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Bagworms in Virginia
Bagworms in Virginia
(PDF)
Bagworms (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) are moths that construct spindle or cone-shaped silk bags decorated with plant debris as a camouflage shelter during the larval stage. The caterpillars can move around and feed inside the bags. The bags are usually covered with debris from the host plant, such as bits of leaves, needles, twigs, and even lichen . The bags may be streamlined or have an irregular surface depending on the size and shape of materials attached to the surface. Newly hatched bagworm larvae make small cases lightly covered with debris and continue to enlarge and decorate the bag until they pupate. Their bodies are largely hidden inside their bag, and infestations of these caterpillars go largely unnoticed until dense populations begin to damage trees.
Aug 28, 2025
2808-1008 (ENTO-624NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Bagworm
Plants Attacked: Juniper, arborvitae, other cedars, pine, hemlock, spruce, Chinese
elm, honeylocust, primarily. Also on crabapple, maple, sycamore, box elder, willow,
linden, poplar, and many others.
Mar 4, 2020
2808-1008 (ENTO-351NP)
Eric R. Day
Cucumber Beetles
Apr 30, 2020
2808-1009 (ENTO-368NP)
Eric R. Day
Cottony Maple Scale
Cottony Maple Scale
(PDF)
Feb 2, 2021
2808-1011 (ENTO-411NP)
Eric R. Day
Cottony Maple Scale
Cottony Maple Scale
(PDF)
Feb 2, 2021
2808-1011 (ENTO-411NP)
Eric R. Day
Scale Insects
Scale insects are a peculiar group and look quite different from the typical insects we encounter day to day. Small, immobile, with no visible legs or antennae, they resemble individual fish scales pressed tightly against the plant on which they are feeding. There are over l50 different kinds of scales in Virginia. Many are common and serious pests of trees, shrubs, and indoor plants.
Feb 26, 2015
2808-1012 (ENTO-106NP)
Eric R. Day
Fall Webworm in Virginia
Fall Webworm in Virginia
(PDF)
Native to North America, the fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea) occurs throughout the United States and southern Canada. Its hosts include more than 100 species of deciduous forest, shade, and fruit trees, with preferences varying from region to region. Fall webworm has several generations each year, but the silk nests made in late summer are very visible and get most of the attention.
Sep 29, 2025
2808-1013 (ENTO-628NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Fall Webworm
Native to North America, the fall webworm occurs throughout the United States and southern Canada. Its hosts include more than 100 species of deciduous forest, shade, and fruit trees, with preferences varying from region to region.
Mar 6, 2020
2808-1013 (ENTO-357NP)
Eric R. Day
Spongy Moth Management for Homeowners
Spongy Moth Management for Homeowners
(PDF)
"Spongy moth (Lymantria dispar; formerly called gypsy moth), is an invasive pest of hardwood trees in forests and yards. The caterpillars prefer the foliage of oak and other shade trees, but also attack conifers. Spongy moth caterpillars can defoliate large trees during outbreaks, and most homeowners object to the numerous hairy caterpillars and their abundant droppings raining out of infested trees.
Since its introduction to Massachusetts in 1869, spongy moth has spread throughout the northeastern US, down in the mid-Atlantic, around the Great Lakes, and into Canada. Most of Virginia is generally infested with spongy moth, but it may not cause widespread defoliation every year."
Jun 4, 2024
2811-1021 (ENTO-594NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Andy Roberts
Potato Aphid on Tomatoes
Mar 29, 2019
2901-1031 (ENTO-308NP)
Thomas P. Kuhar
Sara Reiter
Helene Doughty
Adam M. Alford
Japanese Beetle
Japanese Beetle
(PDF)
The Japanese beetle is found throughout Virginia and in most of the Eastern United States. In regions west of the Mississippi it is found in isolated pockets. Japanese beetles were first found in New Jersey in 1916 and have spread from that point since. The Japanese beetle has been well established in Virginia since the early
1970’s.
Sep 2, 2022
2902-1101 (ENTO-514NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Alejandro Del-Pozo
Douglas G. Pfeiffer
Pales Weevil
Pales weevil feeds on all pines within its range. It will also feed, although to a lesser extent, on
Douglas-fir, fir, hemlock, juniper, larch, northern white-cedar, and spruce.
Jun 30, 2020
2902-1102 (ENTO-386NP)
Eric R. Day
T.A. Dellinger
Scott M. Salom
Emerald Ash Borer
Emerald Ash Borer
(PDF)
The emerald ash borer (EAB) is a serious pest of all species of ash in North America. Only Asian species of ash have shown resistance to this pest. It attacks all ash found in Virginia and is widespread in the state.
Jan 9, 2024
2904-1290 (ENTO-200NP)
Eric R. Day
Scott Salom
T.A. Dellinger
Common Ticks of Virginia
Common Ticks of Virginia
(PDF)
Jan 30, 2022
2906-1396 (ENTO-487NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Pine Sawyers in Virginia
Pine Sawyers in Virginia
(PDF)
Pine sawyers (Monochamus spp.) are longhorned beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) that feed in pines and other conifers. Pine sawyers are often blamed for causing the death of a tree, but they’re only secondary invaders of trees stressed or dying from other causes. Their long tunnels weaken and destroy the wood, making it unusable for commercial purposes. They are found in weakened, dying, and dead trees where they feed in the wood under the bark. Pine sawyers also feed on felled trees, stumps, and cut firewood.
Sep 16, 2025
2907-1399 (ENTO-626NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Pine Needle Scale
Pine Needle Scale
(PDF)
Damage is not apparent until large populations have been present for more than 1 or 2 seasons. Trees are stunted, grow slowly, have short needles and shoots. Occasionally the feeding of scales produces chlorotic, yellowish flecks no the needles, but normally this is not apparent. Heavily infested plants are seriously weakened and may be in a state of decline.
Oct 20, 2025
2907-1400 (ENTO-371NP)
Eric R. Day
Balsam Twig Aphid
Twisted and curled needles are the most apparent damage from feeding by the
balsam twig aphid. Feeding can also cause roughened bark on the twigs. Extensive feeding can cause a general decline and reduced vigor of the tree, yet in many cases is cosmetic and not particularly damaging. The major problem is that curled needles reduce the marketability and value of Christmas trees. Balsam twig aphids also produce honeydew, a sticky material that drops to needles and twigs below. At times the honeydew can become a growth medium for sooty mold, which turns the needles and twigs black.
Apr 30, 2020
2907-1401 (ENTO-367NP)
Eric R. Day
Scott M. Salom
Pine Bark Adelgid
Pine Bark Adelgid
(PDF)
The pine bark adelgid was introduced from Europe and is now widely distributed in North America, occurring principally throughout the native range of eastern white pine. This insect is also found on Scots and Austrian pine.
Mar 30, 2023
2907-1402 (ENTO-544NP)
Scott M. Salom
Eric R. Day
Japanese Beetle Pest Management in Primocane-Bearing Raspberries
Sep 15, 2009
2909-1411
Laura Maxey-Nay
Douglas G. Pfeiffer
Curt Laub
Thomas P. Kuhar
Insect Pests of Ornamental Plants Slide Show
Ornamental plants enrich our lives every day and improve our environment. Flowers, shrubs, and trees beautify our yards and parks, while houseplants add a pleasant living touch to our indoor environment. Perhaps you are one of the many people who find satisfaction in planting and caring for ornamental plants. If so, sooner or later you will be confronted with insects which threaten to ruin your plants and undo your hard work. Learning to identify pest insects is the first step toward an effective pest management strategy. Insect Pests of Ornamental Plants is a five part program which will introduce you to the common pests of shade trees, shrubs, flowers, and houseplants in Virginia.
Mar 6, 2015
2909-1414 (ENTO-121NP)
Eric R. Day
European Hornet
European Hornet
(PDF)
European hornets (Vespa crabo) are large, stout bodied insects. They have a painful sting, but do not appear particularly aggressive or vicious unless defending their nest. European hornets are nocturnal and attracted to lights at night. They sometimes girdle the twigs and small branches of thin-barked trees and shrubs to feed on plant sap. European hornets are frequently mistaken for the northern giant hornet, which has only been reported from a small area in Washington State or across the border in British Columbia.
Dec 7, 2023
2911-1422 (ENTO-576NP)
Eric R. Day
T.A. Dellinger
Twig Girdler/Twig Pruner
Twig Girdler/Twig Pruner
(PDF)
These beetles cause very conspicuous damage in late summer. The leaves on large numbers of twigs and branches will be observed to turn brown prematurely. These twigs and branches sometimes fall from trees in great numbers and accumulate. On close examination, the twigs have one of two kinds of damage. Twigs damaged by the twig girdler are cut as neatly as by a knife. The cut end has been gnawed almost straight across with a faint rounding and is slightly roughened by the chewing. The twig girdler is more commonly found on pecan and hickory. The twig pruner causes a slightly different type of cut. The twig will be observed to have a hollowed out space at the cut end filled with sawdust like frass. The twig when split open will have a long tunnel through most of its length. The twig pruner is more commonly found on oak.
Oct 20, 2025
2911-1423 (ENTO-374NP)
Eric R. Day
T.A. Dellinger
Virginia Pine Sawfly
Virginia Pine Sawfly
(PDF)
The Virginia pine sawfly has been recorded from New Jersey and Maryland to North Carolina and westward to Illinois. Its main hosts are Virginia and shortleaf pines, but it also feeds on pitch and loblolly pine.
Oct 20, 2025
2911-1424 (ENTO-375NP)
Eric R. Day
Scott Salom
The Minute Pirate Bug (Orius)
The Minute Pirate Bug (Orius)
(PDF)
Minute pirate bugs, particularly Orius insidiosus, are vital biological control agents for managing herbivorous insect pests. These small, predatory insects prey on a range of soft-bodied pests including thrips, mites, and aphids, making them crucial for natural pest suppression in a variety of agricultural settings. Orius are especially attracted to flowering plants, which makes landscape-level strategies like farmscaping—such as planting hedgerows, insectary plants, and cover crops—highly effective in boosting their populations. Producers and homeowners can protect and encourage these beneficial insects by minimizing broad-spectrum pesticide use and integrating pest management practices that support their habitat, thereby leveraging their natural predatory capabilities to reduce pest densities and enhance the health of crop plants.
Oct 8, 2024
3002-1437 (ENTO-598NP)
Ben Aigner
Adam M. Alford
Heather Andrews
Thomas P. Kuhar
Baldfaced Aerial Yellowjacket
Baldfaced Aerial Yellowjacket
(PDF)
The baldfaced aerial yellowjacket (Dolichovespula maculata), formerly called the baldfaced hornet, is a large, black insect with pale markings. The face and head are largely white. Baldfaced aerial yellowjacket queens measure up to 20 mm (0.7”) in length, while workers are smaller (about 13 mm or 0.5”). The dark wings are held neatly folded lengthwise at rest. Native to the US, it is widely distributed in Virginia.
Jul 25, 2025
3006-1449 (ENTO-620NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Hemlock Woolly Adelgid
Hemlock Woolly Adelgid
(PDF)
Jul 13, 2022
3006-1451 (ENTO-228NP)
Olivia Andrews
Scott M. Salom
Eric R. Day
Balsam Woolly Adelgid
Balsam Woolly Adelgid
(PDF)
Native to central Europe, the balsam woolly adelgid is now distributed throughout eastern and western North America. It attacks all true firs, Abies spp., including balsam and Fraser fir.
Mar 1, 2021
3006-1452 (ENTO-434NP)
Scott Salom
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Redheaded Sawfly
Redheaded Sawfly
(PDF)
The redheaded pine sawfly occurs from S.E. Canada throughout the eastern U.S. Feeding is primarily restricted to the two and three-needled pines, such as Jack, red, shortleaf, loblolly, slash, longleaf, and pitch pines. White pine and Norway spruce may also be defoliated.
Mar 5, 2021
3006-1453 (ENTO-429NP)
Scott Salom
Eric R. Day
Leaf‐ Footed Bugs
Dec 21, 2010
3012-1522
Thomas P. Kuhar
James Jenrette
Helene Doughty
Drugstore and Cigarette Beetles
Drugstore Beetle and Cigarette Beetle
(PDF)
Jan 30, 2022
3101-1526 (ENTO-488NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Earwigs in Virginia
Earwigs in Virginia
(PDF)
Jan 12, 2022
3101-1527 (ENTO-489NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Locust Leafminer
Locust Leafminer
(PDF)
Nov 22, 2022
3101-1528 (ENTO-529NP)
Eric R. Day
T.A. Dellinger
Flour and Grain Beetles
Flour and Grain Beetles
(PDF)
Jan 12, 2022
3101-1577 (ENTO-469NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Corn Earworm on Vegetables
Corn Earworm on Vegetables
(PDF)
Corn earworm is a pest of multiple agricultural crops grown in Virginia, including vegetables. These pests have a wide host range and can cause extensive damage, but monitoring and a variety of control methods help suppress populations and prevent losses.
