Papers by Susanne U. Schultz
transcript Verlag eBooks, Mar 7, 2022
The recovery and renegotiation of masculinities after deportation is a key factor in re-establish... more The recovery and renegotiation of masculinities after deportation is a key factor in re-establishing oneself as a member of society and for the purposes of everyday life. In this chapter, therefore, the crisis caused by deportation and restricted mobility will be analyzed as a specific challenge to the masculinities of both younger and older men. Deportation entails a "true danger of emasculation," that is to say that the loss of money involved not only becomes a symbol of "failed" achievement, responsibilities and adulthood, but, more broadly, questions one's personhood, masculinity and membership of society, even though "success" through adventure has become much unlikelier today, especially as a result of EU intervention in sub-Saharan Africa. Chapter 5 focused on showing how gossip and mistrust may presume that one lacks the spirit, ambition, and strength (fa den sago) for the hazardous journey, narratively implying one's social death given that "money is at the heart of social exchange and codes of male respectability" (Gaibazzi, 2015a, p. 113; also Osella & Osella, 2000), and that the danger of being economically dependent on someone is the greatest threat to the latter (Gaibazzi, 2015a, p. 78) and a major source of suffering. This chapter complements its predecessor by highlighting masculinity and the strategies employed by former deportees to get by / eke out a living ("se débrouiller") and recover in the post-deportation everyday. Young men in Mali face multiple constraints today, evoking a sense of crisis that has been discussed in the scholarly literature. 3 Against this background, an 1 "One gets by" also in the sense "one ekes out a living." 2 Parts of this chapter have been previously published in Schultz, S. U. (2020b), reprinted by permission of the publisher (Taylor &Francis Ltd, http://www.tandfonline.com). 3 A crisis of youth leads to a crisis of reproduction and a so-called "crisis of masculinity," seen as mostly driven by economic and structural factors (e.g., Cornwall et al., 2016; Weiss, 2004).
Working for better lives: Mobilities and trajectories of young people in West and Central Africa
Innovation durch Kooperation: Ausbildungspartnerschaften im Bausektor
Diese explorative Studie zu den Fachkräftebedarfen und Kooperationsinteressen von Unternehmen im ... more Diese explorative Studie zu den Fachkräftebedarfen und Kooperationsinteressen von Unternehmen im Baubereich in Nordrhein-Westfalen beleuchtet die Potenziale einer partnerschaftlichen Zusammenarbeit zur länderübergreifenden, beruflichen Ausbildung mit Ghana.
Chapter 5 "It's [not] all about money." - About returning with empty hands and relational (re)negotiations in the adventurer's drama of return
Kultur und soziale Praxis
»Failed« Migratory Adventures?
Kultur und soziale Praxis
The effects of the intra-African and European deportation regimes brought about since the Europea... more The effects of the intra-African and European deportation regimes brought about since the European Union's externalization of its migration and development policy by transferring it to countries of sub-Saharan Africa remain largely understudied - especially their effects on people's everyday life after forced returns. Based on extensive field research, Susanne U. Schultz's book analyses the supposedly "failed" migration of Malian men, the social situations in which they find themselves following deportation, and the implications of their "failure" for their social environment and broader society. This important ethnographic study creates empirical knowledge on key issues in migration research, policy, and practice in the context of a charged debate.
Chapter 2 Contextualizing and historicizing deportations and situations post-deportation in Mali
Kultur und soziale Praxis
Chapter 8 Conclusion
Kultur und soziale Praxis
Chapter 3 Methodology in context
Kultur und soziale Praxis
Kultur und soziale Praxis
It is a hot and dry December morning in the main square of a hub city in southwest Mali. I am her... more It is a hot and dry December morning in the main square of a hub city in southwest Mali. I am here with a group of activists from Mali and Europe in order to participate in and document an event organized by a transnational activist network. Together with community representatives and bereaved families we have come to commemorate the deaths of migrants in the Mediterranean-their "martyrs," as some call them. In this region there are communities with long histories of mobility and migration that take many forms and established practices regarding them. Everybody here has some relation to being on the move, whether through previous or prospective migratory experience of their own, or as a relative, acquaintance, or dependent of a migrant. The numerous chairs set out under sun canopies on the square are still empty. It is early Saturday. The commemoration event, which was preluded at first light by the sacrifice of an ox at the imam's house, will start soon. As we pass through the square and observe the site, people start to arrive. They are mostly men, middle-aged and young, who come and sit. After a little while, the chairs are filled. More official representatives of the city and members of the bereaved families take their places in the broad main stand flanking the square. We sit with them in the shadow of the canopy as the event is rolled out. As we shortly learn, a large majority of the men seated on these rudimentary chairs typical of the locality have previously been deported. 1 They are what people commonly call refoulés 2 : former adventurers (anciens aventuriers) who "have not made it." term in more detail shortly. Stefanie Maher (2015) makes similar observations in Senegal. For further explanation see the subchapter headed "Everybody is a réfoulé" (p. 33).
