Portugal - Wikipedia

Portugal - Wikipedia
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Coordinates
39°N
8°W
 / 
39°N 8°W
 /
39; -8
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Country in Southwestern Europe
This article is about the country. For other uses, see
Portugal (disambiguation)
Portuguese Republic
República Portuguesa
Portuguese
República Pertuesa
Mirandese
Flag
Coat of arms
Anthem:
A Portuguesa
"The Portuguese"
Show globe
Show map of the European Union
Location of Portugal
Portugal within the
European Union
Capital
and largest city
Lisbon
38°46′N
9°9′W
 / 
38.767°N 9.150°W
 /
38.767; -9.150
Official languages
Portuguese
Recognised national languages
Portuguese Sign Language
Recognised regional languages
Mirandese
Demonym
Portuguese
Government
Unitary
semi-presidential republic
President
António José Seguro
Prime Minister
Luís Montenegro
Speaker
José Pedro Aguiar-Branco
Legislature
Assembly of the Republic
Establishment
County
868
Sovereignty
24 June 1128
Battle of Ourique
25 July 1139
Conference of Zamora
4–5 October 1143
Recognition
23 May 1179
Restoration
pt
1 December 1640
First constitution
23 September 1822
Republic
5 October 1910
Democratization
25 April 1974
Current constitution
25 April 1976
Area
• Total
156,597 km
(60,462 sq mi)
92nd
• Land
92,225 km
(35,608 sq mi)
• Water
64,372 km
(24,854 sq mi)
• Water (%)
1.2 (2015)
Population
• 2024 estimate
10,749,635
87th
• 2021 census
10,343,066
• Density
116.6/km
(302.0/sq mi)
GDP
PPP
2026 estimate
• Total
$567.632 billion
51st
• Per capita
$52,841
42nd
GDP
(nominal)
2026 estimate
• Total
$380.637 billion
45th
• Per capita
$35,434
41st
Gini
(2025)
30.9
10
medium inequality
HDI
(2023)
0.890
11
very high
40th
Currency
Euro
) (
EUR
Time zone
UTC
+0 and -1
• Summer (
DST
UTC
+1 and +0
Date format
yyyy
mm
dd
12
Calling code
+351
ISO 3166 code
PT
Internet TLD
.pt
Portugal
officially the
Portuguese Republic
is a country located on the
Iberian Peninsula
in
Southwestern Europe
. It is a
unitary republic
made up by
mainland Portugal
and two
autonomous regions
, with
Lisbon
as both its
capital
and
largest city
. It has a
total population
of over 10.7 million. The mainland is
bordered by
Spain
to the north and east, with
Madeira
and the
Azores
in the
Atlantic Ocean
. The mainland includes
the westernmost point
of
continental Europe
The western Iberian Peninsula has been inhabited since
prehistoric times
, with the earliest signs of
settlement
dating to 5500 BC. Portugal was initially established as a
county
of the
Kingdom of León
in 868, and
formally
as a
kingdom
in 1179, resulting from the
Reconquista
against the Muslims. The kingdom later became one of the main participants of the
Age of Discovery
, made several seminal advancements in
nautical science
, and
was among the first European countries
to explore and discover new territories and sea routes, establishing
settlements, colonies, and trading posts
. After the kingdom
became a republic
in 1910, Portugal lived under a dictatorship
from 1926
until
the dictatorship's overthrow
in 1974
enabled
the
full establishment of democracy
in 1976.
It is a
semi-presidential
constitutional unitary republic and
multi-party
representative democracy
with four separate
sovereignty bodies
president
government
, parliament, and
judiciary
. It has a
unicameral national legislature
known as the
Assembly of the Republic
. Portugal has developed a
complex system
to manage its territory, even though the mainland continues to remain
highly centralized
developed country
, Portugal has an
advanced economy
that chiefly relies upon services, industry, and tourism. Shaped by the various civilisations that have crossed its territory, Portugal developed a
specific culture
with
a worldwide influence
that allowed
Portuguese
to become the world's
fifth-most spoken native language
with more than 250 million
native speakers
. A
member of numerous international organizations
, Portugal maintains an active role in international political, cultural, economic, and military affairs.
Etymology
The word
Portugal
derives either from
Latin
Portus Cale
, meaning 'port of
Cale
', or Latin
Portus Gale
, 'warm harbor', itself the origin of
Porto
Cale
was a town on the
Douro
. The second derivation would have referred to the fact that the harbor at Porto is always free of ice.
14
The meaning and origin of the word
Cale
is unclear. The usual explanation is that it is an
ethnonym
derived from the
Gallaeci
peoples, who occupied the north-west of the
Iberian Peninsula
15
Around 136
BC, the
Romans
, during the
Second Punic War
, conquered Cale from the
Carthaginians
, renaming it
Portus Cale
. During the
Middle Ages
, the region around Portus Cale became known by the
Suebi
and
Visigoths
as
Portucale
. The name
Portucale
evolved into
Portugale
during the 7th and 8th centuries, and by the 9th century it was used to refer to the region between the Douro and
Minho
rivers. By the 11th and 12th centuries,
Portugale
Portugallia
Portugallo
, or
Portugalliae
were already referred to as
Portugal
18
19
History
Main article:
History of Portugal
Prehistory
Main article:
Prehistoric Iberia
The region has been inhabited by humans since approximately 400,000 years ago.
Later
Neanderthals
roamed the northern Iberian peninsula, and a humanoid tooth has been found at the
Nova da Columbeira
cave in
Estremadura
21
Homo sapiens sapiens
arrived in what is now Portugal around 35,000 years ago and subsequently spread rapidly,
22
with the onset of the
Neolithic
dating to approximately 5400 BC.
23
In southern Portugal,
Iron Age
inscribed
stele
have been found, representing the earliest known evidence of writing on the Iberian Peninsula.
24
Pre-Celtic tribes inhabited Portugal. The
Lusitanians
occupied central, inland regions.
Celts
mainly inhabited the north and center of Portugal, leaving lasting traces in the language and culture.
25
Antiquity and early Middle Ages
Main articles:
Lusitania
Gallaecia
, and
Hispania
The
Roman Temple of Évora
, built in the 1st century
Romans first
invaded the Iberian Peninsula
in 218
BC.
26
The Carthaginians, Rome's opponent in the
Punic Wars
, were expelled from the peninsula in 206
BC after the
Battle of Ilipa
27
28
Within 200 years, almost the entire Iberian Peninsula had been annexed to the
Roman Republic
, facing
resistance
from local tribes, notably the Lusitanians led by
Viriathus
29
30
In 409, with the decline of the
Roman Empire
, the
Iberian Peninsula
was invaded by
Germanic tribes
31
Western Iberia was initially integrated into the
Suebian Kingdom
, with its capital at
Braga
32
The
Visigoths
eventually defeated the
Suebi
and ruled the entire peninsula until the early 8th century.
33
34
In 711, the Iberian Peninsula was
invaded from the south
by the
Umayyad Caliphate
who expanded rapidly in the peninsula and most of it became part of
al-Andalus
in 726.
35
36
37
38
The land that is now Portugal was part of the Umayyad Caliphate until the caliphate's collapse in 750.
39
That year the western part of the caliphate gained its independence under
Abd al-Rahman I
, with the establishment of the
Emirate of Córdoba
which lasted until 1031, with its dissolution into 23
small kingdoms
42
43
44
Most of present-day Portugal fell into the hands of the
Taifa of Badajoz
, and in 1022 the
Taifa of Seville
. Those petty kingdoms were conquered by the
Almoravids
in 1086, then by the
Almohads
in 1147.
45
46
Invasions from the north also occurred in this period, with
Vikings
raiding the coast, including Lisbon, between the 9th and 11th centuries.