Oct 21, 2024
3103-1537 (SPES-624NP)
Brian Currin
Katlyn Catron
Ben Aigner
Thomas P. Kuhar
Beet Webworm
Beet Webworm
(PDF)
Mar 5, 2021
3104-1542 (ENTO-443NP)
Eric R. Day
T.A. Dellinger
Cabbage Looper
Cabbage Looper
(PDF)
Cabbage looper frequently shows up as a pest in cole crops in Virginia. Herein contains information regarding it's biology and management recommendations.
Oct 4, 2022
3104-1544 (ENTO-519NP)
Kyle M. Bekelja
Eric R. Day
Celery Leaftier
Celery Leaftier
(PDF)
Mar 25, 2022
3104-1545 (ENTO-496NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Sap Beetles
Sap Beetles
(PDF)
Adults are usually black or brown beetles with an oval to oblong shape. They have
clubbed or knobbed antennae and the economically important species typically measure
3–6 mm (0.12–0.24 inch) long. Some sap beetles have short wing covers that do not
cover the entire abdomen. Some species have flattened bodies while others are more
convex. Many sap beetles are a dull color, sometimes with mottling or spots. One
common sap beetle, the picnic beetle [Glischrochilus quadrisignatus (Say)], is an
attractive shiny black beetle with four yellow-orange bands or spots on the wing
covers.
Mar 5, 2021
3104-1546 (ENTO-431NP)
Eric R. Day
T.A. Dellinger
Cutworms in the Home Garden
Cutworms in the Home Gardens
(PDF)
Mar 16, 2023
3104-1547 (ENTO-553NP)
Eric R. Day
T.A. Dellinger
Flea Beetles in Home Vegetable Gardens
Flea Beetles in Vegetable Gardens
(PDF)
Nov 22, 2022
3104-1549 (ENTO-531NP)
Eric R. Day
Grasshoppers
Grasshoppers
(PDF)
Dec 21, 2021
3104-1550 (ENTO-483NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Hornworms in Home Gardens
Hornworms in the Home Gardens
(PDF)
May 31, 2023
3104-1551 (ENTO-561NP)
Eric R. Day
T.A. Dellinger
Imported Cabbageworm in Home Gardens
Dec 13, 2017
3104-1552 (ENTO-253NP)
Eric R. Day
Thomas P. Kuhar
Insect Pests of Potatoes in Home Gardens
Dec 13, 2017
3104-1553 (ENTO-256NP)
Eric R. Day
Thomas P. Kuhar
Onion Thrips
Onion Thrips
(PDF)
Adult onion thrips are yellowish-brown, slender, elongated insects about 1 mm (0.04 inch) long. They have two pairs of light-colored, fringed wings and dark eyes. The abdomens have dark brown bands across their width. Larvae are pale with red eyes and lacking wings, but otherwise similar to adults in appearance.
Oct 20, 2025
3104-1556 (ENTO-370NP)
Eric R. Day
T.A. Dellinger
Parsleyworm
Parsleyworm
(PDF)
Feb 6, 2022
3104-1557 (ENTO-490NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Pepper Weevil
Pepper Weevil
(PDF)
Jun 6, 2022
3104-1558 (ENTO-507NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Pickleworm
Pickleworm
(PDF)
Mar 5, 2021
3104-1559 (ENTO-439NP)
Eric R. Day
T.A. Dellinger
Raspberry Crown Borer
Raspberry Crown Borer
(PDF)
Dec 22, 2021
3104-1561 (ENTO-473NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Rhubarb Curculio
Rhubarb Curculio
(PDF)
Adult rhubarb curculios are elongated, somewhat cylindrical beetles measuring about
13-19 mm (0.5-0.75 inch) in total body length. They have an obvious long snout that
curves downwards from the head. Young adults have a dusty coating of yellow or orange
powder that rubs off easily. Older beetles that have lost this dusty coating appear
brownish-black in color. Mature larvae are legless white grubs with a brown head
capsule. Rhubarb curculio larvae are only found in weedy hosts and not in rhubarb
itself. There are a number of related, similar-looking weevils that occur on various
weeds in the Asteraceae and Polygonaceae families.
Mar 5, 2021
3104-1563 (ENTO-430NP)
Eric R. Day
T.A. Dellinger
Rose Chafer
Rose Chafer
(PDF)
Mar 1, 2021
3104-1564 (ENTO-436NP)
Eric R. Day
T.A. Dellinger
Rose Scale
Rose Scale
(PDF)
Apr 22, 2022
3104-1565 (ENTO-501NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Alejandro Del-Pozo
Squash Vine Borer
Squash Vine Borer
(PDF)
Adult squash vine borers are robust, attractive moths with dark wings and conspicuous
orange abdomens dotted with black spots. The legs are marked with orange, black, and
white, and the hind legs are noticeably feathery. Adults measure about 13 mm
(0.5 inch) long with a wingspan of about 32 mm (1.25 inches). The dark wings are
held folded at rest; there is a short fringe of hairs on the trailing edge. Squash
vine borer is a member of the clearwing moth family; translucent windows are visible
in the hind wings when they are fully extended. The antennae are dark, somewhat
flattened, and hooked at the tips. Overall, adult squash vine borers resemble paper
wasps in appearance. They are active day fliers with a zig-zag flight and easily
travel from field to field.
Mar 5, 2021
3104-1566 (ENTO-432NP)
Eric R. Day
T.A. Dellinger
Stalk Borer
Stalk Borer
(PDF)
Dec 22, 2021
3104-1567 (ENTO-477NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Tarnished Plant Bug
Apr 25, 2011
3104-1568
Eric R. Day
Vegetable Weevil
Vegetable Weevil
(PDF)
Adult weevils are a dull, gray-brown color, and about 6–8 mm (0.25–0.32 inch) long.
Adults are somewhat bristly in appearance due to t stout hairs and dense scales on
the body. Usually there is a set of dark diagonal markings framing a lighter colored
V-shape on the wings, but these may wear off with age. Antennae are elbowed and there
is a short, stout snout at the front of the head.
Mar 4, 2021
3104-1569 (ENTO-425NP)
Eric R. Day
T.A. Dellinger
Whitefringed Beetles
Whitefringed Beetles
(PDF)
Whitefringed beetles have a wide host range that includes field and row crops, including potato, soybean, turnip, peanut, sweet potato, cabbage, collards, tobacco, sweet corn, strawberry, and blackberry. They may attack young pines and other ornamental trees grown in nurseries or plantations, especially if grown on converted cropland. Wild host plants serve as a reservoir for beetles that move into crops and nurseries.
Oct 20, 2025
3104-1571 (ENTO-379NP)
Eric R. Day
T.A. Dellinger
Carpenter Ants
Carpenter Ants
(PDF)
Carpenter ants can be found outside on trees and sidewalks and indoor. Where they are found determines how
best to control them. Inside they can be active indoors during many months of the year, usually during the spring and
summer. When ants are active in the house during late winter/early spring (February/March), the infestation (nest) is
probably within the household. In late spring large numbers of foraging ants may come in from outside looking for food and may not indicate and infestation. Outside carpenter ants become active in late spring and early summer and will be seen on tree trunks and sidewalks.
Jan 20, 2022
3104-1573 (ENTO-485NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Click Beetles
NPR Publication Template
(PDF)
Feb 2, 2021
3104-1575 (ENTO-409NP)
Eric R. Day
T.A. Dellinger
Clothes Moths
Clothes Moths
(PDF)
Dec 21, 2021
3104-1576 (ENTO-471NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Flour and Grain Beetles
Flour and Grain Beetles
(PDF)
Dec 21, 2021
3104-1577 (ENTO-469NP)
Eric R. Day
T.A. Dellinger
Fungus Gnats
Fungus Gnats
(PDF)
Mar 4, 2021
3104-1579 (ENTO-442NP)
Eric R. Day
T.A. Dellinger
Lace Bugs
Lace Bugs
(PDF)
Apr 18, 2022
3104-1581 (ENTO-500NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Alejandro Del-Pozo
Indian Meal Moth
Indian Meal Moth
(PDF)
Dec 21, 2021
3104-1582 (ENTO-482NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Obscure Scale
Obscure Scale
(PDF)
Heavily infested trees will have large numbers of scales on twigs and branches. Scales may also be found on exposed roots and on the trunk of young trees. Scale insects feed on plant sap with their long thread-like mouthparts (stylets), which are several times longer than the insect itself.
Apr 18, 2022
3104-1583 (ENTO-499NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Alejandro Del-Pozo
Wheel Bug
Wheel Bug
(PDF)
Sep 29, 2021
3104-1585 (ENTO-458NP)
Eric R. Day
T.A. Dellinger
Wolf Spiders and Nursery Web Spiders
Wolf Spiders and Nursery Web Spiders
(PDF)
Dec 22, 2021
3104-1586 (ENTO-475NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Yellow Ant
Yellow Ant
(PDF)
Sep 30, 2021
3104-1587 (ENTO-458NP)
Eric R. Day
T.A. Dellinger
Carpet Beetles
Carpet Beetles
(PDF)
Jan 30, 2022
3104-1588 (ENTO-486NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Pesticides and Aquatic Animals: A Guide to Reducing Impacts on Aquatic Systems
Fisheries and aquatic resources (ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, and oceans) are exceptionally valuable natural assets enjoyed by millions of Americans. They provide citizens with generous long-term benefits in return for minimal care and protection.
May 1, 2009
420-013
Louis A. Helfrich
Diana L. Weigman
Patricia A. Hipkins
Elizabeth R. Stinson
Sustaining America's Aquatic Biodiversity - Aquatic Insect Biodiversity and Conservation
Sustaining America’s Aquatic Biodiversity: Aquatic Insect Biodiversity and Conservation
(PDF)
In North America, there are more than 8,600 species of insects associated with freshwater environments during some part of their lives. Just about anywhere you go on the planet, there is some kind of insect that will live in almost any place that stays wet for a week or so. Aquatic insects are important food for fish and waterfowl. They also play important roles in keeping freshwater ecosystems functioning properly. This article describes the biology and ecology of aquatic insects, the major groups of aquatic insects found in freshwater habitats, and how to observe them.
Apr 21, 2025
420-531 (CNRE-191P)
J. Reese Voshell, Jr.
Michelle Prysby
Successful No-Tillage Corn Production
Successful No-Tillage Corn Production
(PDF)
No-tillage corn production has been practiced in Virginia for more than 35 years (Jones et al. 1968), yet many producers have not used no-tillage to its maximum advantage. This publication addresses where no-tillage corn can and should be adopted, and where no-tillage production needs to be modified to reduce production problems associated with continuous use.
Aug 7, 2024
424-030
Wade E. Thomason
Rod R. Youngman
Edward S. Hagood Jr.
Erik L. Stromberg
Mark M. Alley
Olga Walsh
Successful No-Tillage Corn Production
Successful No-Tillage Corn Production
(PDF)
Mar 20, 2019
424-030
Wade E. Thomason
Rod R. Youngman
Edward S. Hagood Jr.
Erik L. Stromberg
Mark M. Alley
Groundwater Quality and the Use of Lawn and Garden Chemicals by Homeowners
May 1, 2009
426-059
Joyce Latimer
Michael Goatley
Greg Evanylo
Patricia A. Hipkins
Bonnie L. Appleton
Pest Monitoring Calendar for Home Lawns in Virginia
May 1, 2009
430-524
Michael Goatley
Eric R. Day
David McCall
Droplet Chart / Selection Guide
When choosing nozzles/droplet sizes for spray applications, applicators must consider both coverage needed and drift potential. As a rule, smaller droplets provide better coverage, but larger droplets are less likely to drift.
Aug 13, 2019
442-031 (BSE-263P)
Robert Grisso
Nozzles: Selection and Sizing
This fact sheet covers nozzle description, recommended use for common nozzle types, and orifice sizing for agricultural and turf sprayers. Proper selection of a nozzle type and size is essential for correct and accurate pesticide application. The nozzle is a major factor in determining the amount of spray applied to an area, uniformity of application, coverage obtained on the target surface, and amount of potential drift.
