Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties - IOPscience

Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties - IOPscience
Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties
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An international forum for academics, industrialists and engineers to publish the latest research in surface topography measurement and characterisation, instrumentation development and the properties of surfaces.
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The following article is
Open access
Additive manufacturing in biomaterials: a comprehensive and integrated review of innovations in tissue engineering, bioprinting, implant design, and regenerative medicine
Cem Alparslan and Şenol Bayraktar 2026
Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop.
14
013003
View article
, Additive manufacturing in biomaterials: a comprehensive and integrated review of innovations in tissue engineering, bioprinting, implant design, and regenerative medicine
PDF
, Additive manufacturing in biomaterials: a comprehensive and integrated review of innovations in tissue engineering, bioprinting, implant design, and regenerative medicine
Additive manufacturing (AM) has rapidly evolved into a groundbreaking technology in biomedical engineering, offering unprecedented capabilities for fabricating patient-specific, anatomically complex structures with high precision. This review presents a comprehensive and critical overview of recent innovations in AM-applied biomaterials, focusing on the integration and application of hydrogels, biopolymers, ceramics, metals, and composite systems. These materials, each with unique biological and mechanical attributes, are pivotal in advancing regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, and the development of next-generation medical implants and devices. Special emphasis is placed on hydrogel-based bioinks and photopolymerizable networks used in 3D bioprinting, which offer tunable properties, excellent biocompatibility, and the ability to mimic extracellular matrix environments. Furthermore, the synergistic design of structural and functional materials in AM platforms is explored to address critical challenges such as mechanical durability, degradation kinetics, immunomodulation, and dynamic cell–matrix interactions. By synthesizing current progress in material science, biofabrication strategies, and translational pathways, this review highlights the transformative potential of AM in shaping the future of personalized and precision medicine—bridging the gap between innovative material design and clinically viable biomedical solutions.
The following article is
Open access
Surface analysis in additive manufacturing: a systematic literature review regarding powder bed fusion processes
Tobias Grimm
et al
2025
Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop.
13
013002
View article
, Surface analysis in additive manufacturing: a systematic literature review regarding powder bed fusion processes
PDF
, Surface analysis in additive manufacturing: a systematic literature review regarding powder bed fusion processes
The analysis of surface effects in powder bed fusion additive manufacturing is the subject of intensive research activities. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge and to gain a comprehensive understanding of this subject area. The paper is intended to enable researchers to select specific articles for their own further research context. In addition, a bibliometric analysis validates the data base. A discussion of the findings suggests that the criticality of the surface should be considered as a quality factor in the field of additive manufacturing by powder bed fusion processes. An accurate and reliable measurement is crucial for predicting component quality. There is a clear trend from two-dimensional measurements to three-dimensional measurements. Conducting comprehensive research is essential to improve the reliability and comparability of measurement results and to promote broad acceptance and application of this technology in the industry.
The following article is
Open access
Recent trends on additive manufactured advanced materials: a targeted review on functional capabilities and process integration
Cem Alparslan
et al
2026
Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop.
14
013005
View article
, Recent trends on additive manufactured advanced materials: a targeted review on functional capabilities and process integration
PDF
, Recent trends on additive manufactured advanced materials: a targeted review on functional capabilities and process integration
Additive manufacturing (AM) has transformed traditional manufacturing processes, revolutionizing the production of complex, customized, and high-performance components. The role of advanced materials developed specifically for AM technologies is critical to the success of this transformation. This review comprehensively covers advanced material classes such as metal-based alloys, ceramics, high-performance polymers, composite systems, smart materials, and functionally gradient materials (FGMs). The compatibility of each material group with AM processes, its mechanical and functional properties, post-production requirements, and application potential are detailed. Furthermore, the compatibility between material selection processes and manufacturing technologies is comparatively evaluated in terms of application-specific performance outcomes. Supported by recent case studies selected from the literature, this review discusses prominent applications, particularly in the aerospace, biomedical, and automotive sectors. Current challenges such as microstructural control, post-process optimization, environmental sustainability, and multi-material manufacturing are also addressed, and future research areas such as AI-assisted material design and nano-additive systems are highlighted. As a result, the integration of advanced material development and AM processes stands out as the key determinant in the production of functional, durable and sustainable products.
The following article is
Open access
Tribological performance of surface texturing in mechanical applications—a review
Ping Lu and Robert J K Wood 2020
Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop.
043001
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, Tribological performance of surface texturing in mechanical applications—a review
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, Tribological performance of surface texturing in mechanical applications—a review
Surface textures have been of great interest within the tribology community with nearly 1500 papers published on this topic in the past two decades. With the pursuit of low emissions and environmental sustainability, the application of surface texturing to mechanical systems to lower friction and control wear is attracting increasing attention. There is no doubt that certain textured surfaces can have a beneficial effect on tribological performance but it is widely agreed that the optimization of textures should be carried out based on specific requirements of applications. The purpose of this review article is to summarize the current state of the art in surface texturing applied to mechanical applications (cutting tools, piston-ring & cylinder liners, sealing and journal bearings) from the following aspects: application requirements, numerical/experimental testing and validation, and tribological performance of textured surfaces (wear and friction), as well as the limitations in texture designs when applied to certain applications. Patterns/grooves in the micron-scale are the most typical shapes been studied, and benefits of partial texturing are applicable for most of these mechanical applications. Friction reduction of up to 34.5% in cutting tools, 82% in piston-ring & cylinder-liners, 65% in seals and 18% in journal bearings have been observed by experimental tests. Based on primary evidence from the literature, the last section provides general suggestions on current gaps in understanding and modelling and suggestions for future research directions.
The following article is
Open access
Dental microwear textures: reconstructing diets of fossil mammals
Larisa R G DeSantis 2016
Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop.
023002
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, Dental microwear textures: reconstructing diets of fossil mammals
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, Dental microwear textures: reconstructing diets of fossil mammals
Dietary information of fossil mammals can be revealed via the analysis of tooth morphology, tooth wear, tooth geochemistry, and the microscopic wear patterns on tooth surfaces resulting from food processing. Although dental microwear has long been used by anthropologists and paleontologists to clarify diets in a diversity of mammals, until recently these methods focused on the counting of wear features (e.g., pits and scratches) from two-dimensional surfaces (typically via scanning electron microscopes or low-magnification light microscopes). The analysis of dental microwear textures can instead reveal dietary information in a broad range of herbivorous, omnivorous, and carnivorous mammals by characterizing microscopic tooth surfaces in three-dimensions, without the counting of individual surface features. To date, dental microwear textures in ungulates, xenarthrans, marsupials, carnivorans, and primates (including humans and their ancestors) are correlated with known dietary behavior in extant taxa and reconstruct ancient diets in a diversity of prehistoric mammals. For example, tough versus hard object feeding can be characterized across disparate phylogenetic groups and can distinguish grazers, folivorous, and flesh consumers (tougher food consumers) from woody browsers, frugivores, and bone consumers (harder object feeders). This paper reviews how dental microwear textures can be useful to reconstructing diets in a broad array of living and extinct mammals, with commentary on areas of future research.
The following article is
Open access
Leading edge topography of blades–a critical review
Robert J K Wood and Ping Lu 2021
Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop.
