Southern Africa - Wikipedia

Southern Africa - Wikipedia
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Southernmost region of Africa
For the country, see
South Africa
Southern Africa (
UN subregion
and the
SACU
Regions of the African Union:
Northern
Western
Southern
Eastern
Central
Note that
Ceuta
and
Melilla
in
Northern Africa
are parts of
Spain
United Nations geoscheme for Africa
Eastern Africa
Central Africa
Northern Africa
Southern Africa
Western Africa
Southern Africa
is the southernmost region of
Africa
. No definition is agreed upon, but some groupings include the
United Nations geoscheme
, the intergovernmental
Southern African Development Community
, and the
physical geography definition
based on the physical characteristics of the land. The most restrictive definition considers the region of Southern Africa to consist of
Botswana
Eswatini
Lesotho
Namibia
, and
South Africa
while other definitions also include several other countries from the area.
Defined by
physical geography
, Southern Africa is home to several river systems; the
Zambezi River
is the most prominent. The Zambezi flows from the northwest corner of
Zambia
and western
Angola
to the
Indian Ocean
on the coast of
Mozambique
. Along the way, it flows over
Victoria Falls
on the border between
Zambia
and
Zimbabwe
. Victoria Falls is one of the largest waterfalls in the world and a major tourist attraction for the region.
Southern Africa includes both
subtropical
and
temperate
climates, with the
Tropic of Capricorn
running through the middle of the region, dividing it into its subtropical and temperate halves. Countries commonly included in Southern Africa include
Angola
Botswana
Comoros
Eswatini
Lesotho
Madagascar
Malawi
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
South Africa
Zambia
, and
Zimbabwe
. In
cultural geography
, the island country of
Madagascar
is often not included due to its distinct language and cultural heritage.
Southern Africa has a more developed economy and infrastructure compared to the other regions of Africa, having a robust mining sector, comparatively developed secondary and tertiary sectors, and a strong manufacturing sector. Nevertheless, the region continues to struggle with inequality, crime, poverty, and the epidemic of
HIV/AIDS in Africa
, with Eswatini, Lesotho, Botswana, South Africa, and Namibia having the highest HIV/AIDS rates in the world.
Definitions and usage
edit
In
physical geography
, the geographical delineation for the subregion is the portion of Africa south of the
Cunene
and Zambezi Rivers: Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe, and the part of Mozambique that lies south of the Zambezi River. That definition is most often used in South Africa for natural sciences and particularly in guidebooks such as
Roberts' Birds of Southern Africa
, the
Southern African Bird Atlas Project
, and
Mammals of the Southern African Subregion
. It is not used in political, economic, or human geography contexts because the definition cuts Mozambique in two.
citation needed
UN scheme of geographic regions and the SACU
edit
In the United Nations geoscheme for Africa, five states constitute Southern Africa:
Botswana
Eswatini
(Swaziland)
Lesotho
Namibia
South Africa
This definition
excludes other countries in the region, and instead includes the Comoros, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mayotte, Mozambique, Réunion, the Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean (as a part of the
French Southern Territories
), Zambia, and Zimbabwe in
Eastern Africa
, Angola in
Middle Africa
(or Central Africa), and Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha (under the name Saint Helena) in
Western Africa
, instead. Some atlases include Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe in Central Africa instead of Southern or Eastern Africa.
The
Southern African Customs Union
, created in 1969, also comprises the five states in the
UN subregion
of Southern Africa.
SADC membership
edit
The
Southern African Development Community
(SADC) was established in 1980 to facilitate co-operation in the region. It includes:
Angola
Botswana
Comoros
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Eswatini
(Swaziland)
Lesotho
Madagascar
Malawi
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
Seychelles
South Africa
Tanzania
Zambia
Zimbabwe
General usage
edit
Other than the UN subregion, these countries and territories are often included in Southern Africa:
citation needed
Angola
Comoros
France
Mayotte
Réunion
Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean
Madagascar
Malawi
Mauritius
Mozambique
United Kingdom
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
Zambia
Zimbabwe
The
Democratic Republic of the Congo
is generally included in Central Africa, while
Seychelles
and
Tanzania
are more commonly associated with Eastern Africa, but these three countries have occasionally been included in Southern Africa, as they are the SADC members.
Geography
edit
A November 2002 satellite image of Southern Africa
Victoria Falls
is part of the
Zambezi
river, which forms the border between Zimbabwe and Zambia.
