Robert Sneath - Independent Researcher
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Assessment of Conducting Polymer Odour Sensors for Agricultural Malodour Measurements
by
soad M KHAFFAF
suad najmaldin mohiaedin
, and
Robert Sneath
Chemical Senses
, 1996
The major odoriferous components of fresh pig slurry were identified using gas chromatography cou...
more
The major odoriferous components of fresh pig slurry were identified using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. From the analytical data, a standard artificial slurry was reconstituted. The performance of conducting polymer odour sensor arrays was evaluated using the individual chemical volatile components and the artificial slurry itself. Most of the components are discriminated from each other, when presented singly to the sensor array. The sensors are not poisoned by the chemicals and give reproducible responses over a 3 month period. The odour components being detected from an artificial alkaline pig slurry appear to be associated with patterns obtained from indole, skatole and ammonia. The intensity of the signal is proportional to the concentration of the volatiles presented to the sensor. The results indicate that conducting polymer sensor arrays show promise for measurement of agricultural malodours, and may complement olfactometric techniques. Chem. Senses 21: 495-505, 1996.
Overview Odour Legislation around the World
Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe - HAL - Diderot
, Oct 26, 2021
Revision de la legislacion sobre olores en varias partes del mundo, un trabajo de 14 expertos internacionales
In this paper we will try to introduce some of the information that a group of 14 experts from di...
more
In this paper we will try to introduce some of the information that a group of 14 experts from different countries is discussing regarding odour regulations. The aim is to publish the first critical review over odour legislation in several parts of the world, analysing not only from a descriptive way any single regulation, but also from a critical point of view. This review will try to identify points to improve and will offer alternatives to some common issues when dealing with regulating the odour impact. The final paper will be published in a Journal not determined yet.Peer reviewe
Investigating the Capacity of an Activated Sludge Process to Reduce Volatile Organic Compounds and Odor Emissions
Water Environment Research
, 2006
The effects of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) diffusion into activated sludge (AS) on odor and volatile o...
more
The effects of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) diffusion into activated sludge (AS) on odor and volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations in offgas were studied over an 8-week period. Most VOCs detected in the offgas of both aeration tanks were aromatic hydrocarbons. The VOC concentrations generally decreased when H2S was introduced to the AS compared with the control, indicating a negative effect of H2S on VOC removal. Two volatile organic sulfur compounds present in the test AS offgas showed an increase followed by a decrease during H2S peak loads. Six VOCs and odor concentration increased during the introduction of an H2S peak; however no correlation was observed between H2S and odor concentration. The increase in odor concentration resulted from the increase in the concentration of six aromatic VOCs, which had their removal slowed down during a 100-ppmv H2S peak. Activated sludge diffusion provides effective H2S removal with minimal affect on odor emissions.
Short Introduction to the Summary and Evaluation of the Odour Regulations Worldwide
When it comes to air pollution complaints, odours are often the most significant contributor. Sou...
more
When it comes to air pollution complaints, odours are often the most significant contributor. Sources of odour emissions range from natural to anthropogenic. Mitigation of odour can be challenging, multifaceted, site-specific, and is often confounded by its complexity—defined by existing (or non-existing) environmental laws, public ordinances, and socio-economic considerations. The objective of this paper is to review and summarize odour legislation in selected European countries (France, Germany, Austria, Hungary, United Kingdom, Spain, The Netherlands, Italy, Belgium), North America (USA and Canada), South America (Chile and Colombia), as well as Oceania (Australia and New Zealand) and Asia (Japan, China). Many countries have incorporated odour controls into their legislation. However, odour-related assessment criteria tend to be highly variable between countries, individual states, provinces and even counties and towns. Legislation ranges from (1) no specific mention in environme...
Odour guidance for local authorities
Summary and Evaluation of the Odour Regulations Worldwide
When it comes to air pollution complaints, odours are often the most significant contributor. Sou...
more
When it comes to air pollution complaints, odours are often the most significant contributor. Sources of odour emissions range from natural to anthropogenic. Mitigation of odour can be challenging, multifaceted, site-specific, and is often confounded by its complexity—defined by existing (or non-existing) environmental laws, public ordinances, and socio-economic considerations. The objective of this paper is to review and summarize odour legislation in selected European countries (France, Germany, Austria, Hungary, United Kingdom, Spain, The Netherlands, Italy, Belgium), North America (USA and Canada), South America (Chile and Colombia), as well as Oceania (Australia and New Zealand) and Asia (Japan, China). Many countries have incorporated odour controls into their legislation. However, odour-related assessment criteria tend to be highly variable between countries, individual states, provinces and even counties and towns. Legislation ranges from (1) no specific mention in environme...