023001
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, Leading edge topography of blades–a critical review
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, Leading edge topography of blades–a critical review
In turbomachinery, their blade leading edges are critical to performance and therefore fuel efficiency, emission, noise, running and maintenance costs. Leading edge damage and therefore roughness is either caused by subtractive processes such as foreign object damage (bird strikes and debris ingestion) and erosion (hail, rain droplets, sand particles, dust, volcanic ash and cavitation) and additive processes such as filming (from dirt, icing, fouling, insect build-up). Therefore, this review focuses on the changes in topography induced by during service to blade leading edges and the effect of roughness and form on performance and efforts to predict and model these changes. The applications considered are focused on wind, gas and tidal turbines and turbofan engines. Repair and protection strategies for leading edges of blades are also reviewed. The review shows additive processes are typically worse than subtractive processes, as the roughness or even form change is significant with icing and biofouling. Antagonism is reported between additive and subtractive roughness processes. There are gaps in the current understanding of the additive and subtractive processes that influence roughness and their interaction. Recent work paves the way forward where modelling and machine learning is used to predict coated wind turbine blade leading edge delamination and the effects this has on aerodynamic performance and what changes in blade angle would best capture the available wind energy with such damaged blades. To do this generically there is a need for better understanding of the environment that the blades see and the variation along their length, the material or coated material response to additive and/or subtractive mechanisms and thus the roughness/form evolution over time. This is turn would allow better understanding of the effects these changes have on aerodynamic/ hydrodynamic efficiency and the population of stress raisers and distribution of residual stresses that result. These in turn influence fatigue strength and remaining useful life of the blade leading edge as well as inform maintenance/repair needs.
The following article is
Open access
Fiducial markers for image alignment of surface texture measurements
Stefanie Stöckel and Sophie Groeger 2025
Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop.
13
035011
View article
, Fiducial markers for image alignment of surface texture measurements
PDF
, Fiducial markers for image alignment of surface texture measurements
Fiducial markers are widely used as reference for imaging systems across a range of different scientific disciplines, including applications like augmented reality, computer vision and medicine. This paper provides an introduction to the topic of fiducial markers, with an initial analysis of the state of the art with regard to their applications, characteristics and manufacturing processes across disciplines. Subsequently, the paper turns its attention to the utilisation of markers for the measurement of surface texture. As only a limited area of the surface is evaluated in comparison to the entire workpiece, it is necessary to use markings as a reference to relocate the measurement area. This paper presents two original solutions for applications related to surface texture measurement. The measurement is conducted using confocal microscopy. Initially, a combination of laser marking and height marker lines is proposed for the comparison of measurements obtained from different devices. Secondly, a novel approach to the safeguarding of markers throughout the manufacturing process is outlined, which employs the use of a bespoke 3D-printed cover. This methodology allows for the investigation of changes occurring at a specific location during manufacturing processes, thereby facilitating a more profound understanding of the impact of these processes. The examined markings serve as reference points for accurate relocation during measurement and data analysis. In all instances, digital image correlation was successfully performed. The design of the marker is unique and depends on the specific application, specimen, and imaging device. Despite the absence of a universal solution for fiducial markers, this study explores effective ways to utilise them and presents practical examples of their applications.
The following article is
Open access
Contact.engineering—Create, analyze and publish digital surface twins from topography measurements across many scales
Michael C Röttger
et al
2022
Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop.
10
035032
View article
, Contact.engineering—Create, analyze and publish digital surface twins from topography measurements across many scales
PDF
, Contact.engineering—Create, analyze and publish digital surface twins from topography measurements across many scales
The optimization of surface finish to improve performance, such as adhesion, friction, wear, fatigue life, or interfacial transport, occurs largely through trial and error, despite significant advancements in the relevant science. There are three central challenges that account for this disconnect: (1) the challenge of integration of many different types of measurement for the same surface to capture the multi-scale nature of roughness; (2) the technical complexity of implementing spectral analysis methods, and of applying mechanical or numerical models to describe surface performance; (3) a lack of consistency between researchers and industries in how surfaces are measured, quantified, and communicated. Here we present a freely-available internet-based application (available at
) which attempts to overcome all three challenges. First, the application enables the user to upload many different topography measurements taken from a single surface, including using different techniques, and then integrates all of them together to create a digital surface twin. Second, the application calculates many of the commonly used topography metrics, such as root-mean-square parameters, power spectral density (PSD), and autocorrelation function (ACF), as well as implementing analytical and numerical calculations, such as boundary element modeling (BEM) for elastic and plastic deformation. Third, the application serves as a repository for users to securely store surfaces, and if they choose, to share these with collaborators or even publish them (with a digital object identifier) for all to access. The primary goal of this application is to enable researchers and manufacturers to quickly and easily apply cutting-edge tools for the characterization and properties-modeling of real-world surfaces. An additional goal is to advance the use of open-science principles in surface engineering by providing a FAIR database where researchers can choose to publish surface measurements for all to use.
The following article is
Open access
Boundaries of tactile acuity when exploring surfaces
Jenna Fradin
et al
2025
Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop.
13
033001
View article
, Boundaries of tactile acuity when exploring surfaces
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, Boundaries of tactile acuity when exploring surfaces
Our sense of touch enables us to perform dexterous manipulation and to extract features of objects and textures along a large number of sensory dimensions. Tactile discrimination abilities vary greatly according to the body site, and is maximal in the hand; due to its significant role in our daily interactions and communication. A large number of studies have focused on the boundaries of tactile perception with the fingers, which are heavily involved in discriminative touch to distinguish both gross and fine features. In this review, we will explore interactions in which touch is extremely accurate and interactions that induce unprecise, illusory tactile perceptions, focusing mainly on the glabrous, non-hairy skin of the hand and fingers, due to its importance in interacting with the world. We compare the perception of tactile dimensions over various processes, including different dimensions in touch like roughness, stickiness, and texture, as well as the impact of exploring surfaces with more than one finger. We also cover the potential to include temperature in haptics and its importance in shaping tactile interactions. The research from perceptual studies in humans is compared in terms of neurophysiological studies and computational models of touch, where it is important to understand both peripheral and central coding of touch to apply the findings in haptic devices. Finally, we highlight where future work can add to knowledge and lead to tactile and haptic applications, such as in the clinical domain for better diagnostics, in industries like the cosmetic and car manufacturing sectors to improve consumer usage, and the extension into bio-inspired sensors for robotic sensing and e-skins.
The following article is
Open access
Graffiti removal on historic brick: assessing micro-abrasive cleaning performance and the challenges of preserving surface texture
Ke-An Chiang and Qingrou Dai 2026
Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop.
14
015010
View article
, Graffiti removal on historic brick: assessing micro-abrasive cleaning performance and the challenges of preserving surface texture
PDF
, Graffiti removal on historic brick: assessing micro-abrasive cleaning performance and the challenges of preserving surface texture
Removing graffiti from porous masonry remains a significant conservation challenge, in part as spray paint may penetrate the pores of the material. Historic brick is particularly vulnerable due to its softer texture and higher porosity compared with dense stone or modern brick, which increases the risk of paint absorption and surface alteration during cleaning. Micro-abrasive cleaning employs fine particles at low pressures to provide a relatively controlled method that minimizes direct chemical exposure, discoloration, and excessive material loss. However, the effects of this technique on historic brick have not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, cleaning performance is assessed through analyses of color and surface texture changes conducted before paint application and after cleaning trials. The extent to which the original fire-skin remains serves as an additional key indicator of the aggressiveness of this cleaning method. By integrating instrumental measurements with visual and tactile assessments, the study provides evidence-based insights into graffiti removal on historic brick and underscores considerations for conservation cleaning of sensitive masonry surfaces.
The following article is
Open access
Correlating topographic features and mechanisms for macropitting, micropitting, and electrical pitting in bearing steel contacts
Zaihao Tian
et al
2026
Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop.