47
48
The Viking raids resulted in the establishment of small
Norse
settlements on the coastline between
Douro
and
Minho
49
Reconquista
Main article:
Portugal in the Reconquista
Vímara Peres
The
Reconquista
was a series of military campaigns by northern Iberian Christian polities against Muslim-ruled
al-Andalus
50
It begun in 718 with the
Battle of Covadonga
which lead to the establishment of the
Kingdom of Asturias
following the defeat of the Umayyad forces by Visigothic nobleman,
Pelagius
51
52
In 868,
Porto
was conquered from the Moors by
Vímara Peres
, a knight and nobleman, on the orders of King
Alfonso III of Asturias
, with Peres becoming the first Count of Portugal.
53
54
55
Finding many towns in the region deserted, Peres decided to rebuild and repopulate them.
56
With the forced abdication of Alfonso III in 910, the Kingdom of Asturias split into three separate kingdoms, which were reunited in 924 under the crown of
León
57
The first County lasted until 1071, when the
Kingdom of Galicia
took over the region following the
Battle of Pedroso
58
In 1096,
Alfonso VI of León
refounded the county and bestowed it on
Henry of Burgundy
, who married to Alfonso's
illegitimate
daughter,
Teresa of León
59
Independence
Main article:
Portugal in the Middle Ages
King Afonso I
After the death of Count Henry, in 1112, a dispute erupted, culminating in the
Battle of São Mamede
, in 1128, where
Afonso Henriques
defeated the forces of his mother
Countess Teresa
and her lover
Fernão Peres de Trava
, establishing himself as sole leader of the
county
and achieving
de facto
independence.
60
Afonso's campaigns were successful, and in 1139, he was victorious in the
Battle of Ourique
, and took the title of
King of Portugal
61
In 1143, Afonso was recognised as Afonso I, king of Portugal, by King
Alfonso VII of León
, and in 1179 by
Pope Alexander III
, with the
papal bull
Manifestis Probatum
62
Afonso Henriques and his successors, aided by military
monastic orders
, continued pushing south until the
capture of Algarve
in 1249.
63
64
With minor readjustments,
Portugal's borders have since remained the same
, making it one of the oldest established international borders in Europe.
65
In 1348-49 Portugal, as with the rest of Europe, was devastated by the
Black Death
66
In 1373, Portugal, during the reign of
King Ferdinand I
, in the midst of the
Fernandine Wars
, made an
alliance with England
, which would be later strengthened by the signing of the
Treaty of Windsor
67
making it the oldest standing alliance in the world.
68
69
Age of Discovery
Main article:
Portuguese Empire
Areas that were, at some point, part of the
Portuguese Empire
In 1383,
John I of Castile
and
Beatrice of Portugal
, the only surviving legitimate child of
Ferdinand I of Portugal
, claimed the throne of Portugal.
John of Aviz
led a revolt against them and defeated the Castilians in the
Battle of Aljubarrota
, with the
House of Aviz
becoming the ruling house that led Portugal into the limelight of European politics and culture.
70
71
72
Portugal spearheaded the
European exploration of the world
under the sponsorship of
Prince Henry the Navigator
73
74
and made several seminal advancements in
nautical science
The Portuguese explored the
Indian Ocean
, established trade routes in most of southern Asia, and sent the first direct European maritime trade and diplomatic missions
to China
and
Japan
73
76
In 1415, Portugal acquired its first colonies by
conquering Ceuta
77
Throughout the 15th century,
Portuguese explorers
sailed the coast of Africa, establishing trading posts
for commodities
that ranged from
gold
to
slavery
78
Portuguese vessels of the Discovery Age depicted in the 16th century painting
Portuguese Carracks Off a Rocky Coast
79
80
81
The
Treaty of Tordesillas
, signed in 1494, divided the newly located lands outside Europe between Portugal and Spain along a line west of
Cape Verde
. In 1500,
Gaspar Corte-Real
reached modern-day
Canada
82
In 1500,
Pedro Álvares Cabral landed in Brazil
and claimed it for Portugal.
84
85
86
Portuguese sailors set out to reach eastern Asia, landing in
Taiwan
, Japan,
Timor
Flores
, and the
Moluccas
73
Between 1519 and 1522,
Ferdinand Magellan
organised a Spanish
expedition
to the
East Indies
that resulted in the first
circumnavigation
of the globe.
92
The
Treaty of Zaragoza
, signed in 1529, divided the Pacific Ocean between Spain and Portugal.
93
Iberian Union and Restoration
Main article:
Iberian Union
succession crisis
followed the deaths of
King Sebastian
and his grand-uncle
King Henry
, both of whom were without direct male heirs.
94
95
Philip II of Spain
claimed the throne in 1580, under the pretext that his mother,
Isabella of Portugal
, was a Portuguese princess, and he was crowned king of Portugal,
96
97
forming a
personal union
of the two kingdoms,
depriving Portugal of an independent foreign policy and leading to its involvement in the
Eighty Years' War
99
100
The coronation of King
John IV
, in Lisbon
The
Dutch-Portuguese War
resulted in the loss of Portugal's Indian Ocean trade monopoly between 1595 and 1663.
101
On 15 December 1640,
John, Duke of Braganza
, was proclaimed king following an uprising spearheaded by
disgruntled nobles
on
1 December
pt
, ending 60 years of the Iberian Union under the
House of Habsburg
, and beginning the rule of the
House of Braganza
102
Following its defeat in the
Portuguese Restoration War
, Spain
recognized
Afonso VI
as king of Portugal.
103
The reign of
John V
saw an influx of gold into the royal treasury, supplied largely by the
royal fifth
and a
gold rush
that saw one of the largest movements of people from Europe to an American colony.
105
Lisbon was struck by a major
earthquake on 1 November 1755
106
Following the earthquake,
King Joseph I
gave his prime minister,
Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal
, overarching powers, with Pombai becoming an
enlightened despot
108
Constitutional monarchy
Main articles:
History of Portugal (1777–1834)
and
History of Portugal (1834–1910)
The
Constituent Cortes of 1820
approved the first constitution of Portugal.
In 1807, Portugal refused
Napoleon
's demand to join the
Continental System
of embargo against the United Kingdom;
109
an invasion
led by French
General Junot
followed, and Lisbon was captured in 1807.
110
During the
Napoleonic invasions
, the
Portuguese royal family transferred
the court to
Rio de Janeiro
, in Brazil, making it the capital between 1808 and 1821.
111
British intervention in the
Peninsular War
helped support Portuguese independence, and all French troops were expelled by 1812.
112
In 1820, a
constitutionalist insurrection
began in
Porto
, which forced
King John VI
and his court to return to mainland Portugal in 1821. The death of John in 1826 led to a succession crisis. His eldest son,
Pedro I of Brazil
, briefly succeeded as
Pedro IV of Portugal
, but neither the Portuguese nor the Brazilians wanted a reunified monarchy. Consequently, Pedro abdicated the Portuguese crown in favour of his 7-year-old daughter,
Maria da Glória
113
114
Dissatisfaction at Pedro's constitutional reforms led the
"absolutist" faction of landowners and the church
to proclaim his brother
Miguel
king in February 1828. This led to the
Liberal Wars
, in which Pedro forced Miguel to abdicate in favour of Maria and to go into exile in 1834.
115
Under the constitutional monarchy, the country faced economic crises, political instability, and several coups d'état.
116
At the same time it expanded its colonies in Africa, but this culminated in the
1890 British Ultimatum
, which thwarted Portugal's imperialist ambitions and represented a devastating blow to the monarchy.