Sniffer ER26. Model validation using monitored data from Scottish poultry farms
The report outlines the bespoke monitoring conducted for the validation of the SCAIL tool in orde...
more
The report outlines the bespoke monitoring conducted for the validation of the SCAIL tool in order to better assess that the tool provides realistic yet conservative results. Two farm sites were selected for the validation monitoring. The study collected data for odour, ammonia and airborne particulate data as well as recording on-site meteorological information. In conclusion the SCAIL-Agriculture model was found to broadly meet recognised acceptability criteria for the prediction of ammonia, PM10 and odour concentration arising from farm buildings. There are however a number of areas where further research could clearly improve the assessment of agricultural sources.
Solid State Chemical Sensors: Technologies and Applications
2007 International Conference on Thermal, Mechanical and Multi-Physics Simulation Experiments in Microelectronics and Micro-Systems. EuroSime 2007
, 2007
ABSTRACT The agricultural industry needs to be more accountable with regard to environmental poll...
more
ABSTRACT The agricultural industry needs to be more accountable with regard to environmental pollution. This has arisen because the adoption of increasingly intensive farming methods in agriculture, with the associated production of significant quantities of solid and gaseous waste emissions that has, in recent years, been linked to adverse environmental change. Solid state chemical sensors are highly desirable, but available technology still lacks robustness for use in the agricultural field. This paper reviews sensing, sampling and measurement technology applicable to real-time monitoring of gaseous fluxes.
Development of a perimeter odor monitoring system for landfill sites
2008 IEEE Sensors
, 2008
A need exists for instrumentation capable of continuous measurement of gas and odor emission from...
more
A need exists for instrumentation capable of continuous measurement of gas and odor emission from the perimeter of a landfill site. Current practice is to manually use a flame ionization detector. Instruments based on an array of MOS gas sensors were developed and placed on the perimeter of a landfill site, functioning as point monitoring systems, using methane as a surrogate for odor emission. The single-point instrument (SPEMMI) proved to be sensitive to methane, with the sensors showing a change in resistance of about 4% for a methane concentration of 50ppm. On-site measurements showed that, while there was some sensitivity to temperature, it was possible to identify methane emission events. Data analysis techniques using a Savitsky-Golay second order filter show that event detection was possible. The system was operational in the field and was reliable. The use of complementary, n-type and p-type gas sensors, allowed discrimination of gas events from ambient temperature fluctuations. I.
Sniffer ER26. Model validation using monitored data from Scottish poultry farms
Correlating Electronic Nose and Sensory Panel Data
Handbook of Machine Olfaction
, 2002
... Robert W. Sneath, Krishna C. Persaud ... Many such indu-stries therefore rely on human sensor...
more
... Robert W. Sneath, Krishna C. Persaud ... Many such indu-stries therefore rely on human sensory panels that are trained to discriminate subtle nuances of smell and taste in a given product or raw material, or to quantify the odor level in a sample. ...
Comparison of dispersion models for assessing odour from municipal solid wastes
Waste Management and Research
, 2000
This paper assesses the dispersion of odour from a waste transfer station in the North London are...
more
This paper assesses the dispersion of odour from a waste transfer station in the North London area, UK. The basic models used for analysing the extent of dispersion were UK-ADMS (version 1.5) and US-EPA's MPTER (A Multiple Point Gaussian Dispersion Algorithm with Optional Terrain Adjustment). The two models have been extensively run for various meteorological conditions and source values based on site measurements. It has been observed that the two models compare very well at distances downwind greater than 500 m within a range of 29.0% to 40.0% up to 3.0 km. The two models differ substantially near the source; the physics of UK-ADMS representing the scenario better close to the source. The results indicate that with a wind velocity of 5.0 m s ±1 the mean odour level, in odour units (ou), can fall down sharply from 1695.0 ou m ±3 at the source to 0.5 ou m ±3 at about 1.5 km from the source along the centreline. A dynamic dilution olfactometer with six panellists was used to characterize the odour strength of the source. Simultaneously, an intensity test was used to assess the number of times the odour would need to be diluted to achieve a reasonable expectation of `no complaints' from the site operations. Measurements of intensity were determined by a `snif®ng' panel using a subjective scale (usually 0 to 6) from very faint to very strong. It has been observed that the emitted odour intensity reduces from a distinct odour to a faint odour as the odour concentration decrease from 10 to 4 ou m ±3 and these levels are greatly exceeded at the point of emission. According to calculations, an odour intensity of 6 ou m ±3 averaged for 15 min could be expected up to a distance of 470.0 m downwind along with a crosswind spread of + 80.0 m to ± 80.0 m about a source of strength 1695.0 ou m ±3 and average wind velocity of 5 m s ±1 .
