Rape and revenge - Wikipedia

Rape and revenge - Wikipedia
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Rape and revenge films
Film subgenre
Rape and revenge
Years active
1970s–present
Location
International; started in Sweden and United States
Major figures
The Last House on the Left
I Spit on Your Grave
Irréversible
The Virgin Spring
Influences
European art cinema
Exploitation film
Influenced
Feminist film
New French Extremity
Rape and revenge
, or
rape-revenge
, is a
horror film
subgenre characterized by an individual enacting revenge for rape or other sexual acts committed against them or others. Rape and revenge films are also commonly
thrillers
or
vigilante films
Notable for its graphic depiction of violence, rape, torture, and sexual imagery, rape and revenge films have attracted critical attention and controversy, often gaining a
cult following
and retrospectively associated with the
New French Extremity
underground cinema
, and
arthouse cinema
Themes and characteristics
edit
Rape and revenge
" was the pioneer and, so far, most controversial film hybrid-genre of the mid-20th century that focuses on the main protagonist. It has pioneered and is considered controversial for the portrayal of female (main) characters who become
anti-hero(s)
vigilante
(s) that engage in a vicious plot to eliminate the perpetrator/
rapist
(s) who have harmed them. There is some debate as to whether or not the revenge must be carried out by the assault victim to be considered part of this genre, or if it may be carried out by their loved ones as well
citation needed
These early films rose in prominence in the 1970s and relied heavily on the shock value of brutal rape scenes, followed by the even larger shock of the main character's sadistic revenge.
History
edit
The genre stems from a fascination with
revenge
in western culture, beginning with the descriptive
tragedies of the Greeks
and continuing in
Elizabethan England
(by
Thomas Kyd
and
William Shakespeare
). This desire for revenge or to experience revenge has also been the catalyst of many horror films and novels in general, not just those dealing with sexual assault and rape.
The hybrid-genre's most well known and well labeled works are from the latter half of the 20th century, except the 1931's film
A Woman Branded
, which is about a woman who was raped and contracted
venereal disease
and seeks revenge on the man who raped her. It is possibly considered as the earliest precursor of the "
rape and revenge
" subgenre, retrospectively
citation needed
The Virgin Spring
edit
Main article:
The Virgin Spring
In 1960, the term ''
rape and revenge
" was coined in
Ingmar Bergman
's
The Virgin Spring
, considered the earliest film and precursor of the subgenre; the film is about a father who seeks vengeance on three herdsmen for the rape and murder of his daughter. This film, however, is technically a "Rape and Avenge" film as it is not the victim herself that does the killings. According to director
Ingmar Bergman
, inspiration for the film came from the legend of Per Töre, which he read as a student. Per Töre has seven daughters who fall victim to seven rapists. He was also heavily influenced by
Japanese cinema
, being particularly a fan of
Rashomon
(1950).
The Phantom of Soho
edit
Main article:
The Phantom of Soho
The 1964 movie
The Phantom of Soho
, based on a book by
Bryan Edgar Wallace
, was the first movie to have the rape-victim herself become a serial revenge killer. The production company
CCC
infused this storyline later into the iconography of the
Giallo
in co-producing the seminal
The Bird with the Crystal Plumage
that has a similar theme.
The 1973's film
Thriller – A Cruel Picture
definitively codified the ethics and development of the genre, although the film was banned in Sweden, where it was made.
Influences and pioneers
edit
The Last House on the Left
, depicted rape and graphic violence, drew substantial attention and is considered one of the pioneers in the subgenre.
The U.S. release of
The Virgin Spring
inspired
Wes Craven
's debut film
The Last House on the Left
, which is based on both Bergman's film and the Swedish ballad
Töres döttrar i Wänge
Like Bergman's film, the plot of
The Last House on the Left
features the victim's parents exacting vengeance on their daughter's rapists. In some respects, the film was more brutal and controversial than Bergman's film, due to explicit rape and mutilation.