117
118
First Republic and
Estado Novo
Main articles:
First Portuguese Republic
and
Estado Novo (Portugal)
José Relvas
proclaiming the republic on
5 October 1910
, at
Lisbon City Hall
In 1908,
King Carlos I
and his son and heir,
Luís Filipe, Prince Royal
were assassinated
by
republican
sympathizers.
119
In 1910, the monarchy was
replaced
with a republic.
120
During
World War I
, Portugal
fought for the Allies
; however, the war hurt its weak economy.
121
122
Political instability and economic weaknesses created chaos and unrest during the
First Republic
123
These conditions led to its
overthow
in 1926 and the establishment of the
Ditadura Nacional
, which
evolved
into the right-wing dictatorship of the
Estado Novo
, under
António de Oliveira Salazar
, in 1933.
124
Portugal
remained neutral
in
World War II
125
New economic development projects and relocation of mainland citizens into the overseas provinces in Africa were initiated.
126
However,
indigenous peoples
already
second-class citizens
, were sidelined by those development projects,
127
which led to the emergence of independence movements, in the 1960s,
128
culminating in 1961 in the
Portuguese Colonial War
, which lasted until
1974
129
Return to democracy
Main articles:
Carnation Revolution
and
Third Portuguese Republic
Armored vehicles in Lisbon's
Rossio Square
, in 1975
On 25 April 1974, the Carnation Revolution overthrew the
Estado Novo
beginning the
transition to democracy
, and the beginning of the dissolution of its colonial empire
until 1999
130
131
132
Portugal was governed by a succession of provisional governments, with a lot of social and political tension, during the
Ongoing Revolutionary Process
(PREC), until the
legislative election of 1976
133
After the transition to democracy, Portugal fluctuated between
socialism
and
neoliberalism
134
In 1986, Portugal joined the
European Economic Community
(EEC), which led to a considerable growth of its economy.
135
The
2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis
led to an international bailout and intense
austerity
policies, resulting in lasting social impacts.
136
137
Geography
Main article:
Geography of Portugal
topographic map
of Portugal
Portugal comprises a mainland territory located on the
Iberian Peninsula
in
Southwestern Europe
, commonly referred to as
Continental Portugal
, as well as the two archipelagos of
Madeira
and the
Azores
on the
Atlantic Ocean
. The country is situated between latitudes 30° and 42° N, and longitudes 32° and 6° W.
138
139
140
Portugal encompasses a total area of 156,597 km
(60,462 sq mi), of which 64,372 km
(24,854 sq mi) consists of
territorial sea
and
internal waters
, while the country's land area amounts to 92,225 km
(35,608 sq mi).
Portugal's exclusive economic zone
extends over 1,727,408 km
(666,956 mi
), making it the third-largest in the European Union and the twentieth-largest in the world.
The country’s highest point is the summit of
Mount Pico
, located on
Pico Island
in the Azores, which rises to an elevation of 2,351 metres (7,713 ft) above sea level.
142
Despite the country's size, Portugal exhibits a diverse array of
geomorphological
landscapes as a result of its long geological evolution, shaped by two
Wilson cycles
, its position relative to
plate boundaries
, and climatic variability that produced distinct
morphoclimatic zones
144
Continental Portugal is 67% forests and 24% agricultural. The Portuguese mainland is predominantly low-altitude, with over 70% of the territory lying below 400 metres (1,300 ft) and less than 12% rising above 700 metres (2,300 ft) of elevation. Its geography is structured by the
Tagus
River, which enters from Spain and flows into the
Tagus Estuary
, as 95% of areas exceeding 400 metres (1,300 ft) are situated to the north of the river while the regions south of the Tagus, encompassing
Alentejo
and the
Algarve
, have 62% of the lands below 200 metres (660 ft). The territory north of the Tagus is marked by mountains and plateaus incised by river valleys, whereas the south is distinguished by rolling plains.
145
146
The Madeira archipelago comprises the islands of
Madeira
and
Porto Santo
, together with the
Desertas
and
Savage Islands
, all of which are of volcanic origin. Approximately one third of Madeira Island lies above 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) in elevation, and its landscape is characterised by a dense network of deep valleys with slopes rising several hundred metres, as well as streams that originate in the island’s center and diverge towards the coast, sustained by abundant rainfall. The steep gradient and very high rainfall is a cause of
flash floods
with high
sediment transport
147
The Azores is an archipelago composed of nine volcanic islands which, from west to east, are
Flores
Corvo
Faial
Pico
São Jorge
Graciosa
Terceira
São Miguel
, and
Santa Maria
. The islands retain much of their volcanic landforms, most visibly in volcanic cones and in the lakes that shape the scenery of the islands especially São Miguel, Flores, Terceira, Pico, and Corvo. Although rainfall is abundant, most streams in the Azores are temporary, and the predominance of agricultural land use further accentuates the torrential nature of the river regime during periods of intense precipitation.
148
145
Climate
Main articles:
Climate of Portugal
and
Climate change in Portugal
The
Köppen climate types
of Portugal
The climate of Portugal is mainly
Mediterranean
. While the mainland and Madeira show a Mediterranean climate, the Azores mainly have a
temperate oceanic climate
. Portugal has a diverse variety of regional climates for a country of its size.
149
The Iberian Peninsula is located at the southern margin of the temperate zone and at the northern margin of the subtropical
high-pressure zone
. Additionally, Portugal's climate is influenced by the seasonal latitudinal shift of the
jet stream
, which directly impacts the trajectory of a
polar front
. Typically in the winter, the jet stream moves southwards and Portugal comes under the influence of the polar front, producing colder temperatures. When the polar front moves northward, Portugal comes under the influence of the stable atmospheric conditions that bring milder weather during the summer.
149
The high altitude zones of the Azorean islands have a
temperate maritime climate
while the western Azores have a
humid subtropical climate
. In parts of the
Beja District
and on
Porto Santo Island
the climate is
semi-arid
. In the
Selvagens Islands
the climate is that of a
hot desert
. Portugal is one of the warmest countries in Europe: the average temperature in
mainland Portugal
varies from 10–12 °C (50.0–53.6 °F) in the mountainous interior north to 17–19 °C (62.6–66.2 °F) in the south and on the
Guadiana
river basin
, with variations from the highlands to the lowlands.
150
Wildfires
are a major issue, with Portugal, on average, having the highest percentage of burned area in the
European Union
151
152
153
and its coastal area being vulnerable to
climate change
and
severe weather
154
153
155
Biodiversity
Main article:
Biodiversity of Portugal
The
Peneda-Gerês National Park
in
Northern Portugal
is the only national park in Portugal.
156
Portugal is located on the
Mediterranean basin
, the 3rd most diverse hotspot of flora in the world.
157
It is home to 6 terrestrial ecoregions -
Azores temperate mixed forests
Cantabrian mixed forests
Madeira evergreen forests
Iberian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests
Northwest Iberian montane forests
, and
Southwest Iberian Mediterranean sclerophyllous and mixed forests
158
Over 22% of its land area is included in the
Natura 2000
network.
159
160
Eucalyptus
cork oak
, and
maritime pine
together make up 71% of the total forested area of continental Portugal.
161
The Portuguese west coast is part of the four major Eastern Boundary
Upwelling
Systems of the ocean.
162
73% of the
freshwater fish
occurring in the
Iberian Peninsula
are endemic, the largest out of any region in Europe.
163
Some
protected areas of Portugal
are the
Southwest Alentejo and Vicentine Coast Natural Park
, which is one of the last examples of wild coast still remaining in Europe,
164
and the
Montesinho Natural Park
, which hosts some of the only populations of
Iberian wolf
and
Iberian brown bear
165
Geographical and climatic conditions facilitate the introduction of exotic species that later turn out to be invasive and destructive to the native habitats. Around 20% of the total number of extant species in continental Portugal are
exotic
166
Portugal is the 2nd country in Europe with the highest number of threatened animal and plant species.
