confined to bed due to a flare up in his chronic joint arthritis and could not get up to personally celebrate the Mass.
173
Upon the initial heart attack, the Pope was immediately given oxygen; however, the Holy See indicated that his heart condition was aggravated by a
pulmonary edema
, or the seeping of fluid into the lungs.
Syria
174
unreliable source?
declared nine days of mourning;
Egypt
declared seven days of mourning;
175
Bolivia
declared five days of mourning;
176
Spain
177
declared four days of mourning;
Brazil
174
unreliable source?
Italy
178
Lebanon
179
Portugal
180
Guatemala
181
and
Zaire
182
declared three days of mourning; The
Philippines
declared one day of mourning.
183
Paul VI left a will and a spiritual testament.
184
These were released by the Vatican shortly after his death. He asked for his burial to be simple, and that his correspondence, personal memos and other writings be destroyed. He also legated all his belongings to the Vatican.
185
Paul VI does not have an ornate
sarcophagus
, but is buried in a grave beneath the floor of
Saint Peter's Basilica
, in the
Vatican Grottoes
near the tombs of other popes.
186
failed verification
His position mirrors the statements attributed to
Pius XI
: "a Pope may suffer but he must be able to function" and by Pius XII.
187
Pope Paul, reflecting on
Hamlet
, wrote the following in a private note in 1978:
What is my state of mind? Am I Hamlet? Or
Don Quixote
? On the left? On the right? I do not think I have been properly understood. I am filled with 'great joy (Superabundo gaudio)' With all our affliction, I am overjoyed (2 Cor 2:4).
188
His confessor, the
Jesuit
Paolo Dezza
, said that "this pope is a man of great joy",
67
and that:
If Paul VI was not a saint, when he was elected Pope, he became one during his pontificate. I was able to witness not only with what energy and dedication he toiled for Christ and the Church but also and above all, how much he suffered for Christ and the Church. I always admired not only his deep inner resignation but also his constant abandonment to divine providence.
189
Canonisation
edit
Main article:
Beatification and canonization of Pope Paul VI
Pope
Saint
Paul VI
Pope
Confessor
Born
Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini
Venerated in
Catholic Church
Beatified
19 October 2014,
St. Peter's Square
Vatican City
by
Pope Francis
Canonized
14 October 2018, St. Peter's Square, Vatican City by Pope Francis
Feast
29 May
Attributes
Papal vestments
Papal tiara
Pallium
Patronage
Archdiocese of Milan, Paul VI Pontifical Institute, Second Vatican Council, Diocese of Brescia, Concesio, Magenta, Paderno Dugnano
Canonization Mass held on 14 October 2018
Tapestry of Paul VI on the occasion of his beatification on 19 October 2014
The diocesan process for beatification for Paul VI—titled then as a
Servant of God
—opened in Rome on 11 May 1993 under
Pope John Paul II
after the "
nihil obstat
" ("nothing against") was declared the previous 18 March. Cardinal
Camillo Ruini
opened the diocesan process in Rome. The title of Servant of God is the first of four steps toward possible
canonisation
. The diocesan process concluded its business on 18 March 1998.
190
On 20 December 2012,
Pope Benedict XVI
, in an audience with the Cardinal Prefect of the
Congregation for the Causes of Saints
Angelo Amato
, declared that the late pontiff had lived a life of
heroic virtue
, which means that he could be called "
Venerable
".
191
On 12 December 2013, Vatican officials comprising a medical panel approved a supposed miracle that was attributed to the intercession of the late pontiff, which was the curing of an unborn child in
California
, U.S.A in the 1990s. This miracle was investigated in California from 7 July 2003 until 12 July 2004. It was expected that
Pope Francis
would approve the miracle in the near future, thus, warranting the beatification of the late pontiff.
192
In February 2014, it was reported that the consulting Vatican theologians to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints recognised the miracle attributed to the late pontiff on 18 February.