Aug 13, 2019
442-032 (BSE-262P)
Robert Grisso
Shawn Askew
David McCall
Plumbing Systems of Agricultural Sprayers
The plumbing systems of agricultural sprayers are usually considered foolproof. Sprayer problems may occur if plumbing and/or modifications are improperly done or maintenance is ignored. Retrofitting, addition of electrical control systems, and replacement of pumps or nozzles require proper knowledge of the plumbing system and the implications of these changes to sprayer performance. Routine maintenance of the plumbing system is essential.
Apr 14, 2020
442-452 (BSE-319P)
Robert Grisso
Fine Tuning a Sprayer with “Ounce” Calibration Method
This extension publication discusses guidelines to quickly evaluate the performance of a sprayer. Sprayer calibration, nozzle discharge, spray pattern uniformity, speed checks, pump performance, and plumbing arrangements are evaluated with minimal calculations.
Apr 16, 2020
442-453 (BSE-320P)
Robert Grisso
Pepper Maggot, Zonosemata electa, in Sweet (Bell) Pepper
Pepper Maggot, Zonosemata electa, in Sweet (Bell) Pepper
(PDF)
The pepper maggot, Zonosemata electa, is a significant pest of bell pepper in eastern North America, having transitioned from its native wild host, the horse nettle, to domesticated solanaceous plants like bell pepper and eggplant. Infestation levels can be alarming, with near-total crop loss possible from a single maggot per fruit. Control methods primarily involve insecticide applications, posing challenges for organic producers. The pest has a single annual generation, overwintering as a pupa in soil. Monitoring adult populations using yellow sticky traps and oviposition scars is essential for effective management. Cultural practices such as field sanitation, crop rotation, and the eradication of alternate hosts are crucial in mitigating damage. Additionally, trap cropping with hot pepper varieties and perimeter sprays have shown success in reducing damage to bell peppers. Various insecticides are available for pre-emptive control, emphasizing the importance of monitoring to optimize application timing.
Oct 18, 2024
444-005 (ENTO-601NP)
Ben Aigner
Adam M. Alford
Vonny Barlow
Katlyn Catron
Thomas P. Kuhar
Diamondback Moth
Diamondback Moth
(PDF)
Feb 23, 2024
444-007 (ENTO-581NP)
Taylore Sydnor
Thomas P. Kuhar
Alejandro Del-Pozo
Colorado Potato Beetle
Colorado Potato Beetle
(PDF)
Feb 23, 2024
444-012 (ENTO-582NP)
Thomas P. Kuhar
Eric R. Day
Ben Aigner
Fall Armyworm in Vegetable Crops
Fall Armyworm in Vegetable Crops
(PDF)
The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), a pest from the Noctuidae family, originates from the tropical Americas and lacks diapause, allowing it to migrate north from Gulf Coast states. This moth has been reported in all U.S. states east of the Rockies and has become a significant pest in other parts of the world. Fall armyworm larvae cause severe defoliation to a variety of plants, especially grasses, and fruit damage to crops like sweet corn, tomatoes, and peppers. Management strategies include using pheromone traps for monitoring, scouting for eggs and larvae, and promoting biological controls. Insecticides are also used, though resistance issues can arise. Effective control requires timely interventions based on thresholds to mitigate economic impact.
Oct 14, 2024
444-015 (ENTO-599NP)
Ben Aigner
Adam M. Alford
Thomas P. Kuhar
Aphids in Virginia Small Grains: Life Cycles, Damage and Control
Aphids in Virginia Small Grains: Life Cycles, Damage and Control
(PDF)
Four species of aphids attack small grains in Virginia - greenbug, corn leaf aphid, bird cherry-oat aphid, and English grain aphid.
Mar 8, 2024
444-018 (ENTO-584P)
Sean Malone
Sally V. Taylor
Eric R. Day
Bluegrass Billbug Pest Management in Orchardgrass
Feb 4, 2019
444-040
William Kuhn
Curt Laub
Kenner Love
Timothy Mize
Rod R. Youngman
Hunting Billbug Pest Management in Orchardgrass
Feb 4, 2019
444-041
William Kuhn
Curt Laub
Kenner Love
Timothy Mize
Rod R. Youngman
Japanese Beetle in Field Corn
Feb 4, 2019
444-106
Curt Laub
S. Tiwari
Rod R. Youngman
Root-knot Nematode in Field Corn
Feb 4, 2019
444-107
Jon Eisenback
S. Tiwari
Rod R. Youngman
Asiatic Garden Beetle in Field Corn
Feb 4, 2019
444-108
Curt Laub
S. Tiwari
Rod R. Youngman
Slugs in Field Corn
Feb 4, 2019
444-109
Tim A. Jordan
Curt Laub
Rod R. Youngman
Insect Identification and Diagnosis Request
Insect Identification and Diagnosis Request-PDF
(PDF)
Feb 27, 2020
444-113 (ENTO-196NP)
Eric R. Day
Giant Resin Bee
Giant Resin Bee
(PDF)
Size: about 0.75 inch (1.9 cm) Color: Black and yellow-brown Giant resin bees are large with a cylindrical body and large jaws. They have a dark head and abdomen with yellow-brown hair on the face, thorax, and the first segment of the abdomen behind the "waist." The wings are a transparent brown color that darkens toward the tips. Male giant resin bees have a truncated, squared abdomen while the females have a more tapered, pointed abdomen. Giant resin bees can be distinguished from bumblebees and carpenter bees by their cylindrical bodies and the appearance of their abdomens. Giant resin bees do not have hairy abdomens like bumblebees, nor are their abdomens shiny like carpenter bees. Hymenoptera: Megachilidae Megachile sculpturalis Smith.
Aug 28, 2025
444-206 (ENTO-623NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Black Vine Weevil in Virginia
Black Vine Weevil in Virginia
(PDF)
Adult black vine weevils (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) feed on a wide variety of evergreen, deciduous, and herbaceous plants. The larval stage is destructive on yew (taxus), hemlock, rhododendron, cherry laurel, and other broad-leaved evergreens. Both adults and larvae will sometimes feed on strawberry, impatiens, hostas, and other ornamental plants.
Sep 17, 2025
444-210 (ENTO-629NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Longhorned Beetles/Roundheaded Borers
Size: Larvae up to 3 1/4 inches (80mm) or more. Color: Adult longhorned beetles are medium to large cylindrical beetles, usually brown, reddish brown, or black in color. They are sometimes mottled or banded with white or gray. Larvae (roundheaded borers) are brown, reddish brown, or black. They are sometimes mottled or banded with white or gray. Adults are called longhorned beetles because of their long and distinctive 11-segmented antennae, often longer than the beetle's body. The thorax and wing covers on some species bear small, stout spines. Roundheaded borers (larvae) are elongate, cylindrical, and have large gnawing mandibles. The name roundheaded borer refers to the enlarged thorax directly behind the head. Order: Coleoptera, Family: Cerambycidae.
Mar 19, 2020
444-215 (ENTO-363NP)
Eric R. Day
Bark Beetles
Species identification is difficult because the adult beetles of the various species are very similar, cylindrical and hard-shelled. Over 600 species in the sub-family. Adult beetles are between 1/8 and 1/3 inch long. Nearly all bark beetles are black or brown. Bark beetles are in the Order: Coleoptera, Family: Curculionidae, Sub Family: Scolytinae.
Mar 19, 2020
444-216 (ENTO-353NP)
Eric R. Day
Aphids in Virginia
Aphids in Virginia
(PDF)
Aphids, also called plant lice, are small, soft-bodied insects. Aphids feed in clusters and generally prefer new, succulent shoots or young leaves. They produce honeydew that encourages the growth of sooty mold. Aphids are very common plant pests.
Aug 26, 2025
444-220 (ENTO-617NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Spider Mites
Spider Mites
(PDF)
Spider mites (Family Tetranychidae, Order Acari) are not insects; they are closely related to spiders, harvestmen (daddy longlegs), and ticks. Unlike insects, which have six legs and three body parts, spider mites have eight legs and a one-part body. They also lack wings, antennae, and compound eyes. Individual spider mites are almost microscopic, yet when they occur in large numbers, they can cause serious damage. Dozens of species attack shade trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants.
Apr 22, 2022
444-221 (ENTO-502NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Alejandro Del-Pozo
Tarnished Plant Bug
Tarnished Plant Bug
(PDF)
Dec 22, 2021
444-227 (ENTO-476NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Cabbage and Seedcorn Maggot
Cabbage and Seedcorn Maggots
(PDF)
Mar 25, 2022
444-231 (ENTO-495NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
European Corn Borer
Feb 4, 2019
444-232
Eric R. Day
Rod R. Youngman
Spruce Spider Mite
Spruce Spider Mite
(PDF)
The spruce spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae, Oligonychus unuguis (Jacobi))
lives in all areas of Virginia and is widely distributed throughout the temperate regions of the United States and Canada. It attacks spruce, arborvitae, juniper, hemlock, pine, Douglas fir, Fraser fir, and larch, among others.
Apr 22, 2022
444-235 (ENTO-503NP)
Eric R. Day
T.A. Dellinger
Alejandro Del-Pozo
Catalpa Sphinx Caterpillar
Catalpa Sphinx Caterpillar
(PDF)
Apr 15, 2022
444-247 (ENTO-497NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
White Pine Weevil
White Pine Weevil
(PDF)
The white pine weevil (WPW) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Pissodes strobi (Peck)) is found throughout Virginia. Its preferred hosts are eastern white pine and Norway spruce, but it can attack Scotch and other pines as well.
Oct 20, 2025
444-270 (ENTO-377NP)
Eric R. Day
Scott M. Salom
Eastern Tent Caterpillar
Eastern Tent Caterpillar
(PDF)
Eastern tent caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Malacosoma americanum) is a native moth found in the eastern half of the US. The caterpillar is colorful and covered with long, fine light brown hairs. It has a solid light-colored stripe running down the center of the back and bordered by thin yellow and brown stripes. In addition, the caterpillar has a row of bold blue and black markings along each side. The caterpillar’s head is dark colored. Eastern tent caterpillars are sometimes mistaken for the superficially similar spongy moth (formerly known as gypsy moth) larvae.
Jul 24, 2025
444-274 (ENTO-622NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Multicolored Asian Ladybird Beetle in Virginia
Multicolored Asian Ladybird Beetle in Virginia
(PDF)
Multicolored Asian Lady Beetle (MALB; Harmonia axyridis) belongs to the group of beetles often called ladybugs, ladybird beetles, or lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Like other lady beetles, adult MALB are somewhat oval in shape with a strongly convex dorsal surface and a flattened ventral side. The head and thorax of adult MALB are black with light-colored markings. The wing covers range in color from light orange to a dark red or even black (Fig. 1). Usually the beetles have multiple black spots, but they are sometimes absent. Dark colored individuals may have yellow or orange spots.
Jul 25, 2025
444-275 (ENTO-618NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Periodical Cicada
Periodical Cicada
(PDF)
In Virginia both the 17-and 13-year cicadas damage many ornamental and hardwood trees. Oaks are commonly attacked but the most seriously damaged are newly planted fruit and ornamental trees such as apple, dogwood, peach, hickory, cherry, and pear. Pines and other conifers are not commonly attacked.
Jul 7, 2021
444-276 (ENTO-455NP)
Eric R. Day
Douglas G. Pfeiffer
T.A. Dellinger
Euonymus Scale
Euonymus Scale
(PDF)
Apr 15, 2022
444-277 (ENTO-498NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Alejandro Del-Pozo
Lilac Borer/Ash Borer
The adult has clear wings and is wasp-like in appearance. Size: The moth is about 1 inch long with a wingspan of 1 1/2 inches. Color: The fore wings are brown or chocolate color and the hind wings are clear with a dark border. The larvae are pure white worms with brown heads. Order: Lepidoptera Family: Sesiidae Species: Podosesia syringae (Harris).
Mar 19, 2020
444-278 (ENTO-359NP)
Eric R. Day
Whiteflies
White Files
(PDF)
Whiteflies are white insects with pale yellow bodies that are approximately 2 mm long. They belong to the order Homoptera and are close relatives of aphids, scales, mealybugs, hoppers and cicadas.
Oct 20, 2025
444-280 (ENTO-378NP)
Eric R. Day
T.A. Dellinger
Kenneth W. Cote
Thrips
Thrips
(PDF)
Adult thrips are small, pale-yellow insects (occasionally black) with elongated bodies, and fringed wings. Their life cycle consists of an egg, nymph, pre-pupa, pupa and an adult. The exact time required for thrips to complete their life cycle varies with species, temperature and the host plant. Western flower thrips complete their life cycle, from egg to adult, in approximately 10 days at 80° F. Adults insert eggs in leaf tissue which hatch in approximately three days. Nymphs feed for four to five days and then drop from the plant to pupate in the soil. Adults emerge after two days of pupation and begin feeding.
