Project Gutenberg - Wikipedia

Project Gutenberg - Wikipedia
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Online digital book library
For other uses, see
Project Gutenberg (disambiguation)
Project Gutenberg
Type
Digital library
Established
December 1971
; 54 years ago
1971-12
(first document posted)
Collection
Specialization
Public domain works
Size
Over 77,500 documents
Criteria for collection
Works not protected by copyright in the United States
Other information
Parent organization
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
Website
gutenberg
.org
Project Gutenberg
PG
) is a
volunteer
effort to
digitize
and archive
cultural
works, as well as to "encourage the creation and distribution of
eBooks
."
It was founded in 1971 by American writer
Michael S. Hart
and is the oldest
digital library
Most of the items in its collection are the full texts of
books
or individual stories in the
public domain
. All files can be accessed for free under an
open format
layout, available on almost any computer. As of 22 March 2026
[update]
, Project Gutenberg had reached nearly 78,000 items in its collection of free eBooks.
The releases are available in
plain text
as well as other formats, such as
HTML
EPUB
, and
MOBI
. Most releases are in the
English language
, but many non-English works are also available. There are multiple affiliated projects that provide additional content, including region- and language-specific works. Project Gutenberg is closely affiliated with
Distributed Proofreaders
, an Internet-based community for proofreading scanned texts.
Project Gutenberg is named after the inventor
Johannes Gutenberg
, whose works in developing printing technology led to an increase in the mass availability of books and other text.
History
edit
Michael S. Hart
began Project Gutenberg in 1971 with the digitization of the
United States Declaration of Independence
Hart, a student at the
University of Illinois
, obtained access to a
Xerox Sigma V
mainframe computer
in the university's Materials Research Lab. Through friendly operators, he received an account with a virtually unlimited amount of
computer time
; its value at that time has since been variously estimated at $100,000 or $100,000,000.
Hart explained he wanted to "give back" this gift by doing something one could consider to be of great value. His initial goal was to make the 10,000 most consulted books available to the public at little or no charge by the end of the 20th century.
On July 4, 1971, after being inspired by a free printed copy of the U.S. Declaration of Independence, he decided to type the text into a computer, and to transmit it to other users on the computer network.
Gregory B. Newby
This computer was one of the 15
nodes
on
ARPANET
, the computer network that would become the
Internet
. Hart believed one day the general public would be able to access computers and decided to make works of literature available in electronic form for free. He used a copy of the United States Declaration of Independence in his backpack, and this became the first Project Gutenberg
e-text
. He named the project for
Johannes Gutenberg
, the fifteenth century German printer who propelled the
movable type
printing press
revolution.
By the mid-1990s, Hart was running Project Gutenberg from
Illinois Benedictine College
. More volunteers had joined the effort. He manually entered all of the text until 1989 when
image scanners
and
optical character recognition
software improved and became more available, making
book scanning
more feasible.
Hart later came to an arrangement with
Carnegie Mellon University
, which agreed to administer Project Gutenberg's finances. As the volume of e-texts increased, volunteers began to take over the project's day-to-day operations that Hart had run.
Italian volunteer Pietro Di Miceli developed and administered the first Project Gutenberg website and started the development of the Project online Catalog. In his ten years in this role (1994–2004), the Project web pages won a number of awards, often being featured in "best of the Web" listings, contributing to the project's popularity.
10
Starting in 2004, an improved online catalog made Project Gutenberg content easier to browse, access and
hyperlink
. Project Gutenberg is now hosted by
ibiblio
at the
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Hart died on 6 September 2011 at his home in Urbana, Illinois, at the age of 64.
11
Scope of collection
edit
Growth of Project Gutenberg publications
As of May 2025
[update]
, Project Gutenberg claimed over 75,999 items in its collection, with an average of over 30 new
e-books
being added each week.
12
These are primarily works of
literature
from the
Western cultural tradition
. In addition to literature such as novels, poetry, short stories and drama, Project Gutenberg also has
cookbooks
reference works
and issues of periodicals.
13
The Project Gutenberg collection also has a few non-text items such as audio files, movies, and music-notation files.
