Scots leid - Wikipedia

Scots leid - Wikipedia
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Frae Wikipedia, the free beuk o knawledge
For ither uises, see
Scots fowk
an
Scots leid (disambiguation)
Nae tae be confused wi
Scots Inglis
or
Scots Gaelic
Scots
Braid
Scots
Lallans
Native
tae
Unitit Kinrick
Republic o Ireland
Region
Scotland:
Scots Lawlands
Northren Isles
Caithness
Arran
an
Cammeltoun
Ulster (Ireland):
Coonties
Doun
Antrim
Derry
an
Donegal
Native speakers
(110,000–125,000 citit 1999–2011)
1.5 million
L2
speakers.
In the 2011 census, respondents indicatit that 1.54 million (30%) are able tae speak Scots.
Leid faimily
Indo-European
Germanic
Wast Germanic
Anglo-Frisie
Anglic
Scots
Early forms
Auld Inglis
Middle Inglis
Early Scots
Middle Scots
Dialects
Central
Soothren
Ulster
Northren
Insular
Writin seestem
Laitin
Offeecial status
Offeecial leid
in
Scotland
Recognised minority
leid
in
Northren Ireland
(as
Ulster Scots
Regulatit
bi
Scotland
: Nane,
altho the
Dictionar o the Scots Leid
carries muckle authoritie in the Scots Govrenment's
Partnership for a Better Scotland
coalition agreement (2003) promises "support".
Ireland
: Nane,
altho the cross-border
Boord o Ulstèr-Scotch
, established aes an ootcome o the
Guid Friday Greeance
, promotes ussage.
Leid codes
ISO 639-2
sco
ISO 639-3
sco
Linguasphere
52-ABA-aa (varieties:
52-ABA-aaa to -aav)
Auries whaur the Scots leid wis spoken in the 20t century
Scots
or
Lawland Scots
(Inglis:
Scots
or
Lowland Scots
Scots Gaelic
Beurla Ghallta/Albais
) is a
Wast Germanic
leid
o tha
Anglic
varietie that's spaken on tha
Lawlands
Scotland
an en tha stewartrie o
Ulster
en
Ireland
(whaur it's kent as
"Ulster-Scots", "Scotch", or "Ullans"
). En maist airts, it is spaken anent tha an
Inglis
leid. Historically, it wis kent as "
Lallans
" or "
Doric
" but thir terms uisually noo refer tae mair soothren an northren byleids respectively.
Up til tha 15t
yeirhunder
Scottis
(modern furm
Scots
) wis the name o the Gallic, the
Celtic leid
o the aunshint Scots. Thaim that bruikit Scots cried tha
Gaelic
Erse
(meinin
Irish
). Tha Gallic o Scotland is noo maistly cried the Scots Gallic an is yit spaken bi sum en tha western
Scots Hielands
an ilands. Fur tha maist pairt, Scots originatit fae tha Northumbrian variety o
Anglo-Saxon (Auld Inglis)
, tho wi a meikle influence fae the
Auld Norse
o the Vikings, the
Dutch
an law Saxon thro troke wi (an incummers fae) tha law kintras, an tha
Romance
fae itse uise in the Kirk an legal Latin, Anglo-Norman an possibly Pairisian French cause o the
Auld Alliance
Anglian spikkers wir weil staiblisht in sooth-eist Scotland bi tha 7t yeirhunder. In tha 13t yeirhunder Norman launainers an thair reteiners, speakin Northumbrian
Middil Inglis
, war bade tae cum an sattil bi tha King. Scots kyth'd fer tha first tym en scrieved form en tha mids o tha 14t yeirhunder an didnae differ mukkil fae ither northren Inglis byleids. The Anglian leid o Scotland gra an its ain sinsyn. Bi tha lat 15t yeirhunder tha sicht fowk haed o tha differs wi tha leid spaken faurder sooth cam til tha fore an Scots-spikkin Scots begoud tae crie thair leid "Scots". Scots haes lend-wirds fae tha fak thit tha Scots fowk haed contak wi Gaelic spikkers. Thair lend-wirds is fer ordinair anerlì fer geographical an cultural hings, sik as
clan
an
loch
. Lyk onì leivin leid, Scots haes chynged ae bittie ower tha yeirs, tho hit haes arguablì stey'd naurer til its Anglo-Saxon springheid nor Inglis. Monie Scots wirds hae becum pairt o the Inglis ava:
flit, greed, eerie, cuddle, clan, stob
In Scotland's census o 2011, ae speir on Scots wis speired.