444-281 (ENTO-373NP)
Eric R. Day
T.A. Dellinger
Kenneth W. Cote
Red Imported Fire Ant (RIFA)
As of 2019, several Virginia counties and cities were placed under the Federal Fire Ant Quarantine. For all practical purposes, the implementation of the quarantine means that the U.S. Department of Agriculture will no longer be responsible for controlling fire ant colonies within the quarantine areas. Therefore, it is important for citizens within the quarantine areas to become familiar with the risks associated with fire ants, and to learn how to properly control fire ant infestations.
Dec 9, 2019
444-284 (ENTO-342P)
Dini Miller
Hamilton Allen
American Cockroach
Mar 4, 2010
444-288
Rachael C. Perrott
Dini Miller
Field Guide to Stink Bugs
Field Guide to Stink Bugs
(PDF)
Field Guide to Stink Bugs of Agricultural Importance in the United States
Oct 2, 2025
444-356 (ENTO-68)
D. Ames Herbert
Katherine Kamminga
Sean Malone
Thomas P. Kuhar
Eric R. Day
Jeremy Greene
C. Scott Bundy
Lydia Brown
Peter Ellsworth
Second Edition Mid-Atlantic Guide to the Insect Pests and Beneficials of Corn, Soybean, and Small Grains
Second Edition Mid-Atlantic Guide to the Insect Pests and Beneficials of Corn, Soybean, and Small Grains
(PDF)
Dec 19, 2023
444-360 (ENTO-575P)
D. Ames Herbert
Sean Malone
Managing Stink Bugs in Cotton: Research in the Southeast Region
Nov 13, 2018
444-390
Jack Bacheler
Eric Blinka
Jeremy Greene
D. Ames Herbert
Sean Malone
Phillip Roberts
Ron H. Smith
Michael Toews
John Van Duyn
Adventures with Insects, 4-H Entomology Project Book
Welcome to the 4-H Entomology Project. It will introduce you to many
new and exciting experiences. The Entomology Project is fun; it may
help you prepare for the study of insects as your life’s work, or help you
learn how important insects are in the lives of everyone.
Mar 18, 2014
444-408 (4H-251NP)
Dini Miller
Kathleen Jamison
Using Pitfall Traps to Monitor Insect Activity
Feb 4, 2019
444-416
Curt Laub
Kenner Love
Timothy Mize
Rod R. Youngman
Widow Spiders
Dec 18, 2012
444-422
Charles Hannum, Jr.
Dini Miller
Subterranean Termite Treatment Options
Mar 5, 2010
444-500
Dini Miller
Signs of Subterranean Termite Infestation
Signs of Subterranean Termite Infestation
(PDF)
Mar 1, 2010
444-501
Dini Miller
Subterranean Termite Biology and Behavior
Mar 5, 2010
444-502
Dini Miller
Asparagus Beetles
Asparagus Beetles
(PDF)
Sep 29, 2022
444-620 (ENTO-521NP)
Kyle M. Bekelja
Thomas P. Kuhar
Eric R. Day
Stink Bugs
Stink Bugs
(PDF)
Sep 16, 2022
444-621 (ENTO-517NP)
Kyle M. Bekelja
Eric R. Day
Wax Scale
Wax Scale
(PDF)
Plants Attacked: Wax scale has well over 50 hosts, especially Japanese and Chinese hollies, pyracantha, spirea, ivy, hemlock, euonymus, and boxwood; Description of Damage: Infestations seldom kill plants directly, but seriously weaken them, reduce growth, and cause decline. Deposits of honeydew give rise to rampant growth of the black sooty mold fungus, particularly on burford and Chinese holly.
Oct 20, 2025
444-622 (ENTO-376NP)
Eric R. Day
Magnolia Soft Scale
Heavy magnolia soft scale infestations cause stunting of twigs and undersize leaves, visibly weakening the trees. Small trees may be killed. Large trees lose branches and tree shape may become irregular.
Mar 31, 2020
444-623 (ENTO-360NP)
Eric R. Day
Twobanded Japanese Weevil
Twobanded Japanese Weevil in Virginia
(PDF)
The Japanese weevil has a long list of hosts, but is especially found on cherry laurel, broad-leaved evergreens, pyracantha, privet, barberry, euonymus, and many others. This weevil has also damaged vegetable and field crops in Virginia.
Sep 26, 2025
444-624 (ENTO-630NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Dogwood Twig Borer
Dogwood Twig Borer
(PDF)
Dogwood twig borer (Oberea tripunctata; Figs. 1 & 2) is a small longhorn beetle that attacks the twigs of dogwood, elm, azalea, viburnum, poplar, willow, and many fruit trees. A native species, the dogwood twig borer is found throughout the eastern and central U.S.
Sep 30, 2025
444-625 (ENTO-627NP)
Eric R. Day
T.A. Dellinger
Corn Earworm Biology and Management in Soybeans
Corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea, is the most common and destructive insect pest of soybeans grown in Virginia. Although infestation severity varies, about one-third of our acreage is treated annually. This costs farmers 1.5 to 2 million dollars annually, and requires the application of many pounds of insecticide to crop lands. We may never eliminate this pest from Virginia soybeans, but knowledge of the biology and use of best management practices can help limit insecticide controls to those fields that meet economic threshold criteria. This publication provides current information on corn earworm biology, prediction of outbreaks, pest advisories, scouting procedures, and recently revised economic thresholds.
May 12, 2020
444-770
D. Ames Herbert
Cathy Hull
Eric R. Day
Farm Security - “Treat it Seriously” – Security for Plant Agriculture: Producer Response for Plant Diseases, Chemical Contamination, and Unauthorized Activity
Oct 11, 2019
445-004
Joyce Latimer
Patricia A. Hipkins
Problem-free Shrubs for Virginia Landscapes
Problem-free Shrubs for Virginia Landscapes
(PDF)
Problem-free Shrubs for Virginia Landscapes-epub
(EPUB)
The most effective form of plant disease control in the landscape is prevention. Disease prevention can be as simple as choosing the right plant for the right place at planting time. This fact sheet was developed as a guide to shrubs that generally experience few problems in Virginia landscapes. Using these species for new plantings should help you avoid troublesome disease and insect problems in your landscape.
Jun 27, 2022
450-236 (PPWS-69P)
Eric R. Day
Mary Ann Hansen
Alex Niemiera
Problem-free Trees for Virginia Landscapes
Problem-free Trees for Virginia Landscapes pub
(EPUB)
Problem-free Trees for Virginia Landscapes-PDF
(PDF)
Many of the tree species commonly planted in Virginia landscapes suffer from disease problems. Although some diseases can be cured, most must be controlled on a preventative basis. The best option for new plantings is to choose species that have a low risk of developing disease.
Listed below, in alphabetical order, are some choices of problem-free trees for Virginia landscapes.
Jun 29, 2022
450-237 (PPWS-70P)
Eric R. Day
Mary Ann Hansen
Alex Niemiera
2026 Pest Management Guide - Horticultural and Forest Crops
2026 Pest Management Guide - Horticultural and Forest Crops
(PDF)
The Virginia Pest Management Guide (PMG) series lists options for management of major pests: diseases, insects, nematodes, and weeds. These guides are produced by Virginia Cooperative Extension and each guide is revised annually. PMG recommendations are based on research conducted by the Research and Extension Division of Virginia Tech, in cooperation with other land-grant universities, the USDA, and the pest management industry.
Jan 21, 2026
456-017 (ENTO-604P)
Shawn Askew
Lori Chamberlin
Eric R. Day
Alejandro Del-Pozo
T.A. Dellinger
Jeffrey Derr
Katlin DeWitt
Carrie Fearer
Daniel Frank
Chuan Hong
David Langston
David McCall
Mizuho Nita
Rachel Parson
Kyle Peer
Douglas G. Pfeiffer
Kevin B. Rice
Robert J. Richardson
Scott M. Salom
James M. Wilson
Scotty Yang
Yuan Zeng
2026 Pest Management Guide - Home Grounds and Animals
2026 Pest Management Guide - Home Grounds and Animals
(PDF)
The Virginia Pest Management Guide (PMG) series lists options for management of major pests: diseases, insects, nematodes, and weeds. These guides are produced by Virginia Cooperative Extension and each guide is revised annually. PMG recommendations are based on research conducted by the Research and Extension Division of Virginia Tech, in cooperation with other land-grant universities, the USDA, and the pest management industry.
Jan 22, 2026
456-018 (ENTO-634P)
Srdjan Acimovic
Shawn Askew
Eric R. Day
Alejandro Del-Pozo
Jeffrey Derr
Carrie Fearer
Daniel Frank
Chuan Hong
David McCall
Dini Miller
Mizuho Nita
James A. Parkhurst
Sally Paulson
Douglas G. Pfeiffer
Kevin B. Rice
Steve Rideout
Kemper Sutton
James M. Wilson
Stephanie Blevins Wycoff
2026 Spray Bulletin for Commercial Tree Fruit Growers
2026 Spray Bulletin for Commercial Tree Fruit Growers
(PDF)
This guide contains information on pesticides used in orchards, with a seasonal treatment of when and how these materials should be employed. Efficacy information toward major fruit pests as well as beneficial species is included.
Jan 29, 2026
456-419 (ENTO-638P)
Daniel Frank
Douglas G. Pfeiffer
Kevin B. Rice
James M. Wilson
Carlos Quesada
Cerruti R. R. Hooks
Sherif M. Sherif
Srdjan Acimovic
Mahfuz Rahman
James B. Kotcon
Jeffrey Derr
Rakesh Chandran
James A. Parkhurst
2026-2027 Mid-Atlantic Commercial Vegetable Production Recommendations
2026-2027 Mid-Atlantic Commercial Vegetable Production
(PDF)
This guide lists vegetable varieties that are available and are adapted to the mid-Atlantic region, gives an overview of cultural practices, and list chemicals recommended to manage pests, diseases and weeds in vegetable crops. New varieties of vegetables are constantly being developed throughout the world. While all efforts are made to have comprehensive lists, not all varieties that are adapted will be listed.
Feb 3, 2026
456-420 (SPES-586P)
Mark Reiter
Jayesh Samtani
Vijay Singh
Helene Doughty
Thomas P. Kuhar
Kemper Sutton
James M. Wilson
Doug Higgins
David Langston
Steve Rideout
James A. Parkhurst
Daniel Frank
Taste of Farming: Integrated Pest Management Basics
Taste of Farming: Integrated Pest Management Basics
(HTML)
Apr 1, 2022
ALCE-296-6
Laura Maxey-Nay
Sarah Sharpe
Katie Trozzo
Kim Niewolny
2026 Southeastern U.S. Vegetable Growers Crop Handbook
2026 Southeastern U.S. Vegetable Growers Crop Handbook
(PDF)
This handbook represents a joint effort among Extension specialists and researchers from 15 land-grant universities in the U.S. who work in the area of vegetable production. These specialists and researchers represent a wide array of disciplines: agricultural engineering, agribusiness, entomology, food safety, horticulture (vegetable production), plant pathology, postharvest physiology, soil science, and weed science.
This handbook comprises up-to-the-minute information developed from research and Extension projects conducted throughout the southeastern United States. The key idea behind this handbook is to provideyou with a practical resource that conveniently fits on your dashboard. It contains the information that you need to manage your vegetable crops, including which varieties to plant, planting dates, fertilizer recommendations, cover crop selection and conservation tillage options, pesticide selection, grafting, fertigation, plasticulture, postharvest handling, alternative pest management tools and suggestions, as well as many other topics.
Jan 16, 2026
AREC-66 (SPES-771NP)
Mark Reiter
Thomas P. Kuhar
Kemper Sutton
Laura K. Strawn
Doug Higgins
Steve Rideout
Vijay Singh
Sugarcane Beetle, Euetheola humilis
Sugarcane Beetle, Euetheola humilis
(PDF)
Sugarcane beetle is a sporadic but serious pest of several crops in Virginia. Although an occasional pest, outbreaks can lead to substantial losses in crops and property damage. It can cause significant damage to corn, sugarcane, rice, sweetpotato, and turfgrass, and has also been reported on strawberry, cotton, rose, and wild grasses. Populations in southern states may flare to levels that become a nuisance as it gathers at light sources. Its life cycle spans one generation per year, with adults becoming active in late spring. These beetles primarily feed on plant roots and management involves cultural practices and chemical control, focusing on targeting adult beetles to reduce crop damage. Further research is needed to develop effective pest management strategies that rely less on chemical control tactics.