167
The country as a whole is an important stopover for migratory bird species.
168
169
170
The mammalian species of Portugal such as deer,
Iberian ibex
wild boar
red fox
Iberian wolf
, and
Iberian lynx
were once widespread throughout the country, but intense hunting, habitat degradation, and growing pressure from agriculture and livestock largely reduced their populations in the 19th and 20th centuries.
171
Others species, such as the
Portuguese ibex
, became extinct, however some mammalian species have been re-expanding their native range.
172
Government and politics
Main articles:
Government of Portugal
and
Politics of Portugal
António José Seguro
President
Luís Montenegro
Prime Minister
Portugal has been a
semi-presidential
representative democratic
republic
since the ratification of the
Constitution of 1976
173
174
The Constitution makes for a separation of powers among four
sovereignty bodies
: the
president
, the
government
, the
Assembly of the Republic
, and the
courts
175
176
The
head of state
of Portugal is the
president
who is elected to a five-year term by direct,
universal suffrage
177
178
The president exercises representative functions, holds significant governmental authority, and is able to shape media and public opinion in ways that constrain the political and policy agendas of the government and parliament; in addition, the office carries supervisory and
reserve powers
, includes
ex officio
supreme command
of the armed forces, and is advised by the
Council of State
179
180
181
The president of Portugal is
António José Seguro
; he took office after winning the second round of the
2026 Portuguese presidential election
182
183
The
Belém Palace
, residence and workplace of the president
The
São Bento Palace
, seat of the
Assembly of the Republic
Portugal's legislative body is the
Assembly of the Republic
, an
unicameral
parliament.
184
It consists of a single chamber with a minimum of 180 seats and a maximum of 230, elected by popular vote every four years or when dissolved.
185
186
187
188
The members of parliament represent the whole country and not the constituencies for which they are elected.
189
There is
universal suffrage
for adults over 18 years of age, with a
secret ballot
for all elected offices.
190
As the
head of government
, the
prime minister
leads the
Council of Ministers
which includes ministers and secretaries of state that have full executive powers,
191
192
and is appointed by the president in light of electoral results after consulting with the parties with seats in the Assembleia da República.
193
Portugal's prime minister is
Luís Montenegro
who took office after
AD – PSD/CDS Coalition
winning enough seats to form a minority government following the
2024 Portuguese legislative election
194
195
Portugal operates a multi-party system of competitive legislatures at the national, regional, and local levels. The Assembly of the Republic is dominated by three political parties, the
Social Democratic Party
(PSD),
Chega
(CH), and the
Socialist Party
(PS), while the PSD and PS continue to be the dominant parties in the regional parliaments and at the
local level
There have been recent trends towards
autocratization
197
198
The Portuguese legal system is based on
civil law
. The
Constitution
is the
supreme law
of Portugal. In the Portuguese legal system,
private law
is regulated by the
1966 Civil Code
and by the 1888 Commercial Code,
criminal law
is regulated by the
1982 Penal Code
, and
civil procedure
is regulated by the 1961 Civil Procedure Code. In Portugal, courts are organised into several levels, among the judicial, administrative, and fiscal branches. The institution of last appeal is the
Supreme Court of Justice
. The
Constitutional Court
determines the constitutionality of the laws.
199
Administrative divisions
Main article:
Administrative divisions of Portugal
Continental Portugal is agglomerated into 18 districts, while the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are governed as
autonomous regions
; the largest units, established since 1976, are either mainland Portugal and the
autonomous regions of Portugal
Azores
and
Madeira
).
200
Administratively, Portugal is divided into 308
municipalities
municípios
or
concelhos
). Operationally, the municipalities, and
freguesias
, along with the national government, are the only legally
local administrative units
identified by the government of Portugal.
201
Districts of Portugal
District
Municipalities
202
Parishes
203
Pop.
(2024)
204
Area
(km
205
Density
(/km
206
Lisbon
16
141
2,390,715
2,816
849
Leiria
16
116
486,583
3,506
139
Santarém
21
150
446,393
6,718
66
Setúbal
13
60
916,859
5,214
176
Beja
14
84
149,546
10,263
15
Faro
16
76
492,747
4,997
99
Évora
14
75
153,430
7,393
21
Portalegre
15
72
103,566
6,084
17
Castelo Branco
11
128
180,889
6,627
27
10
Guarda
14
245
142,210
5,535
26
11
Coimbra
17
161
423,432
3,974
107
12
Aveiro
19
174
734,762
2,801
262
13
Viseu
24
282
357,841
5,010
71
14
Bragança
12
226
122,360
6,599
19
15
Vila Real
14
200
184,707
4,307
43
16
Porto
18
275
1,860,255
2,332
798
17
Braga
14
371
867,537
2,706
321
18
Viana do Castelo
10
213
234,645
2,219
106
Autonomous Region of Azores
19
156
241,718
2,322
104
Autonomous Region of Madeira
11
54
259,440
801
324
Total Portugal
308
3,259
10,749,635
92,225
117
Within the
European Union administrative system
(NUTS), Portugal is divided into nine regions: the
Azores
Alentejo
Algarve
Central Region
Lisbon
Madeira
North Region
Oeste e Vale do Tejo
, and
Setúbal Peninsula
207
With the exception of the Azores and Madeira, NUTS areas are subdivided into 24 subregions.
208
Foreign relations
Main article:
Foreign relations of Portugal
Diplomatic missions of Portugal
A member state of the
United Nations
since 1955,
209
Portugal is a
member of almost all major international organizations
210
and is among the countries that founded
NATO
in 1949,
211
the
OECD
in 1961,
212
EFTA
in 1960,
213
and the
Community of Portuguese Language Countries
(CPLP) in 1996, an international organisation of countries where
Portuguese
is an official language.
214
Portugal has a stable foreign policy that is the result of its history, geography, and specific foreign policy choices. It is structured around six principal regional and policy priorities: Europe, NATO and relations with the
United Kingdom
and with the
United States
, the
Portuguese-speaking world
, the importance of and support for Portuguese communities abroad, the internationalization of the
national economy
, and the strengthening of
multilateralism
. Portugal regards the success of
European integration
as paramount and is prepared, where a consensus exists among European Union member states, to endorse policies that go against with the country's national interests;
215
it also supports general disarmament, the dismantling of political-military blocs, and the creation of a collective security system aimed at establishing an international order grounded in peace and justice among peoples.
216
Portugal has two territorial disputes, both of which are with Spain: the Spanish town of
Olivenza
which is claimed by Portugal since the
19th century
, and the Portuguese
Savage Islands
which have been claimed by Spain since 1911.
217
218
Despite causing moments of tension between the two countries,
219
the
relationship between the two countries
remains excellent.
220
Military
Main article:
Portuguese Armed Forces
Portuguese Navy
frigate NRP Bartolomeu Dias
The
Portuguese Armed Forces
consist of three branches commanded by the
Portuguese Armed Forces General Staff
Navy
Army
, and
Air Force
. They serve primarily as a self-defence force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country but can also be used in offensive missions in foreign territories.
221
In recent years, the Portuguese military have carried out several
NATO
and
European Union
missions in various territories.
As of 2024, the three branches numbered 23,678 military personnel.
223
The
Portuguese military budget
in 2023 was more than $4 billion, representing 1.48% of GDP.
224
The Army of 10,969 personnel
225
comprises 3 brigades and other small units: an
infantry brigade
mechanized brigade
, and a
rapid reaction brigade
226
The Navy,
the
world's oldest naval force
229
has 5 frigates, 2 corvettes, 2 submarines, and 20 oceanic patrol vessels.
230
The Air Force
has the
Lockheed F-16M Fighting Falcon
as its main combat aircraft.
