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Date
ID
Author
American Beautyberry (Callicarpa americana)
American Beautyberry
(PDF)
The primary and sole attribute of beautyberry, a large loosely branched shrub, is the showy display of magenta fruits in the fall.
Mar 7, 2024
2901-1033NP
Alex Niemiera
American Yellowwood (Cladrastis kentukea (prior name C. lutea))
American Yellowwood
(PDF)
This vase-shaped medium tree has smooth bark and showy white flowers in the spring. It is also quite drought and alkaline soil tolerant.
Mar 7, 2024
2901-1034NP
Alex Niemiera
Evergreen Azalea (Rhododendron species)
Evergreen Azalea
(PDF)
There are hundreds of evergreen azalea cultivars which vary in hardiness, size, form, flower color, time of flowering, and foliage. The primary attractive feature of azaleas is the very attractive and showy flower display in spring.
Mar 7, 2024
2901-1035NP
Alex Niemiera
Beautybush (Kolkwitzia amabilis)
Beautybush
(PDF)
There are hundreds of evergreen azalea cultivars which vary in hardiness, size, form, flower color, time of flowering, and foliage. The primary attractive feature of azaleas is the very attractive and showy flower display in spring.
Mar 7, 2024
2901-1036NP
Alex Niemiera
Cherrylaurel (Prunus laurocerasus `Otto Luyken')
Cherrylaurel
(PDF)
The species (Prunus laurocerasus) is generally not sold in the U.S. Cultivars of cherrylaurel are low-growing with handsome glossy foliage and white flowers in spring. This species tolerates shade and is used as a border, hedge, and in mass.
Mar 7, 2024
2901-1038NP
Alex Niemiera
Cotoneaster
Cotoneaster
(PDF)
Leaves are small and glossy green. Showy small, white/pink, spring flowers are followed by red or black fruit which cover branches in the fall. The fruit display can be quite showy.
Mar 7, 2024
2901-1039NP
Alex Niemiera
Crapemyrtle (Lagerstroemia indica)
Crapemyrtle
(PDF)
Glossy, dark green foliage turns yellow, orange, and red in fall. Flowers may be white, pink, red, or purple. Exfoliating bark is ornamental.
Mar 7, 2024
2901-1040NP
Alex Niemiera
Doublefile Viburnum (Viburnum plicatum var. tomentosum)
Doublefile Viburnum
(PDF)
Doublefile viburnum is a large wide spreading shrub with a horizontal branching habit and a spectacular flower display in spring.
Mar 7, 2024
2901-1041NP
Alex Niemiera
Drooping Leucothoe (Leucothoe fontanesiana)
Drooping Leucothoe
(PDF)
Drooping leucothoe is a beautiful and graceful evergreen medium-sized shrub with lustrous, dark green foliage. White bell-shaped flowers bloom in the spring. Its arching branches give it a fountain-like effect. This plant is not suitable for sunny or dry locations.
Mar 7, 2024
2901-1042NP
Alex Niemiera
European White Birch (Betula pendula)
European White Birch
(PDF)
European white birch is a small/medium fast-growing tree with showy white bark and pendulous branch tips (especially when bearing seed). Small, glossy-green summer foliage turns yellow in fall exposing ornamental white bark. This species is considered to be short lived due its susceptibility to pests.
Mar 7, 2024
2901-1043NP
Alex Niemiera
Flowering Quince
Flowering Quince
(PDF)
Flowering quince is a large fast-growing shrub whose main merit is showy flowers (red, orange, white, pink depending on cultivar) in early spring. Uses of this species include hedge, shrub border, or mass plantings. Plants have thorns and therefore need careful placement.
Mar 7, 2024
2901-1044NP
Alex Niemiera
Fraser Photinia, Red Tip
Fraser Photinia
(PDF)
Red tip is a large evergreen shrub. Newly emerging foliage is red and quite showy for a few weeks after which it changes to glossy, dark green. Clusters of white flowers occur in late spring.
Mar 7, 2024
2901-1045NP
Alex Niemiera
Ginkgo, Maidenhair Tree
Ginkgo, Maidenhair Tree
(PDF)
Ginkgo is a large shade tree that is tolerant of adverse growing conditions and has a bright yellow fall foliage color. One should only plant male trees since female trees bear fruit that smell like vomit.
Mar 7, 2024
2901-1046NP
Alex Niemiera
Goldenraintree
Goldenraintree
(PDF)
Goldenraintree is a medium tree with showy yellow flowers in early summer. Flowers are followed by bladder-like fruits that start out light green, turn yellow, and then brown. Fall color can be fair to good depending on the individual tree. This species is quite tolerant of adverse conditions.
Mar 7, 2024
2901-1047NP
Alex Niemiera
Green Ash
Green Ash
(PDF)
This large fast-growing tree is very tolerant of adverse conditions. Its fall foliage color is a yellow.
Mar 7, 2024
2901-1048NP
Alex Niemiera
Japanese Maple
Japanese Maple
(PDF)
Japanese maple is a small tree (usually less than 25 feet tall) with a fine texture and year round appeal. The combination of its showy spring, summer and fall foliage, smooth bark, and interesting form make is suitable for specimen tree status.
Mar 7, 2024
2901-1049NP
Alex Niemiera
Japanese Barberry
Japanese Barberry
(PDF)
This medium to large shrub has purple foliage throughout the growing season. Japanese barberry has thorns which may be an advantage (deer proof, pedestrian traffic control) or a liability (injury to pedestrians).
Mar 7, 2024
2901-1050NP
Alex Niemiera
Japanese Camillia (Camellia japonica)
Japanese Camillia
(PDF)
Beeches, both the American and European species, are large stately and noble trees. They have a smooth sensuous dark gray bark that is exceptionally attractive. Unfortunately, this feature often beckons graffiti practitioners to denigrate trees by carving their initials on trunks.
Mar 6, 2024
2901-1051NP
Alex Niemiera
Japanese Holly (Ilex crenata)
Japanese Holly
(PDF)
There are numerous cultivars of Japanese holly. Many are compact, mounded forms with small, spineless, dark-green leaves and black fruit. They are primarily used in mass for borders, backgrounds, and foundation plants.
Mar 6, 2024
2901-1052NP
Alex Niemiera
Japanese Pagodatree, Sophora
Japanese Pagodatree, Sophora
(PDF)
Japanese pagodatree is a medium/large shade tree with showy flowers in summer. Green seed pods, somewhat ornamental, hang on tree until late in the fall. Flower petals can be messy if tree is used near a house, road, or pathway.
Mar 6, 2024
2901-1053NP
Alex Niemiera
Leatherleaf Viburnum (Viburnum rhytidophyllum)
Leatherleaf Viburnum
(PDF)
This large shrub has dark green leaves that are large, slender, and wrinkled. This species has showy white flowers in late spring. Clusters of red to black berries form (inconsistently) in late summer.
Mar 6, 2024
2901-1054NP
Alex Niemiera
Littleleaf Linden (Tilia cordata)
Littleleaf Linden
(PDF)
This medium tree has wonderfully fragrant flowers in June and is tolerant of adverse conditions.
Mar 6, 2024
2901-1055NP
Alex Niemiera
Live Oak (Quercus virginiana)
Live Oak
(PDF)
A massive and majestic shade tree with evergreen foliage that is bright olive-green when new and changes to a glossy, dark green when mature.
Mar 6, 2024
2901-1056NP
Alex Niemiera
London Planetree (Platanus x acerifolia)
London Planetree
(PDF)
London planetree is a medium/large species that is very tolerant of adverse conditions. It has ornamental which bark flakes off, exposing tan, greenish and creamy white colors.
