Singapore - Wikipedia

Singapore - Wikipedia
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Coordinates
1°17′N
103°50′E
 / 
1.283°N 103.833°E
 /
1.283; 103.833
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Island country in Southeast Asia
This article is about the country. For the geographical main island, see
Singapore (island)
. For other uses, see
Singapore (disambiguation)
Republic of Singapore
Republik Singapura
Malay
新加坡共和国
Chinese
Xīnjiāpō Gònghéguó
pinyin
சிங்கப்பூர் குடியரசு
Tamil
Ciṅkappūr Kuṭiyaracu
Flag
Coat of arms
Motto:
Majulah Singapura
Malay
"Onward Singapore"
Anthem:
Majulah Singapura
Malay
"Onward Singapore"
Show globe
Show ASEAN
Location of Singapore (green)
in
Southeast Asia
Capital
Singapore
city-state
1°17′N
103°50′E
 / 
1.283°N 103.833°E
 /
1.283; 103.833
Largest
planning area
by population
Tampines
Official languages
Malay
Mandarin
Tamil
National language
Malay
Ethnic groups
(2023)
74.3%
Chinese
13.5%
Malay
9.0%
Indian
3.2%
Other
Religion
(2020)
31.1%
Buddhism
20.0%
No religion
18.9%
Christianity
15.6%
Islam
8.8%
Taoism
5.0%
Hinduism
0.3%
Sikhism
0.3%
Other
Demonym
Singaporean
Government
Unitary parliamentary republic
President
Tharman Shanmugaratnam
Prime Minister
Lawrence Wong
Legislature
Parliament
Independence
from the
United Kingdom
and
Malaysia
Self-governance
3 June 1959
Malaysia Agreement
16 September 1963
Proclamation of Singapore
9 August 1965
Area
• Total
744.3 km
(287.4 sq mi)
176th
• Water (%)
1.43%
Population
• 2025 estimate
6,110,200
111th
• Density
8,290/km
(21,471.0/sq mi) (
3rd
GDP
PPP
2026 estimate
• Total
$1.063 trillion
34th
• Per capita
$173,708
1st
GDP
(nominal)
2026 estimate
• Total
$659.572 billion
27th
• Per capita
$107,758
4th
Gini
(2023)
43.3
medium inequality
HDI
(2023)
0.946
very high
13th
Currency
Singapore dollar
(S$) (
SGD
Time zone
UTC
+8
SGT
Date format
dd-mm-yyyy (
AD
Calling code
+65
ISO 3166 code
SG
Internet TLD
.sg
Singapore
officially the
Republic of Singapore
, is an
island country
and
city-state
in
Southeast Asia
. Its territory comprises a
main island
over 60 satellite islands and islets
, and
one outlying islet
. The country is about one
degree of latitude
(137 kilometres or 85 miles) north of the
equator
, off the southern tip of the
Malay Peninsula
, bordering the
Strait of Malacca
to the west, the
Singapore Strait
to the south along with the
Riau Islands
in
Indonesia
, the
South China Sea
to the east and the
Straits of Johor
along with the
State of Johor
in
Malaysia
to the north.
In
its early history
, Singapore was a maritime
emporium
known as
Temasek
; subsequently, it was a major constituent of several successive
thalassocratic
empires. Its contemporary era began in 1819, when
Stamford Raffles
established Singapore as an
entrepôt trading post
of the
British Empire
. In 1867, Singapore came under direct British control as part of the
Straits Settlements
. During
World War II
, Singapore was
occupied by Japan
in 1942 and returned to Britain as a
Crown colony
following
Japan's surrender
in 1945. Singapore gained
self-governance
in 1959 and in
1963
became part of the new federation of
Malaysia
, alongside
Malaya
North Borneo
and
Sarawak
Ideological differences
led to Singapore's expulsion from the federation two years later; it became an independent
sovereign country
in 1965. After early years of
turbulence
and despite lacking natural resources and a
hinterland
, the nation rapidly developed to become one of the
Four Asian Tigers
As a highly
developed country
, Singapore has the
highest PPP-adjusted GDP per capita
in the world and is the only country in Asia with a AAA
sovereign credit rating
from
all major rating agencies
. Identified as a
tax haven
, it is a major
aviation
financial
and
maritime shipping
hub and has consistently been ranked as one of the
most expensive cities
for
expatriates
and
foreign workers
. Singapore ranks highly in key social indicators:
education
healthcare
housing
peacefulness
passport strength
personal safety
and
infrastructure
, with a high
home-ownership rate
Singaporeans
enjoy one of the
longest life expectancies
fastest Internet connection speeds
lowest infant mortality rates
and
lowest levels of corruption
in the world. Singapore is
organised
into five
regions
, 55
planning areas
and hundreds of
subzones
. It has the
second highest population density of any country
, although there are numerous green and recreational spaces as a result of
urban planning
. With a multicultural population and in recognition of the cultural identities of the country's major ethnic groups, Singapore has four
official languages
Malay
Mandarin
and
Tamil
. English is the
common language
, with exclusive use in numerous
public services
Multi-racialism
is enshrined in the constitution and continues to shape
national policies
Singapore is a
parliamentary republic
and its legal system is based on
common law
. While it is
constitutionally
multi-party democracy
where
free elections
are regularly held, it functions as a
de facto
one-party state
, with the
People's Action Party
(PAP) maintaining continuous political dominance since
1959
. The PAP's longstanding control has resulted in limited
political pluralism
and a highly centralised governance structure over national institutions. One of the five founding members of
ASEAN
, Singapore is also the headquarters of the
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
Secretariat, the
Pacific Economic Cooperation Council
Secretariat and is the host city of many
international conferences and events
. Singapore is also a member of the
United Nations
, the
World Trade Organization
, the
East Asia Summit
, the
Non-Aligned Movement
and the
Commonwealth of Nations
Name and etymology
Main article:
Names of Singapore
The
name of "Singapore" is an
anglicisation
of the native
Malay
name for the country,
Singapura
Malay pronunciation:
[siŋapura]
), which was in turn derived from the
Sanskrit
word for 'lion city' (
Sanskrit
सिंहपुर
romanised:
Siṃhapura
Brahmi
𑀲𑀺𑀁𑀳𑀧𑀼𑀭
; literally "lion city";
siṃha
means 'lion',
pura
means 'city' or 'fortress').
Pulau Ujong
was one of the earliest names for the island of Singapore, which corresponds to a Chinese account from the third century referred to a place as
Pú Luó Zhōng
Chinese
), a transcription of the
Malay
name for 'island at the end of
a peninsula
'.
10
Early references to the name
Temasek
(or
Tumasik
) are found in the
Nagarakretagama
, a
Javanese
eulogy
written in 1365, and a
Vietnamese
source from the same time period. The name possibly means
Sea Town
, being derived from the
Malay
tasek
, meaning 'sea' or 'lake'.
11
The
Chinese
traveller
Wang Dayuan
visited a place around 1330 named
Danmaxi
Chinese
淡馬錫
pinyin
Dànmǎxí
Wade–Giles
Tan Ma Hsi
) or
Tam ma siak
, depending on pronunciation; this may be a transcription of
Temasek
, alternatively, it may be a combination of the
Malay
Tanah
meaning 'land' and
Chinese
xi
meaning '
tin
', which was traded on the island.
12
11
Variations of the name
Siṃhapura
were used for a number of cities throughout the region prior to the establishment of the
Kingdom of Singapura
. In
Hindu–Buddhist culture
, lions were associated with power and protection, which may explain the attraction of such a name.
13
14
The name
Singapura
supplanted
Temasek
sometime before the 15th century, after the establishment of the
Kingdom of Singapura
on the island by a fleeing Sumatran
Raja
(prince) from
Palembang
. However, the precise time and reason for the name change is unknown. The semi-historical
Malay Annals
state that
Temasek
was christened
Singapura
by
Sang Nila Utama
, a 13th-century Sumatran
Raja
from
Palembang
The Annals
state that
Sang Nila Utama
encountered a strange beast on the island that he took to be a lion. Seeing this as an omen, he established the town of
Singapura
where he encountered the beast.
15
: 37, 88–92
16
: 30–31
The second hypothesis, drawn from
Portuguese sources
, postulates that this mythical story is based on the real life
Parameswara
of
Palembang
Parameswara
declared independence from
Majapahit
and mounted a Lion Throne. After then being driven into exile by the
Javanese
, he usurped control over
Temasek
. He may have rechristened the area as
Singapura
, recalling the throne he had been driven from.
17
Under
Japanese occupation
, Singapore was renamed
Syonan-to
Japanese
Hepburn
Shōnan
, meaning 'light of the south'.
18
19
Singapore is sometimes referred to by the nickname the "Garden City", in reference to its parks and tree-lined streets.
20
Another informal name, the "
Little Red Dot
", was adopted after an article in the
Asian Wall Street Journal
of 4 August 1998 said that
Indonesian
President
B. J. Habibie
referred to Singapore as a red dot on a map.
21
22
23
24
History
Main article:
History of Singapore
Ancient Singapore
Further information:
Early history of Singapore
In 1299, according to the
Malay Annals
, the
Kingdom of Singapura
was founded on the island by
Sang Nila Utama
25
Although the historicity of the accounts as given in the
Malay Annals
is the subject of academic debates,
26
it is nevertheless known from various documents that Singapore in the 14th century, then known as
Temasek
, was a trading port under the influence of both the
Majapahit
Empire and the
Siamese
kingdoms,
27
and was a part of the
Indosphere
28
29
30
31
32
These Indianised kingdoms were characterised by surprising resilience, political integrity and administrative stability.
33
Historical sources also indicate that around the end of the 14th century, its ruler
Parameswara
was attacked by either the
Majapahit
or the Siamese, forcing him to move to
Malacca
where he founded the
Sultanate of Malacca
34
Archaeological evidence suggests that the main settlement on
Fort Canning Hill
was abandoned around this time, although a small trading settlement continued in Singapore for some time afterwards.
17
In 1613,
Portuguese
raiders burned down the settlement, and the island faded into obscurity for the next two centuries.
35
By then, Singapore was nominally part of the
Johor Sultanate
36
The wider maritime region and much trade was under Dutch control for the following period after the 1641
Dutch conquest of Malacca
37
British colonisation
Main articles:
Founding of modern Singapore
and
Singapore in the Straits Settlements
Letter from
William Farquhar
to Sultan Muhammad Kanzul Alam, the 21st
Sultan of Brunei
, dated 28 November 1819. In the first line, Farquhar mentions that Sultan Hussein Shah and Temenggong Abdul Rahman allowed the
British East India Company
to establish a
factory
in Singapore on 6 February 1819.
38
39
The British governor
Stamford Raffles
arrived in Singapore on 28 January 1819 and soon recognised the island as a natural choice for the new port.
40
The island was then nominally ruled by
Tengku Abdul Rahman
, the
Sultan of Johor
, who was controlled by the
Dutch
and the
Bugis
41
However, the
Sultanate
was weakened by factional division:
Abdul Rahman
, the
Temenggong of Johor
to Tengku Abdul Rahman, as well as his officials, were loyal to the Sultan's elder brother
Tengku Long
, who was living in
exile
in
Penyengat Island
Riau Islands
. With the Temenggong's help, Raffles managed to smuggle Tengku Long back into Singapore. Raffles offered to recognise Tengku Long as the rightful Sultan of Johor, under the title of
Sultan Hussein
, as well as provide him with a yearly payment of $5000 and another $3000 to the Temenggong; in return, Sultan Hussein would grant the British the right to establish a trading post on Singapore.
