Romania - Wikipedia

Romania - Wikipedia
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Coordinates
46°N
25°E
 / 
46°N 25°E
 /
46; 25
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Country in Southeast and Central Europe
This article is about the country. For other uses, see
Romania (disambiguation)
Romania
România
Flag
Coat of arms
Anthem:
Deșteaptă-te, române!
"Awaken Thee, Romanian!"
Show globe
Show map of Europe
Capital
and largest city
Bucharest
44°25′N
26°06′E
 / 
44.417°N 26.100°E
 /
44.417; 26.100
Official languages
Romanian
Ethnic groups
(2021)
89.3%
Romanians
6.0%
Hungarians
3.4%
Roma
1.2%
others
Religion
(2021)
84.7%
Christianity
73.6%
Romanian Orthodoxy
6.4%
Protestantism
4.4%
Catholicism
0.2% other
Christian
0.8%
no religion
0.4%
other
13.9% unanswered
Demonym
Romanian
Government
Unitary
semi-presidential republic
President
Nicușor Dan
Prime Minister
Ilie Bolojan
President of the Senate
Mircea Abrudean
President of the Chamber of Deputies
Sorin Grindeanu
Legislature
Parliament
Upper house
Senate
Lower house
Chamber of Deputies
History
Principality of Wallachia
1330–1862
Principality of Moldavia
1346–1862
United Principalities
1859–1881
Independence
from the
Ottoman Empire
10 May 1877
Kingdom of Romania
1881–1947
Great Union
1 December 1918
Socialist Romania
1947–1989
Current constitution
8 December 1991
Area
• Total
238,397 km
(92,046 sq mi)
81st
• Water (%)
Population
• 2025 estimate
19,043,151
65th
• 2021 census
19,053,815
• Density
83/km
(215.0/sq mi) (
132nd
GDP
PPP
2026 estimate
• Total
$950.384 billion
37th
• Per capita
$50,783
44th
GDP
(nominal)
2026 estimate
• Total
$480.834 billion
38th
• Per capita
$25,693
53th
Gini
(2025)
27.3
low inequality
HDI
(2023)
0.845
very high
55th
Currency
Romanian leu
RON
Time zone
UTC
+2
EET
• Summer (
DST
UTC
+3
EEST
Date format
dd.mm.yyyy (
CE
Calling code
+40
ISO 3166 code
RO
Internet TLD
.ro
Romania
is a country in
Southeast
and
Central Europe
. It lies on the lower course of the
Danube
, north of the
Balkan Peninsula
, and on the northwestern shore of the
Black Sea
. It borders
Ukraine
to the north and east,
Hungary
to the west,
Serbia
to the southwest,
Bulgaria
to the south,
Moldova
to the east, and the
Black Sea
to the southeast. It is the
twelfth-largest country in Europe by area
, covering 238,397 km
(92,046 mi
), and the sixth-most populous
member state of the European Union
, with 19 million inhabitants. The capital,
largest city
and
economic centre
is
Bucharest
. Other major cities include
Cluj-Napoca
Iași
Constanța
Timișoara
and
Brașov
Romania was settled during the
Lower Paleolithic
, later becoming
Dacia
before
Trajan's Dacian Wars
and
Romanisation
. The modern Romanian state was formed in 1859 with
the unification
of
Moldavia
and
Wallachia
under
Alexandru Ioan Cuza
, becoming the
Kingdom of Romania
in 1881 under
Carol I of Romania
. Romania
gained independence
from the
Ottoman Empire
in 1877, formalised by the
Treaty of Berlin
. After
World War I
Transylvania
Banat
Bukovina
, and
Bessarabia
joined the
Old Kingdom
, forming
Greater Romania
, which reached its largest territorial extent. In 1940, under
Axis
pressure, Romania lost territories to
Hungary
Bulgaria
, and the
Soviet Union
. Following the
Act of 23 August
, Romania switched sides to join
the Allies
. After
World War II
, it regained
Northern Transylvania
through the
Paris Peace Treaties
. Under
Soviet occupation
King Michael I
was
forced to abdicate
, and Romania became a
socialist republic
and
Warsaw Pact
member. After the
fall of the Iron Curtain
and the
Romanian revolution
in 1989, Romania transitioned to a
liberal democracy
Romania is a
developed country
with a
high-income economy
and is widely regarded as a
middle power
in
international relations
. It is home to
11
UNESCO World Heritage Sites
. Romania is a
net exporter of automotive and vehicle parts
worldwide and has established a growing reputation as a
technology centre
, with some of the
fastest internet speeds globally
. Romania is a member of several
international organisations
, including the
European Union
NATO
, and the
BSEC
Etymology
Main article:
Name of Romania
Romania
derives from the local name for
Romanian
Romanian
român
), which in turn derives from
Latin
romanus
, meaning "
Roman
" or "of
Rome
".
This ethnonym for Romanians is first attested in the sixteenth century by Italian humanists travelling in
Transylvania
Moldavia
, and
Wallachia
10
11
12
The oldest known surviving document written in
Romanian
that can be precisely dated, a 1521 letter known as the "
Letter of Neacșu from Câmpulung
",
13
is notable for including the first documented occurrence of
Romanian
in a country name: Wallachia is mentioned as
Țara Rumânească
History
Main article:
History of Romania
Further information:
Timeline of Romanian history
and
Origin of the Romanians
Prehistory
Human remains found in
Peștera cu Oase
("Cave with Bones"), radiocarbon date from circa 40,000 years ago, and represent the oldest known
Homo sapiens
in Europe.
14
Neolithic
agriculture spread after the arrival of a mixed group of people from
Thessaly
in the 6th millennium BC.
15
16
Excavations near a
salt spring
at
Lunca
yielded the earliest evidence for salt exploitation in Europe; here salt production began between the 5th and 4th millennium BC.
17
The first permanent settlements developed into "proto-cities",
18
which were larger than 320 hectares (800 acres).
19
20
The
Cucuteni–Trypillia culture
—the best known
archaeological culture
of
Old Europe
—flourished in
Muntenia
, southeastern Transylvania and northeastern Moldavia in the 3rd millennium BC.
20
The first fortified settlements appeared around 1800 BC, showing the militant character of
Bronze Age
societies.
20
Antiquity
Main article:
Romania in Antiquity
See also:
Legacy of the Roman Empire
Maximum territorial extent of the
Kingdom of Dacia
during
Burebista
's reign (early 40s BC)
Greek colonies established on the
Black Sea
coast in the 7th century BC became important centres of commerce with the local tribes.
21
22
Among the native peoples,
Herodotus
listed the
Getae
of the Lower Danube region, the
Agathyrsi
of Transylvania and the
Syginnae
of the plains along the river
Tisza
at the beginning of the 5th century BC.
23
Centuries later,
Strabo
associated the Getae with the
Dacians
who dominated the lands along the southern
Carpathian Mountains
in the 1st century BC.
24
Burebista
was the first Dacian ruler to unite the local tribes.
24
25
He also conquered the Greek colonies in
Dobruja
and the neighbouring peoples as far as the Middle Danube and the
Balkan Mountains
between around 55 and 44 BC.
24
26
After Burebista was murdered in 44 BC, his kingdom collapsed.
24
27
The Romans reached
Dacia
during Burebista's reign and conquered Dobruja in 46 AD.
27
Dacia
was again united under
Decebalus
around 85 AD.
24
28
He resisted the Romans for decades, but the Roman army defeated his troops in 106 AD.
29
Emperor
Trajan
transformed
Banat
Oltenia
and the greater part of Transylvania into a new
province
called
Roman Dacia
, but Dacian,
Germanic
and
Sarmatian
tribes continued to dominate the lands along the Roman frontiers.
30
31
The Romans pursued an organised colonisation policy, and the provincials enjoyed a long period of peace and prosperity in the 2nd century.
32
33
Scholars accepting the Daco-Roman continuity theory—one of the main theories about the
origin of the Romanians
—say that the cohabitation of the native Dacians and the Roman colonists in Roman Dacia was the first phase of the Romanians'
ethnogenesis
34
35
The
Carpians
Goths
and other neighbouring tribes made regular raids against Dacia from the 210s.
36
The Romans could not resist, and Emperor
Aurelian
ordered the evacuation of the province
Dacia Trajana
in the 270s.
37
Scholars supporting the continuity theory are convinced that most Latin-speaking commoners stayed behind when the army and civil administration was withdrawn.
38
The Romans did not abandon their fortresses along the northern banks of the Lower Danube for decades, and Dobruja (known as
Scythia Minor
) remained an integral part of the Roman Empire until the early 7th century.