Mar 6, 2024
2901-1057NP
Alex Niemiera
Nandina, Heavenly Bamboo (Nandina domestica)
Nandina, Heavenly Bamboo
(PDF)
Heavenly bamboo is a medium-large upright shrub. In late spring it bears showy white flowers and in the late fall/winter it has attractive reddish foliage (sun) and large clusters of red berries. This species can tolerate full sun or full shade and is drought tolerant. There are several dwarf cultivars that are suitable for small spaces.
Mar 6, 2024
2901-1058NP
Alex Niemiera
Norway Maple (Acer platanoides)
Norway Maple
(PDF)
The Virginia Department of Conservation and Resources and the Virginia Native Plant Society have ranked Norway maple as a “moderately invasive species” in the mountain, piedmont, and coastal areas of Virginia.
Mar 6, 2024
2901-1059
Alex Niemiera
Old Fashioned Weigela (Weigela florida)
Old Fashioned Weigela
(PDF)
Old fashioned weigela is a large shrub with a coarse texture and showy spring flowers. This plant is best suited for a shrub border. There are several new cultivars which are improved versions (dwarf, foliage and flower characteristics) compared to the species.
Mar 6, 2024
2901-1060
Alex Niemiera
Oregon Grape Holly (Mahonia) (Mahonia aquifolium)
Oregon Grape Holly
(PDF)
Oregon grape holly is a slow-growing, medium to large evergreen shrub with lustrous foliage and bright yellow flowers in spring which are followed by robin egg blue fruit in summer.
Mar 5, 2024
2901-1061
Alex Niemiera
Pin Oak (Quercus palustris)
Pin Oak
(PDF)
In about the first thirty years, the branching habit of the native pin oak is truly unique. The upper branches are ascending, the middle ones horizontal, and the lower ones drooping.
Mar 5, 2024
2901-1062
Alex Niemiera
Privet (Ligustrum species)
Privet
(PDF)
Small, green, summer foliage. When unpruned, pyramidal clusters of small white flowers produce black berries.
Mar 7, 2024
2901-1063
Alex Niemiera
Red Maple (Acer rubrum)
Red Maple
(PDF)
Red maple is a fast-growing medium/large shade tree species with a spectacular fall foliage color. It has showy red flowers in the spring. There are many cultivars of this species that vary in form, tolerance of wet conditions, and fall color.
Mar 7, 2024
2901-1064
Alex Niemiera
Evergreen Rhododendron (Rhododendron species)
Oct 17, 2018
2901-1065
Alex Niemiera
Rose-of-Sharon, Shrub Althea (Hibiscus syriacus)
Rose-of-Sharon, Shrub Althea
(PDF)
Rose-of- Sharon is a large shrub with showy, relatively large single or double flowers, that bloom in summer. Flower colors include white, red, purple, violet, and blue.
Mar 7, 2024
2901-1066
Alex Niemiera
Scarlet Firethorn, Pyracantha (Pyracantha coccinea)
Scarlet Firethorn, Pyracantha
(PDF)
Pyracantha is a large, fast-growing shrub has showy white blooms in spring and a spectacular display of orange/red fruit in the fall. This plant requires pruning since unpruned plants are very rangy looking.
Mar 7, 2024
2901-1067
Alex Niemiera
Smokebush, Smoketree (Cotinus coggygria)
Smokebush, Smoketree
(PDF)
Smokebush is a small tree or large shrub depending on how one prunes the plant. Leaves of the species are green. Depending on cultivar; leaves can be purple or yellow during the growing season.
Mar 7, 2024
2901-1068
Alex Niemiera
Southern Magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora)
Southern Magnolia
(PDF)
This is a magnificent large evergreen tree with very large, wonderfully fragrant white flowers in late spring and early summer. There are many cultivars with variations in tree shape and size, flower, and foliage characteristics.
Mar 7, 2024
2901-1069
Alex Niemiera
Southern Waxmyrtle (Myrica cerifera)
Southern Waxmyrtle
(PDF)
Southern waxmyrtle is a large evergreen shrub or small tree depending on how one prunes it. This species tolerates wet and dry soils and females have a somewhat showy display of gray berries in the fall/winter.
Mar 7, 2024
2901-1070
Alex Niemiera
Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum)
Sugar Maple
(PDF)
Sugar maple is a medium/large shade tree with a no less than spectacular fall foliage display. There are many cultivars; cultivar characteristics include growth rate, form, and fall foliage color.
Mar 7, 2024
2901-1071
Alex Niemiera
Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua)
Sweetgum
(PDF)
Pyramidal in youth, round to oval at maturity Sweetgum is a medium/large tree with very showy fall foliage colors. It tolerates moist to dry soils. A notable disadvantage is the mess created by the fallen spiny fruit (gum balls).
Mar 7, 2024
2901-1072
Alex Niemiera
Thornless Common Honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis)
Thornless Common Honeylocust
(PDF)
Thornless honeylocust is a large tree that tolerates both wet and dry soils. One should select a cultivar for fruitlessness and pest resistance.
Mar 7, 2024
2901-1073
Alex Niemiera
Tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera)
Tuliptree
(PDF)
Tuliptree is a very tall, large tree with a straight trunk. It bears beautiful tulip-shaped flowers in May but generally go unnoticed since they high in the tree.
Mar 7, 2024
2901-1074
Alex Niemiera
Vanhoutte Spirea (Spiraea x vanhouttei)
Vanhoutte Spirea
(PDF)
Vase-shaped with arching branches Vanhoutte spirea is a large shrub with graceful arching branches. Its main claim to fame is it abundant and showy display of white flowers in spring. This species is best used in a shrub border or in mass.
Mar 7, 2024
2901-1075
Alex Niemiera
White Oak (Quercus alba)
White Oak
(PDF)
White oak is a magnificent large spreading tree. This species is somewhat slow growing but is well worth the wait. Do not plant this tree in an area that is apt to be subjected to soil compaction.
Mar 7, 2024
2901-1076
Alex Niemiera
Winterberry (Ilex verticillata)
Winterberry (Ilex verticillata)
(PDF)
Winterberry is a large shrub and somewhat informal in character. There are cultivars that are shorter and have a more formal appearance. This native wetland species has very showy bright red fruit (on female plants) in early autumn that persist till February.
Mar 7, 2024
2901-1077
Alex Niemiera
Wintercreeper Euonymus (Eunymus fortunei)
Wintercreeper Euonymus Wintercreeper(Euonymus fortunei)
(PDF)
Wintercreeper euonymus is a low-growing evergreen ground cover that will climb when it encounters a vertical surface. There are several cultivars which vary in foliage color and height.
Mar 7, 2024
2901-1078
Alex Niemiera
Yaupon Holly Cultivars (Ilex vomitoria)
Yaupon Holly Cultivars (Ilex vomitoria)
(PDF)
This and several other similar cultivars are used in landscapes as border plants or in mass. This species is very tolerant of most adverse landscape conditions. Some female cultivars have stems laden with very showy persistent red fruit. This species is suited to warmer areas of Virginia (zone 7 and higher).
Mar 7, 2024
2901-1079
Alex Niemiera
Taking Another Look At Globe Artichokes At Virginia Tech
Taking Another Look At Globe Artichokes At Virginia Tech
(PDF)
Jul 21, 2009
2906-1306
Tony Bratsch
Greg Welbaum
No-till Organic Culture of Garlic Utilizing Different Cover Crop Residues and Straw Mulch for Over-wintering Protection, Under Two Seasonal Levels of Organic Nitrogen
Aug 17, 2009
2906-1389
Tony Bratsch
Ronald Morse
Zheng-Xing Shen
Brinkley Benson
Introduction to Cold-Hardy Tropicals for Virginia Landscapes
May 11, 2010
3005-1446
John Saia
Joseph W. Seamone
Susanne E. Zilberfarb
Austrian Pine, Pinus nigra
Austrian Pine (Pinus nigra)
(PDF)
Austrian pine is a medium to large pine tree that is quite dense in its youth (about first 20 years). As most other pines, with age this species loses its lower branches and assumes a flat-topped irregular form.