Scrieved Scots
eedit
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Mony writers the noo evyts apostrophes whaur thay ar thocht tae shaw letters thit's "missin" fae Ingles (the
apologetic apostrophe
). Sikna letters niver war missin in Scots at aw. For exemple, in the twalt yeirhunner, Barbour spelt the Scots
cognate
taken
as 'tane'. Hæin been nae
in the wird for mair nor 700 yeir, shawin the want o't wi ae apostrophe coud be caa'd specious. The modren spellin is for ordinair 'taen'. Vouel nummers is fae
Aitken
an the phonetics is en
IPA
. Maugre the establisht tradeetional spellin conventions descrived ablo, durin the twantiet yeirhunner ae wheen o propones fur spellin reform wis pitten forrit. Commentin on sicweys, John Corbett (2003: 260) writes thit "devisin ae normativ ortografee fer Scots haes been waen o the grattest linguestic hobbies o the past centuair." An writin anent the affcome o thon in
Lallans
57, Caroline Macafee merkit that spellin reform "haes had the effeck o caain doun the kynd-o-a staudartisation that aareadie existin" an that "Spellin haes gotten tae be ae free-fur-aw, wi the tradeetional model bemeanit, an nae populair replacement" leadin til mair speelin variation, nae less.
Consonants
eedit
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Maist consonants is fer ordinair soondit sic n sae as en Inglis bit:
/k/
or
/s/
, as en Inglis.
ch
/x/
gh
an aw. Medial 'cht' micht be
/ð/
in Northren dialects.
loch
nicht
dochter
dreich
, etc. Seemilar til the German "Na
ch
t".
ch
: waird ineetial or whaur it follaes 'r'
/tʃ/
airch
mairch
, etc.
ck
: at the end o a silable
n whan intervocaleec
efter ae cuttie vouel e.g.
bick
geck
muckle
ruck
, etc.
gn
/n/
. In Northren dialects
/ɡn/
micht kythe.
10
kn
/n/
. In Northren dialects
/kn/
or
/tn/
micht kythe.
10
knap
knee
knowe
, etc.
ng
: is aye
/ŋ/
11
nch
: fer ordinair
/nʃ/
12
brainch
dunch
, etc.
/r/
or
/ɹ/
is pronoonced in aw positions,
13
i.e.
rhoteeclie
or
se
/s/
or
/z/
14
: micht be ae glottal stap atween vouels or waird final.
10
En Ulster dentalised soondins micht kythe an aw, even fer 'd'.
th
/ð/
or
/θ/
as is Inglis. En Mid Northren varieties n intervocallic
/ð/
micht be soondit
/d/
15
Initial 'th' en
thing
think
and
thank
, etc. micht be
/h/
16
wh
: fer ordinair
/ʍ/
, aulder
/xʍ/
Northren byleids haes
/f/
an aw.
16
wr
/wr/
mair aften
/r/
bit micht be
/vr/
en Northern byleids.
16
wrack
wrang
write
wrocht
, etc.
/jɪ/
or
/ŋ/
, micht kythe en som wirds aes ae substitute fer the aulder <
> (
yoch
). Fer example:
brulzie
gaberlunzie
n the names
Menzies
Finzean
Culzean
Mackenzie
etc. (Aes aen affcome o the want o edducation in Scots,
Mackenzie
is nou generally soondit wi ae
/z/
follaein the perceeved soondin o the scrieved form, aes mair controversial is whiles
Menzies
.)
Seelent letters
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The wird final 'd' in
nd
ld
17
bit aften soodit in derived forms. Whiles jist 'n' n 'l' or 'n
' n 'l
' e.g.
auld
haund
etc., aes en the
Dens leid
't' en medial
cht
('ch' =
/x/
) n
st
n afore final
en
18
e.g.
fochten
thristle
n the 't' in
aften
etc. an aw., as in Inglis.
't' en wird final
ct
pt
18
bit aften soondit en derived forms e.g.
respect
accept
etc.
Vouels
eedit
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Fer ae histereecal luikower see the
Phonologeecal histerie o Scots
The vouel seestem o Scots (in
IPA
):
19
8a
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
1. Generally merges wi vouels 2, 4 or 8.
2. Merges wi vouels 1 an 8. in central dialects
an vowel 2 in Northren dialects.
Also
/(j)u/
or
/(j)ʌ/
afore
/k/
an
/x/
dependin on dialect.