The
Namib
is a coastal desert in Namibia and Angola.
The terrain of Southern Africa is varied, ranging from
forest
and
grasslands
to
deserts
. The region has both low-lying coastal areas, and mountains.
In terms of natural resources, the region has the world's largest resources of
platinum
and the platinum group elements,
chromium
vanadium
, and
cobalt
, as well as
uranium
gold
copper
titanium
iron
manganese
silver
beryllium
, and
diamonds
Southern Africa is set apart from other
Sub-Saharan African
regions because of its mineral resources, including copper, diamonds, gold, zinc, chromium, platinum, manganese, iron ore, and coal. Countries in Southern Africa are larger in geographic area, except three smaller landlocked states: Lesotho, Eswatini (Swaziland), and Malawi. The larger states — South Africa, Botswana, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Namibia, and Angola — all have extensive mineral deposits.
These widespread mineral resources make this one of the wealthiest regions of Africa with the greatest potential for
economic growth
. A chain of mineral resources in Southern Africa stretches from the rich oil fields in northwest Angola, east through the central diamond-mining region in
Huambo Province
, and into the
Copper Belt
region of Zambia and Congo. A region of rich mineral deposits continues to the south called the
Great Dyke
in central Zimbabwe, through the
Bushveld
basin into South Africa. This extends southwest through the
Witwatersrand
and
Northern Cape
of South Africa toward the southern coast. Mining activity exists across the eastern region. Diamond mining is found in parts of Botswana and along the Namibian coast. Coal can also be found in central Mozambique, Zimbabwe and northeast South Africa.
10
Climate
edit
Kalahari Desert
in Namibia
The climate of the region is broadly divided into subtropical in the north and temperate in the south, but also includes
humid-subtropical
Mediterranean-climate
highland-subtropical
, oceanic, desert, and
semi-arid
regions. Except for lower parts of Zambia and interior areas of Namibia and Botswana, the region rarely suffers from extreme heat. In addition, the winter presents mostly as mild and dry, except in the southwest. Cool southeasterly winds and high humidity bring cool conditions in the winter. The
Namib Desert
is the driest area in the region.
Altitude
plays an outsize role in moderating the temperatures of the South African
Highveld
Lesotho
, and much of Zambia and Zimbabwe. The
prairie
region of central and northeast South Africa, the country of Zimbabwe, and parts of Zambia are known as the
veldt
, divided into the
Bushveld
and
Highveld
. There are high temperatures and low rainfall within the Zambezi and Limpopo river valleys, probably due to the lower altitude.
The
Western Cape
has a
Mediterranean vegetation
and climate, including the unique
fynbos
, grading eastward into an oceanic climate along the
Garden Route
to
Gqeberha
and
East London
11
The Namib and
Kalahari
deserts form arid lands in the centre-west, separating the highlands, woodlands, croplands, and pastures of the wetter and higher East from the
Atlantic Ocean
. In addition, the
Drakensberg
and
Eastern Highlands
separate the highland areas and coastal plains centred on
Mozambique
in the north and
KwaZulu-Natal
in the south, the latter of which are often prone to flooding every few years. In the east, the river systems of the
Zambezi
and
Limpopo
basin form natural barriers and sea lanes between Mozambique, South Africa, and Zimbabwe.
11
Drakensberg
in South Africa
Across most of southern Africa, apart from the Western Cape in South Africa, the major rainfall season is during the southern-hemisphere summer, from December to February. In the
Western Cape
, the rainfall maximum occurs from June through August.
There are a number of important rainfall-producing weather systems in southern Africa. These include tropical-extra-tropical cloud bands, tropical lows, and
tropical cyclones
cut-off lows
, and
mesoscale convective systems
. Winter midlatitude storms account for the June–August rainfall maximum in the western cape.
Year-to-year variability in rainfall, including drought, is associated with changes in global and regional
sea surface temperatures
. These include the
El Nino Southern Oscillation
, the
Subtropical Indian Ocean Dipole
, and changes in the
Benguela Current
region in the southeast Atlantic.
Future climate projections suggest that much of southern Africa will get hotter and drier in response to global climate change.
History
edit
Main article:
History of Southern Africa
Further information:
Sub-Saharan Africa § Southern Africa
African empires § Southern Africa
, and
List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa § Southern Africa
Prehistory
edit
Main article:
Prehistoric Southern Africa
The
San people
are the oldest inhabitants of Southern Africa.