Mar 7, 2024
3010-1462
Alex Niemiera
Bigleaf Hydrangea, Hydrangea macrophylla
Bigleaf Hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla)
(PDF)
Bigleaf hydrangea is a very popular flowering shrub. Flowers are mostly produced in June and July but newer cultivars (that flower on new growth) flower through the summer. Depending on the particular cultivar, bigleaf hydrangeas bear one of two types of flowers.
Mar 7, 2024
3010-1463
Alex Niemiera
Bradford Callery Pear (and other cultivars) Pyrus calleryana ‘Bradford’
Bradford Callery Pear
(PDF)
Bradford callery pear is a medium size fast-growing tree that has an exceptionally showy flower show (March/April), has handsome glossy leaves that turn a brilliant red-orange in fall, has a symmetrical oval to round shape with a neat branching pattern, is resistant to fire blight, and is remarkably tolerant of drought, heat, pollution, and poor soils.
Mar 7, 2024
3010-1464
Alex Niemiera
Canadian Hemlock, Tsuga canadensis
Canadian Hemlock, Tsuga canadensis
(PDF)
Canadian hemlock is a large very beautiful and graceful conifer native to moist forests and stream banks of the Appalachian Mountains. Unlike most other conifers, it is shade tolerant but will tolerate full sun.
Mar 7, 2024
3010-1465
Alex Niemiera
Carolina Silverbell, Halesia carolina (formerly H. tetraptera)
Carolina Silverbell, Halesia carolina (formerly H. tetraptera)
(PDF)
Carolina sIlverbell is a medium sized tree with a very showy display of bell- shaped white flowers in April. Brown four-winged fruits are persistent into the fall that are considered aesthetically pleasing by some; at the least they are interesting and an aid in plant identification.
Mar 7, 2024
3010-1466
Alex Niemiera
Cedars, Cedrus spp.
Cedars Cedrus spp.
(PDF)
True cedars, the genus Cedrus, are large exceptionally beautiful conifers. In youth they are conical trees but mature into grand picturesque specimens. There are three cedar (Cedrus) species in the landscape trade.
Mar 7, 2024
3010-1467
Alex Niemiera
Chastetree, Monk’s Pepper Tree, Vitex agnus-castus
Chastetree, Monk’s Pepper Tree, Vitex agnus-castus
(PDF)
Chastetree is a large fast-growing shrub or small tree that produces showy pale violet flowers in June/July through September. This species is quite drought tolerant.
Mar 7, 2024
3010-1468
Alex Niemiera
Chinese Juniper, Juniperus chinensis
Chinese Juniper, Juniperus chinensis
(PDF)
Chinese juniper, the species, is a medium/large tree, however, only cultivars, ranging from small trees/large shrubs to low-growing shrubs are sold at garden centers.
Mar 7, 2024
3010-1469
Alex Niemiera
Colorado Spruce, Picea pungens var. glauca
Colorado Spruce, Picea pungens var. glauca
(PDF)
Colorado spruce is usually a dense conical conifer. Within the species there is a botanical variety called the Glauca Group (var. glauca). The foliage of seedlings from plants in the Glauca Group can vary from green to bright powder blue.
Mar 7, 2024
3010-1470
Alex Niemiera
Common Periwinkle, Lesser Periwinkle, Vinca minor
Common Periwinkle, Lesser Periwinkle, Vinca minor
(PDF)
Common Periwinkle is an attractive low-growing broad leaved evergreen ground
cover. The plant produces 1-inch blue-violet flowers in early spring that are noticeable upon close inspection. Plants do best in light shade but will tolerate full sun and full shade; full sun plantings often show leaf discoloration.
Mar 7, 2024
3010-1471
Alex Niemiera
Cornelian Cherry Dogwood, Cornus mas
Cornelian Cherry Dogwood Cornus mas
(PDF)
Cornelian cherry dogwood is a multi-stem large shrub or small tree depending on how one prunes it. In either case, its main showy characteristic is in February/March at which time it produces numerous small yellow flowers which collectively are quite showy.
Mar 7, 2024
3010-1472
Alex Niemiera
Creeping Juniper, Juniperus horizontalis
Creeping Juniper, Juniperus horizontalis
(PDF)
Creeping juniper, a conifer, is a ground cover species represented by numerous cultivars (more than 60) that vary in height, form, foliage color, and the presence of juniper “berries” (on females).
Mar 7, 2024
3010-1473
Alex Niemiera
Dawn Redwood, Metasequoia glyptostroboides
Dawn Redwood, Metasequoia glyptostroboides
(PDF)
Dawn redwood is a fast-growing large deciduous conifer with a distinctly conical form. This species is quite majestic; its feather-like foliage confers a fine texture. Fall foliage color is variable but a pleasant brown-orange color is typical.
Mar 7, 2024
3010-1474
Alex Niemiera
Dwarf Alberta Spruce, Picea glauca ‘Conica’
Dwarf Alberta Spruce, Picea glauca ‘Conica’
(PDF)
Dwarf Alberta Spruce is quite common in the garden center trade. It is a slow- growing densely compact conical conifer with a formal look due to its dense symmetrical form.
Mar 7, 2024
3010-1475
Alex Niemiera
Eastern Arborvitae, American Arborvitae, White Cedar, Thuja occidentalis
Eastern Arborvitae, American Arborvitae, White Cedar
(PDF)
Eastern arborvitae is a conical conifer that has a stately appearance and useful as a specimen plant (used alone as a focal point), as a border planting, or anywhere a conical evergreen is appropriate.
Mar 7, 2024
3010-1476
Alex Niemiera
Eastern Redcedar, Juniperus virginiana
Eastern Redcedar, Juniperus virginiana
(PDF)
Eastern redcedar is widely distributed throughout the eastern US. It is a pioneer species in that is quickly populates farm fields and other open areas (seeds spread in bird droppings). Its common place presence throughout makes it suffer the stigma of being too familiar.
Mar 7, 2024
3010-1477
Alex Niemiera
English Ivy, Hedera helix
English Ivy, Hedera helix
(PDF)
English ivy is an attractive evergreen ground cover and vine that grows in full sun or full shade. While very attractive due to its lustrous green foliage and numerous foliage variations found in the cultivars, and being very tolerant of adverse conditions, this species has been documented as an invasive species.
Mar 7, 2024
3010-1478NP
Alex Niemiera
European Cranberrybush Viburnum (Guelder Rose), Viburnum opulus
European Cranberrybush Viburnum (Guelder Rose)
(PDF)
Nov 6, 2023
3010-1479NP
Alex Niemiera
European Hornbeam, Carpinus betulus
European Hornbeam
(PDF)
Nov 6, 2023
3010-1480NP
Alex Niemiera
European Larch, Larix decidua
European Larch
(PDF)
Nov 6, 2023
3010-1481NP
Alex Niemiera
Evergreen Hollies, (Ilex spp.)
Evergreen Hollies
(PDF)
Nov 6, 2023
3010-1482NP
Alex Niemiera
Flowering Crabapple
Flowering Crabapple
(PDF)
Nov 6, 2023
3010-1483NP
Alex Niemiera
Flowering Dogwood, Cornus florida
Flowering Dogwood
(PDF)
Nov 6, 2023
3010-1484NP
Alex Niemiera
Franklinia
Franklinia
(PDF)
Nov 6, 2023
3010-1485NP
Alex Niemiera
Garden Sumacs, Rhus spp.