34
39
Middle Ages
Main articles:
Romania in the Early Middle Ages
Romania in the Middle Ages
Founding of Wallachia
, and
Founding of Moldavia
Gutthiuda, or the land of the
Gothic
-speaking
Thervingi
, and the neighbouring tribes (370s AD)
The Goths were expanding towards the Lower Danube from the 230s, forcing the native peoples to flee to the Roman Empire or to accept their
suzerainty
40
41
42
The Goths' rule ended abruptly when the
Huns
invaded their territory in 376, causing new waves of migrations.
40
42
43
The Huns forced the remnants of the local population into submission, but their empire collapsed in 454.
40
44
The
Gepids
took possession of the former Dacia province.
45
46
Place names that are of
Slavic
origin abound in Romania, indicating that a significant Slavic-speaking population lived in the territory.
47
The first
Slavic
groups settled in Moldavia and Wallachia in the 6th century,
48
in Transylvania around 600.
49
The nomadic
Avars
defeated the Gepids and established a powerful empire around 570.
40
50
The
Bulgars
, who also came from the European
Pontic steppe
, occupied the Lower Danube region in 680.
40
First Bulgarian Empire
(681–1018) around 850
After the
Avar Khaganate
collapsed in the 790s, the
First Bulgarian Empire
became the dominant power of the region, occupying lands as far as the river
Tisa
40
The
First Bulgarian Empire
had a mixed population consisting of the Bulgar conquerors,
Slavs
and
Vlachs
(or Romanians) but the
Slavicisation
of the Bulgar elite had already begun in the 9th century. Following the conquest of southern
Transylvania
around 830, people from the Bulgar Empire mined salt at the local salt mines.
51
The
Council of Preslav
declared
Old Church Slavonic
the language of liturgy in the country in 893.
52
The Vlachs also adopted Old Church Slavonic as their liturgical language.
53
The
Magyars
(or Hungarians) took control of the steppes north of the Lower Danube in the 830s, but the Bulgarians and the
Pechenegs
jointly forced them to abandon this region for the
lowlands along the Middle Danube
around 894.
54
Centuries later, the
Gesta Hungarorum
wrote of the invading Magyars' wars against three dukes—
Glad
Menumorut
and the Vlach
Gelou
—for Banat, Crișana and Transylvania.
55
56
The
Gesta
also listed many peoples—Slavs, Bulgarians, Vlachs,
Khazars
, and
Székelys
—inhabiting the same regions.
57
58
The reliability of the
Gesta
is debated. Some scholars regard it as a basically accurate account, others describe it as a literary work filled with invented details.
59
60
61
The Pechenegs seized the lowlands abandoned by the Hungarians to the east of the Carpathians.
62
Byzantine
missionaries proselytised in the lands east of the Tisa from the 940s
63
and Byzantine troops occupied Dobruja in the 970s.
64
The first
king of Hungary
Stephen I
, who supported Western European missionaries, defeated the local chieftains and established
Roman Catholic bishoprics
(office of a bishop) in Transylvania and Banat in the early 11th century.
65
66
Significant Pecheneg groups fled to the Byzantine Empire in the 1040s; the
Oghuz Turks
followed them, and the nomadic
Cumans
became the dominant power of the steppes in the 1060s.
67
Cooperation between the Cumans and the Vlachs against the Byzantine Empire is well documented from the end of the 11th century.
68
Scholars who reject the Daco-Roman continuity theory say that the first Vlach groups left their
Balkan
homeland for the mountain pastures of the eastern and southern Carpathians in the 11th century, establishing the Romanians' presence in the lands to the north of the Lower Danube.
69
Vlad III of Wallachia
(also known as Vlad the Impaler), medieval ruler of Wallachia
Exposed to nomadic incursions, Transylvania developed into an important border province of the
Kingdom of Hungary
70
71
The Székelys—a community of free warriors—settled in central Transylvania around 1100 and moved to the easternmost regions around 1200.
72
Colonists from the
Holy Roman Empire
—the
Transylvanian Saxons
' ancestors—came to the province in the 1150s.
72
73
A high-ranking royal official, styled
voivode
, ruled the Transylvanian
counties
from the 1170s, but the Székely and Saxon
seats
(or districts) were not subject to the voivodes' authority.
74
Royal charters wrote of the "
Vlachs
' land" in southern Transylvania in the early 13th century, indicating the existence of
autonomous Romanian communities
75
Papal correspondence mentions the activities of Orthodox prelates among the Romanians in Muntenia in the 1230s.
76
Also in the 13th century, the
Republic of Genoa
started establishing
colonies
on the Black Sea, including
Calafat
, and
Constanța
77
78
The Mongols destroyed large territories during
their invasion of Eastern and Central Europe
in 1241 and 1242.
79
The Mongols'
Golden Horde
emerged as the dominant power of Eastern Europe, but
Béla IV
of Hungary's land grant to the
Knights Hospitallers
in Oltenia and Muntenia shows that the local
Vlach
rulers were subject to the king's authority in 1247.
80
81
Basarab I of Wallachia
united the Romanian polities between the southern Carpathians and the Lower Danube in the 1310s.
82
He defeated the Hungarian royal army in the
Battle of Posada
and secured the independence of
Wallachia
in 1330.
83
84
The second Romanian principality,
Moldavia
, achieved full autonomy during the reign of
Bogdan I
around 1360.
84
A local dynasty ruled the
Despotate of Dobruja
in the second half of the 14th century, but the
Ottoman Empire
took possession of the territory after 1388.
85
Princes
Mircea I
and
Vlad III of Wallachia
, and
Stephen III of Moldavia
defended their countries' independence against the Ottomans. Most Wallachian and Moldavian princes paid a regular tribute to the Ottoman sultans from 1417 and 1456, respectively.
86
87
John Hunyadi
, organised the defence of the
Kingdom of Hungary
and
anti-Ottoman campaigns
from 1440 until his death in 1456.
88
Increasing taxes outraged the Transylvanian peasants, and
they rose up in an open rebellion
in 1437, but the Hungarian nobles and the heads of the Saxon and Székely communities jointly suppressed their revolt.
89
The formal alliance of the Hungarian, Saxon, and Székely leaders, known as the
Union of the Three Nations
, became an important element of the self-government of Transylvania.
90
The Orthodox Romanian
knezes
("chiefs") were excluded from the Union.
90
Early modern times and national awakening
Main articles:
Early Modern Romania
and
Romanian War of Independence
During the
Long Turkish War
Wallachian Prince
Michael the Brave
portrayed
) briefly reigned over the three medieval principalities of
Wallachia
Moldavia
, and
Transylvania
, covering most of the present-day territory of Romania
The Kingdom of Hungary collapsed, and the Ottomans occupied parts of
Banat
and
Crișana
in 1541.
90
Transylvania and
Maramureș
, along with the rest of Banat and Crișana, developed into a new state under Ottoman suzerainty, the
Principality of Transylvania
91
The
Reformation
, initiated in Germany by
Martin Luther
in 1517, encouraged the spread of
Protestantism
across the region; by 1568, the
Edict of Torda
formally granted local communities the right to choose their own preachers, sanctioning the existence of four "received" religions (
Catholicism
Lutheranism
Calvinism
, and
Unitarianism
).
who?
92
The Romanians' Orthodox faith remained only tolerated,
92
although they made up more than one-third of the population, according to 17th-century estimates.
93
94
In June 1609,
Gabriel Báthory
freed the Romanian Orthodox clergy from both taxation and service demands.
95
The princes of Transylvania, Wallachia, and Moldavia joined the
Holy League
against the Ottoman Empire in 1594.
96
The Wallachian prince,
Michael the Brave
, united the three principalities under his rule in May 1600.
97
98
The neighbouring powers forced him to abdicate in September, but he became a symbol of the unification of the Romanian lands in the 19th century.
97
Although the rulers of the three principalities continued to pay tribute to the Ottomans, the most talented princes—
Gabriel Bethlen
of Transylvania,
Matei Basarab
of Wallachia, and
Vasile Lupu
of Moldavia—strengthened their autonomy.
99
The united armies of the
Holy League
expelled the Ottoman troops from Central Europe between 1684 and 1699, and the Principality of Transylvania was integrated into the
Habsburg monarchy
100
The Habsburgs supported the Catholic clergy and persuaded the Orthodox Romanian prelates to accept the
union with the Roman Catholic Church
in 1699.
101
In the
18th century
Moldavia
and
Wallachia
maintained their internal autonomy, but in
1711
and
1716
, respectively, the period of the
Phanariots
began, with rulers appointed directly by the Porte from among the noble families of
Greek
origin in
Constantinople
. With the signing of the
Ausgleich
in
1867
Transylvania
quickly lost its remaining political autonomy, being politically and administratively incorporated into the
Kingdom of Hungary
102
The Church Union strengthened the Romanian intellectuals' devotion to their Roman heritage.
103
The Orthodox Church was restored in Transylvania only after Orthodox monks stirred up revolts in 1744 and 1759.