Jun 6, 2024
ENTO-13NP (ENTO-595NP)
Ben Aigner
Katlyn Catron
Sudan Gyawaly
Curt Laub
Rod R. Youngman
Banded Ash Borer
Banded Ash Borer
(PDF)
Jan 29, 2021
ENTO-133NP (ENTO-406NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Blow Flies
NPR Publication Template
(PDF)
Adult blow flies are generally medium to large, robust flies. They vary in
length, with the largest species measuring about 16 mm (0.6 inches) long.
Jan 29, 2021
ENTO-134NP (ENTO-407NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Brown Recluse Spider
Brown Recluse Spider
(PDF)
Brown recluse spiders belong to a group of spiders commonly known as violin spiders or
fiddlebacks. Their name refers to a characteristic fiddle-shaped pattern on their head region directly behind their eyes (never on the abdomen). Brown recluse spiders range in color from tan to dark brown,
but often they are a golden brown.
Jan 29, 2021
ENTO-135NP (ENTO-408NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Cluster Fly
Cluster Fly
(PDF)
Adult cluster flies are medium-sized, robust, somewhat bristly flies about 7 mm (0.3 inches) long.
Feb 2, 2021
ENTO-136NP (ENTO-410NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
House Fly
House Fly
(PDF)
Adult house flies are medium-sized flies about
6 mm (0.25 inch) long. They are grayish-black in color, with
4 dark bands running the length of the thorax and
conspicuous bristles on the body.
Mar 1, 2021
ENTO-137NP (ENTO-416NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Imported Willow Leaf Beetle
Imported Willow Leaf Beetle
(PDF)
Imported willow leaf beetle was identified in the United States in 1915. It likely arrived on landscape plants shipped from Europe, where it is native.
Mar 2, 2021
ENTO-139NP (ENTO-417NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Iris Borer
Iris Borer
(PDF)
Adult iris borers are stout, medium sized moths with a wingspan of 3.8–5 cm (1.5–2
inches). The head and forewings are covered with purplish brown scales and the hind wings are yellowish. The forewings have thin dark zigzag lines, a more conspicuous dark kidney-shaped spot, and variable sooty shading around the margins
Mar 2, 2021
ENTO-140NP (ENTO-418NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Locust Borer
Locust Borer
(PDF)
The locust borer is a native insect that attacks black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) and its ornamental cultivars. Adult locust borers are conspicuous black and yellow beetles with long black antennae and reddish legs. There is a yellow W-shaped band across the wing covers with other yellow stripes.
Feb 12, 2021
ENTO-141NP (ENTO-423NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Psocids: Barklice and Booklice
Pscocids: Barklice and Booklice
(PDF)
Psocids are small, oval insects with soft bodies that usually measure only several millimeters long. A psocid measuring 6 mm (0.25 inches) long is rather large for this group of insects. Psocids generally occur in shades of brown, black, or pale colors; some have distinctive mottled or striped markings.
Mar 5, 2021
ENTO-143NP (ENTO-440NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Galls Made by Wasps
Galls Made by Wasps
(PDF)
Gall wasps attack primarily oak trees, and are found on roots, flowers, and acorns, but especially the leaves and twigs. Roses and brambles (blackberries and raspberries) also are attacked by gall wasps. These insects have complicated life cycles, and the galls they produce occur in an endless variety of shapes and colors. In some species, alternate generations produce distinctly different galls.
Jun 6, 2022
ENTO-145NP (ENTO-505NP)
Eric R. Day
T.A. Dellinger
Galls Made by Aphids, Adelgids, Phylloxerans, Psyllids, and Midges
Galls Made by Aphids, Adelgids, Phylloxerans, Psyllids, and Midges
(PDF)
Galls made by made by aphids, adelgids, phylloxerans, psyllids, and midges occur on many different plants. Galls are abnormal growths of plant tissue induced by insects and other organisms. Gall-making parasites release growth-regulating chemicals as they feed, causing adjacent plant tissues to form a gall. The parasite then develops within the relative security of the gall. Most are harmless to trees, but a few are pests.
Jun 2, 2022
ENTO-146NP (ENTO-506NP)
Eric R. Day
T.A. Dellinger
Galls and Rust made by Mites
Galls and Rusts Made by Eriophyid Mites
(PDF)
Nov 29, 2022
ENTO-532NP
Eric R. Day
T.A. Dellinger
Alejandro Del-Pozo
Large and Unusual Insects Found in Virginia
Large and Unusual Insects Found in Virginia
(PDF)
Several different insects are found in Virginia that cause concern due to their large size and coloration. They are for the most part harmless and just curiosities of nature.
Mar 2, 2021
ENTO-148NP (ENTO-419NP)
Eric R. Day
T.A. Dellinger
Native and Solitary Bees in Virginia
Native and Solitary Bees in Virginia
(PDF)
Although honey bees are well known for pollination and honey production,
other bees at times impact humans in various ways. These native bees
range from beneficial to annoying, sometimes at the same time. Native
bees are important pollinators for fruit and vegetables.
Feb 12, 2021
ENTO-151NP (ENTO-424NP)
Eric R. Day
T.A. Dellinger
Yellow Poplar Weevil
Yellow Poplar Weevil
(PDF)
Rice-shaped holes about 1/16 inches result from adult feeding. Larval feeding forms mines, usually two per leaf. If they are both on the same side of midrib, one is extensive, and the other dwarfed. If the insect lays eggs on opposite sides of the midrib, both mines develop normally.
Oct 20, 2025
ENTO-172NP (ENTO-380NP)
Eric R. Day
T.A. Dellinger
Diagnosing Stink Bug Injury to Vegetables
Diagnosing Stink Bug Injury to Vegetables
(PDF)
In the mid-Atlantic U.S. vegetable crops are attacked by several different
stink bug species (1). The primary pest species include: the invasive brown
marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys, which has become the dominant
species in most landscapes (2), brown stink bug, Euschistus servus Say, which
is the most common species attacking tomatoes; green stink bug, Chinavia
hilaris Say (3); and harlequin bug, Murgantia histrionica, which is
primarilly a pest of brassica vegetables only (4). All stink bugs are
piercing sucking feeders that insert their stylets into the fruit, pods,
buds, leaves, and stems of plants.
May 25, 2021
ENTO-173NP (ENTO-449NP)
Lorena Lopez
Thomas P. Kuhar
Benefits of an Insecticide Seed Treatment for Pumpkin Production in Virginia
Benefits of an Insecticide Seed Treatment for Pumpkin Production in Virginia PDF
(PDF)
In recent years cucurbit growers in the Mid-Atlantic U.S. could purchase their seeds pre-treated
with the neonicotinoid insecticide thiamethoxam. The insecticide seed treatment is currently
packaged as FarMore F1400, which also includes three proven and complementary fungicides
that provide the first line of defense against several key seed and seedling diseases including
Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, Pythium, general damping-off and seedling blight.
Dec 21, 2015
ENTO-174NP
Thomas P. Kuhar
James M. Wilson
Control of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug with Insecticide-Treated Window Screens
Control of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug with Insecticide-Treated Window Screens
(PDF)
In Virginia and other Mid-Atlantic states, the invasive brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB) has become a serious nuisance pest (Rice et al. 2014). Each fall, these insects aggregate on buildings seeking shelters in which to spend the winter months.
Jan 19, 2021
ENTO-177NP (ENTO-400NP)
John D. Aigner
Katlin Mooneyham
Christopher McCullough
Thomas P. Kuhar
Evaluation of the Residual Efficacy of Commercial Slug Baits
Evaluation of the Residual Efficacy of Commercial Slug Baits
(PDF)
Slugs are prevalent pests in no-till and reduced-till crop systems in Virginia. These slimy mollusks utilize plant residue to hide during the day, and at night, they feed on numerous crops causing irregular feeding holes and shredded leaves. Slugs cause the most damage during early plant growth.
Feb 15, 2021
ENTO-178NP (ENTO-401NP)
Thomas P. Kuhar
Katlin Mooneyham
Christopher McCullough
Curt Laub
Spotted Lanternfly
Spotted Lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White) (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae)
(PDF)
Spotted lanternfly (SLF) was first detected in Virginia in 2018. SLF is native to China and is also found in India, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. Researchers believe SLF likely arrived from Asia through commercial trade, possibly two years earlier than when it was first detected. SLF continues to spread through Virginia and the eastern US. It is highly invasive and can spread rapidly when introduced into new areas. The invasiveness of SLF is attributed to its wide host plant range and a lack of natural enemies in invaded areas.
Aug 21, 2025
ENTO-180NP (ENTO-614NP)
Douglas G. Pfeiffer
Eric R. Day
Phillip A. Sisti
Hag Moth Caterpillar
Hag Moth Caterpillar
(PDF)
Jan 10, 2023
ENTO-19NP (ENTO-541NP)
Eric R. Day
T.A. Dellinger
Hickory Horned Devil
Hickory Horned Devil
(PDF)
Jan 5, 2023
ENTO-20NP (ENTO-540NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Mosquitos and their Control
Mosquitoes and Their Control
(PDF)
The key to controlling mosquitoes is removing the standing or stagnant water where they live.
Dec 21, 2021
ENTO-202NP (ENTO-470NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Sally Paulson
Dini Miller
Velvet Ants
Velvet Ants
(PDF)
Jan 6, 2023
ENTO-22NP (ENTO-539NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Fall Cankerworm
Fall Cankerworm
(PDF)
Cankerworms are also known as inchworms, loop worms, and spanworms - this is credited to their distinctive way of moving. In order to travel, a cankerworm must grab leaves or
branches with its front legs and then pull the rest of its body forward.
This causes the abdomen area to contract and gives the worm the
appearance of arching its back.
Feb 5, 2021
ENTO-223NP (ENTO-404NP)
Eric R. Day
Scott Salom
Lori Chamberlin
Katlin DeWitt
Springtails
Springtails
(PDF)
Jan 6, 2023
ENTO-23NP (ENTO-538NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Economic Pests of Turfgrass
Enhanced digital version
(HTML)
Dec 16, 2022
ENTO-237NP
Rick L. Brandenburg
Katherine Kamminga
Thomas P. Kuhar
Curt Laub
David J. Shetlar
Silverfish and Firebrats
Silverfish and Firebrats
(PDF)
Jan 6, 2023
ENTO-24NP (ENTO-537NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Stink Bugs
Oct 13, 2017
444-621 (ENTO-242NP)
Eric R. Day
Survey of Pest Management Practices of Virginia Sweet Corn Growers – 2017
Dec 5, 2017
ENTO-248NP
Jason Cooper
Ursula T. Deitch
Helene Doughty
John Few
Thomas P. Kuhar
Kenner Love
Laura Maxey-Nay
Steve Pottorff
Stephanie Romelczyk
Laura Siegle
Janet L. Spencer
Mark Sutphin
Ground Beetles
Ground Beetles
(PDF)
Nov 22, 2022
ENTO-530NP
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Pest Alert: Spotted Lanternfly Identification and Reporting in Virginia
Pest Alert: Spotted Lanternfly Identification and Reporting in Virginia
(PDF)
Jul 7, 2022
ENTO-265NP (ENTO-513NP)
Eric R. Day
T.A. Dellinger
Corn earworm monitoring in commercial sweet corn fields in Virginia – 2017
Mar 5, 2018
ENTO-266NP
Katlyn Catron
Jason Cooper
Ursula T. Deitch
Helene Doughty
John Few
Thomas P. Kuhar
Kenner Love
Steve Pottorff
Stephanie Romelczyk
Laura Siegle
Mark Sutphin
Flea Beetles Attacking Brassica Plants in Virginia
Mar 27, 2018
ENTO-267NP
Thomas P. Kuhar
James A. C. Mason
Flea Beetles Attacking Eggplant in Virginia
Apr 11, 2018
ENTO-270NP
James A. C. Mason
Thomas P. Kuhar
Possible Spotted Lanternfly Egg Mass Look-alikes in Virginia
Possible Look-alikes of Spotted Lanternfly Egg Masses in Virginia
(PDF)
Mar 1, 2023
ENTO-276NP (ENTO-547NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Possible Spotted Lanternfly Immature Look-alikes in Virginia
Possible Immature Spotted Lanternfly Look-alikes in Virginia
(PDF)
Mar 2, 2023
ENTO-277NP (ENTO-546NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Possible Spotted Lanternfly Adult Look-alikes in Virginia
Possible Spotted Lanternfly Adult Look-alikes in Virginia
(PDF)
Mar 2, 2023
ENTO-278NP (ENTO-545NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Asian Longhorned Tick
Asian Longhorned Tick
(PDF)
May 26, 2023
ENTO-282NP (ENTO-560NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Darkling Beetles and Mealworms
Darkling Beetles and Mealworms
(PDF)
Mar 3, 2023
ENTO-283NP (ENTO-548NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Asian Needle Ant
Asian Needle Ant
(PDF)
Mar 14, 2023
ENTO-29NP (ENTO-554NP)
T. Michael Likins
Eric R. Day
Insecticide and Acaricide Research on Vegetables in Virginia -2018
Feb 13, 2019
ENTO-301NP
Thomas P. Kuhar
Helene Doughty
Kudzu Bug, Megacopta cribraria, a pest of soybeans
Kudzu Bug, Megacopta cribraria, a pest of soybeans
(PDF)
The kudzu bug (Megacopta cribraria) is an invasive pest from Asia and first appeared in the U.S. in 2009 near Atlanta, Georgia. It has since spread to 18 additional states and the District of Columbia, threatening soybean crops. Recognizable by their mottled dark green and brown coloration, adult kudzu bugs are shield bugs that exude a pungent defensive substance when disturbed. Adults and nymphs feed on plant phloem, causing both direct and indirect damage to plants. Despite initial concerns, populations only occasionally reach damaging levels, but monitoring and management remain crucial. The kudzu bug has two generations per year, with adults emerging from overwintering in early spring. Management includes chemical control with pyrethroids and neonicotinoids, biological control with parasitoid wasps and the fungus Beauveria bassiana, and cultural control by reducing kudzu patches. Here we detail the bug's distribution, life cycle, pest status, and management strategies, highlighting the importance of ongoing vigilance and integrating management tactics.