Garden Sumacs
(PDF)
Nov 6, 2023
3010-1486NP
Alex Niemiera
Giant Arborviatae, Western Arborvitae
Giant Arborviatae, Western Arborvitae
(PDF)
Nov 6, 2023
3010-1487NP
Alex Niemiera
Glossy Abelia
Glossy Abelia
(PDF)
May 1, 2023
3010-1488NP
Alex Niemiera
Heaths (several species of Erica) and Heathers (Calluna vulgaris)
Heaths (several species of Erica) and Heathers (Calluna vulgaris)
(PDF)
Nov 6, 2023
3010-1489NP
Alex Niemiera
Japanese Garden Juniper
Japanese Garden Juniper
(PDF)
Nov 6, 2023
3010-1490NP
Alex Niemiera
Japanese Pachysandra, Japanese Spurge
Japanese Pachysandra, Japanese Spurge
(PDF)
Nov 6, 2023
3010-1491NP
Alex Niemiera
Japanese Pieris
Japanese Pieris
(PDF)
Nov 6, 2023
3010-1492NP
Alex Niemiera
Lilacs
Lilacs
(PDF)
Nov 6, 2023
3010-1493NP
Alex Niemiera
Mountain-Laurel
Mountain-Laurel
(PDF)
Nov 6, 2023
3010-1494NP
Alex Niemiera
Mugo Pine, Pinus mugo
Mugo Pine
(PDF)
Main Features: Generally only dwarf forms of mugo pine are sold at garden centers; the species (non-dwarf) is a multi-stem medium to large tree. Dwarf forms vary in their growth rate from 1 to 8 inches per year, and in their form (mounded to upright oval). Hence, cultivar selection is important to match the cultivar to the available garden/landscape space.
Feb 1, 2024
3010-1495NP
Alex Niemiera
Oriental Arborvitae, Thuja orientalis (also known as Platycladus orientalis)
Oriental Arborvitae
(PDF)
Foliage: Flat scale-like foliage without a sweet fragrance when crushed; branches are held in a flat vertical plane; evergreen Height: About 20 feet Spread: About 15 feet
Feb 1, 2024
3010-1496NP
Alex Niemiera
Red Twig Dogwoods, Tatarian Dogwood (Cornus alba) and Redosier Dogwood (Cornus sericea)
Red Twig Dogwoods
(PDF)
There are two species of dogwoods that have showy red stems in the winter, Tatarian dogwood (Cornus alba) and redosier dogwood (C. sericea). Both are deciduous medium to large shrubs and have similar flowering and fruit characteristics, as well as cultural aspects. Thus, the general information (Summary, Plant Needs, Functions, and Care) will be presented for both species). Each species has several cultivars that vary in stem color and foliage variegation; cultivar information will be presented for each species in the Additional Information section.
Feb 1, 2024
3010-1497NP
Alex Niemiera
Shore Juniper
Shore Juniper
(PDF)
Nov 6, 2023
3010-1498NP
Alex Niemiera
White Fringetree, Old-man’s-beard
White Fringetree, Old-man’s-beard
(PDF)
Nov 6, 2023
3010-1499NP
Alex Niemiera
Yews, Taxus spp.
Yews
(PDF)
Nov 6, 2023
3010-1500NP
Alex Niemiera
Yuccas, Yucca spp.
Yuccas
(PDF)
Nov 6, 2023
3010-1501NP
Alex Niemiera
Growing Pears in Virginia
Growing Pears in Virginia
(PDF)
Pears are the second most important deciduous tree fruit after apple, and it has been grown in Europe since prehistoric times. Pears belong to the genus Pyrus and probably originated near the Black and Caspian Seas. French and English colonists brought pears to America and the first record of pears in the North America was in Massachusetts in 1630. Although pear is a popular fruit, it is not grown as widely as apple. Pears can be grown throughout much of North America because they tolerate a wide range of climatic conditions.
Sep 14, 2020
422-017 (SPES-257P)
Richard P. Marini
Sherif M. Sherif
Growing Cherries in Virginia
Growing Cherries in Virginia
(PDF)
Cherries are grown in many parts of the world, but they have never gained the popularity in North America that they have in Europe and the Middle East. Cherries probably originated in the region between the Caspian and Black Seas, where trees still grow in the wild.
Sep 21, 2020
422-018 (SPES-258P)
Richard P. Marini
Sherif M. Sherif
Growing Peaches and Nectarines in Virginia
Growing Peaches and Nectarines in Virginia
(PDF)
An orchard is a long-term investment and careful planning is essential to ensure economic success. Establishing and maintaining a peach planting to bearing age (three years) costs about $3,500 per acre. Mistakes made at planting often cannot be corrected; other mistakes that can be corrected could seriously jeopardize the economic success of the orchard. Because profit margins for commercial fruit plantings are small, orchards should be established only under the most favorable conditions for success.
Sep 3, 2025
422-019 (SPES-232P)
Richard P. Marini
Sherif M. Sherif
Pruning Peach Trees
Pruning Peach Trees
(PDF)
Annual pruning is a critical management practice for producing easily harvested, heavy crops of high quality peaches. However, pruning is not a substitute for other
orchard practices such as fertilization, irrigation, and pest control. Pruning practices vary slightly in different regions of the United States, but have changed little in
the East during the past 70 years. Although pruning may vary slightly for different varieties and localities, certain general practices should be followed. The successful
pruner must understand the principles of plant growth, the natural growth habit of the tree, and how the tree will respond to certain types of pruning cuts. Improper
pruning will reduce yield and fruit quality.
Sep 3, 2025
422-020 (SPES-221P)
Richard P. Marini
Sherif M. Sherif
Training and Pruning Apple Trees
Training and Pruning Apple Trees
(PDF)
Proper training and pruning of trees is a major component of a profitable apple orchard operation. Successful pruning is an art based upon scientific principles of
tree growth and physiology and an experienced understanding of tree response to various pruning cuts and practices. Each tree is an individual and should be treated accordingly. Varieties differ in growth characteristics and response to pruning cuts, rootstocks, soil,
and growing conditions. It is important that orchard
designs, objectives, and goals be clearly defined and that
pruning principles are developed accordingly. Mediumto
high-density plantings require greater commitment to
detailed training and pruning than low-density orchards
and should not be attempted unless such a commitment
is made.
Sep 1, 2025
422-021 (SPES-222P)
Richard P. Marini
Sherif M. Sherif
Growing Apples in Virginia
Growing Apples in Virginia
(PDF)
Growing apples in the home garden can be an enjoyable and rewarding experience, but consistent production of high quality fruit requires knowledge of tree and fruit growth and a willingness to perform certain practices at the appropriate time. Virginia is on the southern fringe of the U. S. apple producing region. Most apple varieties produce the highest quality fruit when night-time temperatures are cool (less than 60°F) at harvest time. Apples grown under warmer conditions tend to be large, soft, poorly colored, and less flavorful than when grown under cooler conditions. Our warm humid summers are also conducive for infection of many diseases. For these reasons, the best Virginia apples are grown at elevations higher than 800 feet above sea level in the western part of the state. However, even apples grown in eastern Virginia usually have quality superior to apples purchased in the supermarkets.
Sep 3, 2025
422-023 (SPES-233P)
Richard P. Marini
Sherif M. Sherif
Training and Pruning Apple Trees in Intensive Orchards
Training and Pruning Apple Trees in Intensive Orchardsin Intensive Orchards
(PDF)
Since the mid 1970s in the U. S., the number of apple trees per acre in new orchards has gradually been increasing. Orchard intensification is motivated by the desire to produce fruit early in the life of the orchard to rapidly recover establishment costs. Intensification is possible by using dwarfing rootstocks that control tree size, induce early cropping, and produce large quantities of fruit relative to the amount of wood produced.