231
In addition to the three branches of the armed forces, there is the
National Republican Guard
, a
gendarmerie
force, comprising 23,287 personnel in 2023,
232
under the authority of both the Defence and the Interior ministries.
233
The Guard has provided detachments for international operations in Iraq and East Timor.
234
The United States maintains a military presence, with 770 troops in the
Lajes Air Base
at
Terceira Island
, in the Azores.
235
Law enforcement
Main articles:
Law of Portugal
Judiciary of Portugal
Law enforcement in Portugal
, and
Crime in Portugal
The headquarters of the
Judicial Police
(PJ), in Lisbon
In Portugal,
prosecution
is conducted by the
Public Prosecution Service
which is headed by the
prosecutor general
pt
236
The main police organisations of Portugal are the
National Republican Guard
(GNR), a
gendarmerie
; the
Public Security Police
(PSP), a civilian police force that works in urban areas; and the
Judicial Police
(PJ), a highly specialised criminal investigation organization that is overseen by the Public Prosecution Service.
237
Portugal has
49 correctional facilities
pt
run by the
Directorate-General for Reintegration and Prison Services
pt
(DGRSP).
238
The facilities include seventeen central prisons, four special prisons, twenty-seven regional prisons, and one
Cadeia de Apoio
(Support Detention Centre).
239
As of 2025, the prison population stood at 12,193 inmates, about 0.11% of the country's entire population,
240
with the incarceration rate steadily declining between 2013 and 2021.
241
242
Human rights
Main article:
Human rights in Portugal
Portugal has a tradition of a humanistic criminal justice.
243
The
Portuguese Consitution
defines the country as being one that is based on human dignity.
244
It abolished
capital punishment
and
life imprisonment
in the 19th century,
243
and forbids
extradition
in the case of either sentence possibly being imposed.
245
246
Portugal is the only country that considers any type of punishment for the duration of a convict's natural life a violation of
human rights
247
The
Portuguese Penal Code
provides for a wide range of non-custodial sentences, with the aim of keeping a prison sentence a punishment of last resort. Portuguese penitentiary laws have traditionally been progressive, and based on rehabilitation as the main goal of the implementation of such a sentence.
243
Since the 2000s, numerous laws strengthening
LGBT rights
were passed in Portugal.
aa
ab
ac
ad
ae
af
In 2001, Portugal became the first country in the world to
decriminalize
the personal possession and consumption of all drugs.
256
Portugal faces issues such as police brutality,
257
racism, and discrimination against
Romani people
258
259
260
261
migrant slavery
pt
262
263
restrictions on freedom of association and collective bargaining,
264
violations of wage, hour, and overtime laws,
265
and treatment inside of prisons.
266
Economy
Main article:
Economy of Portugal
Parque das Nações
, in Lisbon; an economic center in Portugal
Portugal is an
high-income country
with an
advanced economy
that follows the
Mediterranean model
267
268
269
The country's economic policy is framed by strategic guidelines called
Major Plan Options
pt
, which are subsequently implemented through the
State Budget
270
271
272
Portugal has the EU's
14th-largest economy by nominal GDP
and the
12th-largest economy by PPP-adjusted GDP
273
274
Its PPP-adjusted GDP per capita stood at to 81% of the EU average in 2025.
275
As of 2024, the country's service sector contributes the most for its economic output followed the industrial sector and its agricultural sector.
276
In 2025, Portugal
unemployment rate
was 5.8%.
277
As of 2024, its poverty rate after social transfers is 15.4% of the population while in 2023, the at-risk-of-poverty rate before social transfers stood at 40.3%.
278
279
The percentage of the Portuguese population suffering from moderate or severe
food insecurity
between 2022 and 2024 was on average 11.9%, which makes Portugal the third-highest country in
Southern Europe
for this indicator where the average stands at 5.9%.
280
The
national debt of Portugal
is estimated at 89.5% relative to GDP as of 2025.
281
Portugal is part of the
European single market
which represents more than 450 million consumers.
282
Portugal replaced the
escudo
with the
euro
, in 2002.
283
Its monetary policy is set by the
European Central Bank
284
The country has been a part of the
Eurozone
since its inception.
285
Portugal's
central bank
is the
Banco de Portugal
and it is part of the
European System of Central Banks
286
In 2024, Portugal had a combined share of exports and imports that amounted to 90% of its total GDP.
287
In 2025, Portugal's main export markets were Spain at 26% and Germany at 13.9%.
288
Its main exports are machinery and mechanical appliances, vehicles and other transportation equipment, base metals, and plastics.
289
Portugal's main import markets in 2026 were Spain at 32.9% and Germany at 11.9%.
290
Portugal's main imports are machinery and mechanical appliances, chemical products, agricultural products, and mineral fuels.
289
Since the 1990s, Portugal's economic model has been based on
public consumption
and
economic development
focused on exports, private
investment
and the development of its
high-tech
sector. Consequently, business services have overtaken more traditional industries such as
wine
and
cork
in export earnings.
291
The
PSI
, Portugal's stock market index operated by the
Euronext Lisbon
, includes 16 major Portugal-based companies. Proeminent Portuguese companies include
Sonae
Mota-Engil
Corticeira Amorim
The Navigator Company
and
EDP
292
The
European Innovation Scoreboard
2025, ranked Portugal-based innovation as 16th, with increases in
R&D
, government support, and resource produtivity.
293
Portugal was ranked 31st on the
Global Innovation Index
in 2025.
294
Among the largest non-state-run research institutions are the
Gulbenkian Institute of Molecular Medicine
, the
International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory
, and the
Champalimaud Foundation
, which is one of the leading research centres for
neuroscience
and
oncology
in the world.
295
Agriculture and fishery
Main articles:
Agriculture in Portugal
and
Fishing industry in Portugal
Xávega
pt
is a type of
traditional fishing
still practised in Portugal
The Portuguese agriculture sector accounts for 2.9% of the country's total GDP as of 2024.
276
Only 10.1% of Portugal's land is suitable for cultivation as of 2023.
296
Despite this, the presence of very distinct
edaphoclimatic
and
agroecological
conditions in the
northern
central
, and southern regions of Portugal enables the cultivation of various agricultural products such wheat, maize, rice with each one having an important role in the primary sector,
297
and resulting in an agricultural self-sufficiency rate of about 81% as of 2012.
298
Portugal ranks sixth in the world in
seafood consumption per capita
with each Portuguese consuming on average 59.36 kilos of fish in 2020.
299
The high fish consumption in Portugal is due to tradition and cultural roots, politics, dynamics of the fish market system, and geography which makes fisheries and the consumption of seafood products extremely valuable. While Portugal captured 185,000 metric tons of fish in 2019, down from the 222,000 metric tons in 2010, fish and seafood represent the single highest import of biocapacity from abroad, amounting to 1,600,000 global hectares in total.
300
Industry and services
Main articles:
Tourism in Portugal
and
Automotive industry in Portugal
Volkswagen Autoeuropa
cars in the Port of Setúbal
Portugal's industry accounts for 21.2% of the country's total GDP as of 2024, down from an anual average of 26% over the period between 1953 and 1973.
276
301
The lower contribution of manufacturing to Portugal's economy has lead to lower real GDP growth rates between 1974 and 2019 than during the period between 1950 and 1973.
301
As of 2025, Portugal's automobile industry produced the biggest share of the country's exportations.
289
The automobile industry accounts for 20.2% of the country manufacturing exports and 82.8% of the total value of its exportations employing 43.247 workers in 2020.
302
Portugal's service sector accounted for 76.5% of the country's total economic output as of 2024.
276
Tourism, retail, and telecomunication are all major industries.
