Portal:Islam - Wikipedia

(born

, later

; May 19, 1925 – February 21, 1965) was an

revolutionary and

leader who rose from a background of poverty, family disruption, and criminal activity to a prominent figure during the

until

in 1965. He discovered the religious organization the

while in prison and served as its spokesperson from 1952 until 1964. He was also a vocal advocate for

and the promotion of

within the African American community. A controversial figure accused of preaching violence, Malcolm X is also a celebrated figure with

and

worldwide for his pursuit of

.

Malcolm spent his adolescence living in a series of

and with various relatives, after his father's death and his mother's hospitalization. In 1946 he was sentenced to eight to ten years in prison for

and burglary. In prison, he joined the Nation of Islam, adopting the name Malcolm X to symbolize his unknown African ancestral surname while discarding "the white

of 'Little

", and after his parole in 1952, he quickly became one of the organization's most influential leaders. He was the public face of the organization for 12 years, advocating black empowerment and

, as well as criticizing

and the mainstream civil rights movement for its emphasis on non-violence and

. Malcolm X also expressed pride in some of the Nation's social welfare achievements, such as its free

program. From the 1950s onward, Malcolm X was subjected to surveillance by the

(FBI). (

)

The

(1096–1099) was the first of a series of religious wars, or

, which were initiated, supported and at times directed by the

in the

. Their aim was to return the

—which had been

by the

in the 7th century—to Christian rule. By the 11th century, although Jerusalem had then been ruled by Muslims for hundreds of years, the practices of the

rulers in the region began to threaten local Christian populations, pilgrimages from the West and the

itself. The earliest impetus for the First Crusade came in 1095 when Byzantine emperor

sent ambassadors to the

to request military support in the empire's conflict with the Seljuk-led Turks. This was followed later in the year by the

, at which

gave a speech supporting the Byzantine request and urging faithful Christians to undertake an armed pilgrimage to

.

This call was met with an enthusiastic popular response across all social classes in western Europe. Thousands of predominantly poor Christians, led by the French priest

, were the first to respond. What has become known as the

passed through Germany and indulged in wide-ranging anti-Jewish activities, including the

. On leaving Byzantine-controlled territory in

, they were annihilated in a Turkish ambush led by the Seljuk

at the

in October 1096. (

)

A

(

), also called a

(

), is a

for

. The term usually refers to a covered building, but can be any place where

are performed; such as an outdoor courtyard.

Originally, mosques were simple places of prayer for the

, and may have been open spaces rather than elaborate buildings. In the first stage of

(650–750 CE), early mosques comprised open and closed covered spaces enclosed by walls, often with

, from which the

was issued on a daily basis. It is typical of mosque buildings to have a special ornamental niche (a

) set into the wall in the direction of the city of

(the

), which Muslims must face during prayer, as well as a facility for ritual cleansing (

). The pulpit (

), from which public sermons (

) are delivered on the event of

, was, in earlier times, characteristic of the central city mosque, but has since become common in smaller mosques. To varying degrees, mosque buildings are designed so that there are

. This basic pattern of organization has assumed different forms depending on the region, period, and

. (

)

, also known as

(full name:

,

), 864 or 865 – 925 or 935 CE, was a Persian physician, philosopher and alchemist who lived during the

. He is widely regarded as one of the most important figures in the history of medicine, and also wrote on

,

and

. He is also known for his

, especially with regard to the concepts of

and

. However, the

aspects of his thought, which also included a belief in five "

principles", are fragmentary and only reported by authors who were often hostile to him.

A comprehensive thinker, al-Razi made fundamental and enduring contributions to various fields, which he recorded in over 200 manuscripts, and is particularly remembered for numerous advances in medicine through his

and discoveries. An early proponent of

, he became a successful doctor, and served as chief physician of

and

hospitals. As a teacher of

, he attracted students of all backgrounds and interests and was said to be compassionate and devoted to the service of his patients, whether rich or poor. Along with

(836–901), he was one of the first to clinically distinguish between

and

. (

)

The

or sometimes called

(

:

;

), also referred to as

(

:

,

;

) in the

and by

, was fought on 13 March 624 CE (17

, 2

), near the present-day city of

,

in

.