42
The
Treaty of Singapore
was signed on 6 February 1819.
43
44
In 1824, a further treaty with the Sultan led to the entire island becoming a part of the
British Empire
45
In 1826, Singapore became part of the
Straits Settlements
, then under the jurisdiction of
British India
. Singapore became the regional capital in 1836.
46
Prior to Raffles' arrival, there were only about a thousand people living on the island, mostly indigenous
Malays
along with a handful of
Chinese
47
By 1860 the population had swelled to over 80,000, more than half being
Chinese
45
Many of these early immigrants came to work on the pepper and
gambier
plantations.
48
In 1867, the Straits Settlements were separated from
British India
, coming under the direct control of
Britain
49
Later, in the 1890s, when the rubber industry became established in
Malaya
and Singapore,
50
the island became a global centre for rubber sorting and export.
45
A lithograph by
Vincent Brooks
of
Singapore City
in 1865 from the former Mount Wallich
Singapore was not greatly affected by the
First World War
(1914–1918), as the conflict did not spread to
Southeast Asia
. The only significant event during the war was the
1915 Singapore Mutiny
by
Muslim
sepoys
from British India, who were garrisoned in Singapore.
51
After hearing rumours that they were to be sent to fight the
Ottoman Empire
, a Muslim state, the soldiers rebelled, killing their officers and several British civilians before the mutiny was suppressed by non-Muslim troops arriving from
Johore
and
Burma
52
Battlecruiser
HMS Repulse
, one of the few capital ships sent by Churchill to Singapore to defend it
After
World War I
, the British built the large
Singapore Naval Base
as part of the defensive
Singapore strategy
53
Originally announced in 1921, the construction of the base proceeded at a slow pace until the
Japanese invasion of Manchuria
in 1931. Costing $60 million and not fully completed in 1938, it was nonetheless the largest
dry dock
in the world, the third-largest
floating dock
, and had enough fuel tanks to support the entire British navy for six months.
53
54
55
The base was defended by heavy 15-inch (380 mm) naval guns stationed at
Fort Siloso
Fort Canning
and Labrador, as well as a
Royal Air Force
airfield at
Tengah Air Base
Winston Churchill
touted it as the "
Gibraltar
of the East", and military discussions often referred to the base as simply "
East of Suez
". However, the
British Home Fleet
was stationed in Europe, and the British could not afford to build a second fleet to protect their interests in Asia. The plan was for the Home Fleet to sail quickly to Singapore in the event of an emergency. As a consequence, after
World War II
broke out in 1939, the fleet was fully occupied with defending Britain, leaving Singapore vulnerable to
Japanese invasion
56
57
Japanese occupation
Main article:
Japanese occupation of Singapore
British prisoners of war evacuating in 1945 following the
Japanese surrender
at
Kallang Airport
. The airport's control tower, located near the city, has been conserved.
During the
Pacific War
, the Japanese
invasion of Malaya
culminated in the
Battle of Singapore
. When the British force of 60,000 troops surrendered on 15 February 1942, British prime minister Winston Churchill called the defeat "the worst disaster and largest capitulation in British history".
58
British and Empire losses during the fighting for Singapore were heavy, with a total of nearly 85,000 personnel captured.
59
About 5,000 were killed or wounded,
60
of which
Australians
made up the majority.
61
62
63
Japanese casualties during the fighting in Singapore amounted to 1,714 killed and 3,378 wounded.
59
The occupation was to become a major turning point in the histories of several nations, including those of
Japan
Britain
, and Singapore. Japanese newspapers triumphantly declared the victory as deciding the general situation of the war.
64
65
Between 5,000 and 25,000 ethnic Chinese people were killed in the subsequent
Sook Ching massacre
66
British forces had
planned to liberate Singapore
in 1945/1946; however, the war ended before these operations could be carried out.
67
68
Post-war period
Main article:
Colony of Singapore
Map of the
City of Singapore
in 1951
After the
Japanese surrender
to the
Allies
on 15 August 1945, Singapore fell into a brief state of violence and disorder; looting and
revenge killings
particularly against
collaborators
were widespread.
69
British, Australian, and Indian troops led by Lord
Louis Mountbatten
returned to Singapore
to receive the formal surrender of Japanese forces in the region from General
Seishirō Itagaki
on behalf of General
Hisaichi Terauchi
on 12 September 1945.
67
68
Meanwhile,
Tomoyuki Yamashita
was tried by a US military commission for war crimes, but not for crimes committed by his troops in Malaya or Singapore. He was convicted and hanged in the
Philippines
on 23 February 1946.
70
71
Much of the infrastructure in Singapore had been destroyed during the war, including those needed to supply utilities. A shortage of food led to malnutrition, disease, and rampant crime and violence. A series of strikes in 1947 caused massive stoppages in public transport and other services. However, by late 1947 the economy began to recover, facilitated by a growing international demand for tin and rubber.
72
The failure of Britain to successfully defend its colony against the Japanese changed its image in the eyes of Singaporeans. The
British Military Administration
ended on 1 April 1946, and Singapore became a separate
crown colony
in its own right, as the
Straits Settlements
was formally dissolved that year.
72
In July 1947, an
Executive
and
Legislative Council
(LegCo) were reconstituted and the election of six members of the LegCo was scheduled for
1948
. Only one political party, the
Progressive Party
, contested in the highly restricted general election, which continued in
1951
73
During the 1950s,
Chinese communists
, with strong ties to the trade unions and Chinese schools, waged a
guerrilla war
against the government, leading to the
Malayan Emergency
. The
1954 National Service riots
, 1955
Hock Lee bus riots
, and 1956
Chinese middle schools riots
in Singapore were all linked to these events.
74
David Marshall
, pro-independence leader of the
Labour Front
, won Singapore's
general election in 1955
which had an expanded but not universal
suffrage
75
During his
chief ministership
, he led a delegation to London for complete self-rule, but Britain had rejected his demand. He subsequently resigned and was replaced by
Lim Yew Hock
in 1956, and after further negotiations, Britain agreed to grant Singapore full internal
self-government
for all matters except defence and foreign affairs on 3 June 1959.
76
Days before, in the
general election of 30 May
which had
universal suffrage
, the PAP won a landslide victory under
Lee Kuan Yew
77
Governor
William Goode
served as the first head of state, also known as the
Yang di-Pertuan Negara
78
Within Malaysia
Main article:
State of Singapore (Malaysia)
Singapore thrived as an entrepôt. In the 1960s,
bumboats
were used to transport cargoes and supplies between nearshore ships and Singapore River.
Lee Kuan Yew
, the first prime minister of Singapore from 1959 to 1990
PAP leaders believed that Singapore's future lay with Malaya, due to strong ties between the two. It was thought that reuniting with Malaya would benefit the economy by creating a common market, alleviating ongoing unemployment woes in Singapore. However, a sizeable left-wing faction of the PAP was strongly opposed to the merger, fearing a loss of influence, and hence formed the
Barisan Sosialis
, after being kicked out from the PAP.
79
80
The ruling party of Malaya,
United Malays National Organisation
(UMNO), was staunchly anti-communist, and it was suspected UMNO would support the non-communist factions of PAP. UMNO, initially sceptical of the idea of a merger due to distrust of the PAP government and concern that the large ethnic Chinese population in Singapore would alter the racial balance in Malaya on which their political power base depended, became supportive of the idea of the merger due to joint fear of a communist takeover.
81
On 27 May 1961, Malaya's prime minister,
Tunku Abdul Rahman
, made a surprise proposal for a new Federation called
Malaysia
, which would unite the current and former
British possessions
in the region: the
Federation of Malaya
, Singapore,
Brunei
North Borneo
, and
Sarawak
81
82
UMNO leaders believed that the additional Malay population in the Bornean territories would balance Singapore's Chinese population.
76
The British government, for its part, believed that the merger would prevent Singapore from becoming a haven for communism.
83
To obtain a mandate for a merger, the PAP held a
referendum on the merger
. This referendum included a choice of different terms for a merger with Malaysia and had no option for avoiding merger altogether.
84
85
On 16 September 1963, Singapore joined with Malaya, the North Borneo, and Sarawak to form the new Federation of Malaysia under the terms of the
Malaysia Agreement
86
Under this Agreement, Singapore had a relatively high level of autonomy compared to the other states of Malaysia.
87
Indonesia
opposed the formation of Malaysia due to its own claims over Borneo and launched
Konfrontasi
in response to the formation of Malaysia.
88
On 10 March 1965,
a bomb planted by Indonesian saboteurs
on a mezzanine floor of
MacDonald House
exploded, killing three people and injuring 33 others. It was the deadliest of at least 42 bomb incidents which occurred during the
Konfrontasi
89
Two members of the
Indonesian Marine Corps
Osman bin Haji Mohamed Ali
and
Harun bin Said
, were eventually convicted and executed for the crime.
90
The explosion caused US$250,000 (equivalent to
US$
2,554,118 in 2025) in damages to MacDonald House.
91
92
Even after the merger, the
Singaporean government and the Malaysian central government disagreed
on many political and economic issues.
93
Despite an agreement to establish a common market, Singapore continued to face restrictions when trading with the rest of Malaysia. In retaliation, Singapore did not extend to
Sabah
and
Sarawak
the full extent of the loans agreed to for economic development of the two eastern states. Talks soon broke down, and abusive speeches and writing became rife on both sides. This led to communal strife in Singapore, culminating in the
1964 race riots
94
On 7 August 1965, after series of secret negotiations between the Malaysian and Singaporean leaders, a
separation agreement
was signed, paving way for a sudden but planned independence for Singapore.
95
96
97
On 9 August 1965,
the Malaysian Parliament
voted 126 to 0 to pass
a constitutional amendment bill
, thereby separating Singapore from Malaysia, which left Singapore as a newly independent country.
76
98
99
100
101
102
Republic of Singapore
See also:
Independence of Singapore Agreement 1965
Facing the
Central Area
of Singapore in 1978
The
Marina Bay Sands
, one of Singapore's two
integrated resorts
After its expulsion from Malaysia, Singapore became independent as the "Republic of Singapore" on 9 August 1965,
103
104
with
Lee Kuan Yew
and
Yusof bin Ishak
as the first prime minister and president respectively.
105
106
In 1967, the country co-founded the
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN).
107
Race riots
erupted again
in 1969 as a spillover from the
13 May incident
in Malaysia. On this occasion, the unrest was more firmly contained.
108
Lee's emphasis on rapid economic growth, racial integration, promotion of business entrepreneurship and curbs on democratic freedoms by governing with extensive legal powers shaped Singapore's policies for the next half century.
109
110
Economic growth continued throughout the 1980s, with the unemployment rate falling to 3% and real GDP growth averaging at about 8% up until 1999. During the 1980s, Singapore began to shift towards high-tech industries, such as the
wafer fabrication
sector, in order to remain competitive as neighbouring countries began manufacturing with cheaper labour.