Chapter 7 "Si j'ai la chance." - Final sense- and future-making of "failed" adventures post deportation
Kultur und soziale Praxis
»Failed« Migratory Adventures?
The effects of the intra-African and European deportation regimes brought about since the Europea... more The effects of the intra-African and European deportation regimes brought about since the European Union's externalization of its migration and development policy by transferring it to countries of sub-Saharan Africa remain largely understudied - especially their effects on people's everyday life after forced returns. Based on extensive field research, Susanne U. Schultz's book analyses the supposedly "failed" migration of Malian men, the social situations in which they find themselves following deportation, and the implications of their "failure" for their social environment and broader society. This important ethnographic study creates empirical knowledge on key issues in migration research, policy, and practice in the context of a charged debate.
PERIPHERIE – Politik • Ökonomie • Kultur, 2020
Ebenso wie afrikanische Migrationen finden auch Abschiebungen größtenteils innerhalb des afrikani... more Ebenso wie afrikanische Migrationen finden auch Abschiebungen größtenteils innerhalb des afrikanischen Kontinents statt. Debatten darüber sind jedoch zumeist auf den Globalen Norden gerichtet. Der Artikel analysiert die Geschichte und die Praktiken von Abschiebungen aus einer weniger eurozentrischen Perspektive. Die Kernthese ist, dass Abschiebungen aus west-, zentral- und nordafrikanischen Ländern in diesen Regionen in Form von (Massen-)Abschiebungen mit der Unabhängigkeit vieler Staaten zu einem politischen Instrument wurden. Diese „afrikanischen“ Abschiebungen dienten damit der Bestätigung der neuen staatlichen Souveränität in der Zeit der Dekolonisierung. Mali dient in diesem Beitrag als Beispiel, um diese (neue) staatliche Praxis und deren Auswirkungen zu untersuchen. Dabei hat der malische Staat selber keine Abschiebungen vorgenommen, vielmehr sind malische Staatsbürger*innen stark von innerafrikanischen Abschiebungen betroffen. Sie unterbrechen dabei die gerade für Westafrika...
»Failed« Migratory Adventures?, 2022
Chapter 4 "The adventure is not easy."-Narrating forms of suffering in deportation experiences 1 ... more Chapter 4 "The adventure is not easy."-Narrating forms of suffering in deportation experiences 1 "The adventure is not easy" is a mantra for many former migrants who have become deportees, likewise for potential migrants and those stuck in transit. Suffering, in fact, is omnipresent in their narratives, in phrases such as "it's always the same suffering" or "it's hard to forget the suffering." To summarize the experiences of their migratory journey and eventual deportation, they link different forms of suffering in evoking the specific ambivalence of the entire "migratory adventure," which was the starting point for this book. This chapter is now set to dive into situations after deportation, but it focuses first of all on deportees' experiences of actual deportation processes and deportation regimes to aid our understanding of what happens to them as a result. What does deportation do to them? How do they change (physically, emotionally, and socially) as it impacts their situation and the situation of their social surroundings afterwards? From a theoretical point of view, the chapter centers on specific patterns in the accounts of suffering that emerge from the experiences depicted in deportees' narratives. As an intensely rich emic and theoretical concept, suffering can be seen as culturally, socially, and historically contingent, and, as a theme, it will accompany the analytical discussion throughout the book. This chapter provides a conceptual and empirical basis for deportees' narrative accounts and reconstructions of suffering. 2 The experiences and memories of migration and deportation have often left literal marks on deportees' bodies, and this damage may continue to be part of their everyday experience. Suffering also represents how people deal with the situation after deportations. The forms of suffering that appear in deportees' narrative presentations of deportation can, in the terminology of Kleinman and Kleinman (1991), be deemed to be both "suffering resulting from extreme conditions" and a "routinized form of 1 Parts of this chapter have been previously published in Schultz, S. U. (2021b). 2 The richness of local perceptions of and allusions to suffering found in Mali will be revisited in Chapters 5 and 6.