Sep 3, 2025
422-024 (SPES-234P)
Richard P. Marini
Sherif M. Sherif
Physiology of Pruning Fruit Trees
Physiology of Pruning Fruit Trees
(PDF)
Woody plants are pruned to maintain a desired size and shape and to promote a certain type of growth. Ornamental plants are pruned to improve the aesthetic quality of the plant, but fruit trees are pruned to improve fruit quality by encouraging an appropriate balance between vegetative (wood) and reproductive (fruiting) growth.
Sep 1, 2025
422-025 (SPES-235P)
Richard P. Marini
Sherif M. Sherif
Peach and Nectarine Varieties for Virginia
Peach and Nectarine Varieties for Virginia
(PDF)
Peach and nectarine are both members of the genus and species Prunus persica, and probably differ by only a single gene for skin pubescence (hairs on the fruit surface). One probably originated as a mutation of the other, but we do not know which came first. The species originated in China and was taken by traders from there into Persia, Greece, Italy, and other temperate areas of Europe. Peach and nectarine varieties may have yellow or white flesh. In Virginia different varieties ripen over a wide range of dates, from early June until mid-September. Varieties also differ in fruit size, susceptibility to some diseases and susceptibility to low winter temperatures, chilling requirements, and fruit disorders such as fruit cracking and split-pit. Descriptions of some of these characteristics are included in the next section of this publication.
Aug 17, 2020
422-762 (SPES-236P)
Richard P. Marini
Sherif M. Sherif
Container and Raised-Bed Gardening
Container and Raised-Bed Gardening
(PDF)
Container gardening allows you to have and enjoy many ornamental and food-supplying plants that, for whatever reason, you do not want to grow in ground beds. You can use container-grown plants in entryways, patios, decks, rooftops, gardens, indoors, or anywhere you have a need to add a living component to enhance the appeal of an area. Each planted container will have its own personality; you can create container scenes. They can range from dramatic to subtle, and from grand to petite. Plants and containers offer limitless combinations of size, color, form, and texture that can give your inside and outside environments a more aesthetically pleasing appearance.
Nov 5, 2018
426-020
Alex Niemiera
Urban Water Quality Management–Residential Stormwater: Put It in Its Place. Decreasing Runoff and Increasing Stormwater Infiltration
Humans and plants depend on an adequate supply of clean water for a number of reasons, from producingfood to sustaining life. The average Virginia resident uses 826 gallons of fresh water daily (Virginia Department of Environmental Quality [VADEQ] 2008). In the Commonwealth alone, there are more than one million
households that depend on well water, withdrawing
more than 50 billion gallons annually (Virginia Department of Health 2008). For groundwater replenishment, we depend largely on recharge (water moving from the surface to groundwater) from infiltration of precipitation through permeable surfaces in the environment — an important part of the natural water cycle (VADEQ
2010).
Jun 2, 2020
426-046 (HORT-160P)
John Freeborn
Groundwater Quality and the Use of Lawn and Garden Chemicals by Homeowners
May 1, 2009
426-059
Joyce Latimer
Michael Goatley
Greg Evanylo
Patricia A. Hipkins
Bonnie L. Appleton
Gardening and Your Health: Power Tool Safety
May 1, 2009
426-068
Glen H. Hetzel
P. Diane Relf
Mary Predny
Backyard Wildlife Habitats
The area where an organism lives and meets its basic needs for food, water, cover, and space to survive is called its habitat. Each species of wildlife has different habitat requirements.
Oct 28, 2020
426-070 (SPES-247P)
Gregory K. Eaton
Barbara Wright
David Close
Invasive Plants -- A Horticultural Perspective
Apr 28, 2009
426-080
Alex Niemiera
Betsy Von Holle
Home Hydroponics
May 1, 2009
426-084
Ruth Sorenson
P. Diane Relf
The Effect of Landscape Plants on Perceived Home Value
The Effect of Landscape Plants on Perceived Home Value
(PDF)
The value of an attractive landscape to a home’s perceived value has often been stated at 15 percent. Is this figure reliable, and what landscape features do contribute to the value of a home? How does a landscape contractor convince his/her client to spend a significant portion of a home’s construction budget on landscaping, and is this a wise investment? How can a homeowner feel justified by spending thousands of dollars to landscape a newly constructed house? Or, will thousands of dollars worth of landscaping, significantly increase the “curb appeal” of a home for sale? To answer these questions, researchers conducted a seven-state survey of attendees at consumer home and garden shows to determine consumer perspective on how plant size, type, and design sophistication in a landscape affect the perceived value of a home (Behe et al., 2005).
Nov 6, 2023
426-087
Alex Niemiera
Indoor Plant Culture
Indoor Plant Culture
(PDF)
Select only those plants that appear to be free of pests. Check the undersides of the foliage and the junction of leaf and stem for signs of insects or disease. Select plants that look sturdy, clean, and well-potted. Choose plants with healthy foliage. Avoid plants with yellow or chlorotic leaves, brown leaf margins, wilted foliage, spots or blotches, or spindly growth. In addition, avoid those with torn leaves. Plants that have new flower and leaf buds along with young growth are usually of superior quality.
Nov 6, 2023
426-100
Alex Niemiera
Poison Ivy: Leaves of three? Let it be!
Poison Ivy: Leaves of three? Let it be!
(PDF)
Jun 26, 2023
426-109 (SPES-510P)
Daniel L. Goerlich
Joyce Latimer
Patriotic Gardens: How to Plant a Red, White and Blue Garden
Patriotic Gardens: Bulbs for a Red, White, and Blue Spring Garden
(PDF)
This publication offers suggestions for creating spring gardens with a patriotic red, white, and blue color scheme using bulbs such as tulips, daffodils, hyacinths, and grape hyacinths. It covers bulb selection, planting techniques, site preparation, container gardening, and maintenance tips to ensure vibrant displays. Design strategies for simultaneous blooming and layering are included.
Jan 26, 2026
426-210 (SPES-766P)
Edward Olsen
Laurie Fox
Kristopher S. Criscione
Eric Stallknecht
Elizabeth Maurer
Bonnie L. Appleton
Joyce Latimer
Leanne DuBois
David Close
Holly L. Scoggins
Patriotic Gardens: Developing A Statewide Corridor and Entrance Enhancement Program
Patriotic Gardens: Developing A Statewide Corridor and Entrance Enhancement Program
(PDF)
This publication provides guidelines for creating patriotic-themed gardens along entrance corridors and public spaces to celebrate America’s Semiquincentennial. It offers design options for small signs, large signs, and extensive corridor plantings, emphasizing red, white, and blue color schemes. The resource includes curated plant lists featuring annuals, perennials, shrubs, and small trees suitable for Virginia’s diverse climates, with many native species recommended. Practical advice on soil preparation, watering, mulching, and planting techniques ensures successful establishment and maintenance.
Jan 16, 2026
426-211 (SPES-767P)
Edward Olsen
Laurie Fox
Leanne DuBois
Elizabeth Maurer
Joyce Latimer
Bonnie L. Appleton
David Close
Holly L. Scoggins
Eric Stallknecht
Patriotic Gardens: Bulbs for a Red, White, and Blue Spring Garden
Patriotic Gardens: Bulbs for a Red, White, and Blue Spring Garden
(PDF)
This publication offers suggestions for creating spring gardens with a patriotic red, white, and blue color scheme using bulbs such as tulips, daffodils, hyacinths, and grape hyacinths. It covers bulb selection, planting techniques, site preparation, container gardening, and maintenance tips to ensure vibrant displays. Design strategies for simultaneous blooming and layering are included.