193
On 24 April 2014, it was reported in the Italian magazine
Credere
that the late pope could possibly be beatified on 19 October 2014. This report from the magazine further stated that several cardinals and bishops would meet on 5 May to confirm the miracle that had previously been approved, and then present it to Pope Francis who may sign the decree for beatification shortly after that.
194
The Congregation for the Causes of Saints' cardinal and bishop members held that meeting and positively concluded that the healing was indeed a miracle that could be attributed to the late pope. The matter would then be presented by the Cardinal Prefect to the Pope for approval.
195
The second miracle required for his canonisation was reported to have occurred in 2014 not long after his beatification. The vice-postulator, Antonio Lanzoni, suggested that the canonisation could be approved in the near future which would allow for the canonisation sometime in spring 2016; this did not materialise because the investigations were still ongoing at that stage.
196
197
198
It was further reported in January 2017 that Pope Francis was considering canonising Paul VI either in that year, or in 2018 (marking 40 years since the late pope's death), without the second miracle required for sainthood.
199
This too was proven false since the miracle from 2014 was being presented to the competent Vatican officials for assessment.
The late pope's
liturgical
feast day
was then established to be celebrated on the date of his birth, 26 September, rather than the day of his death, as is usual since the latter falls on the
Feast of the Transfiguration
, a major feast in the liturgical year.
200
The final miracle needed for the late pope's canonisation was investigated in
Verona
, the investigation being closed on 11 March 2017. The miracle in question involves the healing of an unborn girl, Amanda Maria Paola (born 25 December 2014), after her parents (Vanna and Alberto) went to the Church of
Santa Maria delle Grazie, Brescia
, to pray for the late pope's intercession the previous 29 October, just ten days after Paul VI was beatified.
201
The miracle regarding Amanda was the fact that she had survived for months despite the fact that the
placenta
was broken. On 23 September, a month before the beatification, Amanda's mother Vanna Pironato (aged 35) was hospitalised due to the premature rupture of the placenta, with doctors declaring her pregnancy to be at great risk.
201
The documents regarding the alleged miracle were by then in Rome awaiting approval, with his canonisation depending on the miracle's confirmation.
202
Theologians advising the Congregation for the Causes of Saints voiced their approval to this miracle on 13 December 2017 (following the confirmation of doctors on 26 October) and had this sent to the cardinal and bishop members of the C.C.S. who had to vote on the cause also before taking it to Pope Francis for his approval. Brescian media reported the canonisation could take place in October 2018 to coincide with
the synod on the youth
203
201
The cardinal and bishop members of the C.C.S. issued their unanimous approval to this miracle in their meeting held on 6 February 2018. Pope Francis confirmed that the canonisation would be approved and celebrated in 2018 in remarks made during a meeting with Roman priests on 14 February 2018.
204
On 6 March 2018, the Cardinal Secretary of State
Pietro Parolin
, speaking at a plenary meeting of the International Catholic Migration Commission in Rome, confirmed that Paul VI would be canonised in at the close of the synod on 28 October 2018.
205
On 6 March, the Pope confirmed the healing as a miracle, thereby approving Paul VI's canonisation; a consistory of cardinals on 19 May 2018 determined that the official date for Paul VI's canonisation, along with that of the assassinated Archbishop of
San Salvador
Oscar Romero
, would be 14 October 2018.