Jul 12, 2024
ENTO-303NP (ENTO-597NP)
Kadie Britt
Sally V. Taylor
Ben Aigner
Katlyn Catron
Thomas P. Kuhar
Bed Bugs: How to Protect Yourself and Your Home
Bed Bugs: How to Protect Yourself and Your Home
(PDF)
Feb 7, 2024
ENTO-31NP (ENTO-298NP)
Dini Miller
What Virginians Need to Know About the 2022 Spotted Lanternfly Quarantine Expansion
Jul 7, 2022
ENTO-319NP (ENTO-512NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Ciclo de Vida en Virginia de Spotted Lanternfly (Mosca de Alas Manchadas)
Ciclo de Vida en Virginia de Spotted Lanternfly
(PDF)
Ciclo de vida de la mosca linterna moteada. La mosca linterna moteada (SLF) inverna en una masa de huevos (líneas diagonales) que comienza con un color gris brillante, pero rápidamente se vuelve gris parduzco opaco. Los huevos eclosionan entre finales de abril y principios de mayo, y las ninfas (barras rojas) permanecen hasta finales de julio, cuando se convierten en adultas (barras amarillas). Los adultos comienzan a poner huevos en septiembre. Las etapas de vida pueden solaparse y, según la época del año, pueden presentarse varias etapas simultáneamente.
Aug 21, 2025
ENTO-320NP (ENTO-613NPs)
Eric R. Day
Douglas G. Pfeiffer
T.A. Dellinger
Mark Sutphin
Beth Sastre
Residential Control for Spotted Lanternfly (SLF) in Virginia
Spotted Lanternfly (SLF) has quickly established itself as an agricultural pest, feeding mostly on grapes and fruit trees, but is also known to feed on many species of hardwoods. As a result, SLF has become a large residential pest where it is established.
Aug 9, 2019
ENTO-322NP
Andy Dechaine
Eric R. Day
Douglas G. Pfeiffer
Mark Sutphin
Control de la Mosca Linterna con Manchas (Spotted Lanternfly- SLF) en Hogares de Virginia (Residential Control for Spotted Lanternfly in Virginia)
Spotted Lanternfly (SLF) se ha establecido rápidamente como una plaga agrícola, alimentándose principalmente de uvas y árboles frutales, al igual que de muchas especies de maderas duras. Como resultado, en cualquier que SLF se ha establecido, se ha convertido en una gran plaga residencial.
Aug 29, 2019
ENTO-322S
Eric R. Day
Douglas G. Pfeiffer
Mark Sutphin
Beth Sastre
Spotted Lanternfly in Virginia Vineyards: Lycorma delicatula (White)
Spotted Lanternfly in Virginia Vineyards: Lycorma delicatula (White)
(PDF)
Spotted lanternfly is an invasive pest that is continuing expansion through Virginia. It now occupies the entire Shenandoah Valley and most of the Piedmont. It can be extremely damaging in vineyards, potentially killing vines. This fact sheet discusses its management in vineyards.
Feb 24, 2025
ENTO-323NP (ENTO-606NP)
Douglas G. Pfeiffer
Eric R. Day
T.A. Dellinger
Mark Sutphin
Mexican Bean Beetle
This publication reviews the biology and management of Mexican bean beetle, an herbivorous lady beetle (Coccinellidae) that feeds on bean crops (legumes).
Aug 30, 2019
ENTO-326NP
Louis Nottingham
Thomas P. Kuhar
Corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea, a pest of hemp, Cannabis sativa, in Virginia
Sep 5, 2019
ENTO-328NP
Kadie Britt
Sally V. Taylor
Thomas P. Kuhar
Tarnished Plant Bug
This publication has information regarding tarnished plant bug (Lygus lineolaris) biology, identification, and management in field crop systems.
Aug 30, 2019
ENTO-329NP
Sally V. Taylor
Seth Dorman
Varroa Mite Biology and Feeding Damage
VARROA MITE BIOLOGY AND FEEDING DAMAGE
(PDF)
Varroa mites are one of the greatest threats faced by beekeepers today. This fact sheet will explore the biology, lifecycle, and damage caused by Varroa mites. To learn more information about managing and treating Varroa mite infestations, see the accompanying Varroa Mite Sampling Methods and Varroa Mite Management Methods fact sheets.
May 13, 2025
ENTO-331NP
Morgan A. Roth
Aaron D. Gross
James M. Wilson
Varroa Mite Sampling Methods
Varroa Mite Management Methods
(PDF)
Varroa mites are one of the greatest threats faced by beekeepers today. This fact sheet will explore Varroa mite sampling methods, which are critical to effective Varroa management. To learn more about Varroa mite biology how to treat Varroa mite infestations, see the accompanying Varroa Mite Biology and Feeding Damage and Varroa Mite Management Methods fact sheets.
May 13, 2025
ENTO-332NP
Morgan A. Roth
Aaron D. Gross
James M. Wilson
Varroa Mite Management Methods
Varroa Mite Management Methods
(PDF)
Varroa mites are one of the greatest threats faced by beekeepers today. This fact sheet will describe treatment methods used to combat Varroa mite infestations, following integrated pest management methods. To learn more information about Varroa mite biology and sampling, see the accompanying Varroa Mite Biology and Feeding Damage, and Varroa Mite Sampling Methods fact sheets.
May 13, 2025
ENTO-333NP
Morgan A. Roth
Aaron D. Gross
James M. Wilson
Sugarcane Aphid in Virginia Sorghum
Sep 12, 2019
ENTO-334NP
Katlyn Catron
Thomas P. Kuhar
Sally V. Taylor
Small Hive Beetle
Small Hive Beetle
(PDF)
This fact sheet will provide details about small hive beetle biology, which is a crucial part of identification and treatment, along with popular small hive beetle control methods.
May 13, 2025
ENTO-338NP
Morgan A. Roth
Aaron D. Gross
James M. Wilson
Viticulture Management Poster
Oct 22, 2019
ENTO-339NP
Cain Hickey
Phillip Brannen
Brett Blaauw
Mark Hoffmann
Mizuho Nita
Douglas G. Pfeiffer
Beth Sastre
Manejo Del Viñedo (Viticulture Management Poster)
Oct 22, 2019
ENTO-339S
Cain Hickey
Phillip Brannen
Brett Blaauw
Mark Hoffmann
Mizuho Nita
Douglas G. Pfeiffer
Beth Sastre
Understanding Pesticide Toxicity
Understanding Pesticide Toxicity
(PDF)
This factsheet explains what toxicity is, how it is determined for pesticides, and how that determination translates to signal words on the pesticide label. Understanding pesticide toxicity will help you make more informed decisions when choosing a pesticide.
Nov 11, 2020
ENTO-389NP
Tim McCoy
Daniel Frank
Dana Beegle
Reading Pesticide Product Labels
Reading Pesticide Product Labels
(PDF)
Jan 7, 2021
ENTO-390NP
Stephanie Blevins Wycoff
Cynthia Gregg
Dana Beegle
Daniel Frank
Spiders: An Undeserved Bad Reputation
Spiders: An Undeserved Bad Reputation
(PDF)
Spiders play a critical ecological role as natural predators that help regulate insect populations in homes, gardens, and ecosystems worldwide. Although often feared, the vast majority of spider species are harmless to humans and offer measurable benefits, consuming an estimated 400–800 million metric tons of prey annually. This publication clarifies common misconceptions about spiders, explains how to distinguish them from insects, outlines major web‑building and hunting spider groups, and highlights their widespread presence in nearly every terrestrial environment. Only two spider groups in North America—widow spiders (Latrodectus spp.) and recluse spiders (Loxosceles spp.)—pose significant medical risk, and simple precautions can minimize encounters. The guide emphasizes the ecological and agricultural value of spiders, particularly their role in integrated pest management (IPM) as generalist predators that naturally reduce pest insect pressure. By fostering understanding of spider biology, identification, and behavior, this publication encourages coexistence and appreciation of these beneficial arthropods.
Mar 2, 2026
ENTO-393NP (ENTO-641NP)
Matt Sharpe
Gillian Eastwood
Lepidopteran Insecticide Menu for Vegetable Growers
Lepidopteran Insecticide Menu for Vegetable Growers
(PDF)
Using IPM-compatible insecticide chemistries and rotating mode of action to avoid insecticide resistance development is important for managing lepidopteran pests in vegetables. This handout categorizes the currently available insecticides for control of lepidopteran pests of vegetables in Virginia.
Jan 7, 2021
ENTO-395NP
Thomas P. Kuhar
Helene Doughty
Colorado Potato Beetle Foliar Insecticide Menu for Potato Growers
Colorado Potato Beetle Foliar Insecticide Menu for Potato Growers: Don’t wait, it’s smart to rotate
(PDF)
Mar 8, 2021
ENTO-396NP
Thomas P. Kuhar
Christopher McCullough
Helene Doughty
Best Management Practices for Spotted Lanternfly on Christmas Tree Farms
Best Management Practices for Spotted Lanternfly on Christmas Tree Farms
(PDF)
Feb 15, 2021
ENTO-402NP
Eric R. Day
T.A. Dellinger
Kyle Peer
Acrobat Ant
NPR Publication Template
(PDF)
Jan 29, 2021
ENTO-405NP
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Ligurian Leafhopper
Ligurian Leafhopper
(PDF)
Feb 12, 2021
ENTO-412NP
T. Michael Likins
Eric R. Day
Insect and Mite Pests of Boxwood
Three pests, the boxwood leafminer, mite and psyllid commonly attack American and English boxwood in Virginia and cause spotting, yellowing, and puckering of leaves.
Apr 3, 2019
ENTO-42NP (ENTO-314NP)
Eric R. Day
Wood Cockroaches
Wood Cockroaches
(PDF)
Mar 4, 2021
ENTO-426NP
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Jumping Worms (Amynthas spp.)
Jumping Worms (Amynthas spp.)
(PDF)
May 24, 2023
ENTO-427NP (ENTO-559NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Greenhouse Millipedes
Greenhouse Millipedes
(PDF)
Native to Asia, the greenhouse millipede (Oxidus gracilis) is a cosmopolitan species commonly found throughout the eastern US. This species is also called the garden or hothouse millipede. Like other millipedes, greenhouse millipedes are generalist decomposers of organic matter and contribute to the recycling of nutrients in the environment. They are harmless and do not bite or sting.
Aug 21, 2025
ENTO-43NP (ENTO-616NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Phorid Flies
Phorid Flies
(PDF)
Mar 1, 2021
ENTO-433NP
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Paper Wasps
Paper Wasps
(PDF)
Mar 1, 2021
ENTO-435NP
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Non-biting Midges
Non-biting Midges
(PDF)
Mar 3, 2021
ENTO-438NP
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Gloomy Scale
Gloomy Scale in Virginia
(PDF)
Gloomy scale (Melanaspis tenebricosa) is a native armored scale found on the trunk and limbs of infested trees. Gloomy scale can be found in the forest, where it’s less likely to have damaging populations, but it is a major pest on trees in the landscape. Urban shade trees growing beside asphalt and pavement, where radiant heat is reflected back on the tree, are particularly susceptible to this scale. Gloomy scale is notorious for blending in with tree bark and heavy densities often develop before notice. Infested trees with heavy densities of this scale often appear darkened and “gloomy.”