Filmmakers in the United States continued to produce rape and revenge films throughout the 1970s including
Sam Peckinpah
's
Straw Dogs
Michael Winner
's
Death Wish
Lamont Johnson
's
Lipstick
, and
Meir Zarchi
's
I Spit on Your Grave
; some of them were mainly distributed through
mainstream theaters
, while others were screened independently in
underground cinemas
as
exploitation films
In addition to American films, rape and revenge films have been made in the Philippines (e.g.;
Lino Brocka
's
Insiang
), Japan (e.g.,
Takashi Ishii
's
Freeze Me
), Finland,
10
Russia (
The Voroshilov Sharpshooter
), Argentina (e.g.,
I'll Never Die Alone
; [2008]; original title:
No Moriré Sola
), and Norway (e.g.,
The Whore
[2009]; original title:
Hora
Several female directors created films in this genre including
Virginie Despentes
Baise-moi
(2000),
Coralie Fargeat
's
Revenge
(2017),
Jennifer Kent
's
The Nightingale
(2018), and
Emerald Fennell
's
Promising Young Woman
(2020). The latter film revitalized the subgenre and garnered multiple awards and nominations
11
Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri
and
Promising Young Woman
are subverted examples of the subgenre where a character was raped and murdered off-screen before the protagonist seeks revenge, although both films lack the use of graphic violence and onscreen rape.
12
Some movies are usually not regarded as belonging to the subgenre, but may feature a "
rape and revenge
" subplot as part of their story. These include
Stanley Kubrick
's
Clockwork Orange
Gaspar Noé
's
Irréversible
Quentin Tarantino
's
Pulp Fiction
and
Kill Bill
Lars von Trier
's
Dogville
, and
Paul Verhoeven
's
Elle
13
14
Explanation of the subgenre
edit
Rape and revenge films generally follow a
three-act structure
Rape: The main character / victim is (violently) raped and may be further abused,
tortured
, or left for dead.
Return: There are two potential outcomes of the violence against the victim:
The protagonist is
devastated
by the victim's death (if the protagonist is not themself the victim).
The victim survives, but barely, and
rehabilitates
themself.
Revenge: The main character/victim, sometimes with the assistance of a third-party, engages in a plot to exact vengeance and eliminate their rapist(s).
In
Irréversible
, the structure was reversed, with the first part depicting the revenge before tracing back the events which led to that point.
Roger Ebert
argues that, by using this structure as well as a false revenge,
Irréversible
cannot be classified as an exploitation film, as no exploitation of the subject matter takes place.
15
Notable films
edit
13 Assassins
(2010)
16
22 Female Kottayam
6 Guns
American Mary
Avenged
(2013)
17
Bad Reputation
(2005)
Bandit Queen
Baise-moi
Big Driver
The Birth of a Nation
(2016)
Blink Twice
The Crow
(1994)
Coward of the County
Daughter of Darkness
(1993)
Death Rides a Horse
Death Weekend
Death Wish
(1974)
18
Death Wish II
Demented
(2010)
The Devil All the Time
¡Dispara!
Elle
Extremities
Eye for an Eye
(1996)
18
Fear Island
Freeze Me
Girls Against Boys
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo
2009
2011
Gone
(2012)
Grave of the Vampire
19
A Gun for Jennifer
Gun Woman
Gutterballs
Hannie Caulder
18
Hard Candy
The Hills Have Eyes
1977
2006
Hobo With A Shotgun
Horns
(2013)
Hora
(2009)
The Horseman
The House of the Spirits
I Saw the Devil
I Spit on Your Grave
1978
2010
I Spit on Your Grave 2
I Spit on Your Grave III: Vengeance is Mine
I Spit on Your Grave: Deja Vu
Insiang
Inkins 9
Irréversible
(2002)
Jackson County Jail
Jungle Warriors
Jennifer's Body
(2009)
Kill Bill: Volume 1
Kill the Rapist?