14
025005
View article
, Correlating topographic features and mechanisms for macropitting, micropitting, and electrical pitting in bearing steel contacts
PDF
, Correlating topographic features and mechanisms for macropitting, micropitting, and electrical pitting in bearing steel contacts
Pitting is a critical damage mode in rolling–sliding contacts that can arise from distinct mechanisms, including rolling contact fatigue and electrically induced discharge. This paper presents insights into the formation and characteristics of macropitting, micropitting, and electrical pitting in rolling–sliding contacts of bearing steels. Experiments were conducted using a TE74 twin-disc tribometer under controlled lubrication and electrical conditions. Under boundary to mixed lubrication, macropitting and micropitting were generated using a base oil and a zinc dithiophosphate-enriched oil, respectively. Electrical pitting was produced by applying a low electrical potential across the lubricated contact under elastohydrodynamic lubrication conditions. The three pitting modes exhibited distinct pit morphologies, crack features, and surface topography evolution. Macropitting was characterised by large, irregular pits formed through aggressive secondary crack propagation, whereas micropitting produced smaller, crescent-shaped pits with limited crack growth. Electrical pitting resulted in near-circular pits without surrounding cracks, indicating a discharge-dominated damage mechanism. Roughness parameters also revealed mechanism-dependent surface modifications, providing a unified topography-based framework for differentiating fatigue-driven and electrically induced pitting.
A study on lubricating performance of water-based ZnO nanofluids during cold rolling process of low carbon steels
Tianling Yang
et al
2026
Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop.
14
025004
View article
, A study on lubricating performance of water-based ZnO nanofluids during cold rolling process of low carbon steels
PDF
, A study on lubricating performance of water-based ZnO nanofluids during cold rolling process of low carbon steels
This study investigated the tribological properties of water-based ZnO nanofluids using a ball-on-plate reciprocating sliding wear configuration. The water-based ZnO nanofluids were further applied as lubricants in the cold rolling process of low carbon steels. It was found that the addition of ZnO nanoparticles improved the tribological performance of deionized water. The COF and wear volume loss were reduced upon by 38.5% and 25.1%, respectively. The wear tracks were dominated by oxidative wear. The excellent tribological behavior of ZnO nanofluids was attributed to the formation of tribo-film, neutralization of free radicals, micro-bearing effect and surface mending. Furthermore, when 1 wt% ZnO nanofluid was employed in the cold rolling process, the rolling force decreased in each pass, and the surface roughness of low carbon steel plates was reduced. These findings provided valuable insights for developing high-performance water-based nanofluids.
Bridging surface metrology and function in orthopedic biomaterials: from quantitative standards to predictive design
Marcia M Maru 2026
Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop.
14
023001
View article
, Bridging surface metrology and function in orthopedic biomaterials: from quantitative standards to predictive design
PDF
, Bridging surface metrology and function in orthopedic biomaterials: from quantitative standards to predictive design
Surface topography is widely recognized as influential in orthopedic implant performance. Here we summarize advances in 2D to 3D areal surface characterization and discuss their functional relevance to metallic, ceramic, and polymeric biomaterials. We outline strengths and limitations of commonly used techniques and present selected examples that illustrate links between topography and biological/tribological responses. The review details how surface features affect biological processes (osteoblast adhesion, macrophage polarization, bacterial colonization) and mechanical phenomena (tribocorrosion, wear particle generation, lubrication regimes). Representative case studies illustrate the interplay between topography and clinical performance, especially in textured and coated surfaces. Finally, this review identifies the current metrological challenges and presents emerging trends—including time-resolved 4D metrology, AI-assisted interpretation, and digital twin frameworks—as strategic tools for predictive implant development. By bridging metrological precision with biological function and regulatory context, this article provides a comprehensive roadmap to guide the design, optimization, and validation of next-generation orthopedic implants.
Study on the friction characteristics and wear mechanism of TC4 alloy under thermo-mechanical coupling
Longlong Dong
et al
2026
Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop.
14
025003
View article
, Study on the friction characteristics and wear mechanism of TC4 alloy under thermo-mechanical coupling
PDF
, Study on the friction characteristics and wear mechanism of TC4 alloy under thermo-mechanical coupling
Titanium alloys possess exceptional mechanical properties, including high specific strength, low density, and superior metallurgical characteristics. However, they are susceptible to pronounced adhesive interactions and ‘adhesive welding’ with frictional counterparts, which poses significant challenges to their wear resistance and limits their structural applications. In this study, the strategic alloy TC4 titanium was selected to systematically investigate the friction and wear behavior of TC4 alloy against GCr15 steel balls under thermo-mechanical coupling conditions, with a focus on elucidating the underlying wear mechanisms and characteristics. The results demonstrate that the coefficient of friction and wear characteristics exhibit distinct trends under varying thermo-mechanical coupling conditions. Specifically, the coefficient of friction displays a saw-tooth fluctuation pattern and generally decreases with increasing load and temperature. An increase in load markedly enhances both wear volume and wear rate. At temperatures below 300 °C, thermal softening accelerates wear; however, when the temperature exceeds 300 °C, the emergence of a third body phase serves as a solid lubricant, thereby effectively suppressing wear. With increasing normal load, adhesive wear, abrasive wear, and fatigue spalling emerge as the predominant failure mechanisms, resulting in a substantial increase in the material removal rate. As the ambient temperature rises, interfacial oxidation reactions become more pronounced, and the synergistic effects of oxidative wear, third-body abrasive wear introduced by the formation of a third-body phase, and fatigue wear significantly modify the overall wear behavior. In summary, elucidating the wear mechanisms of TC4 alloy under thermomechanical coupling is of considerable significance for engineering applications. This study establishes a scientific foundation for material selection, surface modification, and service life prediction in environments characterized by high temperature, heavy load, or thermal cycling, thereby improving reliability and reducing maintenance costs.
The following article is
Open access
Surface roughness from raking light images
Jack DiSciacca
et al
2026
Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop.
14
025001
View article
, Surface roughness from raking light images
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, Surface roughness from raking light images
This study presents a novel method for deriving roughness values from raking light images of photographic paper surfaces, offering a cost-effective and efficient alternative to traditional measurement techniques. The research builds upon the Lens Media Lab’s extensive reference collection of historic black and white photographic papers and previous texture characterization methods based on raking light surface imagery. Our technique for deriving roughness is based on standard deviation of pixel brightness, with brightness used as a proxy for height. This work builds on the ISO surface texture parameter of Sq, defined as the root mean square of heights. Owing to the use of raking light to model surface heights, we call our method RL-Sq (Raking Light-Sq). Besides RL-Sq, we adapt an existing convolutional neural network (CNN) to predict Sq values from raking light images. Both methods are compared to Sq measurements obtained using an optical profilometer on a dataset of 213 samples. RL-Sq shows a strong correlation with profilometer measurements (Pearson coefficient of 0.87), while the CNN achieves a slightly higher correlation (Pearson coefficient of 0.93). Despite the CNN’s marginally better performance, we favor RL-Sq because it is far more parameter-efficient (3 parameters instead of millions), and its parameters are both interpretable and fixed. Our study also addresses anisotropy in strongly directional samples, problems with specialty papers containing metallic elements, and the challenge of texture matching. The RL-Sq offers several key advantages for cultural heritage collections. We demonstrate the method’s practical application through integration with Paperbase, the lab’s primary tool for accessing reference collection data. This approach enables researchers to compare prints, identify paper brands, and narrow production dates based on texture measurements combined with other physical properties.
Bridging surface metrology and function in orthopedic biomaterials: from quantitative standards to predictive design
Marcia M Maru 2026
Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop.
