Survival sex - Wikipedia

Survival sex - Wikipedia
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Survival sex
is a form of
prostitution
engaged in by people because of their extreme need. It can include trading sex for food, a place to sleep, or other
basic needs
; it can also be used to obtain
addictive drugs
Survival sex is engaged in by
homeless
people,
refugees
asylum seekers
, and others disadvantaged in society.
The term is used by
sex trade
poverty
researchers, and
aid workers
Prevalence
edit
Survival sex is common throughout the world, and has been extensively studied in many countries including
Afghanistan
Cuba
Iran
the
United States
Canada
Mexico
Jamaica
, the
Philippines
Thailand
New Zealand
Colombia
Kenya
Uganda
, and
South Africa
Researchers estimate that of
homeless youth
in
North America
, one in three has engaged in survival sex. In one study of homeless youth in
Los Angeles
, about one-third of females and half of males said they had engaged in survival sex.
Likelihood increases with the number of days the youth has been homeless, experience of being victimized, engaging in criminal behaviour, using illegal substances, attempting
suicide
, being
pregnant
, or having an
STI
Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender
street children are three times likelier to engage in survival sex compared with their heterosexual counterparts, according to one study. Another found that
transgender
youth are most likely of all to engage in survival sex.
Survival sex is common in
refugee camps
. In
internally displaced persons
camps in northern
Uganda
, where 1.4 million civilians have been displaced by conflict between Ugandan government forces and the militant
Lord's Resistance Army
Human Rights Watch
reported in 2005 that displaced women and girls were engaging in survival sex with other camp residents, local defense personnel, and Ugandan government soldiers.
Motivations
edit
Some researchers say that
street children
do not always see survival sex as exploitative: rather, they sometimes characterize it as the "beginning of a potential relationship." Given that one of the strongest predictors of engagement in survival sex is a prior history of
sexual abuse
by adult caregivers, some researchers theorize that rather than being driven to survival sex out of desperation, street children might be reproducing familiar behaviour and relationship patterns.
10
Outreach and law enforcement
edit
The examples and perspective in this article
may not represent a
worldwide view
of the subject
You may
improve this article
, discuss the issue on the
talk page
, or
create a new article
, as appropriate.
February 2014
Learn how and when to remove this message
The number of homeless children in the US grew from 1.2 million in 2007 to 1.6 million in 2010.
11
US municipalities such as
Boston
and
Dallas
have noticed a sharp increase in
runaways
engaging in survival sex since 1999. Dallas established a special group home for counseling, from which 75% of the underage girls who receive treatment do not return to prostitution. Congress nearly approved a program for cities to create pilot programs modeled on the Dallas system in 2007, but never appropriated the necessary funds. The Department of Justice has yet to study the number of children involved in prostitution even though they were authorized by Congress to do so in 2005.
12
However, the Center for Problem Oriented Policing claims, "there is no consensus on whether the practice is widespread," and recommends that runaways should be questioned about sexual abuse but not consensual sex, survival sex, or prostitution.
13
According to the
National Alliance to End Homelessness
, outreach services to help sexually exploited youth should focus on the locations where they congregate and are approached by
pimps
for exploitation, including public spaces such as malls and schools, and the internet. Outreach workers need to develop a close professional relationship with law enforcement to learn about trends and locations, but should carefully avoid compromising their independence or the confidentiality of their clients. Local law enforcement should target pimps and customers (janes or johns) and not the victims (youth and young adult prostitutes) for prosecution to be effective. Partnerships between nonprofit programs and law enforcement can help offer survival sex worker victims community-based services and housing when they are picked up by police officers.