292
Tourism is an important industry representing 11.4% of the Portugal's total GDP as of 2024.
303
The country ranks highly in tourism rankings.
ag
ah
ai
Portugal attracted 29 million international tourists in 2024,
307
ranking fifteenth
in the world in that year for inbound tourism.
308
Infrastructure
Main articles:
Transport in Portugal
and
Energy in Portugal
The
Marão Tunnel
pt
is the third-longest road tunnel on the
Iberian Peninsula
309
Portugal has a 14,342 km (8,912 mi) road network, of which 3,113 km (1,934 mi) are part of a
system of 48 motorways
, making it the
8th largest motorway system among 42 European countries
as of 2024.
310
311
The country has 37 civil airports,
312
of which five are international airports.
aj
A national railway system is administered by
Comboios de Portugal
(CP).
314
Rail transport
of passengers and goods is made using the 2,526 km (1,570 mi) of railway lines in service as of 2024.
315
The major seaports are located in
Sines
Leixões
Lisbon
Setúbal
Aveiro
Figueira da Foz
, and
Faro
316
As of 2023, oil made up 44% of Portugal's total energy supply while the country produced 82% of its energy from renewable sources.
317
In 2021, the country phased out coal-fired generation and energy imports have since outpaced electricity exports.
318
Portugal has been developing
renewable energies
such as
hydopower
and
wind power
most notably the world's first commercial
wave power
farm, the
Aguçadoura Wave Farm
in the
Aguçadoura test site
where it was tested in 2008 and in 2009,
319
320
and investing in public transport and
electric vehicles
321
322
Demographics
Main article:
Demographics of Portugal
See also:
Portuguese people
Population density in
Continental Portugal
by statistical area per km
323
List
0-49
50-99
100-499
500-999
1000-1999
2000+
As of 2024, Portugal had a population 10,749,635, of which 52.2% was female and 47.8% male, according to
Statistics Portugal
324
In 2025, the median life expectancy reached 82.95 years,
325
with United Nations projecting a rise of up to 90 years or more by 2100.
326
The population historically has been relatively homogeneous, with most people adhering to
Catholicism
and speaking
Portuguese
327
328
Between 2022 and 2023, 6.4 million people aged between 18 and 74 years old identified themselves as White (84.2%), more than 262,000 as Mixed-race (3.4%), nearly 169,200 as Black (2.2%), 56,600 as Asian (0.7%), and 47,500 as
Romani
(0.6%).
329
330
331
Portuguese society displays relatively high rates of socioeconomic equality, with the country ranking 24th within the 41 countries of the EU and
OECD
in the 2019
Social Justice Index
332
Portugal has had a
fertility rate below the replacement rate of 2.1
since the 1980s.
333
The
total fertility rate
(TFR) as of 2024
[update]
was estimated at 1.36 children born per woman, one of the lowest in the world.
334
335
Consequently, Portugal's population has been steadily ageing and was the 11th oldest in the world in 2024, with a median age of 47.3 years and the fourth highest number of citizens over 65 years, at 21.8% of the total population.
336
337
According to projections by the national statistics office, the population will fall to 7.7 million by 2080 and the population will continue to age.
338
As of 2022, 60.2% of births were to unmarried women,
339
and 24.5% of births were to foreign born women.
340
Historically a country of
emigration
341
Portugal has been a
net recipient of immigrants
since the early 21st century.
342
As of 2024, legal-resident foreigners number 1,543,697, or approximately 14% of the population;
343
344
these figures do not include more than 340,000 resident foreigners who acquired
Portuguese citizenship
between 2008 and 2022—and thus constitute around 3.27% of the country's population in 2022.
345
That year, almost 21,000 foreign residents acquired
Portuguese citizenship
, of which 11,170 were female and 9,674 were male.
346
Based on commuting patterns, OECD and Eurostat define eight
metropolitan areas of Portugal
347
Only two have populations over 1 million, and since the 2013 local government reform, these are the only two that also have the legal administrative status of metropolitan areas:
Lisbon
and
Porto
348
349
Several smaller metropolitan areas (
Algarve
Aveiro
Coimbra
Minho
, and
Viseu
349
also held this status from 2003 to 2008, when they were converted into
intermunicipal communities
, whose territories are roughly based on the
NUTS III
statistical regions.
350
349
Largest
Municipalities
in Portugal
INE
2024 Estimate
351
Rank
Name
Region
Pop.
Rank
Name
Region
Pop.
Lisbon
Lisbon
575,739
11
Oeiras
Lisbon
177,866
Sintra
Lisbon
400,947
12
Seixal
Lisbon
176,883
Vila Nova de Gaia
North
312,984
13
Gondomar
North
169,388
Porto
North
252,687
14
Guimarães
North
156,513
Cascais
Lisbon
222,339
15
Odivelas
Lisbon
156,278
Loures
Lisbon
209,877
16
Coimbra
Central
146,899
Braga
North
203,519
17
Maia
North
144,664
Almada
Lisbon
183,643
18
Vila Franca de Xira
Lisbon
140,711
Amadora
Lisbon
181,607
19
Santa Maria da Feira
North
140,568
10
Matosinhos
North
181,046
20
Vila Nova de Famalicão
North
136,704
Religion
Main article:
Religion in Portugal
Religious affiliation in Portugal, according to the 2021 census:
327
Catholicism
(80.2%)
Protestantism
(2.10%)
Other Christian (2.40%)
Other religion (1.13%)
No religion
(14.1%)
Portugal is a
secular state
since 1911
pt
352
and it guarantees
religious freedom
ak
Despite not having any
official religion
, the
Catholic Church
has a long history in the country.
355
356
According to the 2021 Census, 80.2% of the Portuguese population are Catholic, while 14.7% are nonreligious.
327
The country has small
Protestant
Latter-day Saints
Muslim
Hindu
Sikh
Eastern Orthodox Church
Jehovah's Witnesses
pt
Baháʼí
Buddhist
Jewish
, and
Spiritist
communities. Influences from
African Traditional Religion
and Chinese Traditional Religion are also felt among many people, particularly in fields related to Traditional Chinese Medicine and Traditional African Herbal Medicine.
al
Even though Portugal has deep ties with Christianity, as of 2019 the majority of its people were shown to be tolerant towards followers of other faiths, with the
Muslim community
perceiving itself as thoroughly integrated into Portugal and believing that the country provided conditions conducive to smooth integration.
358
Languages
Main article:
Languages of Portugal
See also:
Portuguese language
A sign in
Mirandese
in
Miranda do Douro
Portuguese is the official language of Portugal.
359
Mirandese
is also recognised as a co-official regional language in some municipalities of northeastern Portugal; it is part of the
Astur-Leonese
group of languages.
360
An estimated 6,000 to 7,000 Mirandese speakers has been documented for Portugal.
361
Furthermore, a particular dialect known as
Barranquenho
, spoken in
Barrancos
, is also officially recognised and protected in Portugal since 2021.
362
Minderico
, a
sociolect
of the Portuguese language, is spoken by around 500 people in the town of
Minde
363
According to the
EF English Proficiency Index
, as of 2025, Portugal has a very high proficiency level in English, having the sixth-highest proficiency score in the world.
364
Education
Main article:
Education in Portugal
The
University of Coimbra
in
Coimbra
is the first university in Portugal.