14
023001
View article
, Bridging surface metrology and function in orthopedic biomaterials: from quantitative standards to predictive design
PDF
, Bridging surface metrology and function in orthopedic biomaterials: from quantitative standards to predictive design
Surface topography is widely recognized as influential in orthopedic implant performance. Here we summarize advances in 2D to 3D areal surface characterization and discuss their functional relevance to metallic, ceramic, and polymeric biomaterials. We outline strengths and limitations of commonly used techniques and present selected examples that illustrate links between topography and biological/tribological responses. The review details how surface features affect biological processes (osteoblast adhesion, macrophage polarization, bacterial colonization) and mechanical phenomena (tribocorrosion, wear particle generation, lubrication regimes). Representative case studies illustrate the interplay between topography and clinical performance, especially in textured and coated surfaces. Finally, this review identifies the current metrological challenges and presents emerging trends—including time-resolved 4D metrology, AI-assisted interpretation, and digital twin frameworks—as strategic tools for predictive implant development. By bridging metrological precision with biological function and regulatory context, this article provides a comprehensive roadmap to guide the design, optimization, and validation of next-generation orthopedic implants.
The following article is
Open access
Recent trends on additive manufactured advanced materials: a targeted review on functional capabilities and process integration
Cem Alparslan
et al
2026
Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop.
14
013005
View article
, Recent trends on additive manufactured advanced materials: a targeted review on functional capabilities and process integration
PDF
, Recent trends on additive manufactured advanced materials: a targeted review on functional capabilities and process integration
Additive manufacturing (AM) has transformed traditional manufacturing processes, revolutionizing the production of complex, customized, and high-performance components. The role of advanced materials developed specifically for AM technologies is critical to the success of this transformation. This review comprehensively covers advanced material classes such as metal-based alloys, ceramics, high-performance polymers, composite systems, smart materials, and functionally gradient materials (FGMs). The compatibility of each material group with AM processes, its mechanical and functional properties, post-production requirements, and application potential are detailed. Furthermore, the compatibility between material selection processes and manufacturing technologies is comparatively evaluated in terms of application-specific performance outcomes. Supported by recent case studies selected from the literature, this review discusses prominent applications, particularly in the aerospace, biomedical, and automotive sectors. Current challenges such as microstructural control, post-process optimization, environmental sustainability, and multi-material manufacturing are also addressed, and future research areas such as AI-assisted material design and nano-additive systems are highlighted. As a result, the integration of advanced material development and AM processes stands out as the key determinant in the production of functional, durable and sustainable products.
Surface texture processing methods of medical nitinol alloy and tribological characteristics: a review
Weimin Huang
et al
2026
Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop.
14
013004
View article
, Surface texture processing methods of medical nitinol alloy and tribological characteristics: a review
PDF
, Surface texture processing methods of medical nitinol alloy and tribological characteristics: a review
Nickel-titanium (NiTi) alloys are widely used in the medical field due to their excellent strength, biocompatibility, and tribological properties. Additionally, NiTi exhibits unique characteristics such as shape memory and pseudo-elasticity, which confer significant advantages in the manufacturing of components with specific functions. However, friction and wear inevitably occur during service, compromising component performance and potentially necessitating replacement in severe cases. Surface texture effectively modulates tribological performance across micro and macro scales through alterations in surface geometric morphology and microstructure, thereby regulating friction, wear, and lubrication characteristics. Numerous surface texture processing methods are currently available. This paper systematically reviews texture processing methods categorized by machining principle, including conventional methods (turning, milling, grinding) alongside advanced techniques such as laser processing, electrical discharge machining (EDM), abrasive jet machining (AJM), electron beam melting (EBM), electrochemical machining (ECM), chemical etching, and hybrid approaches. The study comparatively analyzes the advantages and limitations of each method while evaluating their respective influences on the tribological properties of resultant surface textures. Furthermore, current challenges and future prospects in NiTi surface texture technology are addressed, offering critical insights for advancing research on texture processing methods and their tribological performance in medical NiTi applications.
The following article is
Open access
Additive manufacturing in biomaterials: a comprehensive and integrated review of innovations in tissue engineering, bioprinting, implant design, and regenerative medicine
Cem Alparslan and Şenol Bayraktar 2026
Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop.
14
013003
View article
, Additive manufacturing in biomaterials: a comprehensive and integrated review of innovations in tissue engineering, bioprinting, implant design, and regenerative medicine
PDF
, Additive manufacturing in biomaterials: a comprehensive and integrated review of innovations in tissue engineering, bioprinting, implant design, and regenerative medicine
Additive manufacturing (AM) has rapidly evolved into a groundbreaking technology in biomedical engineering, offering unprecedented capabilities for fabricating patient-specific, anatomically complex structures with high precision. This review presents a comprehensive and critical overview of recent innovations in AM-applied biomaterials, focusing on the integration and application of hydrogels, biopolymers, ceramics, metals, and composite systems. These materials, each with unique biological and mechanical attributes, are pivotal in advancing regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, and the development of next-generation medical implants and devices. Special emphasis is placed on hydrogel-based bioinks and photopolymerizable networks used in 3D bioprinting, which offer tunable properties, excellent biocompatibility, and the ability to mimic extracellular matrix environments. Furthermore, the synergistic design of structural and functional materials in AM platforms is explored to address critical challenges such as mechanical durability, degradation kinetics, immunomodulation, and dynamic cell–matrix interactions. By synthesizing current progress in material science, biofabrication strategies, and translational pathways, this review highlights the transformative potential of AM in shaping the future of personalized and precision medicine—bridging the gap between innovative material design and clinically viable biomedical solutions.
Quantification of post-depositional surface alteration on chipped stone tools: a review
Danielle A Macdonald
et al
2026
Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop.
14
013002
View article
, Quantification of post-depositional surface alteration on chipped stone tools: a review
PDF
, Quantification of post-depositional surface alteration on chipped stone tools: a review
The use of metrology and tribology methods for archaeological stone tool microwear analysis has provided opportunities to revisit unresolved issues, such as wear formation processes, the exclusivity of polishes derived from different worked materials, and damage to stone tool surfaces produced by post-depositional environments. In this paper, we provide a brief history of research on post-depositional damage, present a summary of stone tool microwear quantification, and review the development of current methods employed to mathematically characterize stone tool surfaces altered through natural and cultural processes of post-deposition. Through reviewing past work we provide thoughts on the next steps in method development for the mathematical characterization of post-depositional alteration on chipped stone tool surfaces. Ultimately, archaeologists studying use-related microwear using quantification of surface structure must contend with post-depositional wear, just as their visual microscopic microwear analysis colleagues have. One primary obstacle to the widespread adoption of quantitative methods for lithic microwear analysis is the ability to distinguish use-related microwear from microwear resulting from post-deposition, and this review article provides a critical overview of the state of the field.
Synergistic enhancement of wear and corrosion resistance in Ni-W-Si₃N₄ composite coatings via tailored ultrasonic power during electrodeposition
Yao et al
View accepted manuscript
, Synergistic enhancement of wear and corrosion resistance in Ni-W-Si₃N₄ composite coatings via tailored ultrasonic power during electrodeposition
PDF
, Synergistic enhancement of wear and corrosion resistance in Ni-W-Si₃N₄ composite coatings via tailored ultrasonic power during electrodeposition
A Ni-W-Si₃N₄ composite nanocoating was deposited on a copper substrate via direct current electrodeposition. The influence of ultrasonic power on the microstructure, mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and wear resistance of the composite coating, along with the underlying mechanisms, was systematically examined. The results demonstrate that the introduction of ultrasound significantly refines the grains of the composite coating and improves the distribution of Si₃N₄ nanoparticles. At an ultrasonic power of 90W, the composite coating exhibits optimal overall performance. It achieves the highest hardness of 554.2HV, and the wear mechanism shifts from a combination of adhesive wear and abrasive wear of the coatings prepared without ultrasound to predominantly abrasive wear, accompanied by the lowest average friction coefficient and the best wear resistance. Furthermore, the coating shows superior corrosion resistance, with the lowest self-corrosion current density of 0.8×10⁻⁷A·cm⁻² and the highest self-corrosion potential of ‑0.28V. The enhancement in performance is primarily attributed to grain refinement, dispersion strengthening and lubricating effects contributed by the nanoparticles, as well as improved surface densification. This study elucidates the regulatory role of ultrasonic power on the microstructure and performance of composite coatings during electrodeposition, providing theoretical insights and process references for the development of high-performance coatings.