Automated indirect method of ammonia flux measurement for agriculture: effect of incident wind angle on airflow measurements
Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical
, 2000
Cost effective, distributed instrumentation arrays have to be developed to realise a robust autom...
more
Cost effective, distributed instrumentation arrays have to be developed to realise a robust automated ammonia flux measurement system suitable for use at the periphery of naturally ventilated livestock buildings. The new system is designed to permit the calculation of ammonia flux indirectly from measurements of ammonia concentration, using conducting polymer sensors, and wind speed with direction, via a commercially available airflow sensor. This paper discusses the problems associated with calculating external wind speed from measurement of airflow rates within a fixed sampler tube. It is necessary to be able to compensate for anomalous flow regimes within the sampler system, which can arise from changes to the external wind direction. Wind conditions, across the site of interest, should be faithfully recorded throughout the experiment, otherwise models based upon the acquired data may be unrealistic.
Assessment of Conducting Polymer Odour Sensors for Agricultural Malodour Measurements
Chemical Senses
, 1996
The major odoriferous components of fresh pig slurry were identified using gas chromatography cou...
more
The major odoriferous components of fresh pig slurry were identified using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. From the analytical data, a standard artificial slurry was reconstituted. The performance of conducting polymer odour sensor arrays was evaluated using the individual chemical volatile components and the artificial slurry itself. Most of the components are discriminated from each other, when presented singly to the sensor array. The sensors are not poisoned by the chemicals and give reproducible responses over a 3 month period. The odour components being detected from an artificial alkaline pig slurry appear to be associated with patterns obtained from indole, skatole and ammonia. The intensity of the signal is proportional to the concentration of the volatiles presented to the sensor. The results indicate that conducting polymer sensor arrays show promise for measurement of agricultural malodours, and may complement olfactometric techniques. Chem. Senses 21: 495-505, 1996.
Temperature and Moisture Conditions in Livestock Buildings in Northern Europe
Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research
, 1998
From August 1993 to December 1995 a survey of the temperature and moisture conditions was carried...
more
From August 1993 to December 1995 a survey of the temperature and moisture conditions was carried out in 329 livestock buildings in Northern Europe. Mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum values of dry bulb air temperature and relative humidity (RH) in cattle, pig and poultry houses were measured over 24 h in each building. Indoor air temperature and RH were generally in agreement with recommended values with few adverse consequences for health or production. Nevertheless, high air temperatures occurred occasionally in summer, indicating the limits of control of temperature in mechanically ventilated buildings. Naturally ventilated houses were more influenced by the prevailing climate.
A Survey of Ventilation Rates in Livestock Buildings in Northern Europe
Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research
, 1998
Ventilation rates in 329 livestock buildings in Northern Europe (England, The Netherlands, Denmar...
more
Ventilation rates in 329 livestock buildings in Northern Europe (England, The Netherlands, Denmark and Germany) in winter and summer were estimated from a carbon dioxide (mass balance). On the basis of 500 kg liveweight, the mean ventilation rate across all countries was 341 m/h for cattle, 241 m/h for pigs and 451 m/h for poultry during winter. The corresponding summer ventilation rates were 404, 428 and 965 m/h (500 kg) liveweight, respectively. Recommended maximum ventilation rates in summer were not reached in some pig and poultry houses: the installed capacity may have been insufficient to avoid heat stress. Conversely, winter ventilation rates were not always sufficient to maintain an acceptable quality of air in some types of building, e.g. broiler houses.
A Comparison of Three Balance Methods for Calculating Ventilation Rates in Livestock Buildings
Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research
, 1998
A farm-scale study on the use of clinoptilolite zeolite and De-Odorase® for reducing odour and ammonia emissions from broiler houses
Bioresource Technology
, 1997
Intensive poultry farms are frequently the subject of odour complaints and are also known emitter...
more
Intensive poultry farms are frequently the subject of odour complaints and are also known emitters of ammonia. In this paper an experiment is described which compared the effectiveness of two abatement compounds, clinoptilolite and De-Odorase®, when used in ...
Appropriateness of selecting different averaging times for modelling chronic and acute exposure to environmental odours
Atmospheric Environment
, 2007
Odour emissions are episodic, characterised by periods of high emission rates, interspersed with ...
more
Odour emissions are episodic, characterised by periods of high emission rates, interspersed with periods of low emissions. It is frequently the short term, high concentration peaks that result in annoyance in the surrounding population. Dispersion modelling is accepted as a useful tool for odour impact assessment, and two approaches can be adopted. The first approach of modelling the hourly average concentration can underestimate total odour concentration peaks, resulting in annoyance and complaints. The second modelling approach involves the use of short averaging times. This study assesses the appropriateness of using different averaging times to model the dispersion of odour from a landfill site. We also examine perception of odour in the community in conjunction with the modelled odour
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