14
According to
ECPAT International
, when sex industry women and children victims are held in police custody or remand homes, denied freedom and access to information, or abused by police, they are encouraged to lie about their situation and try to escape, so community assistance services are substantially less useful. Similar failures occur when court procedures do not allow victim testimony or representation or, when they do, are neither victim-friendly nor children-friendly; or when decisions on children's futures seldom include the opinions of children, or when the right to privacy is violated by media reporting, or by stigmatization of and discrimination against children exploited in prostitution. Governments have the duty to provide services to children, but sharing that duty with nonprofits by coordination, monitoring, and support, especially with respect to periodic review of placement, is likely to have the best results. Protection measures for children at all stages of the legal process has not been sufficiently implemented through children-friendly courts, justice systems and law enforcement agencies. Decriminalization of children exploited in prostitution is a substantial gap in addressing survival sex worldwide. Successful law enforcement partnerships have included a campaign of brothel-based prostitutes who policed the recruitment of under-age girls in Bangladesh.
15
Outcomes
edit
Engaging in survival sex can have serious effects, mentally and physically damaging to youth into adulthood and adulthood into elderhood. Research shows: Depression, anxiety, and anger issues are the most commonly reported emotional responses within children and adults who have participated in some form of survival sex. Untreated STIs, chronic pelvic pain, dyspareunia, vaginismus and gastrointestinal disorder are just a few common physical issues known due to a lower rate of people who engage in this behavior seeking out medical care.
16
High suicides attempts, PTSD and over victimizing are also common side effects to engaging in this activity.
17
See also
edit
Forced prostitution
Hypergamy
Sexual capital
References
edit
Flowers, R. Barri
(2010).
Street kids: the lives of runaway and thrownaway teens
. McFarland. pp.
110–
112.
ISBN
978-0-7864-4137-2
Hope Ditmore, Melissa (2010).
Prostitution and Sex Work (Historical Guides to Controversial Issues in America)
. Greenwood. p. 4.
ISBN
978-0-313-36289-7
Kelly, Sanja, Julia Breslin (2010).
Women's Rights in the Middle East and North Africa: Progress Amid Resistance (Freedom in the World)
. Freedom House / Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 556.
ISBN
978-1-4422-0396-9
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link
Navigating the Journey to Victimization: The Process Analysis of Prostitution in Iran
Tandfonline.com
Barker, G. (1993). "Research on AIDS: knowledge, attitudes and practices among street youth".
Children Worldwide: International Catholic Child Bureau
20
2–
3):
41–
42.
PMID
12179310
Flowers, R. Barri (2010).
Street kids: the lives of runaway and thrownaway teens
. McFarland. pp.
110–
112.
ISBN
978-0-7864-4137-2
Neinstein, Lawrence S., and Catherine Gordon, Debra Katzman and David Rosen (2007).
Adolescent Health Care: A Practical Guide
. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 974.
ISBN
978-0-7817-9256-1
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link
Greene, J.M., S.T. Ennett, and C.L. Ringwalt (1999).
"Prevalence and correlates of survival sex among runaway and homeless youth"
American Journal of Public Health
89
(9):
1406–
1409.
doi
10.2105/AJPH.89.9.1406
PMC
1508758
PMID
10474560
{{
cite journal
}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link
Human Rights Watch (2005).
The Less They Know, the Better: Abstinence Only HIV/AIDS Programs in Uganda
. New York:
Human Rights Watch
. p. 55.
Mallon, Gerald P., Peg McCartt Hess (2005).
Child Welfare for the Twenty-first Century: A Handbook of Practices, Policies, and Programs
. New York:
Columbia University Press
. p. 237.
ISBN
978-0-231-13072-1
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link
Bassuk, E.L.,
et al.
(2011)
America’s Youngest Outcasts: 2010
(Needham, MA: The National Center on Family Homelessness) page 20
Urbina, I. (October 26, 2009)
"Running in the Shadows: For Runaways, Sex Buys Survival"
New York Times
Dedel, K. (2006)
Juvenile Runaways
Guide No. 37 (Madison, Wisconsin: Center for Problem Oriented Policing) pp. 1 and
National Alliance to End Homelessness
(2009)
Homeless Youth and Sexual Exploitation: Research Findings and Practice Implications
Archived
2016-08-03 at the
Wayback Machine
(Washington, DC: endhomelessness.org)
Ennew, J. (November 2008)
"Exploitation of children in prostitution"
Archived
2012-03-29 at the
Wayback Machine
World Congress III Against the Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents
(Rio de Janeiro, Brazil:
ECPAT
International)
"Adult Manifestations of Childhood Sexual Abuse"
www.acog.org
. Retrieved
2024-01-31
Ivanich, Jerreed; Welch-Lazoritz, Melissa; Dombroski, Kirk (September 8, 2017).