Study on thermal-particle coupling friction and morphology characteristics of cartridge-type fixed pressure valve
Qian-Peng et al
View accepted manuscript
, Study on thermal-particle coupling friction and morphology characteristics of cartridge-type fixed pressure valve
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, Study on thermal-particle coupling friction and morphology characteristics of cartridge-type fixed pressure valve
The pressure-stabilizing response speed is a critical performance indicator of pressure relief valves. In practical applications, however, the combined effect of elevated medium temperature and contaminant ingestion leads to a significant increase in spool friction, resulting in response lag and even valve failure. This study proposes a novel method for measuring the thermal-particle coupled friction of valve spools to investigate the frictional behavior under these complex conditions and to reveal the underlying microscopic mechanisms. The results demonstrate that the peak thermal-particle coupled friction force can reach 69 times that under conventional conditions, increasing quadratically with the contamination level, which indicates a high sensitivity of the spool to contamination. When the contamination level was increased from 2× to 18× of the L12 standard, the peak friction force rose from 9.65 N to 23.24 N, and the response lag ratio increased from 17.7% to 77.1%. Surface morphology analysis revealed that wear increased the average surface roughness (Ra) by up to 0.973μm and the peak-to-valley height (Rv) by up to 9.425μm. These observations indicate that particle-induced wear caused significant surface roughening and plowing effects, which in turn aggravated internal leakage and friction. The experimental methodology, data, and theoretical analysis presented in this work provide valuable insights for enhancing the reliability of hydraulic spool valves.
The following article is
Open access
Correlating topographic features and mechanisms for macropitting, micropitting, and electrical pitting in bearing steel contacts
Zaihao Tian
et al
2026
Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop.
14
025005
View article
, Correlating topographic features and mechanisms for macropitting, micropitting, and electrical pitting in bearing steel contacts
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, Correlating topographic features and mechanisms for macropitting, micropitting, and electrical pitting in bearing steel contacts
Pitting is a critical damage mode in rolling–sliding contacts that can arise from distinct mechanisms, including rolling contact fatigue and electrically induced discharge. This paper presents insights into the formation and characteristics of macropitting, micropitting, and electrical pitting in rolling–sliding contacts of bearing steels. Experiments were conducted using a TE74 twin-disc tribometer under controlled lubrication and electrical conditions. Under boundary to mixed lubrication, macropitting and micropitting were generated using a base oil and a zinc dithiophosphate-enriched oil, respectively. Electrical pitting was produced by applying a low electrical potential across the lubricated contact under elastohydrodynamic lubrication conditions. The three pitting modes exhibited distinct pit morphologies, crack features, and surface topography evolution. Macropitting was characterised by large, irregular pits formed through aggressive secondary crack propagation, whereas micropitting produced smaller, crescent-shaped pits with limited crack growth. Electrical pitting resulted in near-circular pits without surrounding cracks, indicating a discharge-dominated damage mechanism. Roughness parameters also revealed mechanism-dependent surface modifications, providing a unified topography-based framework for differentiating fatigue-driven and electrically induced pitting.
The following article is
Open access
Surface roughness from raking light images
Jack DiSciacca
et al
2026
Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop.
14
025001
View article
, Surface roughness from raking light images
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, Surface roughness from raking light images
This study presents a novel method for deriving roughness values from raking light images of photographic paper surfaces, offering a cost-effective and efficient alternative to traditional measurement techniques. The research builds upon the Lens Media Lab’s extensive reference collection of historic black and white photographic papers and previous texture characterization methods based on raking light surface imagery. Our technique for deriving roughness is based on standard deviation of pixel brightness, with brightness used as a proxy for height. This work builds on the ISO surface texture parameter of Sq, defined as the root mean square of heights. Owing to the use of raking light to model surface heights, we call our method RL-Sq (Raking Light-Sq). Besides RL-Sq, we adapt an existing convolutional neural network (CNN) to predict Sq values from raking light images. Both methods are compared to Sq measurements obtained using an optical profilometer on a dataset of 213 samples. RL-Sq shows a strong correlation with profilometer measurements (Pearson coefficient of 0.87), while the CNN achieves a slightly higher correlation (Pearson coefficient of 0.93). Despite the CNN’s marginally better performance, we favor RL-Sq because it is far more parameter-efficient (3 parameters instead of millions), and its parameters are both interpretable and fixed. Our study also addresses anisotropy in strongly directional samples, problems with specialty papers containing metallic elements, and the challenge of texture matching. The RL-Sq offers several key advantages for cultural heritage collections. We demonstrate the method’s practical application through integration with Paperbase, the lab’s primary tool for accessing reference collection data. This approach enables researchers to compare prints, identify paper brands, and narrow production dates based on texture measurements combined with other physical properties.
The following article is
Open access
Recent trends on additive manufactured advanced materials: a targeted review on functional capabilities and process integration
Cem Alparslan
et al
2026
Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop.
14
013005
View article
, Recent trends on additive manufactured advanced materials: a targeted review on functional capabilities and process integration
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, Recent trends on additive manufactured advanced materials: a targeted review on functional capabilities and process integration
Additive manufacturing (AM) has transformed traditional manufacturing processes, revolutionizing the production of complex, customized, and high-performance components. The role of advanced materials developed specifically for AM technologies is critical to the success of this transformation. This review comprehensively covers advanced material classes such as metal-based alloys, ceramics, high-performance polymers, composite systems, smart materials, and functionally gradient materials (FGMs). The compatibility of each material group with AM processes, its mechanical and functional properties, post-production requirements, and application potential are detailed. Furthermore, the compatibility between material selection processes and manufacturing technologies is comparatively evaluated in terms of application-specific performance outcomes. Supported by recent case studies selected from the literature, this review discusses prominent applications, particularly in the aerospace, biomedical, and automotive sectors. Current challenges such as microstructural control, post-process optimization, environmental sustainability, and multi-material manufacturing are also addressed, and future research areas such as AI-assisted material design and nano-additive systems are highlighted. As a result, the integration of advanced material development and AM processes stands out as the key determinant in the production of functional, durable and sustainable products.
The following article is
Open access
Additive manufacturing in biomaterials: a comprehensive and integrated review of innovations in tissue engineering, bioprinting, implant design, and regenerative medicine
Cem Alparslan and Şenol Bayraktar 2026
Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop.
14
013003
View article
, Additive manufacturing in biomaterials: a comprehensive and integrated review of innovations in tissue engineering, bioprinting, implant design, and regenerative medicine
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, Additive manufacturing in biomaterials: a comprehensive and integrated review of innovations in tissue engineering, bioprinting, implant design, and regenerative medicine
Additive manufacturing (AM) has rapidly evolved into a groundbreaking technology in biomedical engineering, offering unprecedented capabilities for fabricating patient-specific, anatomically complex structures with high precision. This review presents a comprehensive and critical overview of recent innovations in AM-applied biomaterials, focusing on the integration and application of hydrogels, biopolymers, ceramics, metals, and composite systems. These materials, each with unique biological and mechanical attributes, are pivotal in advancing regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, and the development of next-generation medical implants and devices. Special emphasis is placed on hydrogel-based bioinks and photopolymerizable networks used in 3D bioprinting, which offer tunable properties, excellent biocompatibility, and the ability to mimic extracellular matrix environments. Furthermore, the synergistic design of structural and functional materials in AM platforms is explored to address critical challenges such as mechanical durability, degradation kinetics, immunomodulation, and dynamic cell–matrix interactions. By synthesizing current progress in material science, biofabrication strategies, and translational pathways, this review highlights the transformative potential of AM in shaping the future of personalized and precision medicine—bridging the gap between innovative material design and clinically viable biomedical solutions.