Jan 26, 2026
426-220 (SPES-765P)
Edward Olsen
Laurie Fox
Brent Heath
Bonnie L. Appleton
Elizabeth Maurer
Joyce Latimer
David Close
Leanne DuBois
Patriotic Gardens: Native Plants
Patriotic Gardens: Native Plants
(PDF)
This publication promotes the use of native plants in red, white, and blue garden designs. It explains the ecological benefits of natives, including their adaptation to local soils and climate, low maintenance needs, and role in supporting wildlife such as pollinators and birds. The guide provides practical advice on site assessment, soil preparation, and care, along with extensive tables listing native trees, shrubs, vines, perennials, and ornamental grasses suitable for Virginia gardens. These selections enhance biodiversity, celebrate America’s natural heritage, and offer aesthetic appeal while reducing reliance on irrigation and fertilizers.
Jan 26, 2026
426-223 (SPES-768P)
Edward Olsen
Laurie Fox
Kristopher S. Criscione
Patricia Lust
Leanne DuBois
Joyce Latimer
Bonnie L. Appleton
David Close
Leslie Peck
Holly L. Scoggins
Patriotic Gardens: Red, White, and Blue in Fall and Winter Gardens
Patriotic Gardens: Developing A Statewide Corridor and Entrance Enhancement Program
(PDF)
This publication provides guidelines for creating patriotic-themed gardens along entrance corridors and public spaces to celebrate America’s Semiquincentennial. It offers design options for small signs, large signs, and extensive corridor plantings, emphasizing red, white, and blue color schemes. The resource includes curated plant lists featuring annuals, perennials, shrubs, and small trees suitable for Virginia’s diverse climates, with many native species recommended. Practical advice on soil preparation, watering, mulching, and planting techniques ensures successful establishment and maintenance.
Jan 20, 2026
426-228 (SPES-769P)
Edward Olsen
Laurie Fox
Eric Stallknecht
Bonnie L. Appleton
Joyce Latimer
Elizabeth Maurer
David Close
Leanne DuBois
Leslie Peck
Holly L. Scoggins
Planning the Vegetable Garden
This publication covers key questions to consider when planning a vegetable garden.
Mar 12, 2025
426-312 (SPES-678P)
Alex Niemiera
Edward Olsen
Intensive Gardening Methods
Intensive Gardening Methods
(PDF)
Nov 6, 2023
426-335
Alex Niemiera
Métodos de huerta intensiva (Intensive Gardening Methods)
Métodos de huerta intensiva
(PDF)
El objetivo de la jardinería intensiva es cosechar la mayor cantidad posible de productos en un espacio limitado. Las huertas más tradicionales constan de largas hileras de hortalizas muy separadas entre sí. Gran parte de la superficie de la huerta está ocupada por el espacio entre las hileras. Una huerta intensiva minimiza el espacio desperdiciado. La práctica de la huerta intensiva no es solo para los que tienen un espacio limitado en el jardín; más bien, una huerta intensiva concentra sus esfuerzos de trabajo para crear un entorno ideal para las plantas, lo que brinda mejores rendimientos.
Nov 6, 2023
426-335s (SPES-427P)
Alex Niemiera
Weeds in the Home Vegetable Garden
Weeds in the Home Vegetable Garden
(PDF)
Oct 25, 2023
426-364 (SPES-525P)
P. Diane Relf
Alan McDaniel
Sara Rutherford
Season Extenders
Apr 22, 2015
426-381 (HORT-159P)
P. Diane Relf
Alan McDaniel
John Freeborn
Asparagus
Asparagus
(PDF)
This publication provides guidance on establishing and managing asparagus, a hardy perennial vegetable productive for 12 to 15 years. It covers site selection, soil preparation, planting crowns or seedlings, and cultural practices such as fertilization, mulching, and weed control. The publication emphasizes proper planting depth, delayed harvesting to build crown strength, and techniques to extend harvest periods. Guidance is also provided for managing common diseases, insects, and cultural problems. Harvesting, storage recommendations, and expected yields help gardeners successfully grow asparagus in home gardens.
Feb 20, 2026
426-401 (SPES-783P)
P. Diane Relf
Alan McDaniel
Edward Olsen
Cole Crops or Brassicas
Cole Crops or Brassicas
(PDF)
This publication provides guidance for growing cole crops—broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, and kohlrabi—in home gardens. It outlines environmental preferences, planting methods, spacing, fertilization, and essential cultural practices for each crop. Management recommendations address shallow root systems, mulching, transplant production, blanching cauliflower, and timing plantings to avoid heat stress and bolting. The guide identifies common diseases such as clubroot and black rot, insect pests including cabbageworms and aphids, and cultural issues like poor heading or woody stems. Harvest indicators, storage conditions, and expected yields are included to help gardeners achieve high‑quality cool‑season brassica crops.
Feb 17, 2026
426-403 (SPES-792P)
P. Diane Relf
Alan McDaniel
Edward Olsen
Sweet Corn
Sweet Corn
(PDF)
Sweet corn varieties differ significantly in time to maturity and in quality; yellow, white, bicolor, standard, and extra-sweet varieties are available. Most varieties planted are hybrids, which have been bred for greater vigor and higher yields. A continuous harvest can be planned by planting early, mid-season, and late-season varieties or by making successive plantings of the same variety every two weeks or when the last planting has three to four leaves (corn sown in early spring will take longer because of cool temperatures).
Feb 17, 2026
426-405 (SPES-780P)
P. Diane Relf
Alan McDaniel
Edward Olsen
Cucumbers, Melons and Squash
Cucumbers, Melons, and Squash
(PDF)
This publication provides guidance on growing cucumbers, melons, and squash in home gardens. It describes key cultivar types and outlines planting, spacing, fertilization, trellising, and pollination needs. Melons and squash are detailed by environmental preferences, cultural practices, and growth habits, including recommendations for black plastic mulch, transplanting, and managing pollinator activity. Common diseases, insect pests, and cultural problems are identified, along with strategies to reduce damage. Harvesting guidelines, storage conditions, and expected yields are included to help gardeners achieve high‑quality fruit across these warm‑season crops.
Feb 17, 2026
426-406 (SPES-779P)
Alan McDaniel
Edward Olsen
P. Diane Relf
Leafy Green Vegetables
Leafy Green Vegetables
(PDF)
This publication provides comprehensive guidance on growing leafy green vegetables, including lettuce, spinach, cooking greens, and chard. It outlines environmental preferences, planting methods, spacing, and fertilization needs for each crop. Cultural practices emphasize cool‑season production, succession planting, proper watering, and mulching to maintain soil moisture and reduce disease. The guide details characteristics and harvest stages for crisphead, butterhead, romaine, and leaf lettuces, as well as strategies to prevent bolting and bitterness. Common diseases, insect pests, and cultural disorders are identified, along with recommended storage conditions and expected yields, helping gardeners achieve high‑quality, continuous harvests.
Feb 17, 2026
426-408 (SPES-785P)
P. Diane Relf
Alan McDaniel
Edward Olsen
Onions, Garlic, and Shallots
Onions, Garlic, and Shallots
(PDF)
This publication provides guidance for growing onions, garlic, and shallots in Virginia home gardens. It outlines environmental preferences, planting methods, spacing, fertilization needs, and key cultural practices for each crop. Onions are detailed by type, day‑length response, and methods for producing bulbs and green onions. Garlic production focuses on selecting quality cloves, proper timing, and soil preparation to ensure full bulb development. Shallot culture emphasizes dividing sets, shallow planting, and careful weeding due to shallow roots. Common diseases, insect pests, cultural disorders, and recommended storage conditions are also described, helping gardeners produce high‑quality, long‑keeping alliums.