104
The organisation of the
Transylvanian Military Frontier
caused further disturbances,
especially among the Székelys in 1764
105
Princes
Dimitrie Cantemir
of Moldavia and
Constantin Brâncoveanu
of Wallachia concluded alliances with the Habsburg Monarchy and Russia against the Ottomans, but they were dethroned in 1711 and 1714, respectively.
106
The sultans lost confidence in the native princes and appointed Orthodox merchants from the
Phanar
district of Istanbul to rule Moldavia and Wallachia.
107
108
The
Phanariot
princes pursued oppressive fiscal policies and dissolved the army.
109
The neighbouring powers took advantage of the situation: the Habsburg Monarchy annexed the northwestern part of Moldavia, or
Bukovina
, in 1775, and the
Russian Empire
seized the eastern half of Moldavia, or
Bessarabia
, in 1812.
110
111
A census revealed that the Romanians were more numerous than any other ethnic group in Transylvania in 1733, but legislation continued to use contemptuous adjectives (such as "tolerated" and "admitted") when referring to them.
112
113
The
Uniate bishop
Inocențiu Micu-Klein
, who demanded recognition of the Romanians as the fourth privileged nation, was forced into exile.
114
113
Uniate and Orthodox clerics and laymen jointly signed a
plea for the Transylvanian Romanians' emancipation
in 1791, but the monarch and the local authorities refused to grant their requests.
115
112
Animated map depicting the territorial changes of Romania from
1859
to
2010
The
Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
authorised the Russian ambassador in Istanbul to defend the autonomy of Moldavia and Wallachia (known as the
Danubian Principalities
) in 1774.
116
Taking advantage of the
Greek War of Independence
, a Wallachian lesser nobleman, Tudor Vladimirescu, stirred up a revolt against the Ottomans in January 1821, but he was murdered in June by Phanariot Greeks.
117
After a
new Russo-Turkish War
, the
Treaty of Adrianople
strengthened the autonomy of the Danubian Principalities in 1829, although it also acknowledged the sultan's right to confirm the election of the princes.
118
Mihail Kogălniceanu
Nicolae Bălcescu
and other leaders of the
1848 revolutions in Moldavia
and
Wallachia
demanded the emancipation of the peasants and the union of the two principalities, but Russian and Ottoman troops crushed their revolt.
119
120
The Wallachian revolutionists were the first to adopt the blue, yellow and red
tricolour
as the
national flag
121
In Transylvania, most Romanians supported the imperial government against the
Hungarian revolutionaries
after the Diet passed a law concerning the union of Transylvania and Hungary.
121
Bishop
Andrei Șaguna
proposed the unification of the Romanians of the Habsburg Monarchy in a separate duchy, but the central government refused to change the internal borders.
122
Unification and the Kingdom of Romania
Main articles:
Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia
United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia
, and
Kingdom of Romania
King Carol I
with his nephew
Ferdinand
and his son,
Carol II
From the Little Union to the Great War
The modern Romanian state was created through the
unification of the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia
, accepted as a federative structure by the Great Powers following the
Paris Convention
of 1858, and later cemented by the simultaneous election as ruler of both states of the unionist
Alexandru Ioan Cuza
123
124
125
After carrying out numerous reforms that laid the foundations for the modernisation of the state, he was forced in 1866 by a broad coalition of the political parties of the time, also known as the "
Monstrous coalition
", to abdicate and leave the country.
126
The union was at one time in peril, but the political leaders of the era succeeded in placing on the princely throne
Carol I of Romania
, who accepted the Constitution and took the oath on 10 May 1866. Eleven years later, on 10 May 1877, Romania proclaimed its independence—achieved on the battlefield—and in 1881, on the same day of the year, Carol was crowned as
King of Romania
. In 1913, Romania entered the
Second Balkan War
against
Bulgaria
, at the end of which it obtained
Southern Dobruja
127
128
129
In 1914,
King Carol I
died, and his nephew,
Ferdinand I
, succeeded him on the throne.
126
World War I and the Great Union
Main article:
Romania in World War I
In 1916, Romania entered
World War I
on the side of the
Entente Powers
130
Although the Romanian forces did not perform well militarily, by the end of the war the Austrian and Russian Empires had disintegrated; the National Assembly in
Transylvania
, and the
Sfatul Țării
in
Bessarabia
and
Bukovina
proclaimed their union with Romania, and
King Ferdinand I
and
Queen Maria
were crowned sovereign of all Romanians in
Alba Iulia
on 15 October 1922.
131
After
World War I
, the union of
Bukovina
with Romania was ratified in 1919 by the
Treaty of Saint Germain
. Most of the territories claimed by Romania from the
Kingdom of Hungary
Crișana
Transylvania
and parts of
Banat
and
Maramureș
—were annexed to the
Kingdom of Romania
. This act was ratified in 1920 by the
Treaty of Trianon
, which defined the new border between Hungary and Romania.
Interwar period
After having left the country and renounced his claim to the throne in 1925,
Carol II
returned in 1930 and usurped his son's throne; influenced by his inner circle—referred to by historians as the "Royal Camarilla"—he gradually undermined the democratic system, and in 1938 he assumed dictatorial powers. Although he was pro-Western (especially Anglophile), Carol attempted to appease extreme centrifugal forces by appointing nationalist governments that adopted anti-Semitic measures, such as the
Goga cabinet
and the one led by the Orthodox Patriarch
Miron Cristea
World War II
Main article:
Romania in World War II
Romania's territorial losses in the summer of 1940. Of these territories, only
Northern Transylvania
was
regained
after the end of World War II
Following the
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
of 1939, in June 1940 Romania accepted the loss of
Bessarabia
Northern Bukovina
and the
Hertsa
region in favour of the
USSR
(as stipulated in the Soviet ultimatum of 28 June 1940). Unaware of the details of the Soviet–German pact, Carol attempted to secure an alliance with
Nazi Germany
, and appointed Ion Gigurtu as President of the Council of Ministers, who declared that he would pursue a Nazi pro-Axis (Berlin–Rome) policy that was anti-Semitic and fascist-totalitarian in nature.
132
133
134
Between 4 July and 4 September 1940, by accepting
Hitler's arbitration
over Transylvania (after Gigurtu declared on radio that Romania must make territorial sacrifices to justify its Nazi orientation and full adherence to the Berlin–Rome Axis), Romania ceded
Northern Transylvania
—including the city of
Cluj
—to Hungary.
135
136
137
The vast territories in Transylvania ceded by Ion Gigurtu to Hungary contained important natural resources, including gold mines.
138
Ion Gigurtu also initiated negotiations to cede 8,000 km
of Southern Dobruja to Bulgaria,
139
these negotiations were interrupted by Antonescu's unconditional acceptance of the territorial cession.
140
In response to the chaotic withdrawal from Bessarabia, the territorial cessions, public discontent, and protests from political leaders, King Carol II suspended the
1938 Constitution of Romania
and appointed General
Ion Antonescu
as Prime Minister. This measure, supported by the
Iron Guard
, demanded that the king abdicate in favour of his son,
Mihai
. Subsequently, Antonescu assumed dictatorial powers and became President of the Council of Ministers, as the self-titled "Leader" of the state.
141
142
In 1941, as an ally of
Nazi Germany
, Romania entered
World War II
by declaring war on the
Soviet Union
141
142
A shift in fortunes only became discernible after the defeat at Stalingrad and the subsequent change of the USSR from a defensive to an offensive posture. On 23 August 1944, with the Soviet army having been present in northern Moldova since March,
King Mihai I
forcibly removed Marshal
Ion Antonescu
from power, as he refused to sign an armistice with the
Allies of World War II
143
Following Antonescu's outright refusal, King Mihai I ordered the dismissal and arrest of the marshal, and Romania switched sides to join the Allies.
143
Socialist Romania (1947–1989)
Main article:
Socialist Republic of Romania
Nicolae Ceaușescu
with
Kim Il Sung
of
North Korea
in 1978. In
reforming the state
, Ceaușescu sought to emulate
Juche
and
Maoist
ideas
144
145
146
Less than three years after the
Soviet occupation of Romania
, in 1947,
King Michael I
was forced to abdicate
147
and the
People's Republic of Romania
—a state of "popular democracy"—was proclaimed. The newly established communist regime, led by the
Romanian Workers' Party
, consolidated its power through a Stalinist-type policy aimed at suppressing any political opposition and transforming the economic and social structures of the old bourgeois regime.
148
149
In the early 1960s, the Romanian government began asserting a certain degree of independence from the
Soviet Union
in its foreign policy,
150
although it did not abandon its repressive policies (which it labeled "revolutionary conquests") in domestic affairs.
148
In 1965, communist leader
Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
died, ushering in a period of change in Romania.