The following article is
Open access
Graffiti removal on historic brick: assessing micro-abrasive cleaning performance and the challenges of preserving surface texture
Ke-An Chiang and Qingrou Dai 2026
Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop.
14
015010
View article
, Graffiti removal on historic brick: assessing micro-abrasive cleaning performance and the challenges of preserving surface texture
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, Graffiti removal on historic brick: assessing micro-abrasive cleaning performance and the challenges of preserving surface texture
Removing graffiti from porous masonry remains a significant conservation challenge, in part as spray paint may penetrate the pores of the material. Historic brick is particularly vulnerable due to its softer texture and higher porosity compared with dense stone or modern brick, which increases the risk of paint absorption and surface alteration during cleaning. Micro-abrasive cleaning employs fine particles at low pressures to provide a relatively controlled method that minimizes direct chemical exposure, discoloration, and excessive material loss. However, the effects of this technique on historic brick have not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, cleaning performance is assessed through analyses of color and surface texture changes conducted before paint application and after cleaning trials. The extent to which the original fire-skin remains serves as an additional key indicator of the aggressiveness of this cleaning method. By integrating instrumental measurements with visual and tactile assessments, the study provides evidence-based insights into graffiti removal on historic brick and underscores considerations for conservation cleaning of sensitive masonry surfaces.
The following article is
Open access
Linking 3D surface texture to frictional performance in steel-rubber contact using a machine learning approach
Bilel Jebali
et al
2026
Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop.
14
015007
View article
, Linking 3D surface texture to frictional performance in steel-rubber contact using a machine learning approach
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, Linking 3D surface texture to frictional performance in steel-rubber contact using a machine learning approach
Understanding and predicting friction in rubber–steel sliding contacts remains a major challenge due to the complex interplay between surface topography and contact mechanics. Areal texture parameters defined by ISO 25178 offer a comprehensive description of surface geometry, yet their individual and combined effects on frictional behaviour are not fully understood. Herein, we calculate fifty-six texture parameters for seventeen steel samples with varying surface topographies. The coefficient of friction (COF) is evaluated through a pin-on-disc test, using a rubber pin as the contact material. Measurements were conducted under three contact protocols: single wetting, periodic wetting and greasing and wetting. For each protocol, the dataset is randomly divided into 60% for training, 20% for validation, and 20% for testing, and four Machine Learning (ML) algorithms (SVM, RF, GBM, and ANN) are trained to predict the COF. A final step of validation is conducted on the mean value of three friction measurement repetition, where generated models are used to predict this mean value of COF. Under the three protocols, an excellent agreement between measured and predicted friction was founded, with Root Mean Square Errors (RMSE) as low as 0.035 and coefficients of determination R
reaching 0.9. Moreover, the use of texture parameters to train predictive ML models yields robust accuracy, even across different contact conditions. This paves the way for predicting frictional performance based solely on surface topography measurements and tracking the temporal evolution of texture parameters. This approach is especially relevant when an intermediate body is present in the contact interface, where physical modelling becomes both complex and costly.
The following article is
Open access
Surface textures modulate tactile perception
Rikeen D Jobanputra
et al
2026
Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop.
14
015003
View article
, Surface textures modulate tactile perception
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, Surface textures modulate tactile perception
Surface texture affects how surfaces are perceived. During contact between a finger and an object, mechanical stimuli propagate from the skin surface to the sites of our tactile mechanoreceptors. By changing the material, geometric and interfacial properties of these countersurfaces, product designers may modulate the elicited mechanical stimuli to deliver more functional and desirable sensations to consumers. We investigate the sliding contact between a finger and a variety of rigid sinusoidal surface textures using a numerical model. A parametric study was conducted in which the wavelength and amplitude of surface textures were varied whilst stimulation of the mechanoreceptors within the finger was recorded. It was found that the wavelength of the countersurface is more significant parameter than its amplitude. Particularly, when surface wavelengths were commensurate to that of the fingerprint, elevated and highly oscillatory strain energy density signals were experienced at each of the receptor sites. In these scenarios, increases in amplitude of the countersurface further elevate the mechano- stimulation, whilst this was substantially attenuated when the finger slides against non-commensurate surface textures. The obtained results can be used in conjunction with perceptive data to elicit or tune targeted sensations, for instance by designing specific surface textures for products and packaging, or by modifying the skin surface properties through cosmetic application.
The following article is
Open access
Quantitative characterization of nanowire verticality using SEM images
E Stai
et al
2025
Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop.
13
045020
View article
, Quantitative characterization of nanowire verticality using SEM images
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, Quantitative characterization of nanowire verticality using SEM images
Nanowires are widely used in many applications, such as in electronics, photonics and biomedical devices due to their unique structural and surface properties. One key aspect of the performance of nanowires (NWs) is their alignment and vertical orientation relative to the substrate. A widely used method for surface inspection on nanoscale is Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). However, these 2D images offer limited perspective on the 3D alignment and verticality of NWs. To address this limitation, we introduce a quantitative method for the characterization of nanowire alignment and verticality using a hybrid approach combining the analysis of top-down and tilted SEM images. The key idea is that in both types of images, the nanowire verticality is reflected on the anisotropy of their 2D texture, which can be quantified through an anisotropy index based on the 2D Fourier Transform (FT) of SEM images. The developed methodology is applied to evaluate the verticality of Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) nanowires treated with oxygen plasma and further coated with a carbyne-like layer to increase their durability during water immersion. Our findings demonstrate that the carbyne-like coating significantly enhances NW robustness under immersion conditions, as demonstrated by consistent anisotropy index computations.
The following article is
Open access
Changes in surface topography during running-in of bearing steel contacts under mixed lubrication
Terry J Harvey
et al
2025
Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop.
13
035020
View article
, Changes in surface topography during running-in of bearing steel contacts under mixed lubrication
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, Changes in surface topography during running-in of bearing steel contacts under mixed lubrication
Under mixed lubrication conditions, running-in is typically associated with a change in surface topography as surfaces conform at the very beginning of bearing operation. During this period, exposed roughness peaks of both bodies initially come into contact and can undergo plastic deformation or mild abrasive wear. This study focuses on running-in of rolling bearings, which typically have low initial roughness. Tests are performed on a twin roller machine at varying loads, entrainment velocities and slip ratios. To preclude the effect of additives, a synthetic base oil was used (PAO4). Due to the shape and low roughness of the samples a contacting profilometer was employed to measure the roughness. The variation in roughness between samples was much more than any difference measured before and after testing, indicating that low initial roughness limits the degree of running-in. The parametric analysis indicated reductions relating to entrainment velocity and contact pressure due their effect on film thickness and intensity of asperity interactions. The effect of slip can be attributed to increased shear cycles between the roughness peaks on the one hand but also appeared to be more complex, as the friction levels increase with slip and this in turn influenced the temperature and thus operating viscosity in the contact producing thinner films. Further, it could be demonstrated that the highest degree of roughness reduction occurs at small values of the relative lubricant film height. Consequently, the relative lubricant film height for all tests was adjusted to a similar level after completion, indicating that beyond a certain threshold of relative film height, the wear of surface roughness peaks ceases. As expected due to the low initial roughness of rolling bearings, the changes in roughness under mixed friction conditions found in the study are rather small. However, dependencies of the changes on the load parameters could be determined, which can form an important basis for future modeling.