Singapore Airlines
was formed in 1972 and
Changi Airport
was opened in 1981, replacing the international airport at
Paya Lebar
111
Lee's government capitalised on Singapore's favourable geographical position to develop the
Port of Singapore
into one of the world's busiest ports, while the service and tourism industries also expanded significantly during this period.
112
113
The PAP has remained in power since 1959. Often described as a
de facto
one-party state because of its uncommon longevity for a nominal
liberal democracy
, some activists and opposition politicians view the PAP government's tight regulation of political and media activities, along with its stringent laws, as an infringement on political rights.
114
In response, the PAP introduced several significant political changes, including the creation of the
Non-constituency Members of Parliament
(NCMPs) scheme from the
1984 election
, which allowed a limited number of the best performing losing opposition candidates to be appointed as MPs.
Group representation constituencies
(GRCs) were subsequently introduced in the
1988 election
as multi-member electoral divisions intended to guarantee minority representation in parliament, although the opposition has accused the scheme of enabling
gerrymandering
115
In addition,
Nominated Members of Parliament
(NMPs) were introduced in 1990 to allow non-elected and non-partisan representatives from diverse professional fields to serve in parliament.
116
The
constitution
was amended in 1991 to provide for an
elected president
with veto powers over the use of
past reserves
and key public service appointments. The first such election was held in
1993
117
In 1990,
Goh Chok Tong
succeeded Lee and became Singapore's second prime minister, leading the PAP into the
1991 election
118
During Goh's tenure, the country went through the
1997 Asian financial crisis
and the
2002–2004 SARS outbreak
119
120
In 2004,
Lee Hsien Loong
, the eldest son of
Lee Kuan Yew
, became the country's third prime minister.
120
Lee Hsien Loong's tenure included the
2008 financial crisis
, the resolution of a
dispute over land ownership
at
Tanjong Pagar railway station
between Singapore and Malaysia, the introduction of the two
integrated resorts
(IRs) located at the
Marina Bay Sands
and
Resorts World Sentosa
as well as the
COVID-19 pandemic
121
The PAP experienced its
worst electoral performance
in 2011, securing only 60% of the vote. While this would be considered a
landslide victory
in many countries since it preserved the party's
supermajority
, it was regarded locally as a poor outcome, reflecting public debate over issues such as the high rates of
immigration
and the rising
cost of living
122
On 23 March 2015, Lee Kuan Yew
died
, and a one-week period of public mourning was observed nationwide.
110
Subsequently, the PAP regained its dominance in Parliament through the
September general election
, receiving 69.9% of the popular vote,
123
although this remained lower than the
2001
tally of 75.3%
124
and the
1968
tally of 86.7%.
125
The
2020 election
held in July during COVID saw the PAP drop to 61% of the vote, while the
Workers' Party
(WP) took 10 of the 93 seats, including its leader
Pritam Singh
becoming the first
de jure
leader of the opposition
since independence.
126
On 15 May 2024,
Lawrence Wong
became Singapore's fourth prime minister and the first born after independence.
127
Wong's first electoral test came at the
2025 election
, which saw the PAP winning 65.5% of the vote and 87 out of 97 seats in Parliament; the WP retained their 10 seats.
128
Singapore was one of eight cities worldwide that was classified as an "Alpha+" city by the
Globalization and World Cities Research Network
(GaWC) in 2024.
129
Geography
Main article:
Geography of Singapore
See also:
Land reclamation in Singapore
An outline of Singapore and the surrounding islands and waterways by the
CIA World Factbook
c.
2005
Singapore consists of
over 60 islands
, including the
main island
, also known as Pulau Ujong.
130
There are two man-made connections to
Johor
, Malaysia: the
Johor–Singapore Causeway
in the north and the
Tuas Second Link
in the west.
Jurong Island
Pulau Tekong
Pulau Ubin
and
Sentosa Island
are the largest of Singapore's smaller islands.
The highest natural point is
Bukit Timah Hill
at 163.63 m (537 ft).
131
Under British rule,
Christmas Island
, the
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
, and
Labuan
were administered from Singapore. Labuan was under this arrangement from 1907 until it was eventually merged into the
Crown Colony of North Borneo
in 1948. Shortly before Singapore achieved full internal self-governance in 1959, both Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands were transferred to
Australia
in 1958.
132
133
134
Today,
Pedra Branca
at the South China Sea is the nation's easternmost point.
135
Land reclamation
projects have increased Singapore's land area from roughly 580 km
(220 sq mi) in the 1960s to 770 km
(300 sq mi) by the 2030s, an increase of over 30% or 190 km
(73 sq mi).
136
137
Some projects involve merging smaller islands to form larger and more functional landmasses, as was the case with Jurong Island.
138
The type of sand used in reclamation works is found in rivers and beaches rather than deserts and remains in great demand worldwide. As such, neighbouring
Southeast Asian
countries have either restricted or barred sand exports to Singapore since the 2010s.
136
As a result, Singapore has increasingly used
polders
for reclamation works, a method most notably used at Tekong Island in which an area is enclosed and then pumped dry.
137
139
The country is projected to reclaim roughly another 100 km
(40 sq mi) by 2040, which includes major projects such as
Tuas
Port, the Long Island project located south of
East Coast Park
for commercial and residential developments, and an aviation park at
Changi Bay
140
141
142
143
Nature
Main article:
Wildlife of Singapore
Singapore Botanic Gardens is a
UNESCO World Heritage Site
– one of three gardens in the world, and the only tropical garden, to be recognised as such.
Singapore's urbanisation means that it has lost 95% of its historical forests,
144
and now over half of the naturally occurring
fauna
and
flora
in Singapore is present in nature reserves, such as the
Bukit Timah Nature Reserve
and the
Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve
, which comprise only 0.25% of Singapore's land area.
144
In 1967, to combat this decline in natural space, the government introduced the vision of making Singapore a "garden city",
145
aiming to improve quality of life.
146
Since then, nearly 10% of Singapore's land has been set aside for parks and
nature reserves
147
The government has created
plans to preserve the country's remaining wildlife
148
Singapore's well known gardens include the
Singapore Botanic Gardens
, a tropical garden and Singapore's first
UNESCO
World Heritage Site
149
Climate
See also:
Climate change in Singapore
Gardens by the Bay
Singapore has a
tropical rainforest climate
Köppen
Af
) with no distinctive seasons, uniform temperature and pressure, high humidity, and abundant rainfall.
150
151
Temperatures usually range from 23 to 32 °C (73 to 90 °F). While temperature does not vary greatly throughout the year, there is a wetter
monsoon
season from November to February.
152
From July to October, there is often
haze
caused by
bush fires
in neighbouring Indonesia, usually from the island of
Sumatra
153
Singapore follows the GMT+8 time zone, one hour ahead of the typical zone for its geographical location.
154
This causes the sun to rise and set particularly late during February, where the sun rises at 7:15 am and sets around 7:20 pm. During July, the sun sets at around 7:15 pm. The earliest the sun rises and sets is in late October and early November when the sun rises at 6:46 am and sets at 6:50 pm.
155
Singapore recognises that climate change and
rising sea levels
in the decades ahead will have major implications for its low-lying coastline. It estimates that the nation will need to spend $100 billion over the course of the next century to address the issue. In its 2020 budget, the government set aside an initial $5 billion towards a Coastline and Flood Protection Fund.
156
157
Singapore is the first country in Southeast Asia to levy a
carbon tax
on its largest carbon-emitting corporations producing more than 25,000 tons of carbon dioxide per year, at $5 per ton.
158
In February 2026, Singapore introduced a new bill legally requiring landowners along Singapore's coastline to implement or upgrade coastal defences in order to protect against rising sea levels.
159
To reduce the country's dependence on fossil fuels, it has ramped up deployment of solar panels on rooftops and vertical surfaces of buildings, and other initiatives like building one of the world's largest floating solar farms at
Tengeh Reservoir
in
Tuas
160
Government and politics
Main articles:
Government of Singapore
Politics of Singapore
, and
Administrative divisions of Singapore
The Istana
is the official residence and office of the president, as well as the working office of the prime minister.
The
Supreme Court
(left) and
Parliament House
(right) where the
Singapore Parliament
sits
The
Speakers' Corner
at
Hong Lim Park
provides a public demonstration area, which are often restricted in other parts of the country.
Singapore is a
parliamentary
republic based on the
Westminster system
. The
Constitution of Singapore
is the supreme law of the country, establishing the structure and responsibility of governance. The
President
is the
head of state
161
162
The governance of Singapore is
separated
into three branches:
Executive
: The executive consists of the Cabinet, led by the
prime minister
, and the
Attorney-General's chambers
, led by the
attorney-general
163
The Cabinet is collectively responsible for all government policies and the day-to-day administration of the affairs of state. It is typically composed of members of the Singapore Parliament. The prime minister is appointed by the president, and the ministers in the Cabinet and the attorney-general are appointed by the president, acting on the
advice and consent
of the prime minister. The prime minister is the effective head of the executive branch of government.
164
161
Legislature
: The Singapore Parliament is
unicameral
and, together with the president, comprises the legislature.
165
Members of parliament (MP) consist of elected, non-constituency, and nominated members. The majority of MPs are elected into parliament at a general election. The Singapore Parliament is collectively responsible for enacting the laws governing the state.
161
The president holds limited
discretionary powers
of oversight over the government. The president's veto powers are further subject to parliamentary overruling.
166
167
Judiciary
: The judiciary's function is to independently administer justice and is headed by the chief justice of the Republic of Singapore. The judges and judicial commissioners are appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister.
168
The
Supreme Court
and
State Courts
adjudicates in civil disputes between persons, convicts or acquits accused persons in criminal prosecutions, and
interprets laws
to decide on its constitutionality. Any law or provision of a law found to be unconstitutional can be struck down by the Supreme Court.
169
The president is directly elected by popular vote for a renewable six-year term. Requirements for this position, which were enacted by the PAP government, are extremely stringent, such that only a handful of people qualify for the candidacy.
170
171
These qualifications include that a candidate needs to be a person at least 45 years of age who is no longer a member of a political party, to either have held
public office
for at least 3 years in a number of specific public service leadership roles, or to have 3 years experience as chief executive of a fully profitable
private sector
company with at least S$500 million in
shareholders' equity
, be a resident in Singapore for at least 10 years, not have a criminal record, and more.
172
171
173
Candidates must also "satisfy" the
Presidential Elections Committee
(PEC) that he or she is a person of integrity, good character and reputation.
174
From 2017, the Constitution requires that presidential elections be "
reserved
" for a racial community if no one from that ethnic group has been elected to the presidency in the five most recent terms.
175
Only members of that community may qualify as candidates in a reserved presidential election.
176
In the
2017 presidential election
, this combination of stringent requirements and a reserved election that required the candidate to be of the 13%
Malay ethnic group
led to the PEC approving a single candidate for the presidency;
177
Halimah Yacob
, considered part of the Malay community, won in an uncontested election. She also became Singapore's first female president.