14
Most releases are in English, but there are also significant numbers in many other languages.
Whenever possible, Gutenberg releases are available in
plain text
, mainly using
US-ASCII
character encoding
but frequently extended to
ISO-8859-1
(needed to represent accented characters in French and
Scharfes s
in German, for example). Besides being copyright-free, the requirement for a
Latin
character set
) text version of the release had been a criterion of Michael Hart's since the founding of Project Gutenberg, as he believed it was the format most likely to be readable in the extended future.
15
Out of necessity, this criterion has had to be extended further for the sizable collection of texts in East Asian languages such as Chinese and Japanese now in the collection, where
UTF-8
is used instead.
Other formats may be released as well when submitted by volunteers. The most common non-ASCII format is
HTML
, which allows markup and illustrations to be included. Some project members and users have requested more advanced formats, believing them to be easier to read. But some formats that are not easily editable, such as
PDF
, are generally not considered to fit with the goals of Project Gutenberg.
Previously Project Gutenberg supported two other source formats: customized versions of the
Text Encoding Initiative
standard (beginning in 2005)
16
and
reStructuredText
(beginning in 2011).
17
Beginning in 2009, the Project Gutenberg catalog began offering auto-generated alternate file formats, including HTML (when not already provided),
EPUB
and
plucker
18
Ideals
edit
Michael Hart said in 2004, "The mission of Project Gutenberg is simple: 'To encourage the creation and distribution of ebooks
".
His goal was "to provide as many e-books in as many formats as possible for the entire world to read in as many languages as possible".
Likewise, a project slogan is to "break down the bars of ignorance and illiteracy",
19
because its volunteers aim to continue spreading public
literacy
and appreciation for the literary heritage just as
public libraries
began to do in the late 19th century.
20
21
Project Gutenberg is intentionally decentralized; there is no selection policy dictating what texts to add. Instead, individual volunteers work on what they are interested in or have available. The Project Gutenberg collection is intended to preserve items for the long term, so they cannot be lost by any one localized accident. In an effort to ensure this, the entire collection is backed-up regularly and
mirrored
on servers in many different locations.
22
edit
Project Gutenberg is careful to verify the status of its eBooks according to
United States copyright law
. Material is added to the Project Gutenberg archive only after it has received a copyright clearance, and records of these clearances are saved for future reference. Project Gutenberg does not claim new copyright on titles it publishes. Instead, it encourages their free reproduction and distribution.
Most books in the Project Gutenberg collection are distributed as
public domain
under United States copyright law. There are also a few copyrighted texts, such as those of
science fiction
author
Cory Doctorow
, that Project Gutenberg distributes with permission. These are subject to further restrictions as specified by the copyright holder, although they generally tend to be licensed under
Creative Commons
"Project Gutenberg" is a
trademark
of the organization, and the mark cannot be used in commercial or modified redistributions of public domain texts from the project. There is no legal impediment to the reselling of works in the public domain if all references to Project Gutenberg are removed, but Gutenberg contributors have questioned the appropriateness of directly and commercially reusing content that has been formatted by volunteers. There have been instances of books being stripped of attribution to the project and sold for profit in the
Kindle Store
and other booksellers, one being the 1906 book
Fox Trapping
23
From 2018 to 2021, the Project Gutenberg website was not accessible within
Germany
, as a result of a court order from
S. Fischer Verlag
regarding the works of
Heinrich Mann
Thomas Mann
and
Alfred Döblin
. Although they were in the public domain in the United States, the German court (Frankfurt am Main Regional Court) recognized the infringement of copyrights still active in Germany, and asserted that the Project Gutenberg website was under German jurisdiction because it hosts content in the German language and is accessible in Germany.
24
This judgment was confirmed by the Frankfurt Court of Appeal on 30 April 2019 (11 U 27/18
25
). The Frankfurt Court of Appeal has not given permission for a further appeal to the Federal Court of Justice (Bundesgerichtshof), however, an application for permission to appeal has been filed with the Federal Court of Justice. As of 4 October 2020 that application was still pending (Federal Court of Justice I ZR 97/19). According to Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation,
26
"In October 2021, the parties reached a settlement agreement. Under the terms of the agreement, Project Gutenberg eBooks by the three authors will be blocked from Germany until their German copyright expires. Under the terms of the settlement, the all-Germany block is no longer in place. Other terms of the settlement are confidential."