The educational system is divided into preschool (for those under age six), basic education (nine years, in three stages, compulsory), secondary education (three years, compulsory since 2010), and higher education (subdivided into university and
polytechnic
education). Universities are usually organised into
faculties
. Institutes and schools are also common designations for autonomous subdivisions of
Portuguese higher education institutions
365
Portuguese universities have existed since 1290. The
University of Coimbra
, the oldest Portuguese university,
366
was first established in Lisbon before moving to
Coimbra
. Historically, within the scope of the Portuguese Empire, the Portuguese founded the oldest engineering school in the
Americas
(the
Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortificação e Desenho
of
Rio de Janeiro
) in 1792, as well as the oldest medical college in Asia (the
Escola Médico-Cirúrgica
of
Goa
) in 1842. Presently, the largest university in Portugal is the
University of Lisbon
367
The
Bologna process
has been adopted by Portuguese universities and polytechnical institutes in 2006. Higher education in state-run educational establishments is provided on a competitive basis, a system of
numerus clausus
is enforced through a national database on student admissions. However, every higher education institution offers also a number of additional vacant places through other admission processes for sportsmen, mature applicants (over 23 years old),
international students
, foreign students from the
Lusosphere
, degree owners from other institutions, students from other institutions (
academic transfer
), former students (readmission), and course change, which are subject to specific standards and regulations set by each institution or course department.
368
Health
Main article:
Health in Portugal
The
Santa Maria Hospital
in
Lisbon
is the largest public hospital in Portugal.
369
In 2025, Portugal's healthcare system was ranked as the 23rd best in the world.
370
The health system is characterised by three coexisting systems: the
National Health Service
pt
(SNS), special social health insurance schemes for certain professions (health subsystems), and voluntary private health insurance. The SNS provides universal coverage. In addition, about 55% of the population is covered by the health subsystems,
371
43% by private insurance schemes, and another 12% by mutual funds.
372
373
Similarly to other Western European countries, most Portuguese die from
noncommunicable diseases
374
Portugal's
infant mortality rate
stood at 2,25 deaths per 1,000 live births as of 2024.
375
A Eurostat opinion-poll in 2023 found that 55.4% of adults rated their health as good or very good, the third lowest such rating in the
European Union
376
The largest university hospital in the country is
Hospital de Santa Maria
, in Lisbon.
377
Despite its economic development, the average Portuguese height is among the shortest in Europe since around 1890.
378
A driving factor was modest real wage growth, given late industrialisation and economic growth compared to the European core, and delayed
human capital
formation.
379
Culture
Main articles:
Culture of Portugal
and
Mass media in Portugal
The
Barcelos Cockerel
is a common symbol of Portugal
380
Portugal has developed a specific culture due to, initially before its existence, the influence from various civilisations that have crossed Europe, especially the Mediterranean,
381
and later, during the period of
Portugal's engagement in the Age of Discovery
, which introduced cultural elements from outside of the European continent.
382
Portugal is well known for its
heritage and architecture
sacred sites
summer festivals
poetry
, its music (especially the
fado
), and
cuisine
(especially its
wine
).
383
As of 2026,
UNESCO
inscribed
17 properties in Portugal on the World Heritage List
384
There are
13 public holidays in Portugal
385
10 June is the
national day
of Portugal, celebrated as the
Dia de Portugal, de Camões e das Comunidades Portuguesas
Portugal, Camões, and Portuguese Communities Day
).
386
Art and architecture
Main articles:
Portuguese art
and
Architecture of Portugal
Saint Vincent Panels
c.
1450's
) by
Nuno Gonçalves
are the most significant work of Portuguese painting from the 15th century.
387
The
Belém Tower
, in
Lisbon
, is highly representative of the Portuguese discoveries.
388
The history of visual art in Portugal dates back into the
Paleolithic
. The earliest evidence showing an attempt at depicting motion was found at the
Prehistoric Rock Art Sites in the Côa Valley and Siega Verde
389
Over time, foreign and native influences, together with developments in manufacturing, have led to the creation and development of a number of crafts that are typical of Portugal, the most notable of which being the
azulejo
talha dourada
, and
Portuguese pavement
390
391
392
which formed the basis of some Portuguese architectural styles, such as the
Pombaline style
. Historically, religion, specifically Christianity, had an influential role in Portuguese art, as it was a recurrent theme widely employed in many art forms, such as in painting.
393
Throughout the country's history, artwork in Portugal was typically done by local artists who, depending on location, followed different variations in style, giving Portugal a diverse array of artistic styles throughout the country, an example of this being the
thatch houses of Santana
pt
, in
Madeira
394
Literature
Main article:
Portuguese literature
Luís Vaz de Camões
, legendary poet of the
Portuguese Renaissance
Portugal has a literary tradition that predates the
Portuguese language
going back into the early 13th century.
395
Portuguese literature developed through song as well as the written page known as
cantigas
396
The
cantigas
drew practitioners from all social ranging from King
Denis I
to
Martin Codax
who was a
minstrel
397
The earliest work of Portugal's literature is the
Ora faz ost’o senhor de Navarra
, a
cantiga de escárnio e maldizer
written in
Galician–Portuguese
by
João Soares de Paiva
at around the year 1200.
398
Portuguese literature developed under the influence of both European geopolitical developments and broader European literary traditions. The
Hundred Years' War
helped foster the development of Portuguese
chronicles
by
Fernão Lopes
, which constitute a valuable record of some of Europe’s earliest encounters with peoples beyond the continent.
399
European medieval chivalric literature, together with didactic religious literature transmitted through adaptations and partial translations, contributed to the development of
Portuguese poetry
in the work of
Pedro Afonso, Count of Barcelos
, particularly in his
Book of Lineages
pt
397
Portuguese literature flourished during the
Age of Discovery
, its most notable example being
Os Lusíadas
by
Luís Vaz de Camões
400
Modern Portuguese literature took shape through the work of
Almeida Garrett
, one of the early founders of Portuguese Romanticism.
401
Portugal has one
Nobel Prize–winning author
José Saramago
(1998).
402
Music
Main article:
Music of Portugal
Amália Rodrigues
was known as the "Queen of Fado"
403
The
history of music in Portugal
dates back to the 6th century. The earliest record of a singer in Portugal is from the year 525.
404
Portuguese music initially consisted mostly of
liturgical music
and
troubadorism
405
Over time, new folk traditions together with the influence of foreign cultures and the creation of new instruments, especially
guitars
pt
, led to a diverse variety of regional folk music such as the
fado
, the
Coimbra fado
Desgarrada
, and
Madeira's folk music
406
407
Popular music in Portugal after the
Carnation Revolution
has been heavily influenced by American trends, which has led into the evolution of
Hip-hop tuga
and popularization of
Rock
408
409
Historically, Portugal has been a country of
emigration
which has heavily influenced the
Pimba
in the 20th century and led to the introduction of Portuguese music into other cultures such as the
ukelele
in
Hawaii
in the 19th century.
410
411
Holidays
Main article:
Public holidays in Portugal
A group of people celebrate the
Entrudo
pt
, in
Vinhais
Officially, Portugal has 13 national, government-recognized holidays. Public holidays in Portugal are regulated by the
Labour Code
pt
412
Besides the national holidays, there are 3 regional holidays celebrated only in
Madeira
and the
Azores
and 2 facultative holidays. The national holidays in Portugal are:
New Year's Day
on January 1,
Good Friday
on a Friday between March 20 and April 23,
Easter
on a Sunday between March 22 and April 25,
Freedom Day
on April 25,
International Workers' Day
on May 1,
Feast of Corpus Christi
on a Thursday between May 21 and June 24,
Portugal Day
on June 10,
Assumption Day
on August 15,
Implementation of the Republic Day
on October 5,
All Saints' Day
on November 1,
Restoration of the Independence Day
pt
on December 1,
Feast of the Immaculate Conception
on December 8, and
Christmas Day
on December 25.
412
The regional holidays in Madeira are
Madeira Day
on July 1, and
1st Octave Day
on December 26.
413
414
The Azores celebrate
Azores Day
on a Monday between May 11 and June 14.