Tharman Shanmugaratnam
President
Lawrence Wong
Prime Minister
Members of Parliament (MPs) are elected at least every five years (or sooner with a
snap election
). The 15th and
current Parliament
has 108 members; 97 were directly elected from the
33 constituencies
, nine are nonpartisan
nominated members
appointed by the president, and two are
non-constituency members
from opposition parties who were not elected in the last general election but appointed to the legislature to increase opposition party representation. In
group representation constituencies
(GRCs), political parties assemble teams of candidates to contest elections. At least one MP in a GRC must be of an ethnic minority background. All elections are held using
first-past-the-post voting
178
MPs host weekly
political surgeries
, called "
Meet-the-People Sessions
", where they help constituents resolve personal issues which can be related to housing, financial assistance, and immigration.
179
The PAP occupies a dominant position in Singaporean politics, having won large parliamentary majorities in every election since
self-governance
was granted in 1959. The PAP, self-described as pragmatic, have a syncretic ideology combining
free-market principles
civil nationalism
, and
welfarism
180
181
182
Despite promulgating restrictions on civil liberties, Singapore under the PAP has seen consistent economic growth and political stability.
183
The most represented and popular opposition party is the centre-left
Workers' Party
(WP), which holds 12 seats in Parliament.
126
The long-standing hegemony of the PAP has led to Singapore being described by academics as an
illiberal democracy
184
185
186
187
or a
soft-authoritarian
state in which the PAP faces little to no feasible political competition to its rule of the country.
188
189
190
191
The multi-party democratic process of Singapore has been described as "minimal" in comparison to the state's focus on economic development and social order.
192
According to Gordon P. Means, professor emeritus of political science at
McMaster University
, Singapore reinvented the "benevolent" yet "highly authoritarian" colonial system of governance inherited from Britain rather than forging a full democracy. A conservative ideology of "
Asian values
" evolved to replace British rule, based on "communal loyalty, distrust of government, and avoidance of individual or collective responsibility for wider public interests", with less regard for
human rights
in the nascent Western sense.
193
The fact that "neither the public nor elites had experience with democracy" helped create Singapore's political culture, as dominated by status-focused hierarchies committed to economic development.
189
The legacy of Asian values and the limited political culture within Singapore has led to the country being described as "classic illustration of soft authoritarianism",
192
and "profoundly illiberal".
187
The judicial system is based on
English common law
, continuing the legal tradition established during
British rule
and with substantial local differences.
Criminal law
is based on the
Indian Penal Code
originally intended for
British India
, and was at the time as a crown colony also adopted by the British colonial authorities in Singapore and remains the basis of the criminal code in the country with a few exceptions, amendments and repeals since it came into force.
194
Trial by jury
was abolished in 1970.
195
Singapore is known for its strict laws and conservative stances on crime; both
corporal punishment
(by
caning
196
197
and
capital punishment
(by
hanging
) are retained and commonly used as legal penalties.
198
The right to freedom of speech and association is guaranteed by
Article 14(1) of the Constitution of Singapore
, although there are provisions in the subsequent subsection that regulate them.
199
The government has restricted
freedom of speech
and
freedom of the press
as well as some
civil
and political rights.
200
In 2023, Singapore was ranked 129th out of 180 nations by
Reporters Without Borders
on the global
Press Freedom Index
201
Freedom House
ranks Singapore as "partly free" in its
Freedom in the World
report,
202
183
and the
Economist Intelligence Unit
ranks Singapore as a "flawed democracy", the second freest rank of four, in its "
Democracy Index
".
203
204
All public gatherings of five or more people require police permits, and protests may legally be held only at the
Speakers' Corner
205
In the
Corruption Perceptions Index
, which ranks countries by "perceived levels of public sector corruption", Singapore has consistently ranked as one of the least corrupt countries in the world, in spite of being illiberal.
206
Singapore's unique combination of a strong, soft-authoritarian government with an emphasis on
meritocracy
is known as the "Singapore model", and is regarded as a key factor behind Singapore's political stability, economic growth, and harmonious social order.
207
208
209
210
In 2021, the
World Justice Project
's Rule of Law Index ranked Singapore as 17th overall among the world's 193 countries for adherence to the
rule of law
. Singapore ranked high on the factors of order and security (#3), absence of corruption (#3), regulatory enforcement (#4), civil justice (#8), and criminal justice (#7), and ranked significantly lower on factors of
open government
(#34), constraints on government powers (#32), and
fundamental rights
(#38).
211
Foreign relations
Main article:
Foreign relations of Singapore
Prime Minister
Lee Hsien Loong
at the 2017
G20 meeting
in Germany. Since 2010, Singapore has often been invited to participate in G20 processes.
Singapore's stated foreign policy priority is maintaining security in
Southeast Asia
and surrounding territories. An underlying principle is political and economic stability in the region.
212
It has diplomatic relations with more than 180 sovereign states.
213
As one of the five founding members of
ASEAN
214
Singapore is a strong supporter of the
ASEAN Free Trade Area
(AFTA) and the ASEAN Investment Area (AIA); it is also the host of the APEC Secretariat.
215
Singapore is also a founding member of
The Forum of Small States (FOSS)
, a voluntary and informal grouping at the UN.
216
Singapore maintains membership in other regional organisations, such as
Asia–Europe Meeting
, the
Forum for East Asia-Latin American Cooperation
, the
Indian Ocean Rim Association
, and the
East Asia Summit
212
It is also a member of the Non-Aligned Movement,
217
the
United Nations
and the
Commonwealth
218
219
While Singapore is not a formal member of the
G20
, it has been invited to participate in G20 processes in most years since 2010.
220
Singapore is also the location of the
Pacific Economic Cooperation Council
(PECC) Secretariat.
221
In general, bilateral relations with other ASEAN members are strong; however, disagreements have arisen,
222
and relations with neighbouring
Malaysia
and
Indonesia
have sometimes been strained.
223
Malaysia and Singapore have clashed over the delivery of
fresh water
to Singapore,
224
and access by the
Singapore Armed Forces
to Malaysian airspace.
223
Border issues exist with Malaysia and Indonesia, and both have banned the sale of marine sand to Singapore over disputes about Singapore's land reclamation.
225
Some previous disputes, such as the
Pedra Branca dispute
, have been resolved by the
International Court of Justice
226
Piracy in the
Strait of Malacca
has been a cause of concern for all three countries.
224
Close economic ties exist with
Brunei
, and the two share a pegged currency value, through a
Currency Interchangeability Agreement
between the two countries which makes both
Brunei dollar
and
Singapore dollar
banknotes and coins legal tender in either country.
227
228
The first
diplomatic contact with China
was made in the 1970s, with full diplomatic relations established in the 1990s. China has been Singapore's largest trading partner since 2013, after surpassing Malaysia.
229
230
231
232
233
Singapore and the United States share a long-standing close relationship, in particular in defence, the economy, health, and education. Singapore has also increased co-operation with ASEAN members and China to strengthen regional security and fight terrorism, and participated in ASEAN's first joint maritime exercise with China in 2018.
234
It has also given support to the US-led coalition to fight terrorism, with bilateral co-operation in counter-terrorism and counter-proliferation initiatives, and joint military exercises.
222
As Singapore has diplomatic relations with both the United States and
North Korea
, and was one of the few countries that have relationships with both countries,
235
in June 2018, it hosted
a historic summit
between US President
Donald Trump
and
North Korean leader
Kim Jong-un
, the first-ever meeting between the sitting leaders of the two nations.
236
237
It also hosted the
2015 Ma–Xi meeting
, the first meeting between the political leaders of the two sides of the
Taiwan Strait
since the end of the
Chinese Civil War
in 1950.
238
239
240
Military
Main article:
Singapore Armed Forces
In 2007, military personnel from the Singapore Armed Forces were deployed in Afghanistan as part of a multinational coalition.
The Singaporean military, arguably the most technologically advanced in Southeast Asia,
241
consists of the
Army
, the
Navy
, the
Air Force
and the
Digital and Intelligence Service
. It is seen as the guarantor of the country's independence,
242
translating into Singapore culture, involving all citizens in the country's defence.
243
The government spent 2.7% of the country's GDP on the military in 2024, the highest in the region.
244
After its independence, Singapore had only two
infantry
regiments commanded by British officers. Considered too small to provide effective security for the new country, the development of its military forces became a priority.
245
In addition, in October 1971, Britain pulled its military out of Singapore, leaving behind only a small British, Australian and New Zealand force as a token military presence.
246
A great deal of initial support came from
Israel
245
a country unrecognised by Singapore's neighbouring
Muslim-majority
nations of Malaysia and Indonesia.
247
248
249
The
Israel Defense Forces
(IDF) commanders were tasked by the Singapore Government to create the
Singapore Armed Forces
(SAF) from scratch, and Israeli instructors were brought in to train Singaporean soldiers. Military courses were conducted according to the IDF's format, and Singapore adopted a system of
conscription
and
reserve service
based on the
Israeli model
245
Singapore still maintains strong security ties with Israel and is one of the biggest buyers of Israeli arms and weapons systems,
250
unreliable source
with one recent example being the
MATADOR
anti-tank weapon.
251
The SAF is being developed to respond to a wide range of issues in both conventional and unconventional warfare. The
Defence Science and Technology Agency
(DSTA) is responsible for procuring resources for the military.
252
The geographic restrictions of Singapore mean that the SAF must plan to fully repulse an attack, as they cannot fall back and re-group. The small size of the population has also affected the way the SAF has been designed, with a small active force and a large number of reserves.
243
Republic of Singapore Air Force
Black Knights
perform at the Singapore Air Show.
Singapore has
conscription
for all able-bodied males at age 18, except those with a criminal record or who can prove that their loss would bring hardship to their families. Males who have yet to complete pre-university education, are awarded the
Public Service Commission
(PSC) scholarship, or are pursuing a local medical degree can opt to defer their draft.
253
254
Though not required to perform military service, the number of women in the SAF has been increasing: since 1989 they have been allowed to fill military vocations formerly reserved for men. Before induction into a specific branch of the armed forces, recruits undergo at least nine weeks of basic military training.
255
Because of the scarcity of open land on the main island, training involving activities such as live firing and
amphibious warfare
are often carried out on smaller islands, typically barred to civilian access. However, large-scale drills, considered too dangerous to be performed in the country, have been performed in other countries such as Brunei, Indonesia, Thailand and the United States. In general, military exercises are held with foreign forces once or twice per week.
243
Due to airspace and land constraints, the
Republic of Singapore Air Force
(RSAF) maintains a number of overseas bases in
Australia
, the United States, and
France
. The RSAF's 130 Squadron is based in
RAAF Base Pearce
Western Australia
256
and its
126 Squadron
is based in the
Oakey Army Aviation Centre
Queensland
257
The RSAF has one squadron—the 150 Squadron—based in
Cazaux Air Base
in southern France.
258
The RSAF's overseas detachments in the United States are:
Luke Air Force Base
in
Arizona
Marana
in Arizona,
Mountain Home Air Force Base
in
Idaho
, and
Andersen Air Force Base
in
Guam
259
260
verification needed
261
The SAF has sent forces to assist in operations outside the country, in areas such as
Iraq
262
and
Afghanistan
263
264
in both military and civilian roles. In the region, they have helped to stabilise
East Timor
265
and have provided aid to
Aceh
in Indonesia following the
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
266
Since 2009, the
Republic of Singapore Navy
(RSN) has deployed ships to the
Gulf of Aden
to aid in countering
piracy
efforts as part of
Task Force 151
267
The SAF also helped in relief efforts during
Hurricane Katrina
268
and
Typhoon Haiyan
269
Singapore is part of the
Five Power Defence Arrangements
(FPDA), a military alliance with Australia, Malaysia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom.