206
Paul VI's liturgical feast day, an
optional memorial
, had previously been celebrated on 26 September, the date of his birth, but was moved in 2019 to 29 May, the day of his priestly
ordination
Legacy
edit
Part of
a series
on
Catholic social teaching
Emblem
of the
Holy See
Overview
Social teachings of the papacy
Common good
Distributism
Human dignity
Option for the poor
Social justice
Social mortgage
Solidarity
Subsidiarity
Tranquillitas ordinis
Universal destination of goods
Pope Leo XIII
Rerum novarum
Pope Pius XI
Divini Redemptoris
Mit brennender Sorge
Non abbiamo bisogno
Quadragesimo anno
Pope Pius XII
Social teachings
Pope John XXIII
Mater et magistra
Pacem in terris
Second Vatican Council
Dignitatis humanae
Gaudium et spes
Pope Paul VI
Octogesima adveniens
Populorum progressio
Pope John Paul II
Laborem exercens
Sollicitudo rei socialis
Centesimus annus
Evangelium vitae
Pope Benedict XVI
Caritas in veritate
Pope Francis
Evangelii gaudium
Laudato si'
Fratelli tutti
Pope Leo XIV
Dilexi te
Other figures
José María Arizmendiarrieta
Joseph Bernardin
G. K. Chesterton
Hilaire Belloc
Dorothy Day
Gaspard Mermillod
Heinrich Pesch
Óscar Romero
Catholic Church portal
Pope Paul VI continued the opening and internationalisation of the church that began under
Pius XII
and implemented the reforms of
John XXIII
and the
Second Vatican Council
. Yet, unlike these popes, Paul VI faced criticism throughout his papacy from both traditionalists and liberals for steering a middle course during Vatican II and during the implementation of its reforms thereafter.
207
He expressed a desire for peace during the
Vietnam War
208
On basic Church teachings, the Pope was unwavering. On the tenth anniversary of
Humanae vitae
, he reconfirmed this teaching.
209
In his style and methodology, he was a disciple of Pius XII, whom he deeply revered.
209
He suffered for the attacks on Pius XII for his alleged silences during the Holocaust.
209
Pope Paul VI was said to have been less intellectually gifted than his predecessors: he was not credited with an encyclopaedic memory, nor a gift for languages, nor the brilliant writing style of Pius XII,
210
nor did he have the charisma and outpouring love, sense of humor and human warmth of John XXIII. He took on himself the unfinished reform work of these two popes, bringing them diligently with great humility and common sense and without much fanfare to conclusion.
211
In doing so, Paul VI saw himself following in the footsteps of the Apostle Paul, who, being torn to several directions, said, "I am attracted to two sides at once, because the Cross always divides."
212
A statue of Paul VI in Milan, Italy
Paul VI received the Grand Cross First Class of the
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Paul VI refused to excommunicate opponents. He admonished but did not punish those with other views. The new theological freedoms which he fostered resulted in a pluralism of opinions and uncertainties among the faithful.
213
New demands were voiced, which were taboo at the council: the reintegration of divorced Catholics, the sacramental character of the confession, and the role of women in the church and its ministries. Conservatives complained "women wanted to be priests, priests wanted to get married, bishops became regional popes and theologians claimed absolute teaching authority. Protestants claimed equality, homosexuals and the divorced called for full acceptance."
214
Changes such as the
reorientation of the liturgy
alterations to the ordinary of the Mass
, alterations to the
liturgical calendar
in the motu proprio
Mysterii Paschalis
, and the
relocation of the tabernacle
were controversial among some Catholics.
While the total number of Catholics increased during the pontificate of Paul VI, the number of priests did not keep up. In the United States, at beginning of Paul's reign there were almost 1,600 priestly ordinations a year, while the number dropped to nearly 900 a year at his death. The number of seminarians at the same time dropped by three quarters. More pronounced declines were evident in religious life where the number of sisters and brothers declined sharply. Infant baptisms began to decline almost at once after Paul's election and did not begin to recover until 1980. In the same period adult conversions to the church declined by a third. While marriages increased
annulments
also increased but at a much greater rate. There was a 1,322% increase in declarations of nullity between 1968 and 1970 alone. While 65% of US Catholics went to Sunday Mass in 1965, that percentage had slipped to 40% by the time of Paul's death. Similar collapses occurred in other developed countries.