415
Optional holidays in Portugal are the
Entrudo
pt
and one municipal holiday allowed per
concelho
416
Cuisine
Main articles:
Portuguese cuisine
and
Portuguese wine
Pastéis de nata
Portuguese cuisine is influenced by both the
Mediterranean
and
Atlantic
diets.
417
Seafood,
brassicas
, potatoes, bread, dairy, and
olive oil
are traditional staples.
418
Bacalhau
has such broad presence in Portugal that is considered a
national dish
, along with
pastel de nata
419
420
421
Traditional Portuguese sweets are known as
conventual sweets
. Large quantities of sugar and eggs are used.
422
Popular Portuguese beverages include its wines, a craft that was introduced in Portugal by the Romans, and of which are such notable examples as
Port
and
Madeira
423
Beer
has been breweed in Portugal beginning in
Lusitania
424
Tea has been produced on
São Miguel Island
since the 19th century.
425
Sport
Main article:
Sport in Portugal
Cristiano Ronaldo
is widely considered one of the greatest football players of all time.
Football
is the most popular sport in Portugal. There are several football competitions ranging from local amateur to world-class professional level. All-time greats
Eusébio
Luís Figo
, and
Cristiano Ronaldo
are symbols of
Portuguese football
history.
426
427
The
Portugal national football team
has won one
UEFA European Championship
title: the
UEFA Euro 2016
, with a 1–0 victory in the
final
over
France
, the tournament hosts.
428
In addition, Portugal finished first in the UEFA Nations League in
2018–19
and
2024–25
429
430
second in the
Euro 2004
431
third in the
1966 FIFA World Cup
432
and fourth in the
2006 FIFA World Cup
433
The country's top-level football league, the
Primeira Liga
, ranks 6th in the
UEFA ranking
as of 2026.
434
Road cycling
, especially
Volta a Portugal
, is a popular sport.
435
In motorsport, Portugal is noted for the
Rally of Portugal
436
and the
Estoril
and
Algarve Circuits
, as well as the revived
Porto Street Circuit
, which held a stage of the WTCC every two years, between 2007 and 2013.
437
Portugal has three major water sports:
swimming
water polo
, and
surfing
438
Annually, the country hosts one of the stages of the
World Surf League
men's and women's
Championship Tour
, and the
MEO Rip Curl Pro Portugal
at the
Supertubos
in
Peniche
439
Northern Portugal has its own original
martial art
Jogo do Pau
, in which fighters use staffs to confront one or several opponents.
440
See also
Portugal portal
European Union portal
Outline of Portugal
Notes
The modern day concept of sovereignty or
declaration of independence
did not exist at the time, nor was established any notion of its recognition. Portugal was recognised as a kingdom with its own King in
1179
by the
Pope
who was the ultimate authority in Europe at the time. The way Europe was seen at the time was as a
Res publica christiana
Portuguese Constitution adopted in 1976
with several subsequent minor revisions, between 1982 and 2005
The territory of Portugal includes its land,
internal waters
, and
territorial sea
The
Escudo
before 2002
In
mainland Portugal
and
Madeira
Only in
Azores
European Portuguese pronunciation:
[puɾtuˈɣal]
Portuguese:
República Portuguesa
IPA:
[ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ
puɾtuˈgezɐ]
One theory proposes
Cale
is a derivation of the Celtic word for 'port'.
16
Another is that
Cala
was a Celtic goddess, or that it may have come from
Portus Gallus
, 'port of the Gauls'.
17
The earliest human trace found in Portugal is the 400,000-year-old
Aroeira 3
, a
Homo heidelbergensis
skull discovered in the
Cave of Aroeira
in 2014.
20
Ater 929, the
Caliphate of Córdoba
40
41
The Portuguese devised the
volta do mar
navigational technique, which enabled safe roundtrip voyages in open sea; this was a major turning point in world history, as it meant that voyagers could now return from long distant places, marking a leap from coastal hugging to deep-sea, long-range navigation, which consequently contributed to further advancements in nautical science and cartography, without that discovery European colonial empires could not have been established.
75
It has been conjecture that the Canadian town of
Portugal Cove-St. Philip's
was founded by the Portuguese however there little evidence for the claim.
83
Although some scholars claim that
Portugal may have discovered Australia
in 1521,
87
88
89
it lacks generally accepted evidence.
90
91
Portugal continued to be independent during the
Iberian Union
98
Most estimates place the number of Portuguese migrants to
Colonial Brazil
during the gold rush of the 18th century at 600,000.
104
It had an estimated magnitude between 7.7 and 9.0, with casualties ranging from 12,000 to 50,000.
107
The territory of Portugal includes its land,
internal waters
, and
territorial sea
141
The highest peak in
mainland Portugal
is
Torre
in
Serra da Estrela
, at an elevation of 1,993 metres (6,539 ft).
143
Other parties include the
Liberal Initiative
, the
Left Bloc
, the
Unitary Democratic Coalition
Portuguese Communist Party
and
Ecologist Party "The Greens"
),
LIVRE
, the
CDS – People's Party
and the
People Animals Nature
196
Namely in
Afghanistan
Iraq
Lebanon
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Kosovo
Mali
Central African Republic
Somalia
Mozambique
and
East Timor
222
Mainly equipped with
Pandur II
APC
M114 howitzer
and
MIM-72 Chaparral
air defence systems
Mainly equipped with
Leopard 2 A6
tanks and
M113A2
APC
Consisting of
Paratroopers
Commandos
Rangers
and
Artillery Regiment
6,739 personnel by 2023,
227
of which 1,030 are
marines
228
5,663 personnel by 2023
225
In 2003, Portugal added an anti-discrimination employment law on the basis of
sexual orientation
248
In 2004, sexual orientation was added to the Constitution as part of the protected from discrimination characteristics.
249
In 2010, Portugal became the sixth country in Europe and eighth in the world to legalise
same-sex marriage
at the national level.
250
LGBT adoption
was legalized in 2016
251
as has female same-sex couple access to medically assisted reproduction.
252
In 2017 the
Law of Gender Identity
253
simplified the legal process of
gender
and name change for
transgender
people, making it easier for minors to change their
sex marker
in legal documents.
254
In 2018, the right to
gender identity
and
gender expression
self-determination became protected,
intersex
minors became protected by law from unnecessary
medical procedures
"until the minor gender identity manifests" and the right of protection from discrimination on the basis of
sex characteristics
became protected by the same law.
255
In 2014, Portugal was elected
The Best European Country
by
USA Today
304
In 2017, Portugal was voted
Europe's Leading Destination
by the
World Travel Awards
pt
305
In 2017, Portugal was voted
World's Leading Destination
by the
World Travel Awards
pt
306
Three international airports are located on the mainland –
Lisbon
the busiest in the country
),
Porto
, and
Faro
airports – with
Funchal
airport on
Madeira
, and
Ponta Delgada
airport in the
Azores
313
Religious freedom
was also reaffirmed by the 1940 Concordata (later amended in 1971) between Portugal and the
Holy See
and the 2001 Religious Freedom Act.
353
354
Chinese medical science is well known in Portugal and is widely accepted by the people. Portugal is the first European Union country that specifically provided legislation for acupuncture and Chinese medical science.
357
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{{
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"Chapter 9: Almeida Garrett: Founder of Modern Portuguese Literature".
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"Decreto Regional n.º 13/80/A, de 21 de Agosto"
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"What's the Atlantic diet? A variation on Mediterranean eating shows benefits"
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"The fable of the cod and the promised sea. About Portuguese traditions of bacalhau"
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. 1st International Conference of the UNESCO Chair in Intangible Heritage and Traditional Know-How: Linking Heritage (Conference Proceedings). Évora. p. 130.
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BBC Good Food
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Constitution of the Portuguese Republic
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