243
According to the 2024
Global Peace Index
, Singapore is the 5th most peaceful country in the world.
270
Human rights
Main article:
Human rights in Singapore
See also:
Abortion in Singapore
Capital punishment in Singapore
, and
LGBT rights in Singapore
Capital punishment
is a legal and enforced penalty in Singapore. The country is
one of four
in the
developed world
to retain the death penalty, along with the United States,
Japan
and
Taiwan
. Particularly, its
use against drug trafficking
has been a source of contention with
non-governmental organisations
such as
Amnesty International
and
Human Rights Watch
271
272
The government has responded that it has "no doubts" that it is the right policy and that there is "clear evidence" of
serious deterrence
, and that the law should be looked at upon in the wider context of "saving lives", particularly citizens.
273
In 2004,
Amnesty International
claimed that some legal provisions of the Singapore system for the death penalty conflict with "the right to be
presumed innocent
until proven guilty".
274
The government has disputed Amnesty's claims, stating that their "position on abolition of the death penalty is by no means uncontested internationally" and that the report contains "grave errors of facts and misrepresentations".
275
From 1938 to 2023, sexual relations between men were technically illegal under
Section 377A of the Penal Code
, first introduced during British colonial rule.
276
During the last few decades, this law was mostly unenforced and pressure to repeal it increased as homosexuality became more accepted by Singaporean society.
277
Meanwhile, sexual relations between women had always been legal.
278
In 2022, Prime Minister
Lee Hsien Loong
announced that Singapore would repeal 377A, effectively decriminalising homosexual behaviour. Nevertheless, he added that the repeal will not affect the recognition of "traditional familial and societal norms," including how marriage is defined, leaving the legal status of
same-sex marriage
unchanged for the time, although the possibility of
civil unions
was not officially ruled out.
279
Lee described this as a compromise between the
conservative
(and often religious) and
progressive
elements of Singaporean society to prevent further political fracturing.
280
The law was officially repealed on 3 January 2023.
281
Pink Dot SG
, an event held in support of the
LGBT
community, has drawn thousands of people annually since 2009 with increasing attendance.
282
According to a survey conducted by the
Institute of Policy Studies
in 2019, Singaporean society has become more
liberal
on LGBT rights. In the survey, more than 20% of people said that sexual relations between adults of the same sex were not wrong at all or not wrong most of the time, up from 10% in 2013. The survey found that 27% felt the same way about same-sex marriage (an increase from 15% in 2013) and 30% did so about same-sex couples adopting a child (an increase from 24% in 2013).
283
284
Pimps
often
traffic
women from neighbouring countries such as
China
Malaysia
and
Vietnam
at their
brothels
as well as rented
apartments
and
hostels
for higher profit margins when they get a cut from customers.
285
286
In response, amendments were made to the
Women's Charter
by the government in 2019 to legislate more serious punishments for traffickers, including imprisonment of up to seven years and a fine of S$100,000.
287
Economy
Main article:
Economy of Singapore
Skyline of Singapore's
Downtown Core
Singapore has a highly developed
market economy
, based historically on extended
entrepôt
trade. Along with
Hong Kong
South Korea
, and
Taiwan
, Singapore is one of the
Four Asian Tigers
, and has surpassed its peers in terms of
Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) per capita. Between 1965 and 1995, growth rates averaged around 6 per cent per annum, transforming the living standards of the population.
288
The Singaporean economy is regarded as free,
289
innovative,
290
dynamic
291
and business-friendly.
292
For several years, Singapore has been one of the few
293
countries with a
AAA credit rating
from the
big three
, and the only Asian country to achieve this rating.
294
Singapore attracts a large amount of foreign investment as a result of its location, skilled workforce, low tax rates, advanced infrastructure and zero-tolerance against corruption.
295
It was the world's 4th most competitive economy in 2023, according to the
International Institute for Management Development
's World Competitiveness Ranking of 64 countries,
296
with the
highest GDP (PPP) per capita
297
298
299
Roughly 44 per cent of the Singaporean workforce is made up of non-Singaporeans.
300
Despite market freedom, Singapore's government operations have a significant stake in the economy, contributing 22% of the GDP.
301
The city is a popular location for conferences and events.
302
Singapore Airlines
, the country's
flag carrier
, celebrated the nation's 2015
Golden Jubilee
with a flag
livery
on its
Airbus A380
The currency of Singapore is the
Singapore dollar
(SGD or S$), issued by the
Monetary Authority of Singapore
(MAS).
303
It has been interchangeable with the
Brunei dollar
at
par value
since 1967.
304
MAS manages its
monetary policy
by allowing the Singapore dollar
exchange rate
to rise or fall within an undisclosed trading band. This is different from most
central banks
, which use
interest rates
to manage policy.
305
Singapore has the world's eleventh
largest foreign reserves
306
and one of the highest
net international investment position per capita
307
308
Singapore has been identified as a
tax haven
309
for the wealthy due to its low tax rates on personal income and tax exemptions on foreign-based income and capital gains. Individuals such as Australian millionaire retailer
Brett Blundy
and multi-billionaire Facebook co-founder
Eduardo Saverin
are two examples of wealthy individuals who have settled in Singapore.
310
In 2009, Singapore was removed from the
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
(OECD) "liste grise" of tax havens,
311
and ranked fourth on the
Tax Justice Network
's 2015
Financial Secrecy Index
of the world's off-shore financial service providers, banking one-eighth of the world's offshore capital, while "providing numerous tax avoidance and evasion opportunities".
312
In August 2016,
The Straits Times
reported that Indonesia had decided to create tax havens on two islands near Singapore to bring Indonesian capital back into the tax base.
313
In October 2016, the Monetary Authority of Singapore admonished and fined
UBS
and
DBS
and withdrew the banking licence from
Falcon Private Bank
de
for their alleged role in the Malaysian Sovereign Fund scandal.
314
315
In 2016, Singapore was rated the world's most expensive city for the third consecutive year by the
Economist Intelligence Unit
316
317
and this remained true in 2018.
318
The government provides numerous assistance programmes to the homeless and needy through the
Ministry of Social and Family Development
, so acute poverty is rare. Some of the programmes include providing financial assistance to needy households, providing free medical care at government hospitals, and paying for children's tuition.
319
320
321
Other benefits include compensation for gym fees to encourage citizens to exercise,
322
up to S$166,000 as a
baby bonus
for each citizen,
323
heavily subsidised healthcare, financial aid for the disabled, the provision of reduced-cost laptops for poor students,
324
rebates for costs such as public transport
325
and utility bills, and more.
326
327
In the 2025 report, Singapore was ranked 13th in the world in the
Human Development Index
(HDI) with a value of 0.946, making it one of four regions in Asia to be ranked within the top 20, with the other three being Hong Kong, United Arab Emirates, and South Korea.
Transport
Main article:
Transport in Singapore
Land
C151B
MRT train approaching
Eunos station
Public buses
in Singapore
Singapore's public transport network is shaped up with trains (consisting of the
MRT
and
LRT
systems),
buses
and
taxis
. There are currently six MRT lines (
North–South Line
East–West Line
North East Line
Circle Line
Downtown Line
and
Thomson–East Coast Line
), three LRT lines serving the neighbourhoods of
Bukit Panjang
and
Choa Chu Kang
Bukit Panjang LRT line
),
Sengkang
Sengkang LRT line
) and
Punggol
Punggol LRT line
),
328
covering around 241 km (150 mi) in total, and more than 300 bus routes in operation.
329
Taxis
are a popular form of transport as the fares are relatively affordable when compared to many other developed countries, whilst cars in Singapore are the most expensive to own worldwide.
330
Singapore has a
road system
covering 3,356 kilometres (2,085 mi), which includes 161 kilometres (100 mi)
of expressways
331
332
The
Singapore Area Licensing Scheme
, implemented in 1975, became the world's first
congestion pricing
scheme, and included other complementary measures such as stringent car ownership quotas and improvements in mass transit.
333
334
Upgraded in 1998 and renamed
Electronic Road Pricing
(ERP), the system introduced
electronic toll collection
, electronic detection, and video surveillance technology.
335
A satellite-based system was due to replace the physical gantries by 2020, but has been delayed until 2026 due to global shortages in the supply of semiconductors.
336
As Singapore is a small island with a high population density, the number of private cars on the road is restricted with a pre-set car population quota, to curb pollution and congestion. Car buyers must pay for Additional Registration Fees (ARF) duties of either 100%, 140%, 180% or 220% of the vehicle's Open Market Value (OMV), and bid for a Singaporean
Certificate of Entitlement
(COE) (that varies twice a month in supply based on the number of car registrations and de-registrations), which allows the car to be driven on the road for maximum period of 10 years. Car prices are generally significantly higher in Singapore than in other English-speaking countries.
337
As with most Commonwealth countries, vehicles on the road and people walking on the streets keep to the left (
left-hand traffic
).
338
In 2025, Singapore started actively engaging in autonomous vehicle testing. In November 2025, The
Land Transport Authority
(LTA) approved
WeRide
and
Grab
to test 11 autonomous vehicles on two
Punggol
shuttle routes after initial tests in October, and aim for public passengers by early 2026.
339
The
Johor–Singapore Causeway
(connecting Singapore with
Johor Bahru
, Malaysia) is the
busiest international land border crossing
in the world, whereby approximately 350,000 travellers cross the border checkpoints of both
Woodlands Checkpoint
and
Sultan Iskandar Building
daily (with an annual total of 128 million travellers).
340
The
Land Transport Authority
(LTA) is responsible for all land transport-related infrastructure and operations in Singapore.
Air
The Rain Vortex at
Jewel Changi Airport
Singapore is a major international
transport hub
in
Asia
, serving some of the busiest sea and air trade routes.
Changi Airport
is an aviation centre for
Southeast Asia
and a stopover on
Qantas
Kangaroo Route
between
Sydney
and
London
341
There are two civilian airports in Singapore,
Changi Airport
and
Seletar Airport
342
343
Changi Airport hosts a network of over 100 airlines connecting Singapore to some 300 cities in about 70 countries and territories worldwide.
344
It has been rated one of the best international airports by international travel magazines, including being rated as the world's best airport for the first time in 2006 by
Skytrax
345
It also had three of the ten
busiest international air routes in the world
in 2023: the busiest between
Kuala Lumpur
–Singapore, the seventh busiest between
Jakarta
–Singapore, and the ninth busiest between
Bangkok
–Singapore.
346
Singapore Airlines
, the
flag carrier
of Singapore,
347
has been regarded as a 5-star airline by Skytrax
348
and been in the world top 10 list of airlines for multiple consecutive years.
349
It held the title of the World's Best Airline by Skytrax in 2023. It won this title 12 times. Its hub,
Changi Airport
had also been rated as the world's best airport from 2013 to 2020 before being superseded by
Hamad International Airport
in
Doha
350
It reclaimed this title in 2023
351
before being superseded once more in 2024.