151
After a brief power struggle,
Nicolae Ceaușescu
emerged as the head of the communist party,
151
becoming General Secretary of the
Romanian Communist Party
in 1965, President of the
State Council
in 1967, and President of the
Socialist Republic of Romania
in 1974. Ceaușescu's rule from 1965 to 1989 grew increasingly authoritarian during the 1980s.
150
Romania since 1989
Main article:
Romanian revolution
Tanks and
Miliția
on the
Magheru Boulevard
in
Bucharest
during the revolution
In the context of the fall of communism throughout Eastern Europe during the
revolutions of 1989
, a protest in support of
Reformed pastor
László Tőkés
that began in December 1989 in
Timișoara
quickly escalated into a national uprising against the communist regime, ultimately resulting in the
execution of Ceaușescu
and his wife
Elena
on 25 December 1989.
152
An interim council composed of figures from civil society and former communist officials assumed control of the government, and
Ion Iliescu
became the provisional president of the country. The new government reversed many of the authoritarian communist policies
153
154
155
and dismissed several leaders of the former regime, although still influenced by members of the former regime (the basis for the
Golaniad
and
Mineriads
).
In
May 1990
, the first free elections in Romania since the
1937
elections were held, with Iliescu of the
National Salvation Front
winning the presidency with 85% of the vote. In
1992
, he was reelected in the first election after the adoption of
a permanent constitution
via
a referendum
held
the previous year
. Illiescu lost the
1996 election
to
Emil Constantinescu
, but returned to power in
2000
Traian Băsescu
was elected president in
2004
and
2009
, serving until
2014
at which point
Klaus Iohannis
succeeded him, being re-elected in
2019
and serving until
2025
. During these years several events occurred. In 2009, the country was bailed out by the
International Monetary Fund
as result of the
Great Recession in Europe
following the
2008 financial crisis
156
The post-1989 period has been characterised by the privatisation and closure of several former industrial and economic enterprises from the communist period,
157
while
corruption
has been a
major issue
in contemporary politics.
158
National Anticorruption Directorate
was formed in the country in 2002.
159
During the 2000s, Romania had one of the highest economic growth rates in Europe and has been referred at times as "the Tiger of Eastern Europe".
160
This has been accompanied by a significant improvement in living standards as the country successfully reduced domestic poverty and established a functional democratic state.
161
162
However, Romania's development suffered a major setback during the
late 2000s' recession
leading to a large gross domestic product contraction and a budget deficit in 2009.
163
This led to Romania borrowing from the International Monetary Fund.
164
Worsening economic conditions led to
unrest
and triggered a political crisis in 2012.
165
Since 2014, Romania launched an anti-corruption effort that led to the prosecution of medium- and high-level political, judicial and administrative offenses by the
National Anticorruption Directorate
166
In 2015, massive
anti-corruption protests
which developed in the wake of the
Colectiv nightclub fire
led to the resignation of prime minister
Victor Ponta
167
During 2017–2019, in response to measures which were perceived to weaken the fight against corruption, some of the
biggest post-1989 protests
took place in Romania, with over 500,000 people protesting nationwide.
168
169
166
The
2021 Romanian political crisis
led to the ousting of
Florin Cîțu
's
incumbent government
. The
Ciucă Cabinet
then took power, with Romania since having experienced a shift towards
authoritarianism
and
illiberalism
170
171
172
173
as well as an increased
corruption
. Around this time, Romania was also hit by the
COVID-19 pandemic
. In the
2024 presidential election
, Independent candidate
Călin Georgescu
achieved a surprise win in the first round. However, the
Constitutional Court
annulled the election results, citing
Russian meddling
. The cancellation led to
far-right protests
criticism
by the
Trump administration
, and
Ilie Bolojan
becoming acting president in February 2025 as Iohannis resigned to political pressure.
174
In the subsequent
2025 Romanian presidential election
Bucharest Mayor
Nicușor Dan
was elected president.
Geography
Main article:
Geography of Romania
Topographic map of Romania
Romania is the largest country in
Southeastern Europe
and the
twelfth-largest
in Europe, having an area of 238,397 square kilometres (92,046 sq mi).
175
: 17
It lies between latitudes
43°
and
49° N
and longitudes
20°
and
30° E
. The terrain is distributed roughly equally between mountains, hills, and plains. The Carpathian Mountains dominate the centre of Romania, with
14 mountain ranges
reaching above 2,000 m or 6,600 ft—the highest is
Moldoveanu Peak
at 2,544 m or 8,346 ft.
175
: 11
They are surrounded by the
Moldavian
and
Transylvanian
plateaus, the
Pannonian Plain
and the
Wallachian
plains.
Romania is home to six terrestrial ecoregions:
Balkan mixed forests
Central European mixed forests
East European forest steppe
Pannonian mixed forests
Carpathian montane conifer forests
, and
Pontic steppe
176
Natural and semi-natural ecosystems cover about 47% of the country's land area.
177
There are almost 10,000 km
(3,900 sq mi) (about 5% of the total area) of
protected areas in Romania
covering 13
national parks
and three
biosphere
reserves.
178
The
Danube
river forms a large part of the border with
Serbia
and
Bulgaria
, and flows into the Black Sea, forming the Danube Delta, which is the second-largest and best-preserved delta in Europe, and a
biosphere reserve
and a biodiversity
World Heritage Site
179
At 5,800 km
(2,200 sq mi),
180
the
Danube Delta
is the largest continuous marshland in Europe,
181
and supports 1,688 different plant species alone.
182
Romania has one of the largest areas of undisturbed forest in Europe, covering almost 27% of its territory.
183
The country had a 2019
Forest Landscape Integrity Index
mean score of 5.95/10, ranking it 90th globally out of 172 countries.
184
Some 3,700
plant species
have been identified in the country, from which to date 23 have been declared
natural monuments
, 74 extinct, 39 endangered, 171 vulnerable, and 1,253 rare.
185
The
fauna of Romania
consists of 33,792 species of animals, 33,085
invertebrate
and 707
vertebrate
185
with almost 400 unique species of mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians,
186
including about 50% of Europe's (excluding Russia)
brown bears
187
and 20% of its
wolves
188
Romania is often seen by most as having the shape resembling one of a
goldfish
Climate
Main article:
Climate of Romania
Romania map of Köppen climate classification, according with
Clima României
from the
Administrația Națională de Meteorologie
, Bucharest 2008
Owing to its distance from open sea and its position on the southeastern portion of the European continent, Romania has a climate that is
continental
, with four distinct seasons. The average annual temperature is 11 °C (52 °F) in the south and 8 °C (46 °F) in the north.
189
In summer, average maximum temperatures in Bucharest rise to 28 °C (82 °F), and temperatures over 35 °C (95 °F) are fairly common in the lower-lying areas of the country.
190
In winter, the average maximum temperature is below 2 °C (36 °F).
190
Precipitation is average, with over 750 mm (30 in) per year only on the highest western mountains, while around Bucharest it drops to approximately 570 mm (22 in).
175
: 29
There are some regional differences: in western sections, such as Banat, the climate is milder and has some Mediterranean influences; the eastern part of the country has a more pronounced continental climate. In Dobruja, the Black Sea also exerts an influence over the region's climate.
191
Politics
Main article:
Politics of Romania
Romania is a
unitary
semi-presidential
representative democratic
republic
with a structured system of governance and an active civil society. The
President
, elected by popular vote, serves as the
head of state
, representing the country in
international affairs
, safeguarding
constitutional order
, and acting as
supreme commander
of the
Romanian Armed Forces
. The
Prime Minister
, appointed by the President and confirmed by the
Parliament
, acts as the
head of government
, responsible for overseeing the
executive branch
, implementing
domestic and foreign policies
, and managing
public administration
Legislative authority
is vested in a
bicameral
Parliament, consisting of the
Chamber of Deputies
and the
Senate
, whose members are elected through a
proportional representation
system. The
judiciary
operates
independently
, with the
High Court of Cassation and Justice
as the highest court of appeal.
According to
International IDEA
’s Global State of Democracy (GSoD) Indices and Democracy Tracker, Romania performs in the mid- range on overall democratic measures, with particular strengths in inclusive suffrage and elected government.
192
193
194
Government
Main article:
Government of Romania
Nicușor Dan
President
since 2025
Ilie Bolojan
Prime Minister
since 2025
Romania has a democratic,
multi-party system
, with
legislative power
vested in the government and the
two chambers
of the
Parliament
, more specifically the
Chamber of Deputies
and the
Senate
. The
judiciary
is
independent
of the executive and the legislature. The latter is elected by popular vote for a maximum of two terms of five years and appoints the prime minister who in turn appoints the
Council of Ministers
. The legislative branch of the government, collectively known as the
Parliament
(residing at the
Palace of the Parliament
), consists of
two chambers
Senate
and
Chamber of Deputies
) whose members are elected every four years by
simple plurality
195
196
The justice system is independent of the other branches of government and is made up of a hierarchical system of courts with the
High Court of Cassation and Justice
being the supreme court of Romania.