The Project Gutenberg website has been blocked in
Italy
since May 2020, as part of a larger effort to block websites that publish newspapers and journals that are protected by
in Italy.
27
Criticism
edit
This section needs to be
updated
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
December 2019
The text files use the format of
plain text
encoded in
UTF-8
and are typically wrapped at 65–70 characters, with paragraphs separated by a double line break. In 2000, this presentation was criticized as "bland and difficult to read on screen".
28
Project Gutenberg attempts to address this by making many texts available in HTML, ePub, and PDF versions as well. HTML versions of older texts are autogenerated versions. Another not-for-profit project,
Standard Ebooks
, aims to address these issues with its collection of public domain titles that are formatted and styled. It corrects issues related to design and typography.
29
In December 1994, Project Gutenberg was criticized by the
Text Encoding Initiative
for failing to include documentation or discussion of the decisions unavoidable in preparing a text, or in some cases, not documenting which of several (conflicting) versions of a text has been the one digitized.
30
The selection of works (and editions) available has been determined by popularity, ease of scanning, being out of copyright, and other factors; this would be difficult to avoid in any crowd-sourced project.
31
In March 2004, an initiative was begun by Michael Hart and John S. Guagliardo
32
to provide low-cost distribution of intellectual properties. The initiative evolved into a "self-publishing portal" now located at self.gutenberg.org. (The initial name for this project was
Project Gutenberg 2
(PG II), which created controversy among PG volunteers.
33
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
edit
In 2000, a
501(c)(3)
non-profit corporation
, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, Inc. (
EIN
: 64–6221541) was chartered in
Mississippi
United States
, to handle the project's legal needs.
34
35
36
Donations to it are
tax-deductible
37
Gregory B. Newby
, while assistant professor at
UNC School of Information and Library Science
, and a long-time Project Gutenberg volunteer, in 2001, became the foundation's first
CEO
33
38
Partners
edit
Project Gutenberg Consortia Center specializes in collections of collections. These do not have the editorial oversight or consistent formatting of the main Project Gutenberg. Thematic collections, as well as numerous languages, are featured.
39
This is sponsored by
worldlibrary.net
, which hosts
self.gutenberg.org
, a self-publishing portal.
40
ibiblio
, at the
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
, now hosts
Project Gutenberg
40
Distributed Proofreaders: In 2000, Charles Franks founded
Distributed Proofreaders
(DP), which allowed the proofreading of scanned texts to be distributed among many volunteers over the Internet. This effort increased the number and variety of texts being added to Project Gutenberg, as well as making it easier for new volunteers to start contributing. DP became officially affiliated with Project Gutenberg in 2002.
41
As of 2018
[update]
, the 36,000+ DP-contributed books comprised almost two-thirds of the nearly 77,500 books in Project Gutenberg.
40
Sister projects
edit
All sister projects are independent organizations that share the same ideals and have been given permission to use the
Project Gutenberg
trademark.
40
They often have a particular national or linguistic focus.
42
List of sister projects
edit
Project Gutenberg Australia
hosts many texts that are public domain according to
copyright law of Australia
, but still under copyright (or of uncertain status) in the United States, with a focus on Australian writers and books about Australia.
43
40
Project Gutenberg Canada
44
40
digital library for Canadian public domain texts.
Projekt Gutenberg-DE
de
claims copyright for its product and limits access to browsable web-versions of its texts.
45
40
46
47
48
Project Gutenberg Europe is run by
Project Rastko
in
Serbia
. It aims at being a Project Gutenberg for all of Europe, and began posting projects in 2005. It uses the
Distributed Proofreaders
software to quickly produce etexts.