Sep 16, 2020
426-411 (SPES-788P)
P. Diane Relf
Alan McDaniel
Edward Olsen
Potatoes, Peppers and Eggplant
Potatoes, Peppers, and Eggplant
(PDF)
This publication provides guidance for growing potatoes, peppers, and eggplant in home gardens. It outlines environmental requirements, planting methods, spacing, fertilization, and cultural practices essential for each crop. Potatoes require cool temperatures, certified seed pieces, proper hilling, and careful harvest to prevent greening and rot. Peppers thrive in warm soils, with transplants recommended for reliable production; guidance covers sweet and hot varieties, fertilization, and moisture management. Eggplant requires warm conditions, rich soil, and consistent care to prevent stress and promote fruiting. Common diseases, insect pests, harvest indicators, storage recommendations, and expected yields support successful production of these warm‑ and cool‑season crops.
Mar 10, 2026
426-413 (SPES-794)
P. Diane Relf
Alan McDaniel
Edward Olsen
Tomatoes
Tomatoes
(PDF)
This comprehensive guide from Virginia Cooperative Extension provides gardeners with practical, research‑based information on successfully growing tomatoes in home gardens. It explains ideal environmental conditions, planting methods, maintenance practices, fertilization schedules, and common cultural challenges. The publication also outlines different tomato plant types—determinate, indeterminate, dwarf, cherry, beefsteak, paste, and heirloom varieties—helping gardeners choose the right tomato for their needs. In addition, it covers troubleshooting tips for poor fruit set, environmental stress, pests, diseases, and storage recommendations. A detailed section on heirloom tomatoes highlights their flavor advantages and popular varieties. Designed for beginners and experienced gardeners alike, the guide supports productive, disease‑resistant, high‑yield tomato gardening throughout Virginia’s growing season.
Mar 12, 2026
426-418 (SPES-795P)
P. Diane Relf
Alan McDaniel
Ronald Morse
Edward Olsen
Root Crops
Root Crops
(PDF)
This publication provides guidance on growing a range of root crops, including carrots, beets, radishes, parsnips, turnips, rutabagas, and salsify. It outlines environmental requirements, planting depth and spacing, fertilization needs, and essential cultural practices such as thinning, moisture management, and soil preparation to promote uniform, well‑shaped roots. Each crop’s unique characteristics, maturity timelines, and harvest indicators are described, along with expected yields and recommended storage conditions. Common diseases, insect pests, and cultural disorders are identified, helping gardeners diagnose issues such as woody roots, poor germination, bolting, and nutrient deficiencies. The publication supports successful production across cool‑season root vegetables.
Feb 20, 2026
426-422 (SPES-789P)
P. Diane Relf
Alan McDaniel
Edward Olsen
Selecting Landscape Plants: Boxwoods
Selecting Landscape Plants: Boxwoods
(PDF)
Selecting Landscape Plants: Boxwoods EPUB
(EPUB)
Aug 2, 2023
426-603 (HORT-290P)
Alex Niemiera
Selecting Landscape Plants: Groundcovers
Selecting Landscape Plants: Groundcovers
(EPUB)
Selecting Landscape Plants: Groundcovers
(PDF)
Landscapes are composed of plants that form ceilings, walls, and floors spaces. Groundcovers serve as attractive carpets of foliage that cloak and beautify our landscape “floors” (fig. 1). A groundcover is a low-growing plant species — 3 feet tall or shorter — that spreads to form a relatively dense layer of vegetation. In covering bare soil, groundcovers reduce soil erosion and provide habitat for insects and other animals, along with a host of other positive environmental effects.
Nov 6, 2023
426-609 (HORT-31P)
Alex Niemiera
Planting on Your Septic Drain Field
Oct 15, 2010
426-617
Susan Day
Ellen Silva
Getting Started in the Production of Field-Grown, Specialty Cut Flowers
Getting Started in the Production of Field-Grown, Specialty Cut Flowers
(PDF)
Specialty cut flowers are one of the most profitable field crops you can grow. Lynn Byczynski, editor of Growing For Market newsletter (see Resources section), estimates a value of $25,000 to $35,000 per acre for field-grown cuts. The most basic requirements are at least half an acre of open, arable land, a rototiller, and, of course, time and effort. This publication is directed to those new to market gardening, but commercial vegetable growers, tobacco farmers, and young people interested
in summer income are all potential candidates. Even grain and livestock farmers have increased profitability in their operations by adding cut flower production.
For many greenhouse and nursery operations, mid-summer business is slower, relative to spring. A field-grown cut flower business is a viable option to fill
in the summer production and cash flow gap.
Apr 25, 2025
426-618 (SPES-171P)
Holly L. Scoggins
Field Production of Cut Flowers: Potential Crops
May 1, 2009
426-619
Holly L. Scoggins
Shrubs: Functions, Planting, and Maintenance
Shrubs: Functions, Planting, and Maintenance
(PDF)
What is a shrub? A shrub is generally considered a multi-stem woody plant that is less than 15 feet tall. Of course, this and other plant size categories are definitions contrived by humans to categorize nature. What is the difference between a large shrub and a small tree? In many cases, there is none. A shrub does not become a tree just because it grows higher than 15 feet. Classifying plants into ground cover, shrub, and tree designations are aids to allow us to conveniently classify and describe plants, albeit with a significant amount of ambiguity.
Nov 6, 2023
426-701
Alex Niemiera
Using Compost in Your Landscape
Using Compost in Your Landscape
(PDF)
Mar 13, 2021
426-704 (SPES-304P)
Alex Niemiera
Michael Goatley
Choosing Pesticides Wisely
Healthy plants are less susceptible to attack by pests, and good cultural practices can reduce pest outbreaks.
Jan 15, 2016
426-706 (HORT-202P)
Joyce Latimer
Understanding Pesticide Labels
Jan 14, 2016
426-707 (HORT-201P)
Joyce Latimer
Applying Pesticides Safely
Jan 19, 2016
426-710 (HORT-199P)
Joyce Latimer
Creating a Water-Wise Landscape
Creating a Water-Wise Landscape
(PDF)
Feb 2, 2021
426-713 (HORT-200P)
Joyce Latimer
Alex Niemiera
Diagnosing Plant Problems
Diagnosing Plant Problems
(PDF)
Something is wrong with your plant. What’s the cause? You can begin to determine the cause of the problem by taking on the role of Sherlock Holmes – be a keen observer and ask many questions. Diagnosing plant problems is often a difficult task. There can be many different causes for a given symptom, not all of them related to insects or diseases. The health of a plant may be affected by soil nutrition and texture, weather conditions, quantity of light, other environmental and cultural conditions, and animals, including humans. Complicating this scenario is the fact that any two of the above factors can interact to give rise to a problem. For example, a prolonged period of drought may weaken plants so that they are more susceptible to pests; this is typically observed with boxwoods.
Nov 6, 2023
426-714
Alex Niemiera
The Value of Landscaping
The Value of Landscaping
(PDF)
Landscaping is an integral part of our culture and plays an essential role in the quality of our environment, affecting our economic well-being and our physical and psychological health. If we are to keep our communities strong and prosperous, we must take responsibility for our environment.