197
There are also courts of appeal, county courts and local courts. The Romanian judicial system is strongly influenced by the
French model
, is based on
civil law
and is
inquisitorial
in nature. The
Constitutional Court
Curtea Constituțională
) is responsible for judging the compliance of laws and other state regulations with the constitution, which is the fundamental law of the country and can be amended only through a public referendum.
195
198
Romania's 2007 entry into the EU has been a significant influence on its domestic policy, and including
judicial reforms
, increased judicial cooperation with other member states, and measures to combat corruption.
199
The
Economist Intelligence Unit
rated Romania as a "
hybrid regime
" in 2024.
200
Foreign relations
Main article:
Foreign relations of Romania
Diplomatic missions of Romania
Countries that host a Romanian Embassy
Countries that do not host Romanian diplomatic missions
Romania
Since December 1989, Romania has pursued a policy of strengthening relations with the West in general, more specifically with the United States and the EU, albeit with limited
relations involving
the Russian Federation. It joined NATO on 29 March 2004, the EU on 1 January 2007, while it joined the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank in 1972, and is a founding member of the
World Trade Organization
201
Romania is recognised as a
middle power
for its military capabilities, as well as its active diplomatic engagement on the global stage.
202
203
Recent governments have stated that their goals include strengthening ties with and helping other countries (in particular
Moldova
Ukraine
, and
Georgia
) with better integration with the rest of the West.
204
Romania has also made clear since the late 1990s that it supports NATO and EU membership for the democratic former Soviet republics in Eastern Europe and the
Caucasus
Romania applied to join to the
Schengen Area
in 2007, acquiring full membership in 2025 along with Bulgaria.
205
206
In December 2005, President Traian Băsescu and
United States Secretary of State
Condoleezza Rice
signed an agreement that would allow a U.S. military presence at several Romanian facilities primarily in the eastern part of the country.
207
In 2009, US Secretary of State
Hillary Clinton
referred to Romania as "one of the most trustworthy and respectable" US allies".
208
However, by 2025, relations had worsen, with US vice president
JD Vance
in February
scolding
flimsy suspicions
" and "enormous pressure from its continental neighbours" for causing the annulment of the
2024 Romanian presidential
election in which
Călin Georgescu
won the first round.
Relations with Moldova
are a special case given that the two countries share the same language and a
common history
204
movement for unification of Moldova and Romania
appeared in the early 1990s after both countries achieved emancipation from communist rule
209
but lost ground in the mid-1990s when a new Moldovan government pursued an agenda towards preserving a Moldovan republic independent of Romania.
210
After the
2009 protests in Moldova
and the subsequent removal of Communists from power, relations between the two countries have improved considerably.
211
Military
Main articles:
Romanian Armed Forces
and
Military history of Romania
Romanian soldiers at the Saber Guardian 23 exercise opening ceremony in
Smârdan, Galați
An TR-85 M1 tank at the 2007 Romanian military parade for national day, with the Arch of Triumph in the background
The Romanian Armed Forces consist of
land
air
, and
naval forces
led by a
Commander-in-chief
under the supervision of the
Ministry of National Defence
, and by the
president
as the Supreme Commander during wartime. The Armed Forces consist of approximately 55,000 reservists and 71,500 active military personnel—35,800 for land, 10,700 for air, 6,600 for naval forces, and 16,500 in other fields.
212
Total defence spending in 2023 accounted for 2.44% of total national GDP, or approximately US$8.48 billion,
213
with a total of $9 billion intended to be spent until 2026 for modernisation and acquisition of new equipment.
214
Conscription stopped in 2007, when Romania switched to a volunteer army.
The Air Force operates
F-16AM/BM MLU
fighters,
215
C-27J Spartan
and
C-130 Hercules
transport aircraft
, as well as
IAR 330
and
IAR 316
helicopters.
216
procurement programme
for
F-35
fifth-generation fighters
is also currently being carried out.
217
The Naval Forces operate three frigates, of which two are
Type 22 frigates
acquired from the British
Royal Navy
218
as well as four corvettes. The
River Flotilla
operates
Mihail Kogălniceanu
and
Smârdan-class river monitors
212
Romania contributed troops to the international coalition in
Afghanistan
beginning in 2002,
219
with a peak deployment of 1,600 troops in 2010 (which was the 4th largest contribution according to the US).
220
221
Its combat mission in the country concluded in 2014.
222
Romanian troops participated in the
occupation of Iraq
, reaching a peak of 730 soldiers before being slowly drawn down to 350 soldiers. Romania terminated its mission in Iraq and withdrew its last troops on 24 July 2009, among the last countries to do so. The frigate the
Regele Ferdinand
participated in the
2011 military intervention in Libya
223
In December 2011, the Romanian Senate unanimously adopted the draft law ratifying the
Romania-United States agreement
signed in September of the same year that would allow the establishment and operation of a US land-based
ballistic missile defence system
in Romania as part of NATO's efforts to build a continental
missile shield
224
The
Aegis Ashore
missile system based at
Deveslu
became operational in 2016.
225
In 2024, construction work started on expanding the Mihail Kogălniceanu Air Base (
RoAF 57th Air Base
). The air base is set to become the largest NATO base in Europe after the implementation of a project spanning 20 years.
226
227
Administrative divisions
Main article:
Administrative divisions of Romania
Romania is divided into 41
counties
județe
) and the municipality of
Bucharest
. Each county is administered by a county council, responsible for local affairs, as well as a
prefect
responsible for the administration of national affairs at the county level. The prefect is appointed by the central government but cannot be a member of any political party.
228
Each county is subdivided further into
cities
and
communes
, which have their own mayor and local council. There are a total of 320 cities and 2,861 communes in Romania.
175
: 17
A total of 103 of the larger cities have
municipality
status, which gives them greater administrative power over local affairs. The municipality of Bucharest is a special case, as it enjoys a status on par to that of a county. It is further divided into six
sectors
175
: 6
and has a prefect, a general mayor (
primar general
), and a general city council.
The NUTS-3 (
Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics
) level divisions of the EU reflect Romania's administrative-territorial structure and correspond to the 41 counties plus Bucharest.
229
The cities and communes correspond to the NUTS-5 level divisions, but there are no current NUTS-4 level divisions. The NUTS-1 (four
macroregions
) and NUTS-2
230
(eight
development regions
) divisions exist but have no administrative capacity and are used instead for coordinating regional development projects and statistical purposes.
229
AB
AR
AG
BC
BH
BN
BT
BV
BR
BZ
CS
CL
CJ
CT
CV
DB
DJ
GL
GR
GJ
HR
HD
IL
IS
IF
MM
MH
MS
NT
OT
PH
SM
SJ
SB
SV
TR
TM
TL
VS
VL
VN
Development region
Area (km
Population (2021)
Most populous urban centre
231
Nord-Vest
34,152
2,521,793
Cluj-Napoca
(411,379)
Centru
34,097
2,271,067
Brașov
(369,896)
Nord-Est
36,853
3,226,436
Iași
(382,484)
Sud-Est
35,774
2,367,987
Constanța
(425,916)
Sud – Muntenia
34,469
2,864,339
Ploiești
(276,279)
București - Ilfov
1,803
2,259,665
Bucharest
(2,272,163)
Sud-Vest Oltenia
29,207
1,873,607
Craiova
(356,544)
Vest
32,042
1,668,921
Timișoara
(384,809)
Economy
Main article:
Economy of Romania
Floreasca
business district, as seen from
Lake Herăstrău
In 2024, Romania had a GDP (PPP) of around $894 billion and a
GDP per capita
PPP
) of $47,203.
According to the World Bank, Romania is a
high-income economy
232
According to
Eurostat
, Romania's GDP per capita (PPS) was 77% of the EU average (100%) in 2022, an increase from 44% in 2007 (the year of Romania's accession to the EU), making Romania one of the fastest growing economies in the EU.
233
The
Bucharest Stock Exchange
(BVB) is the
stock exchange
of Romania, located in
Bucharest
. In 2024, the BVB boasted a $74 billion
market capitalisation
and a
trading volume
of $7.2 billion.
234
As of 2024, 86 companies were listed on the exchange.
234
In September 2020,
FTSE Russell
upgraded the BVB from a
Frontier market
to a
Secondary Emerging Market
235
After 1989 the country experienced a decade of economic instability and decline, led in part by an obsolete industrial base and a lack of structural reform. From 2000 onwards, however, the Romanian economy was transformed into one of relative
macroeconomic
stability, characterised by high growth, low unemployment and declining inflation. In 2006, according to the
Romanian Statistics Office
, GDP growth in real terms was recorded at 7.7%, one of the highest rates in Europe.