Kuroneko
The Ladies Club
Lady Snowblood
The Last House on the Left
1972
2009
Last Night in Soho
(2021)
Last Stop on the Night Train
Lipstick
(1976)
Liquid Sky
(1982)
Memento
(2000)
Men Can't Be Raped
MFA
Mom
(2017)
Ms .45
(1981)
Naan Sigappu Manithan
(1985)
The Nightingale
(2018)
Nocturnal Animals
(2016)
Otis
The Phantom of Soho
(1964)
Promising Young Woman
(2020)
Rape of Love
Red Sonja
(1985)
Return to Sender
(2015)
Revenge
(2017)
Revengers Tragedy
Rings
(2017)
Riot on Sunset Strip
Rise: Blood Hunter
Rob Roy
(1995)
Run! Bitch Run!
Savage Streets
Savage Vengeance
Savages
(2012)
A Serbian Film
20
Shutter
2004
2008
Sleepers
Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street
(2007)
The Stendhal Syndrome
The Strange Thing About the Johnsons
The Stranger
(1995)
Straw Dogs
1971
2011
Sudden Impact
(1983)
Teeth
(2007)
Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri
(2017)
Thriller – A Cruel Picture
(1973)
Ticked-Off Trannies with Knives
Titus
(1999), a modernized adaptation of Shakespeare's
Titus Andronicus
Tomcats
(1977)
The Virgin Spring
(1960)
Voroshilov Sharpshooter
Vulgar
Wehshi Haseena
(2004)
Wild Things
(1998)
Wild Things 2
Wild Things: Diamonds in the Rough
Wild Things: Foursome
Reception and legacy
edit
The Virgin Spring
received polarized reviews from critics, but subject to censorship since its U.S. release, and later won the
Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
, marked the first rape and revenge film to win an
Academy Award
21
In retrospective years, the film renewed positively and expressed inspiration of several films, described as a relatively auspicious heritage to rape and revenge films.
22
The subgenre has attracted critical attention and controversy, especially when it is akin to horror cinema – is probably one of the most controversial genres, accused of
voyeurism
and complacency by its detractors.
Much of this critical attention comes from feminist critics examining the complex politics involved in the genre and its impact on cinema more generally. More recently, a broad analysis of the rape-revenge genre and concept was published in
Rape-Revenge Films: A Critical Study
, by
Alexandra Heller-Nicholas
. The book argues against a simplistic notion of the term "rape-revenge" and suggests a film-specific approach in order to avoid generalizing films which may "diverge not over the treatment of sexual assault as much as they do in regard to the morality of the revenge act".
23
Rape and revenge films, like many horror films, cause controversy by making the audience complicit in the violence of the story. Because of this, both old and new films of the genre struggle with the balance of creating a realistic story that forces the audience to confront the horrifying reality, not putting so many horrifying things on the screen as to isolate your audience,
and
not making light or sexualizing the horrifying topics that do end up in the film.
24
The controversy stems from the fact that films in the genre can often be accused of using the moral of the story as a pretext to justify extremely graphic murder and rape scenes. For example,
I Spit on Your Grave
, notable for its controversial depiction of extreme graphic violence and depictions of gang rape, sparked controversies with feminists protesting the movie and people accusing the movie of glorifying rape. The
Motion Picture Association of America
tried to prevent the film's producers from using the R rating. After the association gave the film an R rating, the producer of the film added rape scenes, making it an X-rated movie. Ultimately, an agreement was reached where the film removed any references or explicit shots referring to
anal rape
and the MPAA restored the original R rating.
25
In an interview with
Fangoria
, director Meir Zarchi said as a response to the backlash:
"Frankly, I'm not concerned whether it receives bad press or not. It doesn't touch me one way or the other whatsoever. If you told me that the public does not like it and the critics like it, then there is something very, very bad about that. Who am I reaching? Three-hundred critics around the United States, or 2,000 around the world? It's really the public that counts, the 20 million who have seen the film around the globe."