352
Sea
Port of Singapore viewed from The Pinnacle (2015)
The
Port of Singapore
, managed by port operators
PSA International
and
Jurong Port
, was the world's second-busiest port in 2019 in terms of shipping tonnage handled, at 2.85 billion
gross tons
(GT), and in terms of
containerised
traffic, at 37.2 million
twenty-foot equivalent units
(TEUs).
353
It is also the world's second-busiest, behind Shanghai, in terms of cargo tonnage with 626 million tons handled. In addition, the port is the world's busiest for
transshipment
traffic and the world's biggest ship refuelling centre.
354
Industry sectors
Singapore is the world's third-largest
foreign exchange
centre, sixth-largest
financial centre
355
second-largest casino gambling market,
356
third-largest oil-refining and trading centre, largest oil-rig producer and hub for ship repair services,
357
358
359
and largest logistics hub.
360
The economy is diversified, with its top contributors being financial services, manufacturing, and oil-refining. Its main exports are refined petroleum, integrated circuits, and computers,
361
which constituted 27% of the country's GDP in 2010. Other significant sectors include electronics, chemicals, mechanical engineering, and biomedical sciences. Singapore was ranked 5th in the
Global Innovation Index
in 2025
362
363
In 2019, there were more than 60 semiconductor companies in Singapore, which together constituted 11% of the global market share. The semiconductor industry alone contributes around 7% of Singapore's GDP.
364
Singapore's largest companies are in the
telecommunications
banking
transportation
, and manufacturing sectors, many of which started as state-run
statutory corporations
and have since been publicly listed on the
Singapore Exchange
. Such companies include
Singapore Telecommunications
(Singtel),
Singapore Technologies Engineering
Keppel Corporation
Oversea-Chinese Banking Corporation
(OCBC),
Development Bank of Singapore
(DBS), and
United Overseas Bank
(UOB). In 2011, after the
2008 financial crisis
, OCBC, DBS and UOB were ranked by
Bloomberg Businessweek
as the world's first, fifth, and sixth strongest banks in the world, respectively.
365
It is home to the headquarters of three
Fortune
Global 500
companies, the highest in the region.
366
The nation's best known global companies include
Singapore Airlines
Changi Airport
, and the
Port of Singapore
, all of which are among the most-awarded in their respective fields. Singapore Airlines was ranked as Asia's most-admired company, and the world's 19th most-admired company in 2015 by
Fortune
s annual "50 most admired companies in the world" industry surveys. Other awards it has received include the US-based
Travel + Leisure
s Best International Airline award, which it has won for 20 consecutive years.
367
368
Changi Airport connects over 100 airlines to more than 300 cities. The strategic international air hub has more than 480 World's Best Airport awards as of 2015
[update]
, and is known as the most-awarded airport in the world.
369
Over ten
free-trade agreements
have been signed with other countries and regions.
222
Singapore is the second-largest foreign investor in India.
370
It is the 14th largest exporter and the 15th largest importer in the world.
371
372
Tourism
Main article:
Tourism in Singapore
The
Merlion
, the official mascot of Singapore
Tourism is a major industry and contributor to the
Singaporean economy
, attracting 13.6 million international tourists in 2023, more than double Singapore's total population.
373
Tourism contributed directly to about 3% of Singapore's GDP, on average, in the 10 years before 2023, excluding the
COVID-19 pandemic
years.
374
Altogether, the sector generated approximately 8.6% of Singapore's employment in 2016.
375
Well-known landmarks include the
Merlion
376
the
Esplanade
377
Marina Bay Sands
378
Gardens by the Bay
379
Jewel Changi Airport
380
CHIJMES
377
National Gallery Singapore
377
the
Singapore Flyer
377
the
Orchard Road
shopping belt,
381
the resort island of
Sentosa
382
and the
Singapore Botanic Gardens
, Singapore's first
UNESCO World Heritage Site
383
all located in southern and eastern Singapore.
The Victoria Theatre
The
Singapore Tourism Board
(STB) is the
statutory board
under the
Ministry of Trade and Industry
which is tasked with the promotion of the country's tourism industry. In August 2017 the STB and the Economic Development Board (EDB) unveiled a unified brand, Singapore –
Passion Made Possible
, to market Singapore internationally for tourism and business purposes.
384
The
Orchard Road
district, which contains multi-storey shopping centres and hotels, can be considered the centre of shopping and tourism in Singapore.
381
Other popular tourist attractions include the
Singapore Zoo
River Wonders
Bird Paradise
and
Night Safari
(located in Northern Singapore). The Singapore Zoo has embraced the open zoo concept whereby animals are kept in enclosures, separated from visitors by hidden dry or wet moats, instead of caging the animals, and the River Wonders has 300 species of animals, including numerous endangered species.
385
Singapore promotes itself as a
medical tourism
hub, with about 200,000 foreigners seeking medical care there each year. Singapore medical services aim to serve at least one million foreign patients annually and generate US$3 billion in revenue.
386
Raffles Hotel
In 2025, Singapore saw a record number of nearly 245 million people crossing its borders. In the same year, Singapore turned away more than 45,000 foreigners – 38% higher than 2024.
387
Luxury Hotels in Singapore include
Raffles Hotel,
Marina Bay Sands
Grand Hyatt Singapore
Capella Singapore
Conrad Singapore
Hilton Singapore Orchard,
Shangri-La Singapore
and
The Ritz-Carlton Millenia Singapore
Demographics
Main articles:
Demographics of Singapore
and
Singaporeans
See also:
Race in Singapore
Chinese (
East Asian
), Malay (
Southeast Asian
), and Indian (
South Asian
) women in Singapore,
c.
1890
. To promote racial harmony among the three races, a unique
Racial Harmony Day
is celebrated on 21 July every year.
As of mid-2025, Singapore's total population stood at 6,110,200, of whom 3,660,200 (59.9%) were
citizens
and the remaining 2,450,000 (40.1%) were either
permanent residents
(543,800, 8.9%) or
international students
foreign workers
, or
dependants
(1,906,700, 31.2%).
The 2020 census reported that about 74.3% of residents were of Chinese descent, 13.5% of Malay descent, 9.0% of Indian descent, and 3.2% of other descent (such as
Eurasian
); this proportion was virtually identical to the 2010 census, with slight increases among Chinese and Malay (0.2% and 0.1% respectively) and minor decreases in Indian and others (0.2% and 0.1%).
388
389
Prior to 2010, each person could register as a member of only one race, by default that of his or her father; therefore, mixed-race persons were solely grouped under their father's race in government censuses. From 2010 onward, people may register using a multi-racial classification, in which they may choose one primary race and one secondary race, but no more than two.
390
Like other developed countries in Asia, Singapore experienced a rapid decline in its
total fertility rate
(TFR) beginning in the 1980s.
391
Since 2010, its TFR has largely plateaued at 1.1 children per woman, which is among the lowest in the world and well below the 2.1 needed to replace the population.
392
Consequently, the median age of Singaporean residents is among the highest in the world, at 42.8 in 2022 compared to 39.6 ten years earlier.
393
Starting in 2001, the government
introduced a series of programmes
to increase fertility, including paid maternity leave, childcare subsidies, tax relief and rebates, one-time cash gifts, and grants for companies that implement flexible work arrangements;
391
nevertheless, live births have continued to decline, hitting a record low in 2022.
394
Singapore's immigration policy is designed to alleviate the decline and maintain its working-age population.
395
396
397
91% of resident households (i.e. households headed by a Singapore citizen or permanent resident) own the homes they live in, and the average household size is 3.43 persons (which include dependants who are neither citizens nor permanent residents).
398
399
However, due to scarcity of land, 78.7% of resident households live in
subsidised, high-rise, public housing apartments
Housing and Development Board
(HDB). Also, 75.9% of resident households live in properties that are equal to, or larger than, a four-room (i.e. three bedrooms plus one living room) HDB flat or in private housing.
400
401
Live-in foreign
domestic workers
are quite common in Singapore, with about 224,500 foreign domestic workers there, as of December 2013.
402
Languages
Main article:
Languages of Singapore
Singapore has four official languages:
Malay
Mandarin
, and
Tamil
403
Language used most frequently at home
Language
Per cent
48.3%
Mandarin
29.9%
Malay
9.2%
Other Sinitic languages
8.7%
Tamil
2.5%
Others
1.4%
English is the
lingua franca
404
405
406
407
and the main language used in business, government, law and education.
408
409
The
Constitution of Singapore
and all government legislation is written in English, and
interpreters
are required if a language other than English is used in the
Singaporean courts
410
411
Statutory corporations
conduct their businesses in English, while any official documents written in a non-English official language such as Malay, Mandarin, or Tamil are typically translated into English to be accepted for use.
412
405
413
Malay
was designated as a national language by the Singaporean government after independence from Britain in the 1960s to avoid friction with Singapore's Malay-speaking neighbours of Malaysia and Indonesia.
209
It has a symbolic, rather than functional purpose.
403
414
415
It is used in the national anthem
Majulah Singapura
416
in citations of
Singaporean orders and decorations
and in military commands.
417
418
Singaporean Malay is officially written in the Latin-based
Rumi script
, though some Singaporean Malays also learn the Arabic-based
Jawi script
419
Jawi is considered an ethnic script for use on Singaporean identity cards.
420
Singaporeans are mostly
bilingual
, typically with English as their common language and their
mother-tongue
as a second language taught in schools, in order to preserve each individual's ethnic identity and values. According to the 2020 census, English was the language most spoken at home, used by 48.3% of the population; Mandarin was next, spoken at home by 29.9%.
418
421
Nearly half a million speak other ancestral Southern
varieties of Chinese
, mainly
Hokkien
Teochew
, and
Cantonese
, as their home language, although the use of these is declining in favour of Mandarin or just English.
422
Singapore Chinese characters
are
simplified characters
423
Singaporean English
is largely based on
British English
, owing to the country's status as a former
crown colony
424
425
However, forms of English spoken in Singapore range from
Standard Singapore English
to a colloquial form known as
Singlish
, which is discouraged by the government as it claims it to be a substandard
English creole
that handicaps Singaporeans, presenting an obstacle to learning standard English and rendering the speaker incomprehensible to everyone except to another Singlish speaker.
426
Standard Singapore English is fully understandable to all
Standard English
speakers, while most English-speaking people do not understand Singlish. Nevertheless, Singaporeans have a strong sense of identity and connection to Singlish, whereby the existence of Singlish is recognised as a distinctive cultural marker for many Singaporeans.
427
As such, in recent times, the government has tolerated the
diglossia
of both Singlish and Standard English (only for those who are fluent in both), whilst continuously reinforcing the importance of Standard English amongst those who speak only Singlish (which is not
mutually intelligible
with the Standard English of other
English-speaking countries
).
427
Religion
Main article:
Religion in Singapore
Religion in Singapore (2020 census)
428
Buddhism
(31.1%)
No religion
(20.0%)
Christianity
(18.9%)
Islam
(15.6%)
Taoism
(8.80%)
Hinduism
(5.00%)
Sikhism
(0.30%)
Other religions (0.30%)
Buddhism
is the most widely practised religion, with 31% of residents declaring themselves adherents in the 2020 census.