East and southern Africa are among the earliest regions where modern humans (Homo sapiens) and their predecessors are believed to have lived. In September 2019, scientists reported the computerized determination, based on 260
CT scans
, of a virtual
skull shape
of the last common human ancestor to
modern humans
, representative of the earliest modern humans, and suggested that modern humans arose between 350,000 and 260,000 years ago through a merging of populations in
East
and
South Africa
12
13
Homo naledi
likely coexisted with modern humans in Africa about 300,000 years ago.
Kingdom of Mapungubwe
edit
See also:
Bantu expansion
The
Kingdom of Mapungubwe
(c. 1075–c. 1220) was one of the earliest state in the South African region. It was located at between the
Shashe
and
Limpopo
Rivers. The name is derived from either
Karanga
and
Tshivenda
. The kingdom is thought to have existed as the first class-based social system within the region. Society was mainly centered around family and farming. The kingdom would culminate to the
Kingdom of Zimbabwe
in the 13th century. And at its height the capital's population was about 5000 people.
14
There are no written records from the kingdom and what historians and archeologists know of the state is from the remains of buildings.
Kingdom of Zimbabwe and successor states
edit
The
Kingdom of Zimbabwe
(c. 1220–1450) was a Shona (
Karanga
) kingdom in what is today
Zimbabwe
. The capital, which sits near present-day
Masvingo
, is located at
Great Zimbabwe
, which are the largest stone structure in precolonial Southern Africa. This kingdom came after the collapse of the Kingdom of Mapungubwe. During the decline of the Kingdom of Zimbabwe, two powers emerged, one in the north (
Kingdom of Mutapa
from 1430–1760) which had improved on Zimbabwe's administrative structure; and the other in the south (
Kingdom of Butua
from 1450–1683) which was a smaller entity than the former two, the kingdom was governed by the
Torwa dynasty
and its capital was situated at
Khami
. Both states would eventually be absorbed by the powerful Shona state, the
Rozwi Empire
by 1683. The economy was based on cattle herding, farming, and gold mining. The empire lasted until 1866, which came after droughts and instability.
15
Mthethwa Paramountcy
edit
The
Mthethwa Paramountcy
was an African state that emerged in the late 18th-century in the region of present-day
KwaZulu-Natal
. The state was consolidated and extended under the rule of
Dingiswayo
who produced a disciplined and highly organised army for the first time in the region.
16
Zulu Kingdom
edit
Depiction of a
Zulu attack
on a
Boer
camp in February 1838
The
Zulu Kingdom
rose under the leadership of
Shaka
and covered most of present-day KwaZulu-Natal in the 19th century. Internal conflict arose in the 1820s between Shaka's half-brothers
Dingane
and Mhlangana due to a succession dispute.
Boer
settlers began arriving northwards of the
Orange River
in the 1830s,
17
which led to conflicts between the two peoples and resulted in the
Battle of Blood River
in 1838. The kingdom fell during the
Anglo-Zulu War
of the late 19th-century.
Post-colonial eras
edit
Further information:
Decolonisation of Africa
Postcolonial Africa § Southern Africa
, and
Neocolonialism
See also:
Status of forces agreement
In the aftermath of
World War II
, the colonial powers came under international pressure to decolonize. The transfer to an African majority, however, was complicated by the settlement of
white peoples
. After an initial phase from 1945 to 1958, as a consolidation of white power, decolonization succeeded in its achievement when High Commission territories and overseas departments such as
Zambia
Malawi
Botswana
Lesotho
Mauritius
Swaziland
Madagascar
and the
Comoros
became independent states from British and French rule. The brutal
struggle for independence
in the
colonial territories
led to the independence of new states of
Angola
and
Mozambique
as well as
Southern Rhodesia
, which declared independence as
Zimbabwe
in 1980. The denouement of
South West Africa
achieved independence as
Namibia
in 1990 and the
black majority in South Africa
took power after the
democratic elections in 1994
, therefore ending the
Apartheid
regime. From the end of the period of colonial rule, imperial interests controlled the economies of the region and
South Africa
became
the dominant
economic power
in the late 20th century. The 21st century has seen attempts to create unity among nations in Southern Africa. In spite of democracy,
violence
inequality
and
poverty
still persist throughout the region.