49
Project Gutenberg Luxembourg publishes mostly, but not exclusively, books that are written in
Luxembourgish
50
Project Lönnrot
fi
, started by Finnish Project Gutenberg volunteers, derives its name from the
Finnish
philologist
Elias Lönnrot
(1802–1884)
51
Project Gutenberg of the Philippines aims to "make as many books available to as many people as possible, with a special focus on the Philippines and Philippine languages".
52
Project Gutenberg Russia (Rutenberg) aims to collect public domain books in Slavic languages, particularly in Russian. The discussion of the project and its legal side began in April 2012. The word Rutenberg is a combination of words "Russia" and "Gutenberg".
53
Project Gutenberg Self Publishing Portal
also known as
Project Gutenberg Self-Publishing Press
, by the
Project Gutenberg Consortia Center
40
54
Unlike the Gutenberg Project itself, Project Gutenberg Self-Publishing allows submission of texts never published before, including self-published ebooks.
55
Launched in 2012,
54
56
also owns the "gutenberg.us" domain.
57
Project Gutenberg of Taiwan seeks to archive copyright free books with a special focus on Taiwan in English, Mandarin and Taiwan-based languages. It is a special project of Forumosa.com
58
Projekt Runeberg
, Nordic literature
40
ReadingRoo.ms
, the home of the
Project Gutenberg PrePrints
40
Distributed Proofreaders Canada
, a separate entity, launched in December 2007, by David Jones and Michael Shepard.
Faded Page
Distributed Proofreaders Canada
public domain book archive
Affiliates
edit
The Internet Archive
, previous long-time backup distribution site, and previous main host site.
40
Librivox.org
, new audiobooks main partner
40
CD and DVD project
edit
In August 2003, Project Gutenberg created a
CD
containing approximately 600 of the "best" e-books from the collection. The CD was available for download as an
ISO image
. When users were unable to download the CD, they could request to have a copy sent to them, free of charge.
In December 2003, a
DVD
was created containing nearly 10,000 items.
59
At the time, this represented almost the entire collection. In early 2004, the DVD also became available by mail.
In July 2007, a new edition of the DVD was released containing over 17,000 books,
60
and in April 2010, a dual-layer DVD was released, containing nearly 30,000 items.
61
The majority of the DVDs, and all of the CDs mailed by the project, were recorded on recordable media by volunteers. However, the new dual layer DVDs were manufactured, as it proved more economical than having volunteers burn them. As of October 2010
[update]
, the project has mailed approximately 40,000 discs.
62
As of 2017, the delivery of free CDs had been discontinued, though the ISO image was still available for download.
63
needs update
See also
edit
Aozora Bunko
Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library
Chinese Text Project
Google Books
HathiTrust
Internet Archive
LibriVox
—free online audiobook library, with many texts used from Project Gutenberg
List of digital library projects
On-line Guitar Archive
Open Content Alliance
Project Runeberg
, for books significant to the culture and history of the Nordic countries.
Runivers
, for Russian historical documents
Sefaria
, for Jewish texts
Standard Ebooks
Virtual volunteering
Wikisource
References
edit
Hart, Michael S.
United States Declaration of Independence by United States
. Project Gutenberg.
Archived
from the original on 26 January 2007
. Retrieved
17 February
2007
"The Declaration of Independence of the United States of America by Thomas Jefferson" is the bold heading of the linked webpage twelve years later (6 June 2019). No author but Jefferson is identified, nor is Hart otherwise named. Officially this is Project Gutenberg Ebook #1 (assigned December 1993?), or the current index to multiple formats of the same.
What Ebook #1 actually contains is heavily annotated re-release of the first two e-texts that were released in December 1971 (as by Michael S. Hart?). For more information, open the HTML format, for instance, and search for "December" or "Michael".
Hart, Michael S. (23 October 2004).
"Gutenberg Mission Statement by Michael Hart"
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15 August
2007
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2007
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2009
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2012
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"The Guide to PGTEI"
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Further reading
edit
Marie Lebert
Project Gutenberg (1971-2009)
, 2009 (
Net des Etudes Francaises
University of Toronto
) via:
Project Gutenberg
Marie Lebert
A History of EBooks
, 26 August 2009 (
Net des Etudes Francaises
University of Toronto
) via:
Project Gutenberg
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