Christianity
was the second largest religion at 18.9%, followed by
Islam
(15.6%),
Taoism
and
folk beliefs
(8.8%),
Hinduism
(5.0%) and
Sikhism
(0.3%). One-fifth of the population had no religious affiliation. The proportion of Christians, Muslims, and the nonreligious slightly increased between 2010 and 2020, while the proportion of Buddhists and Taoists slightly decreased; Hinduism and other faiths remained largely stable in their share of the population.
429
430
431
Singapore hosts monasteries and
Dharma
centres from all three major traditions of Buddhism:
Theravada
Mahayana
, and
Vajrayana
. Most Buddhists in Singapore are Chinese and adhere to the Mahayana tradition,
432
owing to decades of missionary activity from China. However,
Thailand's Theravada Buddhism
has seen growing popularity among the populace (not only the Chinese) during the past decade.
Soka Gakkai International
, a Japanese Buddhist organisation, is practised by many people in Singapore, and mostly by those of Chinese descent.
Tibetan Buddhism
has also made slow inroads into the country in recent years.
433
Education
Main article:
Education in Singapore
See also:
List of primary schools in Singapore
List of secondary schools in Singapore
, and
List of universities in Singapore
Singapore University of Technology and Design
(SUTD) campus
Education for primary, secondary, and tertiary levels is mostly supported by the state. All institutions, public and private, must be registered with the
Ministry of Education
(MOE).
434
English is the language of instruction in all public schools,
435
and all subjects are taught and examined in English except for the "
mother tongue
" language paper.
436
While the term "mother tongue" in general refers to the first language internationally, in Singapore's education system, it is used to refer to the second language, as English is the first language.
437
438
Students who have been abroad for a while, or who struggle with their "Mother Tongue" language, are allowed to take a simpler syllabus or drop the subject.
439
440
Education takes place in three stages: primary, secondary, and pre-university education, with the primary education being compulsory. Students begin with six years of primary school, which is made up of a four-year foundation course and a two-year orientation stage. The curriculum is focused on the development of English, the mother tongue,
mathematics
, and
science
441
442
Secondary school lasts from four to five years, and is divided between Express, Normal (Academic), and Normal (Technical) streams in each school, depending on a student's ability level.
443
The basic coursework breakdown is the same as in the primary level, although classes are much more specialised.
444
Pre-university education takes place at either
Junior Colleges
(JCs) or the
Millennia Institute
(MI), over a period of two and three years respectively.
445
As alternatives to pre-university education, however, courses are offered in other post-secondary education institutions, including at
polytechnics
and
Institute of Technical Education
(ITE) colleges. Singapore has six public universities,
446
of which the
National University of Singapore
(NUS) and
Nanyang Technological University
(NTU) are among the top 20 universities in the world.
447
National examinations are standardised across all schools, with a test taken after each stage. After the first six years of education, students take the
Primary School Leaving Examination
(PSLE),
441
which determines their placement at secondary school. At the end of the secondary stage,
GCE O-Level
or
GCE N-Level
exams are taken;
448
at the end of the following pre-university stage, the
GCE A-Level
exams are taken.
449
Some schools have a degree of freedom in their curriculum and are known as autonomous schools, for
secondary education
level and above.
443
Singapore is also an education hub, with more than 80,000 international students in 2006.
450
5,000 Malaysian students cross the
Johor–Singapore Causeway
daily to attend schools in Singapore.
451
In 2009, 20% of all students in Singaporean universities were international students—the maximum cap allowed, a majority from
ASEAN
, China and India.
452
Singapore students have excelled in many of the world education benchmarks in maths, science and reading. In 2015, both its primary and secondary students rank first in
OECD
's global school performance rankings across 76 countries—described as the most comprehensive map of education standards.
453
454
In 2016, Singapore students topped both the
Programme for International Student Assessment
(PISA)
455
456
457
458
and the
Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study
(TIMSS).
459
460
461
In the 2016 EF English Proficiency Index taken in 72 countries, Singapore placed 6th and has been the only Asian country in the top 10.
462
463
464
465
Health
Main article:
Health in Singapore
See also:
Healthcare in Singapore
National University Hospital
is the second largest hospital in the city, serving one million patients yearly.
Singapore has a generally efficient healthcare system, having achieved high quality of care while also keeping expenditures low.
466
The
World Health Organisation
ranks Singapore's healthcare system as 6th overall in the world in its
World Health Report
467
Singapore has had the
lowest infant mortality rates in the world
for the past two decades.
468
In 2019, Singaporeans had the longest life expectancy of any country at 84.8 years. Women can expect to live an average of 87.6 years with 75.8 years in good health. The averages are lower for men.
469
Singapore is ranked 1st on the
Global Food Security Index
470
As of December 2011 and January 2013, 8,800 foreigners and 5,400 Singaporeans were respectively diagnosed with HIV,
471
but there are fewer than 10 annual deaths from HIV per 100,000 people. Adult obesity is below 10%.
472
There is a high level of
immunisation
473
In 2013, the
Economist Intelligence Unit
ranked Singapore as having the best quality of life in Asia and sixth overall in the world.
474
The government's healthcare system is based upon the "3M" framework. This has three components: Medifund, which provides a safety net for those not able to otherwise afford healthcare;
Medisave
, a compulsory national
medical savings account
system covering about 85% of the population; and Medishield, a government-funded health insurance programme. Public hospitals in Singapore have considerable autonomy in their management decisions, and notionally compete for patients, but remain in government ownership.
475
A subsidy scheme exists for those on low income.
476
In 2008, 32% of healthcare was funded by the government. Healthcare accounts for approximately 3.5% of Singapore's GDP.
477
Culture
Main article:
Culture of Singapore
Ornate details on top of Sri Mariamman Temple in
Chinatown
district, Singapore's oldest Hindu temple since 1827
Despite its small size, Singapore has a diversity of languages, religions, and cultures.
478
Former prime ministers Lee Kuan Yew and Goh Chok Tong stated that Singapore does not fit the traditional description of a nation, calling it a society-in-transition, pointing out the fact that Singaporeans do not all speak the same language, share the same religion, or have the same customs.
478
479
Singaporeans who speak English as their native language would likely lean toward
Western culture
(along with either
Christian culture
or
secularism
),
480
while those who speak Chinese as their native language mostly lean toward
Chinese culture
, which has linkages with
Chinese folk religion
Buddhism
Taoism
and
Confucianism
. Malay-speaking Singaporeans mostly lean toward
Malay culture
, which itself is closely linked to
Islamic culture
481
482
Tamil-speaking Singaporeans mostly lean toward
Tamil culture
, which itself is mostly linked to
Hindu culture
. Racial and religious harmony is regarded as a crucial part of Singapore's success, and played a part in building a Singaporean identity.
483
484
When Singapore became independent from the United Kingdom in 1963, most Singaporean citizens were transient
migrant labourers
who had no intention of staying permanently.
485
There was also a sizeable minority of middle-class, locally born people—known as
Peranakans
or Baba-Nyonya-descendants of 15th- and 16th-century Chinese immigrants. With the exception of the Peranakans who pledged their loyalties to Singapore, most of the labourers' loyalties lay with their respective homelands of
Malaya
, China and India. After independence, the government began a deliberate process of crafting a uniquely Singaporean identity and culture.
485
Singapore has a reputation as a
nanny state
486
487
The government also places a heavy emphasis on
meritocracy
, where one is judged based on one's ability.
488
The national flower of Singapore is the
hybrid
orchid
Vanda
Miss Joaquim
, named in memory of
Agnes Joaquim
, who crossbred the flower in her garden at
Tanjong Pagar
in 1893.
489
Singapore is known as the
Lion City
and many national symbols such as the
coat of arms
and the
lion head symbol
make use of a lion. Major religious festivals are
public holidays
490
UNESCO recognises Singapore as a "
Design City
."
Arts
Further information:
Dance in Singapore
Singaporean literature
, and
Music of Singapore
The
National Gallery Singapore
oversees the world's largest public collection of Singaporean and Southeast Asian art.
During the 1990s the
National Arts Council
was created to spearhead the development of performing arts, along with visual and literary art forms.
491
The
National Gallery Singapore
is the nation's flagship museum with some 8,000 works from Singaporean and other Southeast Asian artists. The
Singapore Art Museum
focuses on contemporary art from a Southeast Asian perspective.
492
The
Red Dot
Design Museum celebrates exceptional art and design of objects for everyday life, hosting more than 1,000 items from 50 countries. The lotus-shaped
ArtScience Museum
hosts touring exhibitions that combine art with the sciences. Other major museums include the
Asian Civilisations Museum
, the
Peranakan Museum
, and
The Arts House
493
The Esplanade
is Singapore's largest performing arts centre. In 2016 alone, it was the site of 5,900 free art and culture events.
494
495
Literature of Singapore, or "SingLit", consists of a collection of literary works by Singaporeans written chiefly in the country's four official languages: English, Malay, Mandarin, and Tamil. Singapore is increasingly regarded as having four sub-literatures instead of one. Many significant works have been translated and showcased in publications such as the literary journal
Singa
, published in the 1980s and 1990s with editors including
Edwin Thumboo
and
Koh Buck Song
, as well as in multilingual anthologies such as
Rhythms: A Singaporean Millennial Anthology Of Poetry
(2000), in which the poems were all translated three times each. A number of Singaporean writers such as
Tan Swie Hian
and
Kuo Pao Kun
have contributed work in more than one language.
496
497
Singapore has a diverse music culture that ranges from pop and rock, to folk and classical. Western classical music plays a significant role in the cultural life in Singapore, with the
Singapore Symphony Orchestra
(SSO) instituted in 1979. Other notable western orchestras in Singapore include
Singapore National Youth Orchestra
498
and the community-based
Braddell Heights Symphony Orchestra
499
Many orchestras and ensembles are also found in secondary schools and junior colleges. Various communities have their own distinct ethnic musical traditions: Chinese, Malays, Indians, and Eurasians. With their traditional forms of music and various modern musical styles, the fusion of different forms account for the musical diversity in the country.
500
The nation's lively urban musical scene has made it a centre for international performances and festivals in the region. Some of Singapore's best known pop singers include
Stefanie Sun
JJ Lin
Liang Wern Fook
Taufik Batisah
and
Dick Lee
, who is famous for composing
National Day
theme songs, including
501
502
Media
Main article:
Media of Singapore
See also:
Telecommunications in Singapore
The
Ministry of Communications and Information
oversees the development of
infocomm
, media and
the arts
Companies linked to the government control much of the domestic media in Singapore.
503
MediaCorp
operates most
free-to-air television channels
and
free-to-air radio stations
in Singapore. There are a total of six free-to-air TV channels offered by MediaCorp.
504
StarHub TV
and
Singtel TV
also offer
IPTV
with channels from all around the world.
505
506
SPH Media Trust
, a body with close links to the government, controls most of the newspaper industry in Singapore.
507
Singapore's media industry has sometimes been criticised for being overly regulated and lacking in freedom by human rights groups such as
Freedom House
503
Self-censorship among journalists is said to be common.
507
In 2023, Singapore was ranked 129 on the Press Freedom Index published by
Reporters Without Borders
, up from 139 the previous year.
508
The
Media Development Authority
regulates Singaporean media, claiming to balance the demand for choice and protection against offensive and harmful material.