Economy
edit
The
Sandton
section of
Johannesburg
, the
financial centre
of
South Africa
The region is distinct from the rest of Africa, with a robust mining sector and comparatively developed secondary and
tertiary sectors
. Additionally many countries (with the exception of Mozambique and Malawi in particular) have relatively well developed infrastructure. Some of its main
exports
including
platinum
diamonds
gold
copper
cobalt
chromium
and
uranium
, Southern Africa still faces some of the problems that the rest of the continent does. Despite this, diamond production has fueled the economies of Botswana and Namibia, for example.
Over the 20th century, the region developed a robust manufacturing sector, focused on South Africa and Zimbabwe, which allowed greater prosperity and investments into infrastructure, education and healthcare that elevated both nations into
middle income
economies and captured growing markets across Africa.
18
However, since the 1990s these industries have struggled in the face of
globalization
and cheaper imports from
China
, leading to job losses particularly in
heavy industry
, gold mining and
textiles
. Zimbabwe in particular has seen significant
deindustrialization
as a result of factors both domestic and foreign.
19
While
colonialism
has left its mark on the development over the course of history,
20
21
today
poverty
corruption
, and
HIV
AIDS
are some of the biggest factors impeding economic growth. In addition, South Africa and Zimbabwe in particular, face high emigration among their
skilled workers
leading to a significant
brain drain
to western economies and billions lost in
human capital flight
. The pursuit of
economic
and
political
stability is an important part of the region's goals, as demonstrated by the SADC, however complete regional integration remains an elusive target.
Cape Town
is one of the most popular
tourist destinations
in South Africa.
In terms of economic strength, South Africa is the dominant economy of the region. Generally, mining, agriculture, the
public sector
and tourism dominate the economies of Southern African countries, apart from South Africa which has mature and flourishing financial, retail, and construction sectors. Zimbabwe maintains a smaller banking and real estate sector along with what remains of its manufacturing industry, despite a protracted
economic crisis
. Most global banks have their regional offices for Southern Africa based in
Johannesburg
. Over the years, some the other Southern African nations have invested in economic diversification, and invested public funds into rail, road and air transportation as part of a concerted effort through SADC to boost regional trade and improve communication and transportation. The countries in this region also belong to the Southern Africa Power Pool, which facilitates the development of a competitive electricity market within the SADC region and ensures
sustainable energy
developments through sound economic, environmental and social practices. The main objective of the power pool is to develop a world class, robust and safe interconnected electrical system across the Southern African Region. According to a report by Southern Africa Power Pool, the three largest producers of electricity in Southern Africa as at 2017, include
Eskom
in
South Africa
with an estimated 46,963MW,
Zesco
in Zambia with 2,877MW and
SNL
of Angola with 2,442MW. Whilst moderately successful by African standards, the region largely lags behind their Asian counterparts in innovation, foreign direct investment,
STEM
sciences and
research and development
22
Crime
edit
Hijacking
Hotspot" warning sign, R511 in
Gauteng
Further information:
List of countries by intentional homicide rate
and
Crime in South Africa
Several countries in the region, especially South Africa and Leshoto, struggle with very high crime rates. South Africa's homicide rate has consistently ranked among the highest in the world during the past decades.
23
South Africa has four cities (
Nelson Mandela Bay
Durban
Cape Town
and
Johannesburg
) included in the top 50 most dangerous cities (defined as cities with a population over 300,000 with the highest homicide rates, as reported by The Citizen Council for Public Security and Criminal Justice, a Mexican advocacy group, in its 2023/2024 ranking).
24
High homicide rates are also present in Lesotho, Eswatini, Namibia and Botswana.
25
Environment
edit
Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park
Southern Africa has a wide diversity of ecoregions including
grassland
bushveld
karoo
savannah
and
riparian zones
. Even though considerable disturbance has occurred in some regions from habitat loss due to human population density or export-focused development, there remain significant numbers of various
wildlife
species, including
white rhino
lion
26
African leopard
impala
kudu
blue wildebeest
vervet monkey
and
elephant
. It has complex Plateaus that create massive mountain structures along the South African border.