26
The remaining films
Irréversible
The Last House on the Left
, and
Thriller – A Cruel Picture
continue to spark substantial attention and controversy, with
Irréversible
notable for nine-minute continuous rape scene and repeatedly bludgeon-to-death scene, prompting widespread outrage among audiences during the film's premiere, including the cast from the film, and film critics stormed out.
27
The anime adaptation of
Redo of Healer
also attracted controversy for the first two episodes, depicting rape and graphic violence at one point as a
plot device
, with one review describes the anime:
Redo of Healer
may well be the most notorious and divisive anime series this season, in this case it earned a reputation for using
revenge rape
as a key recurring story element in the original material".
28
Despite this, the anime gained higher than average percentage of female viewers and novelist
Rui Tsukiyo
expressed their surprise on
29
Rape
Types
Acquaintance rape
Campus rape
Child sexual abuse
Corrective rape
LGBTQ victims
V-coding
Cybersex trafficking
Drug-facilitated rape
Date rape
Gang rape
Genocidal rape
Gray rape
Live streaming rape
Marital rape
Prison rape
Rape chant
Serial rape
Sexual abuse
Sexual assault
Statutory rape
Unacknowledged rape
Rape by deception
Effects and motivations
Effects and aftermath
Factors involved
Pregnancy from rape
Rape crisis movement
Rape trauma syndrome
Causes
Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims
Weinstein effect
Secondary victimisation
Sociobiological theories
Rape culture
By country
Afghanistan
Belgium
China
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Egypt
Finland
France
Germany
India
Pakistan
Papua New Guinea
Philippines
Saudi Arabia
South Africa
Sweden
United Kingdom
United States
During conflicts
Armenian genocide
World War II
Eastern Front
Italian campaign
Imperial Japan
Occupation of Germany
Japan
Poland
Manchuria
Liberation of France
Serbia
Kashmir conflict
Algerian War
Vietnam War
Sri Lankan civil war
Bangladesh Liberation War
Sierra Leone Civil War
Bosnian War
Rwandan genocide
Congo Wars
Darfur genocide
ISIL
Syrian civil war
Tigray war
Russian invasion of Ukraine
Gaza war
By Israel
By Palestinians
Laws
Marital rape laws by country
Marry-your-rapist law
Rape shield law
False accusation of rape
Rape investigation
Rape kit
Sexual consent in law
In Islamic law
See also
Anti-rape movement
Bodily integrity
Date rape drug
Sexual violence statistics
History of rape
Military sexual trauma
Preventive measures
Rape by gender
Rape of males
Anti-rape device
Rape crisis centre
Rape myth
Rape pornography
Rape and revenge films
Rape fantasy
Rape schedule
Rape statistics
Rape threat
Sex and the law
Sex trafficking
Sexual harassment
Sexual predator
Sexual trauma therapy
Sexual violence
Law portal
Category
See also
edit
B-movie
Captivity narrative
New Hollywood
Vulgar auteurism
American independent cinema
Extreme cinema
Midnight film
Psychological fiction
drama
horror
thriller
Revenge tragedy
Splatter film
Social thriller
Video nasty
#MeToo movement
References
edit
Clover, Carol J. (1992).
Men, Women, and Chainsaws: Gender in the Modern Horror Film
. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
ISBN
0-691-00620-2
Creed, B. (1993).
The Monstrous-Feminine: Film, Feminism, Psychoanalysis
. New York, NY: Routledge.
ISBN
0-415-05259-9
King, Claire Sisco (2003).
"Review of "Thelma & Louise" by Marita Sturken and of "The New Avengers: Feminism, Femininity, and the Rape-Revenge Cycle" by Jacinda Read"
. Retrieved
October 6,
2007
Read, Jacinda (2000).