509
Private ownership of TV satellite dishes is banned.
507
Internet in Singapore
is provided by state-owned
Singtel
, partially state-owned
Starhub
and
M1 Limited
as well as some other business
internet service providers
(ISPs) that offer residential service plans of speeds up to 2
Gbit/s
as of spring 2015.
510
Equinix
(332 participants) and the
Singapore Internet Exchange
(70 participants) are
Internet exchange points
where
Internet service providers
and
Content delivery networks
exchange Internet traffic between their networks (
autonomous systems
) in various locations in Singapore.
511
512
In the mid-1980s to 1990s, Singaporeans could also use the locally based videotext service
Singapore Teleview
to communicate with one another.
513
The phrase
Intelligent Island
arose in the 1990s in reference to the island nation's early adaptive relationship with the internet.
513
514
In 2016, there were an estimated 4.7 million internet users in Singapore, representing 82.5% of the population.
515
The Singapore government does not engage in widespread censoring of the internet,
516
but it maintains a list of one hundred websites—mostly pornographic—that it blocks from home internet access as a "symbolic statement of the Singaporean community's stand on harmful and undesirable content on the Internet".
517
518
Singapore has the world's highest
smartphone
penetration rates, in surveys by
Deloitte
519
520
and the Google Consumer Barometer—at 89% and 85% of the population respectively in 2014.
521
The overall mobile phone penetration rate is at 148 mobile phone subscribers per 100 people.
522
Cuisine
Main article:
Singaporean cuisine
Lau Pa Sat
hawker centre in the financial district.
Satay
cart-stalls roll in after dusk, on a side street.
Singapore's diversity of cuisine is touted as a reason to visit the country, due to its combination of convenience, variety, quality, and price.
523
Local food items generally relate to a particular ethnicity – Chinese, Malay and Indian; but the diversity of cuisine has increased further by the hybridisation of different styles (e.g., the
Peranakan cuisine
, a mix of Chinese and Malay cuisine). In hawker centres, cultural diffusion is exemplified by traditionally Malay hawker stalls also selling Tamil food.
Hainanese chicken rice
, based on the Hainanese dish
Wenchang chicken
, is considered Singapore's national dish.
524
525
The city-state has a burgeoning food scene ranging from hawker centres (open-air), food courts (air-conditioned), coffee shops (open-air with up to a dozen hawker stalls), cafes, fast food, simple kitchens, casual, celebrity and high-end restaurants.
526
Cloud kitchens
and food delivery are also on the rise, with 70% of residents ordering from delivery apps at least once a month.
527
528
Many international
celebrity chef
restaurants are located within the
integrated resorts
529
Religious dietary strictures exist (Muslims do not eat pork and Hindus do not eat beef), and there is also a significant group of vegetarians. The
Singapore Food Festival
which celebrates Singapore's cuisine is held annually in July.
530
Prior to the 1980s,
street food
was sold mainly by immigrants from China, India, and Malaysia to other immigrants seeking a familiar taste. In Singapore, street food has long been associated with
hawker centres
with communal seating areas. Typically, these centres have a few dozen to hundreds of food stalls, with each specialising in one or more related dishes.
531
526
While street food can be found in many countries, the variety and reach of centralised hawker centres that serve heritage street food in Singapore is unique.
532
In 2018, there were 114 hawker centres spread across the city centre and heartland housing estates. They are maintained by the
National Environment Agency
, which also grades each food stall for hygiene. The largest hawker centre is located on the second floor of Chinatown Complex, and contains over 200 stalls.
532
The complex is also home to the cheapest Michelin-starred meal in the world – a plate of
soya-sauce
chicken rice or noodles for S$2 (US$1.50). Two street food stalls in the city are the first in the world to be awarded a Michelin star, obtaining a single star each.
533
Sport and recreation
Main article:
Sport in Singapore
Joseph Schooling
is a gold medalist and Olympic record holder at the
Rio 2016 Games – 100 m butterfly
534
In 1948,
Lloyd Valberg
participated in the
1948 Summer Olympics
in London, which made him the first Singaporean to participate in the
Olympic Games
. The development of private sports and recreation clubs began in the 19th century colonial Singapore, with clubs founded during this time including the Cricket Club, the
Singapore Recreation Club
, the Singapore Swimming Club, and the Hollandse Club.
535
Weightlifter
Tan Howe Liang
was Singapore's first Olympic medalist, winning a silver at the
1960 Rome Games
536
Singapore hosted the inaugural
2010 Summer Youth Olympics
, in which 3,600 athletes from 204 nations competed in 26 sports.
537
Indoor and water sports are some of the most popular sports in Singapore. At the
2016 Rio Olympics
Joseph Schooling
won Singapore's first Olympic gold medal, claiming the
100-metre butterfly
in a new Olympic record time of 50.39 seconds.
534
Singapore sailors have had success on the international stage, with their
Optimist
team being considered among the best in the world.
538
539
Despite its size, the country has dominated swim meets in the
Southeast Asia Games
. Its men's water polo team won the SEA Games gold medal for the 27th time in 2017, continuing Singapore sport's longest winning streak.
540
At the
2024 Paris Olympics
Max Maeder
won Singapore's first Olympic medal in
sailing
, achieving bronze at the
Men's Formula Kite
on
National Day
. At 17, he was also Singapore's youngest Olympic medalist.
541
Singapore's women's table tennis team were silver medalists at the
2008 Beijing Olympics
542
543
They became world champions in 2010 when they beat China at the
World Team Table Tennis Championships
in Russia, breaking China's 19-year winning streak.
544
In 2021, Singapore's
Loh Kean Yew
achieved a "World Champion" status when he won a badminton gold at the
2021 BWF World Championships
men's singles
, which is one of the most prestigious badminton tournaments alongside the
Summer Olympics badminton tournaments
545
Singapore's
football
league, the
Singapore Premier League
, was launched in 1996 as the S.League and comprises eight clubs, including one foreign team.
546
547
The
Singapore Slingers
is one of the inaugural teams in the
ASEAN Basketball League
, which was founded in October 2009.
548
Kranji Racecourse
is run by the
Singapore Turf Club
and hosts several meetings per week, including international races—notably the
Singapore Airlines International Cup
549
Singapore began hosting a round of the
Formula One World Championship
, the
Singapore Grand Prix
at the
Marina Bay Street Circuit
in 2008. It was the inaugural F1 night race,
550
and the first F1 street race in Asia.
551
It is considered a signature event on the F1 calendar.
552
ONE Championship
was founded in Singapore, a major
Mixed Martial Arts
(MMA) promotion in Asia.
553
See also
Singapore portal
Cities portal
Islands portal
Asia portal
Foreign relations of Singapore
Outline of Singapore
Notes
Singapore has no official distinct capital city as it is a
city-state
. Prior to its independence as a
sovereign state
in 1965, the
City of Singapore
served as the capital. Today, the
Central Area
occupies this role in practice, functioning as a
de facto
capital without any formal designation.
In Singapore, proportions of ethnic groups publicly released are based only on the resident population, which comprises Singaporean citizens (SC) and permanent residents (PR).
In Singapore, proportions of religious denominations publicly released are based only on the resident population, which comprises Singaporean citizens (SC) and permanent residents (PR).
Singaporean citizen (SC) population is 3,660,700 (59.9%), Permanent resident (PR) population is 543,800 (8.9%), Non-citizen/resident population is 1,906,000 (31.2%).
See
Date and time notation in Asia
ɔːr
SING
-(g)ə-por
The breakdown of British Empire losses included 38,496 United Kingdom, 18,490 Australian, 67,340 Indian and 14,382 local volunteer troops. Total Australian casualties included 1,789 killed and 1,306 wounded.
59
Some of Singapore's islands use the English term "island" (e.g. Jurong Island or Sentosa Island), while others retain the Malay term "pulau" in their common names (e.g. Pulau Ubin or Pulau Tekong), largely for historical or cultural reasons. In Singapore English, "island" and "pulau" are often used interchangeably, with "pulau" functioning as a synonym for the English word in this specific context.
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Attribution
This article incorporates public domain text from the websites of the
Singapore Department of Statistics
, the
United States Department of State
, the
United States Library of Congress
and
The World Factbook
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Further reading
Library resources
about
Singapore
Online books
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
By Singapore
Online books
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
Abshire, Jean E. (2011).
The History of Singapore
. The Greenwood histories of the modern nations. Santa Barbara, Calif:
Greenwood Publishing Group
ISBN
978-0-313-37742-6
OCLC
669750075
Barr, Michael D. (2019).
Singapore: A Modern History
. London; New York:
Bloomsbury Academic
ISBN
978-1-350-13387-7
OCLC
1097575328
Chia, Wai Mun; Sng, Hui Ying, eds. (2009).
Singapore and Asia in a Globalized World: Contemporary Economic Issues and Policies
. Singapore; Hackensack, N.J:
World Scientific
ISBN
978-981-281-557-6
Corfield, Justin J. (2011).
Historical Dictionary of Singapore
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Scarecrow Press
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978-0-8108-7184-7
Ghesquiere, Henri (2007).
Singapore's Success: Engineering Economic Growth
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Thomson Corporation
ISBN
978-981-4195-28-7
Heng, Chye Kiang, ed. (2015).
50 Years Of Urban Planning In Singapore
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World Scientific
ISBN
978-981-4656-45-0
Hill, Michael; Lian, Kwen Fee (1995).
The Politics of Nation Building and Citizenship in Singapore
. Politics in Asia series (Repr ed.). London:
Routledge
ISBN
978-0-415-12025-8
Huff, W. G. (1994).
The Economic Growth of Singapore: Trade and Development in the Twentieth Century
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Cambridge University Press
ISBN
978-0-521-37037-0
King, Rodney (2008).
The Singapore Miracle, Myth and Reality
(2. ed.). Inglewood, Wa: Insight Press.
ISBN
978-0-9775567-0-0
Koh, Tommy
; et al., eds. (2006).
Singapore: The Encyclopedia
National Heritage Board
. Singapore:
Editions Didier Millet
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981-4155-63-2
via Archive.org
Lee, Kuan Yew (2000).
From Third World to First: The Singapore Story, 1965–2000
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HarperCollins
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978-0-06-019776-6
Leifer, Michael (2000).
Singapore's Foreign Policy: Coping with Vulnerability
. Politics in Asia. London:
Routledge
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978-0-415-23353-8
Mauzy, Diane K.; Milne, R. S. (2002).
Singapore Politics Under the People's Action Party
. Politics in Asia. New York:
Routledge
ISBN
978-0-415-24653-8
Perry, John Curtis (2017).
Singapore: Unlikely Power
. New York, NY:
Oxford University Press
ISBN
978-0-19-046950-4
Singh, Bilveer (2022).
Understanding Singapore Politics
(2nd ed.). Singapore:
World Scientific
ISBN
978-981-12-4340-0
Tan, Kenneth Paul (2007). Tan, Kenneth Paul (ed.).
Renaissance Singapore? Economy, Culture, and Politics
. Singapore:
NUS Press
ISBN
978-9971-69-377-0
Worthington, Ross (2003).
Governance in Singapore
. London:
RoutledgeCurzon
ISBN
978-0-7007-1474-2
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