Oct 24, 2025
ENTO-44NP (ENTO-632NP)
Eric R. Day
T.A. Dellinger
Buprestid Beetles and Flathead Borers
Buprestid Beetles and Flathead Borers
(PDF)
Mar 4, 2021
ENTO-441NP
Eric R. Day
T.A. Dellinger
Box Tree Moth
Box Tree Moth
(PDF)
Mar 10, 2021
ENTO-445NP
Alejandro Del-Pozo
Eric R. Day
T.A. Dellinger
Critical updates for the 2021 Mid-Atlantic Commercial Vegetable Recommendations
Mar 10, 2021
ENTO-446NP
Thomas P. Kuhar
Mark Reiter
Steve Rideout
Vijay Singh
Insect Identification Lab
Welcome to the Insect Identification Laboratory at Virginia Tech. The Insect Identification Lab covers all insects found in all situations and commodities in Virginia. This diagnostic lab started in 1967 and is a service for Extension Agents and Citizens of Virginia.
Oct 10, 2024
ENTO-45NP
Eric R. Day
Biology and Management of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in Mid Atlantic Soybean
NPR Publication Template
(PDF)
Jul 2, 2021
ENTO-450NP
Lorena Lopez
Thomas P. Kuhar
Sally V. Taylor
Kemper Sutton
Pesticide Drift Series: Understanding and Controlling Pesticide Drift
Pesticide Drift Series: Understanding and Controlling Pesticide Drift
(PDF)
Jul 7, 2021
ENTO-452NP
Tim McCoy
Dana Beegle
Pesticide Drift Series: Protecting Sensitive Areas from Pesticide Drift
Pesticide Drift Series: Protecting Sensitive Areas from Pesticide Drift
(PDF)
Jul 7, 2021
ENTO-453NP
Rachel Parson
Dana Beegle
Pesticide Drift Series: Using Buffers to Reduce the Impact of Spray Drift
Pesticide Drift Series: Using Buffers to Reduce the Impact of Spray Drift
(PDF)
Jun 22, 2021
ENTO-454NP
Stephanie Blevins Wycoff
Michael J. Weaver
Dana Beegle
Broad-Headed Bugs
Broad-Headed Bugs
(PDF)
Jul 23, 2021
ENTO-457NP
Daniel Wilczek
Thomas P. Kuhar
Red Headed Flea Beetle in Virginia Nurseries
Red Headed Flea Beetle in Virginia Nurseries
(PDF)
Dec 21, 2021
ENTO-464NP
Eleanor Lane
Alejandro Del-Pozo
Pavement Ant
Pavement Ant
(PDF)
Dec 21, 2021
ENTO-467NP
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Boxelder Bug
Boxelder Bug
(PDF)
Dec 21, 2021
ENTO-468NP
T.A. Dellinger
Ladybird Beetles in Houses and Buildings
Ladybird Beetles in Houses and Buildings
(PDF)
Dec 21, 2021
ENTO-472NP
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Avoiding Fire Ant Stings
Avoiding Fire Ant Stings
(PDF)
Imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta and its hybrids) have been found in Virginia since 1989 and are an increasing concern as they expand their range in Virginia. Imported fire ants swarm and attack aggressively when their colony is disturbed. Pheromones released by fire ants quickly alert colony members to the threat, leading to a mass attack and many stings by the defending ants. Physical reactions to fire ant venom will vary with a person’s sensitivity. Some people may require medical treatment after being stung by fire ants.
Apr 12, 2024
ENTO-481NP (ENTO-591NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Yellowjackets in Virginia
Yellowjackets in Virginia
(PDF)
Yellowjackets are social wasps in the genera Vespula and Dolichovespula. Sometimes called “meat bees,” yellowjackets prey on many insects and arthropods and will also scavenge meat from human food, dead animals, or garbage. They feed these protein foods to their developing larvae. Adult yellowjackets feed on liquids produced by their larvae and, later in the year, on nectar, ripe fruits, and other sugar sources. Yellowjackets can be nuisance pests in late summer when foraging for foods consumed by people, but they also kill numerous plant-feeding insects while collecting food for their developing brood. Adult yellowjackets may pollinate the flowers they visit for nectar.
Aug 26, 2025
ENTO-49NP (ENTO-615NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Red Imported Fire Ant Logger Self-Inspection Checklist
Red Imported Fire Ant Logger Self-Inspection Checklist
(PDF)
Feb 25, 2022
ENTO-492NP
Eric R. Day
T.A. Dellinger
Neil A. Clark
K. Jason Fisher
Mexican Bean Beetle
Mexican Bean Beetle
(PDF)
Mexican Bean Beetle (MBB), Epilachna varivestis Mulsant (Fig. 1), is an herbivorous lady beetle (Coccinellidae) that feeds on bean crops (legumes) in North America. It is similar to the squash lady beetle, Epilachna borealis, which feeds primarily on cucurbits. MBB can cause significant defoliation damage to various bean crops particularly in the genus Phaseolus (snap beans, lima beans, pole beans, etc.). It will also feed on soybean, alfalfa, beggarweed, kudzu, and other legumes.
Dec 13, 2013
ENTO-51NP
Thomas P. Kuhar
Louis Nottingham
Improving Pest Management with Farmscaping
Farmscaping is a holistic ecologically-based approach to pest management that emphasizes the arrangement or configuration of plants that promote biological pest management by attracting and sustaining beneficial organisms. Ideal farmscape plantings provide habitat for beneficial insects, suppress weeds, and grow in close proximity to the cash crop without competing for light, water and nutrients. Research has shown that maintaining high levels of species diversity is a key characteristic of a proper functioning agroecosystem. Unfortunately, intensive farming operations including growing large monocultures, regular cultivation, and excessive use of insecticides often leads to a dramatic reduction in arthropod diversity, especially natural enemies that often keep many pest insects below damaging levels. Farmscaping is a technique designed to add diversity back to the system and minimize disturbance leading to increases in natural enemy populations by providing insectary plants as food and shelter resources.
Aug 1, 2019
ENTO-52NP(ENTO-55NP)
Chris Philips
Thomas P. Kuhar
Ronald Morse
Soldier Beetles (Leatherwings)
This publication reviews the biology of cantharid beetles. Cantharids, known as soldier beetles or leatherwings, are commonly-encountered beetles throughout Virginia. Two species in the genus Chauliognathus are the most frequently observed; the margined leatherwing (Chauliognathus marginatus) is found during the spring and early summer, while the Pennsylvania leatherwing or goldenrod soldier beetle (Chauliognathus pensylvanicus) is active during the late summer and early fall. Both species visit a variety of wild and cultivated flowers, and they can be considered beneficial insects.
Aug 30, 2019
ENTO-53NP (ENTO-327NP)
Katlyn Catron
Chris Philips
Elizabeth Fread
Thomas P. Kuhar
Striped Cucumber Beetle
In Virginia, cucurbits are attacked by two native species of cucumber beetles, the striped cucumber beetle, A. vittatum, which is featured in this document, and the spotted cucumber beetle, Diabrotica decimpunctata howardi (Mannerheim), which is discussed in a separate fact sheet.
May 12, 2020
ENTO-61NP
James M. Wilson
Eric R. Day
Thomas P. Kuhar
Spiders of Medical Concern in Virginia
Spiders of Medical Concern in Virginia
(PDF)
Several species of spiders found in Virginia have fearsome reputations for giving painful bites resulting in life-threating complications.
Aug 1, 2025
ENTO-73NP (ENTO-346NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Parasitic Wasps
Parasitic wasps, also called parasitoids, are found in multiple families within the
insect order Hymenoptera, which also contains the sawflies, bees, and wasps.
Aug 1, 2025
ENTO-74NP (ENTO-345NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Stinging Slug and Flannel Moth Caterpillars
Stinging Slug and Flannel Moth Caterpillars
(PDF)
Slug caterpillars in the family Limacodidae move with a slow gliding motion rather than walking, much like a slug. Some slug caterpillars are brightly colored with bumps, protuberances, or appendages.
Jul 23, 2025
ENTO-75NP (ENTO-621NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Emerald Ash Borer: Options for Landowners
Emerald ash borer (EAB) is found in all regions of Virginia. Some areas have established populations with a high level of ash tree mortality and other areas are seeing it for the first time. With a wider spread of infestation many homeowners are seeking methods to protect their ash trees.
Dec 17, 2019
ENTO-76NP (ENTO-343NP)
Eric R. Day
Scott Salom
Lori Chamberlin
Katlin Mooneyham
Meredith Bean
K. Jason Fisher
Adam Downing
Bed Bugs Biology and Behavior
Bed Bug Biology and Behavior
(PDF)
The bed bug species that is infesting homes today are the descendants of cave dwelling bugs that originally fed on bat blood. When humans began living in the caves (100,000 to 35,000 years ago, depending on the source), the bugs began feeding on humans. Later, when humans moved out of the caves and started their agricultural civilizations, the bugs moved with them. Since that time, humans have carried bed bugs all over the world.
Aug 2, 2024
ENTO-8P
Dini Miller
Spotted Lanternfly Life Cycle in Virginia (Ciclo de Vida en Virginia de Spotted Lanternfly)
Spotted Lanternfly Life Cycle in Virginia
(PDF)
Spotted Lanternfly Life Cycle. The Spotted Lanternfly (SLF) overwinters in an egg mass (diagonal lines) that begins shiny gray but quickly turns to a dull brownish gray. The eggs hatch late April to early May and the nymphs (red bars) are present until late July when they become adults (yellow bars). Adults start to lay eggs in September. The life stages can overlap and, depending on the time of year, multiple stages can be found at the same time.
Aug 21, 2025
ENTO-268NP (ENTO-613NP)
Eric R. Day
Douglas G. Pfeiffer
T.A. Dellinger
Mark Sutphin
Beth Sastre
Redheaded Ash Borer
Redheaded Ash Borer
(PDF)
Mar 5, 2021
ENTO-142NP (ENTO-428NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Larder Beetle
Larder Beetles
(PDF)
Mar 6, 2023
ENTO-286NP (ENTO-549NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Crapemyrtle Bark Scale
Crapemyrtle Bark Scale
(PDF)
Nov 23, 2021
ENTO-465NP
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Alejandro Del-Pozo
Emerging Tick-Borne Arboviruses: Powassan virus, Heartland virus, and Bourbon virus
Emerging Tick-Borne Arboviruses: Powassan virus, Heartland virus, and Bourbon virus
(PDF)
Mar 21, 2022
ENTO-491NP
Ahmed Garba
Gillian Eastwood
Red Imported Fire Ant Farmer Self-Inspection Checklist
Red Imported Fire Ant Farmer Self-Inspection Checklist
(PDF)
Mar 8, 2022
ENTO-493NP
Eric R. Day
Tick-Borne Diseases in Virginia
Tick-Borne Diseases in Virginia
(PDF)
May 16, 2022
ENTO-504NP
Alexandra Cumbie
Gillian Eastwood
Emerging Tick-Borne Viruses Infographic Tri-fold Brochure
Emerging tick-borne viruses Infographic leaflet
(PDF)
Jul 18, 2022
ENTO-509NP
Ahmed Garba
Gillian Eastwood
Ana Hernández-Solis
Selecting Pesticide Products
Selecting Pesticide Products
(PDF)
Oct 6, 2022
ENTO-520NP
Daniel Frank
Stephanie Blevins Wycoff
Dana Beegle
Box Tree Moth in the United States
Box Tree Moth in the United States
(PDF)
Oct 31, 2022
ENTO-525NP
Elidah Sisk
Julie Brindley
Alejandro Del-Pozo
Blister Beetles
Blister Beetles
(PDF)
Nov 2, 2022
ENTO-526NP
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Fire Ant Management for Livestock Producers: Hayfields and Pastures
Fire Ant Management for Livestock Producers: Hayfields and Pastures
(PDF)
Imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta and its hybrids) are an increasing concern for farming operations as they expand across Virginia. To slow the spread of imported fire ants, the Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services and the US Department of Agriculture have set a Federal Fire Ant Quarantine over much of the southeastern portion of the state. The FFAQ does not currently include all the localities in Virginia known to have imported fire ants and will likely be expanded in the future.