3. Vocalisation tae
/o/
micht kythe afore
/k/
4. Antrin mergers wi vouel 5.
cuttie
/əi/
lang
/aɪ/
/i/
/e, i/
/e/
/o/
/u/
/ø/
/eː/
/əi/
/oe/
/əi/
/iː/
/ɑː, ɔː/
/ʌu/
/ju/
/ɪ/
/ɛ/
/ɑ, a/
/ɔ/
/ʌ/
En Scots,
vouel length
is fer ordinair condeetiont bi the
Scots Vouel Lenth Rule
. Wirds that differ jist ae bittie en soondin fae
Scots Ingils
is fer ordinair spelt aes en Ingils. Ither wirds micht be spelt the same wa bit differ en soondin, fer ensaumple:
aunt
swap
want
wash
wi
/a/
bull
full
v. n
pull
wi
/ʌ/
bind
find
wind
v., etc. wi
/ɪ/
The onstrest vouel
/ə/
micht be shawn bi onie vouel letter.
(vowel 17): fer ordinair
/ɑ/
, aften
/ɑː/
en sooth wast n Ulster byleids,
20
bit
/aː/
en Northren byleids. Maurk final
(vouel 12) en
awa
twa
an
wha
micht be
/ɑː/
/ɔː/
/aː/
or
/eː/
an aw depending on the byleid.
21
au
aw
(vouel 12)
/ɑː/
or
/ɔː/
en Soothren, Central n Ulster byleids bit
/aː/
in Northren bileids, wi
au
fer ordinair in medial poseetions
22
23
aw
in final poseetions.
22
Sometimes
or
representin
L-vocalisation
24
25
The digraph
aa
kythes an aw, speciallie in scrieved representations o the (
/aː/
) soondin in Northren n Insular byleids.
23
The cluster 'auld' micht be
/ʌul/
in Ulster an aw, e.g.
aw
cauld
braw
faw
snaw
, etc.
ai
(vouel 8) en ineetial n medial poseetions
26
(consonant)
27
(vowel 4). The graphemes
ae
26
(vouel 4) n
ay
(vouel 8) fer ordinair in final poseetions.
26
28
Aw generallie
/e(ː)/
. Aften
/ɛ/
afore
/r/
. The merger o vouel 8 wi 4 haes resultit in the digraph
ai
occurrin en some wairds wi vouel 4 n
(consonant)
occurrin in some wairds wi vouel 8, e.g.
saip
hale
ane
ance
bane
, etc. n waird final
brae
day
etc. The digraph
ae
kythes fer vouel 7 an aw en
dae
tae
v. an
shae
28
En Northren byleids the vouel en the cluster 'ane' is aften
/i/
29
n efter
/w/
n daurk
/l/
the soondin
/əi/
micht kythe.
30
En Sooth Scots n monie Central n Ulster varieties
ae
ane
ance
micht be soondit
/jeː/
/jɪn/
/jɪns/
aften scrieved
yae
yin
yince
en byleid writin.
ea
31
ei
32
(vouel 3), haes generallie merged wi
/i(ː)/
(vouel 2) or
/e(ː)/
(vouel 4 or 8) dependin on the by leid.
/ɛ/
micht kythe afore
/r/
. En Northren varieties the soondin micht be
/əi/
efter
/w/
an
/ʍ/
n en the faur north
/əi/
micht kythe en aw environments.
33
deid
heid
meat
clear
etc.
ee
34
(vouels 2 an 11),
(Consonant)
35
(vouel 2). Whiles
ei
i.e.
wi
ei
fer ordinair afore
ch
/x/
), bit en ae few ither wairds an aw, n
ie
fer ordinair afore
an
. The soondin is fer ordinair
/i(ː)/
bit en Northren varieties micht be
/əi/
efter
/w/
/ʍ/
33
Final vouel 11 (
/iː/
) micht be
/əi/
en Southren byleids.
36
e.g.
een
speir
steek
here
, etc. The digraph
ea
kythes en ae few wairds lyk
sea
tea
an aw.
37
(vouel 16):
/ɛ/
bed
het
yett
, etc.
eu
38
39
(vouel 7 afore
/k/
an
/x/
see
ui
):
/(j)u/
or
/(j)ʌ/
dependin on dialect. Whiles
(consonant)
40
Whiles
phonetically an
oo
efter Staundart Ingils kythes an aw, e.g.
beuk
eneuch
keuk
leuk
teuk
etc.
ew
(vouel 14):
/ju/
. En Northren bileids a ruit final 'ew' micht be
/jʌu/
few
new
, etc.
41
(Vouel 15):
/ɪ/
, but aften varies atween
/ɪ/
an
/ʌ/
specially efter 'w' an 'wh'.
42
/æ/
kythes en Ulster an aw afore voiceless consonants.
big
fit
wid
, etc.