"The Relationship between Survival Sex and Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms in a High Risk Female Population"
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
14
(9): 1031.
doi
10.3390/ijerph14091031
PMC
5615568
PMID
28885558
Further reading
edit
Fitzpatrick-Lewis, D.; et al. (2011).
"Effectiveness of interventions to improve the health and housing status of homeless people: a rapid systematic review"
BMC Public Health
11
: 638.
doi
10.1186/1471-2458-11-638
PMC
3171371
PMID
21831318
Rew, L (1996).
"Health Risks of Homeless Adolescents"
Journal of Holistic Nursing
14
(4):
348–
59.
doi
10.1177/089801019601400407
PMID
9146191
S2CID
46227398
. Archived from
the original
on 2012-03-25
. Retrieved
2012-02-13
Wojcicki, J.M. (2008). "
'She Drank His Money': Survival Sex and the Problem of Violence in Taverns in Gauteng Province, South Africa".
Medical Anthropology Quarterly
16
(3):
267–
93.
doi
10.1525/maq.2002.16.3.267
PMID
12227257
Shannon, Kate; Kerr, Thomas; Allinott, Shari; Chettiar, Jill; Shoveller, Jean; Tyndall, Mark W. (2008). "Social and structural violence and power relations in mitigating HIV risk of drug-using women in survival sex work".
Social Science & Medicine
66
(4):
911–
921.
doi
10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.11.008
PMID
18155336
Haley, N.; et al. (2004).
"HIV risk profile of male street youth involved in survival sex"
Sexually Transmitted Infections
80
(6):
526–
30.
doi
10.1136/sti.2004.010728
PMC
1744937
PMID
15572629
Watson, J (2011). "Understanding survival sex: young women, homelessness and intimate relationships".
Journal of Youth Studies
14
(6):
639–
55.
doi
10.1080/13676261.2011.588945
S2CID
144641271
Chettiar, J.; et al. (2010).
"Survival sex work involvement among street-involved youth who use drugs in a Canadian setting"
Journal of Public Health
32
(3):
322–
7.
doi
10.1093/pubmed/fdp126
PMC
2924786
PMID
20061578
Shannon, K.; et al. (2010).
"Survival Sex Work Involvement as a Primary Risk Factor for Hepatitis C Virus Acquisition in Drug-Using Youths in a Canadian Setting"
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med
164
(1):
61–
5.
doi
10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.241
PMC
4646708
PMID
20048243
Bahadur, G. (Summer 2008)
"Survival Sex: in Syria, Iraqi refugees snared in prostitution" [full text]
Archived
2019-02-03 at the
Wayback Machine
Ms. Magazine
Walls, N.E.; Bell, S. (2011).
"Correlates of Engaging in Survival Sex among Homeless Youth and Young Adults"
(PDF)
Journal of Sex Research
48
(5):
423–
36.
doi
10.1080/00224499.2010.501916
PMID
20799134
S2CID
16074637
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 2018-06-12.
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
(May 2011)
Driven by Desperation: Transactional Sex as a Survival Strategy in Port-au-Prince IDP Camps
(Port-au-Prince, Haiti: United Nations)
Fox, A.M. (2010)
Survival Sex or Consumption Sex? Gender, Wealth and HIV Infection in 16 sub-Saharan African Countries
[full text]
Archived
2012-03-25 at the
Wayback Machine
(Princeton, New Jersey: Harvard Department of Global Health and Population) preprint
External links
edit
"Survival Sex" - Bodies for Sale
seven video series (VJ Movement, 2007–2011)
Rillos, L. (February 9, 2010)
"'Survival sex' lures homeless teens into prostitution"
KVAL News
(Eugene, Oregon) video and text
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