The New Avengers: Feminism, Femininity, and the Rape-Revenge Cycle
. Manchester, UK and New York: Manchester University Press.
ISBN
0-7190-5905-4
Austin, Isobella (2021-02-19).
'Rape-revenge' films are changing: they now focus on the women, instead of their dads"
The Conversation
. Retrieved
2023-08-10
Gado, Frank (1986).
The Passion of Ingmar Bergman
. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 241.
ISBN
0822305860
Trädgårdsmästaren – Kommentar
at the
Swedish Film Institute
(in Swedish)
"Wes Craven: the mainstream horror maestro inspired by Ingmar Bergman"
The Guardian
. 31 August 2015. Archived from
the original
on 29 September 2015.
"The Bergman Film That Inspired Wes Craven"
The Criterion Collection
. 3 September 2015. Archived from
the original
on 23 August 2022.
Makela, Anna.
"Political rape, private revenge. The story of sexual violence in Finnish Film and Television"
. Archived from
the original
on September 7, 2004
. Retrieved
2010-01-25
Machado, Carmen Maria (2021-01-29).
"How "Promising Young Woman" Refigures the Rape-Revenge Movie"
The New Yorker
ISSN
0028-792X
. Retrieved
2023-08-08
McEntee, Joy (2021-10-15).
"Vigilantism and the Law in "Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri"
Film Criticism
45
(1).
doi
10.3998/fc.977
ISSN
2471-4364
Tobias, Scott (2023-02-08).
"Punishing rape-revenge drama Irréversible has been recut – but why?"
The Guardian
ISSN
0261-3077
. Retrieved
2023-08-18
Brooks, Xan (2016-05-21).
"Elle review: Paul Verhoeven's brazen rape revenge comedy is a dangerous delight"
the Guardian
ISSN
0261-3077
. Retrieved
2023-08-18
Ebert, Roger (2003-03-14).
"Irreversible"
. Rogerebert.com
. Retrieved
2010-01-25
"13 Assassins (2010) - Takashi Miike - Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related"
AllMovie
"Savaged (2013) - Michael S. Ojeda - Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related"
AllMovie
Schubart, Rikke (2007).
Super Bitches and Action Babes
. McFarland and Company Inc., Publishers. pp.
83–
104.
ISBN
9780786429240
"Grave of the Vampire (1972) - John Hayes | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related"
AllMovie
"The 33rd Academy Awards (1961) Nominees and Winners"
oscars.org
. Retrieved
2011-10-29
Heller-Nicholas 2011
, p. 22.
Heller-Nicholas, Alexandr (2011).
Rape-Revenge Film: A Critical Study
. New York: McFarland. p. 230.
ISBN
978-0-7864-4961-3
. Archived from
the original
on 2013-03-19.
Henry, Claire (2014).
Revisionist Rape-Revenge: Redefining a Film Genre.
New York, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
'I Spit on Your Grave' Opposed on R Rating"
The New York Times
. February 1, 1984
. Retrieved
June 9,
2020
Frentzen, Jeffrey (October 31, 1984).
"I Spit on Your Grave"
Fangoria
. No. 39. pp.
14–
18. Archived from
the original
on October 24, 2021
. Retrieved
June 9,
2020
Palmer, Tim (2006).
"Style and Sensation in the Contemporary French Cinema of the Body"
Journal of Film and Video
58
(3):
22–
32, p.27.
ISSN
0742-4671
JSTOR
20688527
"The Winter 2021 Preview Guide - Redo of Healer"
Anime News Network
. Retrieved
2021-10-20
"Redo of Healer Female Viewership Is Higher Than Average"
Anime Corner
. 2021-03-25.
Archived
from the original on April 9, 2021
. Retrieved
2021-04-09
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Film genres
Films about rape
Films about revenge
Rape and revenge films
Horror films by genre
Thriller films by genre
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Rape and revenge
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