(consonant)
(consonant)
43
ey
(vouels 1, 8a an 10):
/əi/
or
/aɪ/
. 'ay' is fer ordinair
/e/
bit
/əi/
in
ay
aye
. En Dundee hit is ae kenspeckle
/ɛ/
44
(vouel 18):
/ɔ/
bit aften mergin wi vouel 5 (
/o/
) aften speelt phoneteeclie
oa
in byleid speelins lyk
boax
(box),
coarn
(corn),
Goad
(God)
joab
(job) n
oan
(on) etc.
45
oa
46
(vouel 5):
/o/
oi
oy
(vouel 9)
ow
47
owe
(ruit final), seendle
ou
(vouel 13):
/ʌu/
. Afore 'k' vocalisation til
/o/
micht kythe speciallie en wastren n Ulster byleids.
bowk
bowe
howe
knowe
cowp
yowe
, etc.
ou
the ordinair leeterar speelin
48
o vouel 6. Whiles
(consonant)
en some wairds:
/u/
the foregane aften representit bi
oo
, ae 19t centuair lend fae Staundairt Ingils.
49
Ruit final
/ʌu/
micht kythe en Soothren byleids.
cou
broun
hoose
moose
etc.
50
(vouel 19):
/ʌ/
but
cut
, etc.
ui
, the ordinair leeterar speelin
51
o vouel 7 (binna afore
/k/
an
/x/
see
eu
), the speelin
(consonant)
whiles kythed, speciallie afore nasals,
51
oo
fae the speelin o Staundairt Ingils cognates:
/ø/
in conservative byleids. In pairts o
Fife
Dundee
north
Aintrim
/e/
. In Northren byleids fer ordinair
/i/
bit
/wi/
efter
/ɡ/
/k/
aften speelt
ee
in byleid writin, n
/u/
an aw afore
/r/
en some airts e.g.
fuird
. Mid Doun n Donegal byleids haes
/i/
. En central n north Doun byleids merger wi vouel 15 (
/ɪ/
) occurs whan cuttie n vouel 8 (
/eː/
) whan lang, aften scrieved
ai
en byleid writin, e.g.
buird
buit
cuit
fluir
guid
schuil
, etc. En central byleids
uise
v. an
uiss
n. (use) is
[jeːz]
an
[jɪs]
Some graimmar featurs
eedit
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The definit airtikil
eedit
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The
is bruikit afore the names o saisons, days o the week, monie nouns, illnesses, tredds, occupations, sciences n acadeemic subjeks. It's aften bruikit in stead o the indefinit airtikil n instad o a possesseev pronoun n aw:
the hairst
the Wadensday
awa til the kirk
the nou
the dei
the haingles
the Laitin
The deuk ett the bit breid
the wife
etc.
Nouns
eedit
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Nouns fer ordinair eiks –(
fer the plural bit some irraigulair plurals kith:
ee
een
cauf
caur
horse
horse
cou
kye
shae
shuin
Nouns o meisur an quantitie byds the same en the plural
fower fit
twa mile
five pund
three hunnerwecht
Raigular plurals incluid
laifs
leafs
shelfs
wifes
, etc.
Dimeenuteeves
eedit
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Dimeenuteeves wi –
ie
burnie
wee burn
),
feardie
feartie
gamie
kiltie
postie
wifie
rhodie
, an wi
ock
bittock
playock
sourock
n Northren –
ag
bairnag
wee bairn
),
Cheordag
, -
ockie
hooseockie
wifeockie
, baith is influenced bi the Scots Gaelic dimeenuteeve -
ag
Modal verbs
eedit
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The modal verbs
mey
ocht tae
, an
sall
isna aften bruikit in Scots n this is histereec, bit is whiles still fand in anglifie'd leeterair Scots.
Can
shid
, n
will/wul
is the prefer'd Scots maks.
Scots employs doobel modal maks
He'll no can cum the day
A micht cud cum the morn
A uised tae cud dae hit, but no nou
Praisent tense o verbs
eedit
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The praisent tense o verbs ends en –
en aw persons n nummers cept whan a singil personal pronoun is nex til the verb,
Thay say he's ower wee
Thaim that says he's ower wee
Thir lassies says he's ower wee
etc.