The following article is
Open access
Fiducial markers for image alignment of surface texture measurements
Stefanie Stöckel and Sophie Groeger 2025
Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop.
13
035011
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, Fiducial markers for image alignment of surface texture measurements
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, Fiducial markers for image alignment of surface texture measurements
Fiducial markers are widely used as reference for imaging systems across a range of different scientific disciplines, including applications like augmented reality, computer vision and medicine. This paper provides an introduction to the topic of fiducial markers, with an initial analysis of the state of the art with regard to their applications, characteristics and manufacturing processes across disciplines. Subsequently, the paper turns its attention to the utilisation of markers for the measurement of surface texture. As only a limited area of the surface is evaluated in comparison to the entire workpiece, it is necessary to use markings as a reference to relocate the measurement area. This paper presents two original solutions for applications related to surface texture measurement. The measurement is conducted using confocal microscopy. Initially, a combination of laser marking and height marker lines is proposed for the comparison of measurements obtained from different devices. Secondly, a novel approach to the safeguarding of markers throughout the manufacturing process is outlined, which employs the use of a bespoke 3D-printed cover. This methodology allows for the investigation of changes occurring at a specific location during manufacturing processes, thereby facilitating a more profound understanding of the impact of these processes. The examined markings serve as reference points for accurate relocation during measurement and data analysis. In all instances, digital image correlation was successfully performed. The design of the marker is unique and depends on the specific application, specimen, and imaging device. Despite the absence of a universal solution for fiducial markers, this study explores effective ways to utilise them and presents practical examples of their applications.
More Open Access articles
Quantitative characterization of surface topography using spectral analysis
Tevis D B Jacobs
et al
2017
Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop.
013001
View article
, Quantitative characterization of surface topography using spectral analysis
PDF
, Quantitative characterization of surface topography using spectral analysis
Roughness determines many functional properties of surfaces, such as adhesion, friction, and (thermal and electrical) contact conductance. Recent analytical models and simulations enable quantitative prediction of these properties from knowledge of the power spectral density (PSD) of the surface topography. The utility of the PSD is that it contains statistical information that is unbiased by the particular scan size and pixel resolution chosen by the researcher. In this article, we first review the mathematical definition of the PSD, including the one- and two-dimensional cases, and common variations of each. We then discuss strategies for reconstructing an accurate PSD of a surface using topography measurements at different size scales. Finally, we discuss detecting and mitigating artifacts at the smallest scales, and computing upper/lower bounds on functional properties obtained from models. We accompany our discussion with virtual measurements on computer-generated surfaces. This discussion summarizes how to analyze topography measurements to reconstruct a reliable PSD. Analytical models demonstrate the potential for tuning functional properties by rationally tailoring surface topography—however, this potential can only be achieved through the accurate, quantitative reconstruction of the PSDs of real-world surfaces.
The following article is
Open access
Tribological performance of surface texturing in mechanical applications—a review
Ping Lu and Robert J K Wood 2020
Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop.
043001
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, Tribological performance of surface texturing in mechanical applications—a review
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, Tribological performance of surface texturing in mechanical applications—a review
Surface textures have been of great interest within the tribology community with nearly 1500 papers published on this topic in the past two decades. With the pursuit of low emissions and environmental sustainability, the application of surface texturing to mechanical systems to lower friction and control wear is attracting increasing attention. There is no doubt that certain textured surfaces can have a beneficial effect on tribological performance but it is widely agreed that the optimization of textures should be carried out based on specific requirements of applications. The purpose of this review article is to summarize the current state of the art in surface texturing applied to mechanical applications (cutting tools, piston-ring & cylinder liners, sealing and journal bearings) from the following aspects: application requirements, numerical/experimental testing and validation, and tribological performance of textured surfaces (wear and friction), as well as the limitations in texture designs when applied to certain applications. Patterns/grooves in the micron-scale are the most typical shapes been studied, and benefits of partial texturing are applicable for most of these mechanical applications. Friction reduction of up to 34.5% in cutting tools, 82% in piston-ring & cylinder-liners, 65% in seals and 18% in journal bearings have been observed by experimental tests. Based on primary evidence from the literature, the last section provides general suggestions on current gaps in understanding and modelling and suggestions for future research directions.
Mechanical, wear and corrosion behaviors of AZ91/SiC composite layer fabricated by friction stir vibration processing
Amin Abdollahzadeh
et al
2021
Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop.
035038
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, Mechanical, wear and corrosion behaviors of AZ91/SiC composite layer fabricated by friction stir vibration processing
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, Mechanical, wear and corrosion behaviors of AZ91/SiC composite layer fabricated by friction stir vibration processing
In this work, the effect of vibration on the mechanical, corrosion and wear characteristics of AZ91 composite layers fabricated by a modified friction stir processing has been examined. The vibration was implemented by the motor into the fixture placed beneath the work-piece. It was observed that vibration could highly modify the microstructure and mechanical properties of the composite layer owing to the increase in strain rate, deformation, and expansion of the material flow zone. Tensile strength increased from around 203 MPa for the samples processed by friction stir process (FSP) to about 234 MPa for the samples processed by friction stir vibration process (FSVP). Furthermore, a more uniform distribution of reinforcement SiC particles with less agglomerated domains was achieved using FSVP. The FSVPed sample exhibited better wear resistance compared to the conventional FSPed sample and the base metal. In this study, the principal common wear mechanisms were delamination, oxidation, abrasion, and plastic deformation. It was also found out that both FSPed and FSVPed specimens experienced lower hydrogen evolution volume during the immersion time compared to the base metal. Finally, the corrosion resistance of FSVPed sample highly increased compared to the FSP and base metal.
Optical wafer metrology sensors for process-robust CD and overlay control in semiconductor device manufacturing
Arie J den Boef 2016
Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop.
023001
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, Optical wafer metrology sensors for process-robust CD and overlay control in semiconductor device manufacturing
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, Optical wafer metrology sensors for process-robust CD and overlay control in semiconductor device manufacturing
This paper presents three optical wafer metrology sensors that are used in lithography for robustly measuring the shape and position of wafers and device patterns on these wafers. The first two sensors are a level sensor and an alignment sensor that measure, respectively, a wafer height map and a wafer position before a new pattern is printed on the wafer. The third sensor is an optical scatterometer that measures critical dimension-variations and overlay after the resist has been exposed and developed. These sensors have different optical concepts but they share the same challenge that sub-nm precision is required at high throughput on a large variety of processed wafers and in the presence of unknown wafer processing variations. It is the purpose of this paper to explain these challenges in more detail and give an overview of the various solutions that have been introduced over the years to come to process-robust optical wafer metrology.
Combining surface textures and MXene coatings—towards enhanced wear-resistance and durability
Andreas Rosenkranz and Max Marian 2022
Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop.
10
033001
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, Combining surface textures and MXene coatings—towards enhanced wear-resistance and durability
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, Combining surface textures and MXene coatings—towards enhanced wear-resistance and durability
Surface texturing has gained significant attention over the last 30 years to tailor friction and wear under various tribological conditions in fundamental and applied tribological systems. Under dry conditions, surface textures help to improve friction or wear by reducing adhesion and the real area of contact as well as trapping wear particles. However, especially under high load conditions, surface textures rapidly wear away, thus losing their friction- and wear-reducing capability. A potential strategy to improve their durability under more severe conditions is the combination with protective solid lubricant coatings. In this regard, MXene nano-sheets are the most recent success story related to 2D materials as solid lubricant coatings. They appear particularly interesting due to their ability to generate low-friction and wear-resistant tribo-films thus providing an excellent durability and wear resistance. This aspect makes the combination of MXene solid lubricant coatings and surface textures highly prospective. Therefore, this perspective aims at summarizing and analyzing the existing state-of-the art related to the combined use of surface textures and MXene coatings.