There are numerous
environmental issues in Southern Africa
, including air pollution and
desertification
Culture
edit
Art
edit
Further information:
African art § Southern Africa
Traditional houses
of the
Pedi people
in South Africa
Architecture
edit
Further information:
Architecture of Africa § Southern Africa
Clothing
edit
Further information:
Folk costume § Southern Africa
Swazi
woman at the
Reed Dance
ceremony
Cuisine
edit
Further information:
African cuisine § Southern Africa
, and
List of African cuisines § Southern African cuisine
Music
edit
Further information:
Music of Africa § West, Central, Southeast and South Africa
; and
Sub-Saharan African music traditions § Southern Africa
Religion
edit
Further information:
Traditional African religions § Southern Africa
Islam in Africa
Christianity in Africa
, and
Religion in Africa
Film industry
edit
Further information:
Cinema of Africa § Southern Africa
Demographics and languages
edit
Further information:
Demographics of Africa
List of African countries by population
List of ethnic groups of Africa § Southern Africa
African diaspora
, and
Writing systems of Africa § Southern Africa
Language families
, subfamilies and
major languages
in Africa
Southern Africa is home to many people. It was initially populated by
San
Hottentots
27
and
Pygmies
in widely dispersed concentrations. Due to the
Bantu expansion
, the majority of African ethnic groups in this region, including the
Xhosa
Zulu
Tsonga
Swazi
Northern Ndebele
Southern Ndebele
Tswana
Sotho
Pedi
Mbundu
Ovimbundu
Shona
Chaga
and
Sukuma
, speak
Bantu languages
. The process of colonization and settling resulted in a small population of European (
Afrikaner
British
Portuguese Africans
, etc.) and Asian descent (
Cape Malays
Indian South Africans
, etc.) people in many southern African countries.
Swazi
women
Christianity
is by far the most common religion in the region, being the religion of the majority of the population in all countries of Southern Africa (see
Christianity in Africa
). There are also sizeable
Muslim
communities in
Mozambique
and
Malawi
, and smaller communities in the other countries of the region. There is also a small
Hindu community in South Africa
. In addition,
traditional African religions
are also practiced.
Architecture
edit
Further information in the sections of
Architecture of Africa
Medieval Southern African Architecture
Science and technology
edit
Further information:
List of South African inventions and discoveries
Further information in the sections of
History of science and technology in Africa
Astronomy
Mathematics
Medicine
Agriculture
Textiles
Architecture
Warfare
By country
Agriculture and food security
edit
Field in
Lesotho
Some key factors affecting the
food security
within the regions including political instability, poor governance, droughts, population growth, urbanisation, poverty, low economic growth, inadequate agricultural policies, trade terms and regimes, resource degradation and the
recent increase in HIV/AIDS
28
29
These factors vary from country to country. For example, the Democratic Republic of the Congo has favourable climatic and physical conditions, but performs far below its capacity in food provision due to political instability and poor governance. In contrast, semi-arid countries such as Botswana and Namibia, produce insufficient food, but successfully achieve food security through food imports due to economic growth, political stability and good governance. The Republic of South Africa is a major food producer and exporter in the region.
30
Data on agricultural production trends and food insecurity especially in term of food availability for Southern Africa is readily available through the Famine Early Warning Systems Network (
FEWS NET
) and Southern African Development Community (
SADC
) - Food, Agriculture and Nature Resource Directorate (FARN). However, this data might not fully capture the reality of a region with large urban populations and where food insecurity goes beyond per-capita availability to issues of access and dietary adequacy.
31
32
Farm in
Eastern Cape
, South Africa
Urban food security has been noted as an emerging area of concern in the region, with recent data showing high levels of food insecurity amongst low-income households. In a study of eleven cities in nine countries:
Blantyre
Cape Town
Gaborone
Harare
Johannesburg
Lusaka
Maputo
Manzini
Maseru
Durban
, and
Windhoek
, only 17% of households were categorized as 'food-secure' while more than half (57%) of all households surveyed were found to be 'severely food-insecure'.
33
Some factors affecting urban food insecurity include climate change with potential impact on agricultural productivity, the expansion of supermarkets in the region, which is changing the way people obtain food in the city, rural-to-urban migration, unemployment, and poverty.
34
35
36
37
The issue of food insecurity in general and urban food insecurity in particular in the region is also characterized by an increased consumption of caloric
junk food
and processed foods leading to potential increase in the co-existence of undernutrition and dietary-related chronic diseases such as obesity and hypertension.
38
39
In South Africa for example, while over 50% experience hunger, 61% are overweight or morbidly obese.
40
41
42
There is only limited data on the other Southern African countries.
From 2018 to 2021, parts of the region suffered from a
period of drought
43
See also
edit
Africa portal
Central Africa
East Africa
Kalahari Desert
Maghreb
North Africa
Northeast Africa
Southeast Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa
West Africa
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edit
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doi
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Further reading
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2013-05-20
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