236
However, the
Great Recession
forced the government to borrow externally, including an
IMF
€20 billion bailout programme.
237
According to
The World Bank
, GDP per capita in purchasing power parity grew from $13,703 in 2007 to $47,903 in 2023.
238
The
Bucharest Stock Exchange
tower, a key institution in Romania's
financial sector
Romania's main exports are
vehicles
software
clothing
and
textiles
industrial machinery
electrical
and
electronic equipment
metallurgic products
raw materials
military equipment
pharmaceuticals
fine chemicals
, and
agricultural products
(fruits, vegetables, and flowers). Trade is mostly centred on the member states of the EU, with Germany, Italy and France being the country's single largest trading partners.
In 2005, the government replaced Romania's
progressive tax
system with a
flat tax
of 16% for both personal income and corporate profit, among the lowest rates in the EU.
239
The economy is based predominantly on services, which account for 56.2% of the country's total GDP as of 2017, with industry and agriculture accounting for 30% and 4.4% respectively.
240
Approximately 25.8% of the Romanian workforce is employed in agriculture, one of the highest rates in Europe.
241
Romania is home to automobile company
Dacia
Romania has attracted increasing amounts of foreign investment following the end of communism, with the stock of
foreign direct investment
(FDI) in Romania rising to €83.8 billion in June 2019.
242
Romania's FDI outward stock (an external or foreign business either investing in or purchasing the stock of a local economy) amounted to $745 million in December 2018, the lowest value among the 28 EU member states.
242
Since 1867 the official currency has been the
Romanian
leu
("lion"), which "was
redenominated
, with the exchange rate set at 1 new leu = 10,000 old lei" in 2005 according to the
National Bank of Romania
243
As it joined the EU in 2007, Romania plans to adopt the
euro
in 2029.
244
Infrastructure
Main articles:
Transport in Romania
and
Energy in Romania
Romania's
road network
Graph depicting Romania's electricity supply mix as of 2015
According to the Romania's National Institute of Statistics (INS), Romania's total road network was estimated in 2015 at 86,080 kilometres (53,488 mi).
245
The World Bank estimates the railway network at 22,298 kilometres (13,855 mi) of track, the fourth-largest railway network in Europe.
246
Romania's
rail transport
experienced a dramatic decline after 1989 and was estimated at 99 million passenger journeys in 2004, but has experienced a recent (2013) revival due to infrastructure improvements and partial privatisation of lines,
195
accounting for 45% of all passenger and freight movements in the country.
195
Bucharest Metro
, the only
underground
railway system, was opened in 1979 and measures 80.01 km (49.72 mi) with an average ridership in 2021 of 720,000 passengers during the workweek in the country.
247
There are
sixteen international commercial airports
in service today. Over 12.8 million passengers flew through Bucharest's
Henri Coandă International Airport
in 2017.
248
Romania is a net exporter of electrical energy and is 52nd worldwide in terms of consumption of electric energy.
249
Around a third of the produced energy comes from renewable sources, mostly as hydroelectric power.
250
It has one of the largest refining capacities in Eastern Europe, even though oil and natural gas production has been decreasing for more than a decade.
251
With one of the largest reserves of
crude oil
and
shale gas
in Europe
252
it is among the most energy-independent countries in the EU,
253
and is looking to expand its nuclear power plant at
Cernavodă
further.
254
There were almost 18.3 million connections to the Internet in June 2014.
255
According to
Bloomberg
, in 2013 Romania ranked fifth in the world, and according to
The Independent
, it ranks number one in Europe at Internet speeds,
256
257
with
Timișoara
ranked among the highest in the world.
258
Tourism
Main articles:
Tourism in Romania
and
List of World Heritage Sites in Romania
See also:
Seven Natural Wonders of Romania
and
Seven Wonders of Romania
Putna Monastery
in
Bukovina
, one of the
medieval churches of Moldavia
The
Danube Delta
with its wildlife
Bran Castle
Mamaia Black Sea resort
Tourism is a significant contributor to the Romanian economy, generating around 5% of GDP.
259
The number of tourists has been rising steadily, reaching 9.33 million foreign tourists in 2016, according to the Worldbank.
260
Tourism in Romania attracted €400 million in investments in 2005.
261
More than 60% of the foreign visitors in 2007 were from other EU countries.
262
The popular summer attractions of
Mamaia
and other
Black Sea Resorts
attracted 1.3 million tourists in 2009.
263
264
Most popular skiing resorts are along the
Valea Prahovei
and in
Poiana Brașov
Castles, fortifications, or strongholds
as well as preserved medieval Transylvanian cities or towns such as
Cluj-Napoca
Sibiu
Brașov
Alba Iulia
Baia Mare
Bistrița
Mediaș
Cisnădie
Sebeș
, or
Sighișoara
also attract a large number of tourists.
Bran Castle
, near Brașov, is one of the most famous attractions in Romania, drawing hundreds of thousands of tourists every year as it is often (falsely) advertised as being
Dracula
's Castle.
265
Other attractions include the Danube Delta or the
Sculptural Ensemble of Constantin Brâncuși at Târgu Jiu
266
267
Rural tourism
, focusing on getting visitors acquainted with local
folklore
and
customs
, has become an important alternative,
268
and is targeted to promote such sites as
Bran
and its Dracula's Castle, the
painted churches of northern Moldavia
, and the
wooden churches of Maramureș
, or the
villages with fortified churches in Transylvania
269
The
Via Transilvanica
long-distance
hiking
and
cycling
trail
, which crosses 10 counties in the
Transylvania
Banat
and
Bukovina
regions of the country further promotes rural
slow tourism
270
In 2014, Romania had 32,500 companies active in the hotel and restaurant industry, with a total turnover of €2.6 billion.
271
More than 1.9 million foreign tourists visited Romania in 2014, 12% more than in 2013.
272
According to the country's National Statistics Institute, some 77% came from Europe (particularly from Germany, Italy, and France), 12% from Asia, and less than 7% from North America.
272
Science and technology
Main articles:
Science and technology in Romania
and
List of Romanian inventors and discoverers
Historically, Romanian researchers and inventors have made notable contributions to several fields. In the history of flight,
Traian Vuia
built the first
aeroplane
to take off under its own power
273
and
Aurel Vlaicu
built and flew some of the earliest successful aircraft,
274
while
Henri Coandă
discovered the
Coandă effect
of fluidics.
275
Victor Babeș
discovered more than 50 types of bacteria;
276
biologist
Nicolae Paulescu
developed an extract of the pancreas and showed that it lowers blood sugar in diabetic dogs, thus being significant in the history of insulin;
277
while
Emil Palade
received the Nobel Prize for his contributions to
cell biology
278
Lazăr Edeleanu
was the first chemist to synthesise
amphetamine
, and he also invented the procedure of separating valuable petroleum components with selective solvents.
279
During the 1990s and 2000s, the development of research was hampered by several factors, including corruption, low funding, and a considerable
brain drain
280
In recent years, Romania has ranked the lowest or second-lowest in the EU by
research and development
spending as a percentage of GDP, standing at roughly 0.5% in 2016 and 2017, substantially below the EU average of just over 2%.
281
282
The country joined the
European Space Agency
(ESA) in 2011,
283
and
CERN
in 2016.
284
In 2018, however, Romania lost its voting rights in the ESA due to a failure to pay €56.8 million in membership contributions to the agency.
285
In the early 2010s, the situation for science in Romania was characterised as "rapidly improving" albeit from a low base.
286
In January 2011, Parliament passed a law that enforces "strict quality control on universities and introduces tough rules for funding evaluation and peer review".
287
Romania was ranked 49th in the
Global Innovation Index
in 2025.
288
289
The
nuclear physics
facility of the EU's proposed
Extreme Light Infrastructure
(ELI)
laser
will be built in Romania.
290
In early 2012, Romania launched its first
satellite
from the
Centre Spatial Guyanais
in French Guiana.
291
Starting in December 2014, Romania became a co-owner of the
International Space Station
292
Demographics
Main articles:
Demographics of Romania
and
Romanians
See also:
Demographic history of Romania
Immigration to Romania
, and
Minorities in Romania
Romanians by counties (Ethnic maps 1930–2021)
According to the
2021 Romanian census
, Romania's population was 19,053,815.
Like other countries in the region, its population is expected to decline gradually as a result of
sub-replacement fertility rates
and negative
net migration rate
. According to the 2021 Romanian census,
Romanians
made up 89.33% of the population,
Hungarians
6.05% and the
Roma
3.44% of the population,
but many ethnicities are not recorded, as they do not have ID cards.
293
International sources give higher figures for Roma than the official census.
294
295
296
According to the
Council of Europe
, the
Roma
make up 8.32% of the population;
297
this figure is difficult to verify due to the mobility of Roma and the reluctance of some of them to disclose their ethnicity.