, commanding an army of his

, defeated an army of the

led by

, better known among Muslims as

. The battle marked the beginning of the six-year war between Muhammad and his tribe. The Battle of Badr took place after five or six unsuccessful attempts by the Muslims to intercept and raid Meccan trade caravans between 623 and early 624 CE.

Muhammad only attacked caravans as a response against Quraysh for confiscating the Muslims' homes and wealth back in Mecca and driving them into exile. A few days before the battle, when he learnt of a Makkan caravan returning from the

led by

, Muhammad gathered a small

to raid it. Abu Sufyan, learning of the Muslim plan to

his caravan, changed course and took a longer route away from Muhammad's base at

and sent a messenger to Mecca, asking for help. Amr ibn Hisham commanded an army nearly one-thousand strong, approaching Badr and encamping at the dune al-'Udwatul Quswa. (

)

(

 – AD 30 or 33), also referred to as

,

, and by various

, was a 1st-century

preacher and religious leader in the

. He is the

of

, the

. Most Christians consider Jesus to be the

of

and the awaited

, or

, a descendant of the

prophesied in the

. Virtually all modern scholars of

agree that

. Accounts of

are contained in the

, especially the

of the

. Since the

,

has produced various views on the

and the extent to which they reflect the

.

According to

, as represented in the Gospels and the

, Jesus

at eight days old,

at the

at forty days old,

by

as a young adult, and, after

of fasting in the wilderness, began

. He was an

whom his followers believed to possess divine authority in interpreting

. Jesus often debated with other Jews, most commonly the

and

, about how best to

, engaged in healings, taught in

, and gathered followers, 12 of whom he appointed as his

. According to the New Testament accounts, he was arrested in

and

by the

, handed over to the Roman authorities, and

on the order of

, the Roman prefect of

. After his death, his followers became convinced that he

, and the community they formed eventually developed into the

, which expanded into a

. (

)

is a city in the

, on a plateau in the

between the

and the

. It is one of the

and is considered

to the three major

:

,

and

. Both

and

claim Jerusalem as their

; Israel maintains its primary governmental institutions there, while Palestine ultimately foresees it as its seat of power. Neither claim is widely

.

Throughout

, Jerusalem has been destroyed at least twice,

, captured and recaptured 44 times, and attacked 52 times. The part of Jerusalem called the

shows first signs of settlement in the 4th millennium BCE, in the shape of encampments of nomadic shepherds. During the

period (14th century BCE) Jerusalem was named as

on

tablets, probably meaning "City of

" after a

. During the

period, significant construction activity in Jerusalem began in the 10th century BCE (Iron Age II), and by the 9th century BCE the city had developed into the religious and administrative centre of the

. In 1538 the

for a last time around Jerusalem under

of the

. Today those walls define the

, which since the 19th century has been divided into four quarters—the

,

,

and

. The Old City became a

in 1981, and is on the

. Since 1860

far beyond the Old City's boundaries. In 2024 Jerusalem had a

of 1,050,153.

In 2022 60% were Jews and almost 40% were Palestinians. In 2020 the population was 951,100, of which Jews comprised 570,100 (59.9%), Muslims 353,800 (37.2%), Christians 16,300 (1.7%) and 10,800 unclassified (1.1%). (

)

is an

religion based on the

and the

of

. The religion's adherents, called

, are estimated to number

and are the world's

after

.

Muslims believe that there is a

that was revealed many times through earlier

, including

,

,

,

, and

, and they believe that Islam is the universal and complete version of this faith. Muslims consider the Quran to be the verbatim word of

and the unaltered, final revelation. Alongside the Quran, Muslims also believe in previous

, such as the

(

), the

(

), and the

(

). They believe that

is the main and

of

, through whom the religion was completed, and after whom no new prophet or divine law will come. The teachings and normative examples of Muhammad, called the

, documented in accounts called

, provide a constitutional model for Muslims. Islam is based on the belief in the oneness and uniqueness of God (

), and belief in an afterlife (

) with the

—wherein the righteous will be rewarded in paradise (

) and the unrighteous will be punished in hell (

). The

, considered

acts of worship, are the Islamic oath and creed (

), daily prayers (

), almsgiving (

), fasting (

) in the month of

, and a

(

) to

. Islamic law,

, touches on virtually every aspect of life, from

and

to

and

and the

. The two main

are

and

. The three

are

in Mecca,

in

, and

in

. (

)