Apr 23, 2024
ENTO-527NP (ENTO-590NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Cockroaches Found in Living Spaces
Cockroaches Found in Living Spaces
(PDF)
Nov 22, 2022
ENTO-528NP
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Juniper and Cryptomeria Scales in Residential Landscapes
Juniper and Cryptomeria Scales in Landscapes
(PDF)
Nov 30, 2022
ENTO-533NP
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Alejandro Del-Pozo
Bed Bug Action Plan for Dialysis Centers
Bed Bug Action Plan for Dialysis Centers
(PDF)
Mar 1, 2023
ENTO-542NP
Morgan Wilson
Dini Miller
Elm Zigzag Sawfly
Elm Zigzag Sawfly
(PDF)
Jan 11, 2023
ENTO-543NP
Eric R. Day
T.A. Dellinger
Japanese Maple and Oystershell Scales in Residential Landscapes
Japanese Maple and Oystershell Scales in Residential Landscapes
(PDF)
Mar 6, 2023
ENTO-550NP
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Alejandro Del-Pozo
Cryptomeria Scale on Christmas Trees
Juniper and Cryptomeria Scales in Landscapes
(PDF)
Mar 13, 2023
ENTO-551NP
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Elongate Hemlock Scale on Christmas Trees
Elongate Hemlock Scale on Christmas Trees
(PDF)
Mar 17, 2023
ENTO-552NP
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Survey of Insecticide Efficacy on Three-Cornered Alfalfa Hopper
Survey of Insecticide Efficacy on Three-Cornered Alfalfa Hopper
(PDF)
Apr 12, 2023
ENTO-555NP
Sierra Bradley
Thomas P. Kuhar
Pest Alert: Asian Longhorned Beetle
Pest Alert: Asian Longhorned Beetle
(PDF)
Apr 17, 2023
ENTO-556NP
Eric R. Day
T.A. Dellinger
Recognizing Asian Longhorned Beetle in Virginia
Recognizing Asian Longhorned Beetle in Virginia
(PDF)
Apr 25, 2023
ENTO-557NP
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Selecting a Pest Control Company
Selecting a Pest Control Company
(PDF)
May 19, 2023
ENTO-558NP
Daniel Frank
Stephanie Blevins Wycoff
Bed Bug Action Plan for Home Healthcare and In-home Hospice Care Workers
Bed Bug Action Plan for Home Healthcare and In-home Hospice Care Workers
(PDF)
This fact sheet is an action plan intended to educate and guide home care assistance workers and in-home hospice care workers in bed bug prevention when dealing with infested clients so that bed bugs are not spread to their homes, vehicles, offices, or other clients' homes.
Jun 21, 2023
ENTO-563NP
Morgan Wilson
Dini Miller
Pollinators in the Out-of-Play Areas of Virginia Golf Courses
Pollinators in the Out-of-Play Areas of Virginia Golf Courses
(PDF)
This extension publication presents information on how out-of-play areas serve as pollinator-friendly habitats in golf courses. This project also introduces information on the remote sensing approach to monitor the plant health status of this out-of-play areas.
Aug 9, 2023
ENTO-564NP
Shannon Bradley
Alejandro Del-Pozo
The Annual Bluegrass Weevil as a Golf Course Pest in Virginia
The Annual Bluegrass Weevil as a Golf Course Pest in Virginia
(PDF)
This extension publication presents information on the biology, phenology monitoring, and damage associated with the annual bluegrass weevil, a key pest of turfgrass under golf course conditions in Virginia. This publication also introduces information on the remote sensing approach to monitor this pest.
Aug 10, 2023
ENTO-565NP
Shannon Bradley
Alejandro Del-Pozo
Myth-busting Homemade Pesticides
Myth-busting Homemade Pesticides
(PDF)
Internet websites and social media platforms often contain information that misguide the public in using homemade pesticides. The use of homemade pesticides is concerning for several reasons. Homemade pesticides do not have directions for safe handling and application, instructions on how to protect people, pets, plants, and the environment, and are often ineffective. This publication will explain what homemade pesticides are and how they differ from registered pesticides. It will also debunk several common myths about homemade pesticides.
Aug 17, 2023
ENTO-570NP
Stephanie Blevins Wycoff
Daniel Frank
Rachel Parson
Kathleen Miller
Ashley Appling
Mark Sutphin
Diamondback Moth Mating Disruption
Diamondback Moth Mating Disruption
(PDF)
Diamondback moth has become one of the hardest lepidopteran "worm" pests to control globally due to insecticide resistance. Mating disruption is an effective pesticide-free strategy for managing this pest of cabbage, broccoli, collards, and other brassica crops.
Aug 25, 2023
ENTO-571NP
Taylore Sydnor
Thomas P. Kuhar
Alejandro Del-Pozo
Japanese Maple Scale: A Pictorial Guide for Identification
Japanese Maple Scale: A Pictorial Guide for Identification
(PDF)
The Japanese maple scale is an armored scale, considered a key pest, causing the nursey industry significant losses due to direct injury or plant rejection. Identify JMS can be difficult due to their biology. This factsheet serves as a pictorial guide to provide key features of this insect.
Aug 24, 2023
ENTO-572NP
Alejandro Del-Pozo
Mollie Wyatt
Squash Bug in Virginia Home Gardens
Squash Bug in Virginia Home Gardens
(PDF)
Dec 13, 2023
ENTO-578NP
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Bed Bug Heat Treatments – What you need to know!
Bed Bug Heat Treatments – What you need to know!
(PDF)
Feb 23, 2024
ENTO-583NP
Dini Miller
Dakotah Todd
Morgan Wilson
Homeowner Suggestions for Managing Spotted Lanternfly
Homeowner Suggestions for Managing Spotted Lanternfly
(PDF)
Spotted lanternfly arrived in Virginia in 2018 and is spreading across the state. This invasive pest strongly prefers feeding on tree of heaven, Ailanthus altissima, but it also feeds on many other plants. SLF is a pest of grapes and can be a nuisance around residences.
Oct 9, 2025
ENTO-586NP (ENTO-631NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Mark Sutphin
James A. C. Mason
Broad Mite
Broad Mite
(PDF)
Mar 27, 2024
ENTO-587NP
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Alejandro Del-Pozo
Recognizing Box Tree Moth in Virginia
Recognizing Box Tree Moth in Virginia
(PDF)
Box tree moth (BTM), Cydalima perspectalis (Walker), is a destructive pest of boxwood (Buxus spp.). Native to Asia, BTM spread to Europe in 2006 and into Canada in 2018. BTM was found in New York in 2021, Michigan in 2022, and Ohio in 2023. It has not yet been found in Virginia. BTM feeds on all species of Buxus. Boxwood is a favored ornamental and a staple evergreen shrub cultivated in the US horticultural trade. This fact sheet was developed to help you identify BTM and some of the insects that could be mistaken for it in Virginia.
Mar 29, 2024
ENTO-588NP
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Alejandro Del-Pozo
Arborvitae Leafminer in Virginia
Arborvitae Leafminer in Virginia
(PDF)
Arborvitae leafminer (Argyresthia thuiella; Lepidoptera: Argyresthiidae) is a small moth that attacks arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis), its cultivars, and sometimes false cypress (Chamaecyparis sp.). Native to North America, it was originally found in the the native host range of arborvitae in the upper Midwest, northeastern US, and adjacent Canada. It has since spread, presumably through the horticultural trade, to other parts of the US, Canada, and Europe.
Apr 8, 2024
ENTO-589NP
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Alejandro Del-Pozo
Large Invasive Hornets
Large Invasive Hornets
(PDF)
The northern giant hornet (NGH; Vespa mandarinia) was first found in North America in 2019, when individual NGH were seen in the upper northwestern Washington state and across the border in British Columbia, Canada. Individual NGH were seen in 2020 and several nests were destroyed in 2021. No NGH or its nests were found in 2022 or 2023. To date, no NGH have been found outside of this small area of Washington state and British Columbia.
Apr 17, 2024
ENTO-592NP
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Hybrid Fire Ants in Virginia
Hybrid Fire Ants in Virginia
(PDF)
Native to South America, both red imported fire ant (RIFA, Solenopsis invicta) and black imported fire ant (BIFA, Solenopsis richteri) have been found in the US since the 1930s. Imported fire ants are now widespread across the southern US and have been reported in Virginia since 1989. RIFA and BIFA hybridize and produce fertile offspring in areas of the US where both species are found. The S. invicta x richteri hybrid fire ant zone in the US includes Georgia, Alabama, central Mississippi, and Tennessee. Recently in 2022, hybrid ants were detected for the first time in Virginia in Lee County and in several nearby counties in southeastern Kentucky. Hybrid fire ants are well established in eastern Tennessee as well.
May 16, 2024
ENTO-593NP
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Amy Byington
Allium Leafminer in Virginia
Allium Leafminer in Virginia
(PDF)
Allium Leafminer (ALM) (Phytomyza gymnostoma), an invasive pest first detected in the United States in 2015, has spread through onion-growing regions in the Northeast and Midwest. This pest targets commercial alliums such as onions, garlic, leeks, chives, and shallots, causing significant injury to crops.
Apr 18, 2025
ENTO-609NP
Grace Stern
Kemper Sutton
Thomas P. Kuhar
Sean Boyle
Asiatic Garden Beetle in Cotton
Asiatic Garden Beetle in Cotton
(PDF)
This publication on Asiatic garden beetle provides an overview of the insect, identification characteristics, and management recommendations for this pest in cotton.
Apr 29, 2025
ENTO-610NP
Sean Malone
Tim Bryant
Is It Pesticide Exposure or Heat Stress? How to Spot the Difference
Is It Pesticide Exposure or Heat Stress? How to Spot the Difference
(PDF)
Anyone working with or near pesticides should recognize the signs and symptoms of pesticide exposure. It is also important to know the signs and symptoms of heat stress because it can closely resemble pesticide poisoning. This article discusses the similarities and differences between pesticide exposure and heat stress. It also outlines first aid measures and prevention strategies for each condition.
Jun 27, 2025
ENTO-611NP
Stephanie Blevins Wycoff
Daniel Frank
Dana Beegle
How to Become a Certified UAV (Drone) Pesticide Applicator in Virginia
How to Become a Certified UAV (Drone) Pesticide Applicator in Virginia
(PDF)
Uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) are increasingly used for a wide range of agricultural purposes, including pesticide application. This factsheet provides information for individuals seeking certification as a UAV pilot and/or aerial pesticide applicator. It reviews basic information on pesticide application with drones; outlines the federal, state, and local requirements to operate legally; and provides contact information and links. It also discusses the importance of staying up to date.
Aug 28, 2025
ENTO-625NP
Dana Beegle
Daniel Frank
Levi Senger
Two-Spot Cotton Leafhopper Pest Alert
Two-Spot Cotton Leafhopper Pest Alert
(PDF)
This publication is to alert clientele to be on the lookout for a federally regulated pest, the two-spot cotton leafhopper, which was discovered in the mainland United States in 2024 and was found in a North Carolina county bordering Virginia in 2025. It provides information on pest identification, plant injury symptoms, scouting, and what to do if one suspects they have found the two-spot cotton leafhopper.
Feb 12, 2026
ENTO-639NP
Tim Bryant
Stacy Endriss
Sean Malone
Dylan Lockwood
David Gianino
Corn Earworm Moth Tracker
Corn Earworm Moth Tracker
(HTML)
Corn earworm threatens crops like soybeans, cotton, peanuts and specialty produce across Virginia. Most arrive via annual migrations from the south. Thanks to support from the Virginia Soybean Board, pheromone traps were deployed statewide in 2025 to track moth flights. The new Corn Earworm Moth Tracker helps users to anticipate pest outbreaks — reducing crop damage and unnecessary pesticide use. Support for trap deployment and monitoring has been made possible by the assistance of Virginia Cooperative Extension Agents Neil Clark, C. Taylor Clarke, Elizabeth Cooper, Jason Cooper, Helene Doughty, Roy Flanagan, Trent Jones, Grace Kunkel, Rosemary Life, Robbie Longest, Mike Parrish, Theresa Pittman, Livvy Preisser, James Reiter, Stephanie Romelczyk, Sara Rutherford, Nathan Sedghi, Mackenzie VanLandingham, and Megan Williams; along with support from Thomas Kuhar, Professor, Entomology, Virginia Tech; and Kemper Sutton, Assistant Professor and Extension Specialist, Entomology, Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech.
Feb 24, 2026
ENTO-642NP
Tim Bryant
Sean Malone
Chris Mitchell
Insecticide and Acaricide Research on Vegetables in Virginia -2017
Dec 17, 2018
SPES-85NP
Helene Doughty
Thomas P. Kuhar