298
Hungarians constitute a majority in the counties of
Harghita
and
Covasna
. Other minorities include
Ukrainians
Germans
Turks
Lipovans
Aromanians
Tatars
, and
Serbs
299
In 1930, there were 745,421 Germans living in Romania,
300
but only about 36,000 remained in the country to this day.
299
As of 2009
[update]
, there were also approximately 133,000 immigrants living in Romania, primarily from Moldova and China.
161
The
total fertility rate
(TFR) in 2018 was estimated at 1.36 children born per woman, which is below the replacement rate of 2.1, and one of the lowest in the world;
301
it remains considerably below the high of 5.82 children born per woman in 1912.
302
In 2014, 31.2% of births were to unmarried women.
303
The
birth rate
(9.49‰, 2012) is much lower than the
mortality rate
(11.84‰, 2012), resulting in a shrinking (−0.26% per year, 2012) and aging population (median age: 41.6 years, 2018), one of the oldest populations in the world,
301
with approximately 16.8% of total population aged 65 years and over.
301
304
305
The life expectancy in 2015 was estimated at 74.92 years (71.46 years male, 78.59 years female).
306
The number of Romanians and individuals with ancestors born in Romania living abroad is estimated at 12 million.
307
After the
Romanian Revolution of 1989
, a significant number of Romanians emigrated to other European countries, North America or Australia.
308
For example, in 1990, 96,919 Romanians permanently settled abroad.
309
Languages
Main articles:
Romanian language
and
Languages of Romania
Map highlighting the use of the Romanian language worldwide, both as a native and as a foreign language
The official language is Romanian, a
Romance language
(the most widely spoken of the
Eastern Romance branch
), which presents a consistent degree of similarity to
Aromanian
Megleno-Romanian
, and
Istro-Romanian
, but shares many features equally with the rest of the
Western Romance languages
, specifically Italian, French, Spanish,
Portuguese
, and
Catalan
310
The
Romanian alphabet
contains the same 26 letters of the standard Latin alphabet, as well as five additional ones (namely
, and
), totalling 31.
310
Romanian is spoken as a first language by 91.55% of the entire population, while
Hungarian
and
Vlax Romani
are spoken by 6.28% and 1.20% of the population, respectively. There are also 40,861 native speakers of
Ukrainian
(concentrated in some compact regions near the border, where they form local majorities),
311
17,101 native speakers of
Turkish
, 15,943 native speakers of
German
, and 14,414 native speakers of
Russian
living in Romania.
312
313
According to the Constitution, local councils ensure linguistic rights to all minorities. In localities with ethnic minorities of over 20%, that minority's language can be used in the public administration, justice system, and education. Foreign citizens and stateless persons who live in Romania have access to justice and education in their own language.
314
English and French are the main foreign languages taught in schools.
315
In 2010, the
Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
identified 4,756,100 French speakers in the country.
316
According to the 2012
Eurobarometer
, English is spoken by 31% of Romanians, French is spoken by 17%, and Italian and German, each by 7%.
317
Religion
Main articles:
Religion in Romania
and
Romanian Orthodox Church
The People's Salvation Cathedral
in
Bucharest
is the
tallest
and
largest Eastern Orthodox church building
in the world
319
Romania is a
secular state
and has no
state religion
. An overwhelming majority of the population identify themselves as Christians. At the country's 2021 census,
73.60% of respondents identified as
Orthodox Christians
, with 73.42% belonging to the
Romanian Orthodox Church
. Other denominations include
Protestantism
(6.22%),
Roman Catholicism
(3.89%), and
Greek Catholicism
(0.61%). From the remaining population 128,291 people belong to other Christian denominations or have another religion, which includes 58,347
Muslims
(mostly of Turkish and Tatar ethnicity) and 2,708
Jewish
(Jews once constituted 4% of the Romanian population—728,115 persons in the 1930 census). Additionally, 71,430 people are
irreligious
, 57,229 are
atheist
, 25,485 are
agnostic
, and 2,658,165 people chose to not declare their religion.
The Romanian Orthodox Church is an
autocephalous
Eastern Orthodox Church
in
full communion
with other Orthodox churches, with a
Patriarch
as its leader. It is the third-largest Eastern Orthodox Church in the world,
320
and unlike other Orthodox churches, it functions within a
Latin
culture and uses a
Romance
liturgical language.
321
Its canonical jurisdiction covers the territories of Romania and Moldova.
322
Romania has the
world's third-largest Eastern Orthodox population
323
324
Urbanisation
Main articles:
List of cities and towns in Romania
and
Metropolitan areas in Romania
Although 54.0% of the population lived in
urban areas
in 2011,
325
this percentage has been declining since 1996.
326
Counties with over
urban population are
Hunedoara
Brașov
and
Constanța
, while those with less than a third are
Dâmbovița
(30.06%) and
Giurgiu
and
Teleorman
325
Bucharest is the capital and the largest city in Romania, with a population of over 1.7 million in 2021.
327
Its
larger urban zone
has a population of almost 2.2 million,
328
which are planned to be included into a
metropolitan area
up to 20 times the area of the
city proper
329
330
331
Another 17 cities have a population of over 100,000, with Cluj-Napoca, Iași, Constanța and Timișoara having more than 250,000 inhabitants, and Craiova, Brașov and Galați with over 200,000 inhabitants.
327
Metropolitan areas
have been constituted for most of these cities.
Largest cities in Romania
2021 Census
332
Rank
Name
County
Pop.
Rank
Name
County
Pop.
Bucharest
Bucharest
1,716,961
11
Brăila
Brăila
154,686
Cluj-Napoca
Cluj
286,598
12
Arad
Arad
145,078
Iași
Iași
271,692
13
Pitești
Argeș
141,275
Constanța
Constanța
263,688
14
Bacău
Bacău
136,087
Timișoara
Timiș
250,849
15
Sibiu
Sibiu
134,309
Brașov
Brașov
237,589
16
Târgu Mureș
Mureș
116,033
Craiova
Dolj
234,140
17
Baia Mare
Maramureș
108,759
Galați
Galați
217,851
18
Buzău
Buzău
103,481
Oradea
Bihor
183,105
19
Râmnicu Vâlcea
Vâlcea
93,151
10
Ploiești
Prahova
180,540
20
Satu Mare
Satu Mare
91,520
Education
Main article:
Education in Romania
The
University of Bucharest
was opened in 1864.
Since the
Romanian revolution
of 1989, the Romanian educational system has been in a continuous process of reform that has received mixed criticism.
333
In 2004, some 4.4 million individuals were enrolled in school. Of these, 650,000 were in
kindergarten
(three-six years), 3.11 million in primary and secondary level, and 650,000 in tertiary level (universities).
334
In 2018, the adult literacy rate was 98.8%.
335
Kindergarten is optional between three and five years. Since 2020, compulsory schooling starts at age 5 with the last year of kindergarten (grupa mare) and is compulsory until twelfth grade.
336
337
Primary and secondary education is divided into 12 or 13 grades. There is also a semi-legal, informal
private tutoring
system used mostly during secondary school, which prospered during the Communist regime.
338
As of 2025,
Babeș-Bolyai University
of
Cluj-Napoca
and the
University of Bucharest
are included in the
QS World University Rankings
' top 800.
339
Romania ranks fifth in the all-time medal count at the
International Mathematical Olympiad
with 316 total medals, dating back to 1959.
Ciprian Manolescu
managed to write a perfect paper (42 points) for a gold medal more times than anybody else in the history of the competition, in 1995, 1996 and 1997.
340
Romania has achieved the highest team score in the competition, after China, Russia, the United States and Hungary. Romania also ranks sixth in the all-time medal count at the
International Olympiad in Informatics
with 107 total medals, dating back to 1989.
341
342
343
Healthcare
Main article:
Healthcare in Romania
The Colțea Hospital in Bucharest completed a $90 million renovation in 2011
344
Healthcare in Romania is mainly provided by the public sector, which runs most hospitals and offers national health insurance to nearly all citizens. In 2021, healthcare costs were US$16. 7 billion, or US$2,385 per person, making up €5.69 of GDP. Government spending is higher than in markets like Bulgaria but lower than Hungary. Spending is expected to rise by 7. US$5 billion (+37. 68%) from 2024 to 2028, reaching 27. US$3 billion by 2028.
345
The Romanian National Institute of Statistics reports over 65,000 health units in Romania, with 53,000 in urban areas and 12,000 in rural areas. There are 543 hospitals, including 488 in urban and 55 in rural areas, along with 160 other hospital-like establishments. Nearly 50% of these are large facilities with over 100 beds, while 39% are small with fewer than 50 beds. The total number of inpatient beds is 135,085, allocated mainly to psychiatry, surgery, and internal medicine among other specialties.