215
Paul VI renounced many traditional symbols of the papacy and the Catholic Church; some of his changes to the papal dress were temporarily reversed by
Pope Benedict XVI
in the early 21st century. Refusing a Vatican army of colourful military uniforms from past centuries, he got rid of them, leaving only the
Swiss Guard
in function. He became the first pope to visit five continents.
216
Paul VI systematically continued and completed the efforts of his predecessors, to turn the Euro-centric church into a church of the world, by integrating the bishops from all continents in its government and in the Synods which he convened. His 6 August 1967
motu proprio
Pro Comperto Sane
opened the
Roman Curia
to the bishops of the world. Until then, only Cardinals could be leading members of the Curia.
216
Some critiqued Paul VI's decision; the newly created Synod of Bishops had an advisory role only and could not make decisions on their own, although the Council decided exactly that. During the pontificate of Paul VI, five such synods took place, and he is on record of implementing all their decisions.
217
Related questions were raised about the new National Bishop Conferences, which became mandatory after Vatican II. Others questioned his Ostpolitik and contacts with Communism and the deals he engaged in for the faithful.
218
Paul VI suffered from the responses within the church to
Humanae vitae
. Most regions and bishops supported the pontiff, including notable support from
Patrick O'Boyle
219
However, a small part of the church, especially in the Netherlands, Canada, and Germany openly disagreed with the Pope, which deeply wounded him for the rest of his life.
220
See also
edit
Directly related
edit
Paul VI Audience Hall
Paul VI: The Pope in the Tempest
Associated topics
edit
Credo of the People of God
Liberation theology
List of meetings between the pope and the president of the United States
List of popes
References
edit
Notes
edit
Latin
Paulus PP. VI
Italian
Paolo VI
Brescian
Pàol VI
Italian pronunciation:
[dʒoˈvanni
batˈtista
enˈriːko
anˈtɔːnjo
maˈriːa
monˈtiːni]
In theory any male Catholic is eligible for election to the papacy. In fact, his photograph was published in
Life
magazine with the other potential candidates for the papacy in 1958. However, the cardinals in modern times almost always elect a fellow cardinal to the office.
28 October 1965.
As a gesture of goodwill, the Pope gave to the UN two pieces of papal jewellery, a diamond cross
109
110
and ring,
111
112
with the hopes that the proceeds from their sale at auction would contribute to the UN's efforts to end human suffering.
And John XXIII.
In 1984,
Paul Hofmann
, a former correspondent for
The New York Times
, repeated the allegations.
164
Citations
edit
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Further reading
edit
Montini, Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria
Apostolic Constitutions, Encyclicals and documents issued, as well as his Last Will and Testament
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9 May
2005
———,
The writings
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..
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Complete works
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Pro-
Humanæ Vitæ
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2003
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American attitudes towards
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St. Peter's Basilica
"Pope Paul VI"
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(video archive). Archived from
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on 2 February 2017
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15 March
2013
External links
edit
Pope Paul VI
at Wikipedia's
sister projects
Media
from Commons
Quotations
from Wikiquote
Texts
from Wikisource
Testament of Paul VI
Documentaries with English subtitles
edit
Paul VI, a Forgotten Pope
on
(in Italian)
The Assassination Attempt on Paul VI
on
(in Italian)
The Last Years of Paul VI (G.B. Montini 1974–78)
on
(in Italian)
Catholic Church titles
Preceded by
Federico Tedeschini
Substitute for General Affairs
13 December 1937 – 17 February 1953
Succeeded by
Angelo Dell'Acqua
Preceded by
Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster
Archbishop of Milan
1 November 1954 – 21 June 1963
Succeeded by
Giovanni Colombo
Preceded by
Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster
Cardinal-Priest of Santi Silvestro e Martino ai Monti
18 December 1958 – 21 June 1963
Succeeded by
Giovanni Colombo
Preceded by
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Pope
21 June 1963 – 6 August 1978
Succeeded by
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Pope Paul VI
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