The following article is
Open access
Dental microwear textures: reconstructing diets of fossil mammals
Larisa R G DeSantis 2016
Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop.
023002
View article
, Dental microwear textures: reconstructing diets of fossil mammals
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, Dental microwear textures: reconstructing diets of fossil mammals
Dietary information of fossil mammals can be revealed via the analysis of tooth morphology, tooth wear, tooth geochemistry, and the microscopic wear patterns on tooth surfaces resulting from food processing. Although dental microwear has long been used by anthropologists and paleontologists to clarify diets in a diversity of mammals, until recently these methods focused on the counting of wear features (e.g., pits and scratches) from two-dimensional surfaces (typically via scanning electron microscopes or low-magnification light microscopes). The analysis of dental microwear textures can instead reveal dietary information in a broad range of herbivorous, omnivorous, and carnivorous mammals by characterizing microscopic tooth surfaces in three-dimensions, without the counting of individual surface features. To date, dental microwear textures in ungulates, xenarthrans, marsupials, carnivorans, and primates (including humans and their ancestors) are correlated with known dietary behavior in extant taxa and reconstruct ancient diets in a diversity of prehistoric mammals. For example, tough versus hard object feeding can be characterized across disparate phylogenetic groups and can distinguish grazers, folivorous, and flesh consumers (tougher food consumers) from woody browsers, frugivores, and bone consumers (harder object feeders). This paper reviews how dental microwear textures can be useful to reconstructing diets in a broad array of living and extinct mammals, with commentary on areas of future research.
The following article is
Open access
Fundamental aspects of resolution and precision in vertical scanning white-light interferometry
Peter Lehmann
et al
2016
Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop.
024004
View article
, Fundamental aspects of resolution and precision in vertical scanning white-light interferometry
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, Fundamental aspects of resolution and precision in vertical scanning white-light interferometry
We discuss the height and lateral resolution that can be achieved in vertical scanning white-light interferometry (SWLI). With respect to interferometric height resolution, phase-shifting interferometry (PSI) is assumed to provide the highest accuracy. However, if the noise dependence of SWLI phase evaluation and PSI algorithms is considered, SWLI measurements can be shown to be more precise. With respect to lateral resolution, the determination of the coherence peak position of SWLI signals seems to lead to better results compared to phase based-interferometric measurements. This can be attributed to the well-known batwing effect. Since batwing is a nonlinear effect applying nonlinear filters, e.g. a median filter, it reduces them significantly. If filtering is applied prior to the fringe order determination and phase evaluation, the number of artefacts known as ghost steps can be eliminated without changing the modulus of the phase. Finally, we discuss the dependence of measured height values on surface slope. We show that in interference microscopy there are additional limitations which are more rigid compared to the maximum surface slope angle resulting from the numerical aperture of the objective lens. As a consequence, the measurement precision breaks down at slope changes of steeper flanks even if the modulation depth of the interference signals is still good enough for signal analysis.
Surface texture measurement for additive manufacturing
Andrew Triantaphyllou
et al
2015
Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop.
024002
View article
, Surface texture measurement for additive manufacturing
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, Surface texture measurement for additive manufacturing
The surface texture of additively manufactured metallic surfaces made by powder bed methods is affected by a number of factors, including the powder’s particle size distribution, the effect of the heat source, the thickness of the printed layers, the angle of the surface relative to the horizontal build bed and the effect of any post processing/finishing. The aim of the research reported here is to understand the way these surfaces should be measured in order to characterise them. In published research to date, the surface texture is generally reported as an Ra value, measured across the lay. The appropriateness of this method for such surfaces is investigated here. A preliminary investigation was carried out on two additive manufacturing processes—selective laser melting (SLM) and electron beam melting (EBM)—focusing on the effect of build angle and post processing. The surfaces were measured using both tactile and optical methods and a range of profile and areal parameters were reported. Test coupons were manufactured at four angles relative to the horizontal plane of the powder bed using both SLM and EBM. The effect of lay—caused by the layered nature of the manufacturing process—was investigated, as was the required sample area for optical measurements. The surfaces were also measured before and after grit blasting.
The following article is
Open access
Contact.engineering—Create, analyze and publish digital surface twins from topography measurements across many scales
Michael C Röttger
et al
2022
Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop.
10
035032
View article
, Contact.engineering—Create, analyze and publish digital surface twins from topography measurements across many scales
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, Contact.engineering—Create, analyze and publish digital surface twins from topography measurements across many scales
The optimization of surface finish to improve performance, such as adhesion, friction, wear, fatigue life, or interfacial transport, occurs largely through trial and error, despite significant advancements in the relevant science. There are three central challenges that account for this disconnect: (1) the challenge of integration of many different types of measurement for the same surface to capture the multi-scale nature of roughness; (2) the technical complexity of implementing spectral analysis methods, and of applying mechanical or numerical models to describe surface performance; (3) a lack of consistency between researchers and industries in how surfaces are measured, quantified, and communicated. Here we present a freely-available internet-based application (available at
) which attempts to overcome all three challenges. First, the application enables the user to upload many different topography measurements taken from a single surface, including using different techniques, and then integrates all of them together to create a digital surface twin. Second, the application calculates many of the commonly used topography metrics, such as root-mean-square parameters, power spectral density (PSD), and autocorrelation function (ACF), as well as implementing analytical and numerical calculations, such as boundary element modeling (BEM) for elastic and plastic deformation. Third, the application serves as a repository for users to securely store surfaces, and if they choose, to share these with collaborators or even publish them (with a digital object identifier) for all to access. The primary goal of this application is to enable researchers and manufacturers to quickly and easily apply cutting-edge tools for the characterization and properties-modeling of real-world surfaces. An additional goal is to advance the use of open-science principles in surface engineering by providing a FAIR database where researchers can choose to publish surface measurements for all to use.
A review on TIG cladding of engineering material for improving their surface property
Kaushik Biswas and Chinmaya Kumar Sahoo 2023
Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop.
11
023001
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, A review on TIG cladding of engineering material for improving their surface property
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, A review on TIG cladding of engineering material for improving their surface property
Different components used in industries like power plant, petrochemical, automobile are subjected to severe wear and corrosion due to high temperature and pressure environments. Therefore, it is necessary to improve those components’ wear and corrosion resistance properties. Different processes like laser cladding, CVD, PVD, and thermal spraying are widely used for upgrading surface properties of material. In recent days, it has been found that many researchers investigated the performance of tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding for cladding of superior material like ceramics, metal etc on different substrate materials. TIG cladding can fulfil the requirements of industries by developing a quality cladded layer with low cost and high productivity. This research paper has made an effort to compile the literature related to TIG cladding process for improving substrate properties. It has been observed that the superior materials like titanium carbide(TiC), silicon carbide(SiC), tungsten carbide(WC), cobalt-based alloys, and nickel-based alloys have been successfully cladded using TIG welding process. Researchers have also observed adequate improvement in properties like microhardness and wear resistance of different grades of steel substrate material, like 304, 316 stainless steel, 1010, and 1020 low-carbon steel. The process is also successfully utilized for cladding of superior material on nonferrous metals like Al, Ti alloy. The TIG clad quality and performance rely on different process parameters like current, scan speed, and shielding gas flow rate and also the properties of coating and substrate material.
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2013-present
Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties
doi: 10.1088/issn.2051-672X
Online ISSN: 2051-672X