346
Culture
Main articles:
Culture of Romania
and
National symbols of Romania
Arts and monuments
Main articles:
Romanian literature
Cinema of Romania
Music of Romania
, and
List of World Heritage Sites in Romania
See also:
List of films shot in Romania
Architecture
Sibiu
was the 2007
European Capital of Culture
and the 2019
European Region of Gastronomy
The topic of the origin of Romanian culture began to be discussed by the end of the 18th century among the
Transylvanian School
scholars.
347
Several writers rose to prominence in the 19th century, including:
George Coșbuc
Ioan Slavici
Mihail Kogălniceanu
Vasile Alecsandri
Nicolae Bălcescu
Ion Luca Caragiale
Ion Creangă
, and
Mihai Eminescu
, the later being considered the greatest and most influential Romanian poet, particularly for the poem
Luceafărul
348
In the 20th century, a number of Romanian artists and writers achieved international acclaim, including:
Tristan Tzara
Marcel Janco
349
Mircea Eliade
Nicolae Grigorescu
Marin Preda
Liviu Rebreanu
350
Eugène Ionesco
Emil Cioran
, and
Constantin Brâncuși
. Brâncuși has a sculptural ensemble in Târgu Jiu, while his sculpture
Bird in Space
, was auctioned in 2005 for $27.5 million.
351
352
Romanian-born Holocaust survivor
Elie Wiesel
received the
Nobel Peace Prize
in 1986, while
Banat Swabian
writer
Herta Müller
received the 2009
Nobel Prize in Literature
353
Timișoara
was designated the
European Capital of Culture
in 2021 and held this title in 2023 due to
COVID-19
postponement.
Prominent Romanian painters include:
Nicolae Grigorescu
Ștefan Luchian
Ion Andreescu
Nicolae Tonitza
, and
Theodor Aman
. Notable Romanian classical composers of the 19th and 20th centuries include:
Ciprian Porumbescu
Anton Pann
Eduard Caudella
Mihail Jora
Dinu Lipatti
, and especially
George Enescu
. The annual
George Enescu Festival
is held in Bucharest in honour of the 20th-century composer.
354
Contemporary musicians like
Angela Gheorghiu
Gheorghe Zamfir
355
356
Inna
357
Alexandra Stan
358
and many others have achieved various levels of international acclaim. From the late 2000s through the early 2010s, the Romanian
popcorn
music style had established itself in the international mainstream.
359
360
At the
Eurovision Song Contest
Romanian singers achieved third place in 2005 and 2010.
361
In cinema, several movies of the
Romanian New Wave
have achieved international acclaim. At the
Cannes Film Festival
The Death of Mr. Lazarescu
by
Cristi Puiu
won the
Prix Un Certain Regard
in 2005,
362
while
4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days
by
Cristian Mungiu
won the festival's top prize, the
Palme d'Or
, in 2007.
363
At the
Berlin International Film Festival
Child's Pose
by
Călin Peter Netzer
won the
Golden Bear
in 2013.
364
The list of World Heritage Sites includes
six cultural sites
located within Romania, including eight
painted churches of northern Moldavia
, eight wooden churches of
Maramureș
, seven villages with fortified churches in Transylvania, the
Horezu Monastery
, and the
Historic Centre of Sighișoara
365
The city of Sibiu, with its
Brukenthal National Museum
, was selected as the 2007
European Capital of Culture
and the 2019
European Region of Gastronomy
366
367
Multiple castles exist in Romania, including the popular tourist attractions of
Peleș Castle
368
Corvin Castle
, and Bran Castle or "Dracula's Castle".
369
Holidays, traditions, and cuisine
See also:
Romanian dress
Folklore of Romania
, and
Romanian cuisine
The Christmas market in
Sibiu
is one of the most famous in Europe.
There are 12 non-working public holidays, including the
Great Union Day
, celebrated on 1 December in commemoration of the 1918 union of Transylvania with Romania.
370
Winter holidays include the
Christmas
and New Year festivities during which various unique folklore dances and games are common:
plugușorul
sorcova
ursul
, and
capra
371
372
The traditional
Romanian dress
that otherwise has largely fallen out of use during the 20th century, is a popular ceremonial vestment worn on these festivities, especially in rural areas.
373
There are sacrifices of live pigs during Christmas and lambs during Easter that has required a special exemption from EU law after 2007.
374
In the Easter, traditions such as
painting the eggs
are very common. On 1 March
mărțișor
gifting is featured, which is a tradition whereby females are gifted with a type of talisman that is given for good luck.
375
Romanian cuisine has been influenced by
Austrian
and
German cuisine
(especially in the historical regions that had been formerly administered by the
Habsburg monarchy
), but also shares some similarities with other cuisines in the
Balkan region
such as
Greek
Bulgarian
, and
Serbian cuisine
376
Ciorbă
includes a wide range of
sour soups
, while
mititei
mămăligă
(similar to
polenta
), and
sarmale
are featured commonly in main courses.
377
Pork, chicken, and beef are the preferred types of meat, but lamb and fish are also quite popular.
378
379
Certain traditional recipes are made in direct connection with the holidays:
chiftele
tobă
and
tochitură
at
Christmas
drob
pască
and
cozonac
at Easter and other Romanian holidays.
380
Țuică
is a strong plum
brandy
reaching a 70% alcohol content which is the country's traditional alcoholic beverage, taking as much as 75% of the national crop (Romania is one of the
largest plum producers in the world
).
381
382
Traditional alcoholic beverages also include
wine
rachiu
palincă
and
vișinată
, but
beer
consumption has increased dramatically over recent years.
383
Media
Main article:
Media of Romania
Sports
Main article:
Sport in Romania
Arena Națională
, opened in 2011, the national stadium of Romania, as seen on a Romanian stamp (2011)
Football
is the most popular sport in Romania with over 219,000 registered players as of 2018
[update]
. The market for professional football in Romania was roughly €740 million in 2018 according to
UEFA
384
The governing body is the
Romanian Football Federation
, which belongs to UEFA. The
Romania national football team
played its first match in 1922 and is one of only four national teams to have taken part in the first three
FIFA World Cups
, the other three being Brazil, France, and Belgium. Overall, it has played in seven World Cups and had its most successful period during the 1990s, when it finished 6th at the
1994 FIFA World Cup
, eventually being ranked 3rd by
FIFA
in 1997.
385
The most successful club is
Steaua București
, who were the first Eastern European team to win the
UEFA Champions League
in 1986, and were runners-up in 1989.
386
Dinamo București
reached the UEFA Champions League semi-final in 1984 and the
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup
semi-final in
1990
387
Other important Romanian football clubs are
Rapid București
388
UTA Arad
389
Universitatea Craiova
390
Petrolul Ploiești
391
CFR Cluj
392
Astra Giurgiu
393
and
Viitorul Constanța
394
(the latter having recently merged with
FCV Farul Constanța
).
395
Tennis is the second most popular sport.
396
Romania reached the
Davis Cup
finals three times in 1969, 1971 and 1972.
397
The second most popular
team sport
is
handball
396
The
men's team
won the
handball world championship
in
1961
1964
1970
1974
making them the third most successful nation ever in the tournament. The
women's team
won the
world championship
in
1962
and have enjoyed more success than their male counterparts in recent years. In the club competition Romanian teams have won the
EHF Champions League
a total of three times,
Steaua București
won in
1968
as well as
1977
and
Dinamo București
won in
1965
398
In women's handball, powerhouse
CSM București
lifted the
EHF Champions League
trophy in 2016.
399
Popular
individual sports
include
combat sports
396
martial arts
396
and swimming.
396
In
professional boxing
, Romania has produced many world champions across the weight divisions internationally recognised by governing bodies.
400
Another popular combat sport is
professional kickboxing
, which has produced prominent practitioners including.
401
402
Romania's 306
all-time Summer Olympics medals
would rank 12th most among all countries, while its 89 gold medals would be 14th most. The
1984 Summer Olympics
was their most successful run, where they won 53 medals in total, 20 of them gold, ultimately placing 2nd to the hosts United States in the
medal rankings
. Amongst countries who have never hosted the event themselves, they are second in the total number of medals earned.
403
Gymnastics
is the country's major medal-producing sport.
404
See also
Romania portal
European Union portal
Outline of Romania
Notes
oʊ
eɪ
roh-
MAY
-nee-ə
Romanian
România
[romɨˈni.a]
Saint Isaac's Cathedral
in
Saint Petersburg
although larger in gross area (7,000 m
the building including colonnades and 7,600 m
with stairway), has a smaller area excluding colonnades (5,000 m
). Since 1931 it has been converted into a
Russian state museum
318
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Holban, Maria (1983).
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[All this land—Wallachia, Moldavia, and most of Transylvania—was populated by Roman colonies in the time of Emperor Trajan. … The people of the country consider themselves true successors of the Romans and call their language romanechte, that is, Roman]
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