Thay'r cummin an aw
bit
Five o thaim's cummin
The lassies? Thay'v went
bit
Ma brakes haes went
Thaim that cums first is ser'd first
The trees growes green en the simmer
Wis
micht can tak the steid o
war
, but na widdershins:
Ye were
wis thaur
Past tense o verbs
eedit
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The raigulair past form o the verb is –(
or –(
, gaun bi the aforegaun consonant or vouel
hurtit
skelpit
Mendit
kent
kenned
cleant
cleaned
skreived
telt
tauld
dee'd
. Some verbs haes kenspeakle maks
greet
grat
grutten
fesh
fuish
fuishen
lauch
leuch
lauchen
gae
gaed
gane
gie
gied
gien
pit
pat
pitten
git
gat
gotten
Wird order
eedit
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Scots aften haes tha wird order
He turnt oot tha licht
an na
He turnt tha licht oot
an
Gie me hit
an na
Gie hit til me
Antrin verbs is aften uised progressive
He wis thinkin he wad tell her
He wis wantin tae tell her
Verbs o motion micht be drappit afore aen adverb or adverb phrases o motion
Ah'm awa til ma bed
That's me awa hame
Ah'll intil tha hoose an see him
Partecipils gaes til tha end o tha clause mair aften nor in Inglis whaur chynge o state is impleid (pairtéculair in Ulster):
He's awfu auld gettin
Ah hae ma siller chynged
Ordinal nummers
eedit
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Ordinal nummers ends wi –
seicont
fowert
fift
saxt
etc.
first
Thrid
third
Adverbs
eedit
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Adverbs fer ordinair taks the same mak aes the verb ruit or adjecteeve specialie efter verbs.
Haein ae real guid day
She's gey fauchelt
Adverbs is shaped wi –
, -
lies
lins
gate
) an
wey
) –
whyls
mebbes
brawlies
geylies
aiblins
airselins
hauflins
hidlins
maistlins
awgates
ilkagate
oniegate
ilkawey
onywey
),
endweys
fit weys
Subordinate clauses
eedit
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Verbless subordinate clauses is brocht en wi,
pittin ower surpreese or skunner
She haed tae walk the hale length o the road n her sieven month pregnant
He telt me tae rin n me wi ma sair leg
Negation
eedit
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Negation is pitten ower bi bruikin the adverb
na
, en the North Eist
nae
, as in
Ah'm na cummin
, or bi bruikin the suffix –
na
(soondin lippens oan byleid), aes in
"A dinnae ken"
Thay canna cum
We coudna hae telt him
The uiss wi
na
is fer ordinair taen foreby –
na
wi contractabil auxiliair verbs lyk –
ll
fer
will
, or en ay nae speirins wi onie auxiliair
He'll na cum
Did he na cum?
Reelateeve pronoon
eedit
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The reelateeve pronoon is
that
at
is anither mak borraed fae the Norse bit hit can cum aboot bi contraction) fer aw persons n nummers, bit micht be drappit
Thaur's na monie fowk
that
byds en that glen
. The anglifie'd maks
wha
wham
whase
, n the auld-farrant
whilk
is j ist leeterair pensfuness;
whilk
is alanerlie bruikit eftir ae statement
He said he'd tint hit, whilk wis na whit we wantit tae hear
. The possesseeve cums aboot bi eikin '
or bi bruikin aen appropriate pronoon
The wifie that's hoose gat burnt
the wumman that her dochter gat mairit
the men that thair boat wis tint
The thrid adjecteeve/adverb
yon
yonder
thon
thonder
pynts oot sommit that's faur fae the speaker n the leestener,
D'ye see yon
thon hoose ower yonder
thonder?
The plurals o
this
that
is
thae
thir
. Northren byleids taks
this
that
fer the plural ava.
Hamelt leids
eedit
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Scots haes monie hamelt leids, or
byleids
. Thir include;
Sooth Scots
Doric
Shetlandic
Urban Scots (Scots as spaken in tha céties o Aiberdeen, Edinburgh, Dundee an Glesgae)
Central Scots
Northren Scots
Ulster Scots
(Spaken in Northren Irland an Coontie Dunnagal)
See foreby
eedit
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IPA chairt fer Scots
Scots Language Centre
References
eedit
edit soorce
7% o the population (100,000–115,000) report uising Scots at home in the 2011 census; 10,000 speakers in Ireland are reportit bi
Ethnologue
Scots leid
at
Ethnologue
(17th ed., 2013)
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Regional Variation
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Regional Variation
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Regional Variation
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Johnston, Paul (1997)
Regional Variation
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Johnston, Paul (1997)
Regional Variation
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Regional Variation
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Regional Variation
in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.507
Johnston, Paul (1997)
Regional Variation
in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.502-503
Johnston, Paul (1997)
Regional Variation
in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.509
Aitken A.J. ‘How to Pronounce Older Scots’ in ‘Bards and Makars’. Glasgow
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"SND:A 2 (1)"
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Johnston, Paul (1997)
Regional Variation
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"SND:E 3 (2)"
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Regional Variation
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"SND:E 3 (3)"
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Regional Variation
in Jones, Charles (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. p.456
"SND:E 1 (3)"
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