International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 2021
Drawing on eight months of ethnographic fieldwork in the West African state of Mali (2014-2016), ... more Drawing on eight months of ethnographic fieldwork in the West African state of Mali (2014-2016), this article delves into the local, national, and transnational effects of (externalized) European and North African deportation regimes and reactions to them by civil society actors and deportees themselves. This work aims to contribute to a better understanding of how geographical, physical, social, and psychological spaces are reshaped through interactions with bordering practices. Deportation generally takes the form of (il)legal, bureaucratic measures and violent interventions that are perceived as deeply unjust. They generate anger, alienation, and uncertainty among those deported and their families and associates. By seeking patterns in the accounts of social suffering in deportees' narratives, the article seeks, empirically and analytically, to unravel multilevel bordering practices through examining localized, agentic forms of bordering power. The post-deportation context involves southern Mali, an area subject to dramatic desertification and loss of sustainable livelihoods.
Einführung – Ein Kontinent in Bewegung
Mobilität statt Exodus, 2021
Gemeinhin gilt Afrika in der wissenschaftlichen Betrachtung und in den Reportagen der Massenmedie... more Gemeinhin gilt Afrika in der wissenschaftlichen Betrachtung und in den Reportagen der Massenmedien als „Kontinent in Bewegung“ (Tetzlaff 2019) – Bewegung vor allem in Richtung Europa. Dabei ist die offentliche Diskussion von zwei Fehlannahmen gepragt. Die erste davon besagt, dass ein hohes Bevolkerungswachstum in Afrika quasi automatisch hohere internationale Migration in den angrenzenden europaischen Kontinent auslosen wurde. Es ist gar von einem „Ansturm auf Europa“ (Smith 2018) die Rede.
Flucht in Afrika
Mobilität statt Exodus, 2021
Bei einer naheren Betrachtung der Situation in Afrika fallt als Erstes auf, dass Fluchtmigration ... more Bei einer naheren Betrachtung der Situation in Afrika fallt als Erstes auf, dass Fluchtmigration bzw. konfliktbedingt erzwungene Migration nach Europa nicht die primare Form von Migration auf dem Kontinent ist. Im Jahre 2015 waren es laut UNHCR 5,27 Mio. Afrikaner, die sich auserhalb ihres Herkunftslandes auf der Flucht befanden. Etwa 85 % dieser Fluchtlinge fanden in einem anderen afrikanischen Land Zuflucht. Nur etwa 7,5 % fluchteten nach Europa, zumeist in die Mitgliedstaaten der EU (Prediger und Zanker 2016).
Mobilität statt Exodus
Mobilität statt Exodus
Mobilität statt Exodus: Migration und Flucht in und aus Afrika
Binnenmigration und Binnenvertriebene in Afrika
Mobilität statt Exodus, 2021
In Subsahara-Afrika finden umfangreiche Migrationsbewegungen statt, die im Gegensatz zu nordafrik... more In Subsahara-Afrika finden umfangreiche Migrationsbewegungen statt, die im Gegensatz zu nordafrikanischer Migration ihren Anfang und ihr Ende zumeist innerhalb der Region haben (Mercandalli et al. 2017, S. 14). Insofern verweist die einschlagige Forschung darauf, dass Mobilitat und nicht Sesshaftigkeit der Ausgangspunkt fur eine Analyse von Migration in und aus Afrika sein sollte (u. a. De Bruijn et al. 2001).
Was tun? Zur Förderung von Mobilität
Mobilität statt Exodus, 2021
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Papers by Susanne U. Schultz