Sep 23, 2022
426-721 (SPES-404)
P. Diane Relf
David Close
Calibrating Your Lawn Spreader
May 1, 2009
430-017
J. R. Hall III
P. Diane Relf
Patricia R. Carry
Jim May
Fertilización de árboles y arbustos (Fertilizing Landscape Trees and Shrubs)
Fertilización de árboles y arbustos
(PDF)
Los árboles y arbustos necesitan nutrientes para crecer
y estar sanos. Los tres nutrientes más importantes son
nitrógeno, fósforo y potasio. Un análisis de suelos es
siempre la mejor manera de saber qué nutrientes se
necesitan y la cantidad necesaria de cada uno.
Jul 12, 2021
430-018S (SPES-338P)
Laurie Fox
James Owen, Jr.
Trees for Problem Landscape Sites -- The Walnut Tree: Allelopathic Effects and Tolerant Plants
Apr 10, 2015
430-021(HORT-113P)
Bonnie L. Appleton
Roger Berrier
Roger Harris
Dawn Alleman
Lynette Swanson
Trees for Problem Landscape Sites -- Air Pollution
Conditions in urban environments place trees under numerous stresses including compacted soil, soil moisture extremes, and reduced soil fertility. Polluted air is another stress that contributes to the decline of urban trees. Air pollution may cause short-term (acute) damage, which is immediately visible, and long-term (chronic) damage, which can lead to gradual tree decline. Long-term damage may predispose trees to other disorders, making diagnosis difficult.
Aug 10, 2020
430-022 (HORT-123P)
Bonnie L. Appleton
Joel Koci
Roger Harris
Kathy Sevebeck
Dawn Alleman
Lynette Swanson
David Close
Trees for Problem Landscape Sites — Screening
Using trees as living screens can easily enhance living and working spaces. Before selecting trees for screening, first determine the screen’s purpose, whether functional or environmental. Screening can be used to define an area, modify or hide a view, create privacy, block wind, dust, salt and snow, control noise, filter light, and direct traffic flow.
Apr 9, 2015
430-025 (HORT-117P)
Bonnie L. Appleton
Elizabeth Baine
Roger Harris
Kathy Sevebeck
Dawn Alleman
Lynette Swanson
David Close
Trees for Problem Landscape Sites — Wet and Dry Sites
To grow, all trees require air, light, water and nutrients. Some trees can survive over a wide range of climatic and soil conditions, whereas others are very site specific. Both wet and dry sites present establishment and growth challenges, making selection of the right tree for the right site very important.
Apr 8, 2015
430-026 (HORT-114P)
Bonnie L. Appleton
Galina Epelman
Katherine Kilburne
Roger Harris
Kathy Sevebeck
Dawn Alleman
Lynette Swanson
David Close
Trees for Parking Lots and Paved Areas
Trees for Parking Lots and Paved Areas
(PDF)
May 1, 2009
430-028
Bonnie L. Appleton
Jack Horsley
Vivian Harris
Gregory K. Eaton
Laurie Fox
James Orband
Chuck Hoysa
Selecting and Managing Trees to Avoid Conflicts with Overhead Utility Lines
Selecting and Managing Trees to Avoid Conflicts With Overhead Utility Lines
(PDF)
Trees can become a dangerous liability when they are planted near utility lines and their mature size leads to conflicts with the utility lines. Trees can damage utility lines, disrupt power delivery, and create hazardous conditions. Utility companies expend significant resources managing tree conflicts through pruning and removal. Despite the potential for these conflicts, property owners often desire trees near utility lines for amenity and privacy. To prevent recurring conflicts with utility lines, trees with compatible mature size should be planted near utility lines. In this publication are recommendations for minimizing tree conflicts with utility lines along with an extensive list of utility line compatible tree species suitable for landscapes in Virginia and the Mid-Atlantic region.
Sep 9, 2024
430-029 (CNRE-182P)
Eric Wiseman
Laurie Fox
Jonathan Matiuk
Brittany Christensen
Getting Started in the Nursery Business: Nursery Production Options
The nursery industry in Virginia has enjoyed an extended period of growth and expansion. Consequently, there is considerable interest in and some potential for new business opportunities in the industry. Another consequence of this period of economic growth is an increase in competition within the industry to supply the growing demand for landscape plants. Those interested in getting into the nursery business are strongly encouraged to invest their time and energy into learning as much as they can about the modern nursery industry, and the many options now available in nursery production, before they invest any money in facilities and operations.
Apr 27, 2015
430-050 (HORT-89P)
Gregory K. Eaton
Bonnie L. Appleton
James Owen, Jr.
The Basics of Fertilizer Calculations for Greenhouse Crops
The Basics of Fertilizer Calculations for Greenhouse Crops
(PDF)
This guide outlines the principles of meeting plant nutrient needs through proper fertilizer selection, formulation, and application. Plants require 17 essential elements for growth, with fertilizers providing the mineral nutrients not derived from air or water. The document explains the differences among macronutrients, micronutrients, complete and incomplete fertilizers, and how fertilizer analyses indicate nutrient composition. It describes the use and calibration of fertilizer injectors, emphasizing the importance of injector ratios for accurate nutrient delivery. Methods for calculating fertilizer stock solutions are detailed, including examples for both complete and custom tank mixes. Finally, the guide highlights best practices for verifying fertilizer concentrations through electrical conductivity (EC) measurements and maintaining injector calibration to ensure consistent nutrient management in greenhouse crop production.
Oct 16, 2025
430-100 (SPES-744P)
Joyce Latimer
Eric Stallknecht
Dealing with the High Cost of Energy for Greenhouse Operations
Dealing with the High Cost of Energy for Greenhouse Operations
(PDF)
Increased fuel costs and colder than normal winters make heating costs a significant burden on many greenhouse operations. So, how can growers deal with high energy costs in the greenhouse? This publication covers energy conservation, alternative fuel choices, growing temperatures and production practices.
Aug 21, 2023
430-101 (HORT-284P)
Joyce Latimer
Eric Stallknecht
Using Plant Growth Regulators on Containerized Herbaceous Perennials
Aug 21, 2023
430-103 (HORT-281)
Joyce Latimer
Holly L. Scoggins
Eric Stallknecht
Specialty Crop Profile: Pumpkins
May 1, 2009
438-100
Tony Bratsch
Specialty Crop Profile: Blueberries
May 1, 2009
438-103
Tony Bratsch
Jeremy A. Pattison
Specialty Crop Profile: Ribes (Currants and Gooseberries)
May 1, 2009
438-107
Tony Bratsch
Jerry Williams
Specialty Crop Profile: Globe Artichoke
Globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) is an herbaceous
perennial that is grown for its tender, edible, immature
flower buds. The globe artichoke should not be confused
with Jerusalem artichoke, another member of the composite
family native to North America, which is grown
for its fleshy tubers. Globe artichoke plants can become
large: four to five feet tall and wide, with long, heavily
serrated silvery green leaves (Figure 1a).
Jan 28, 2015
438-108 (HORT-92P)
Tony Bratsch
Ramón A. Arancibia
Specialty Crop Profile: Rhubarb
May 1, 2009
438-110
Tony Bratsch
Denise Mainville
Farm Security - “Treat it Seriously” – Security for Plant Agriculture: Producer Response for Plant Diseases, Chemical Contamination, and Unauthorized Activity
Oct 11, 2019
445-004
Joyce Latimer
Patricia A. Hipkins
Problem-free Shrubs for Virginia Landscapes
Problem-free Shrubs for Virginia Landscapes
(PDF)
Problem-free Shrubs for Virginia Landscapes-epub
(EPUB)
The most effective form of plant disease control in the landscape is prevention. Disease prevention can be as simple as choosing the right plant for the right place at planting time. This fact sheet was developed as a guide to shrubs that generally experience few problems in Virginia landscapes. Using these species for new plantings should help you avoid troublesome disease and insect problems in your landscape.
Jun 27, 2022
450-236 (PPWS-69P)
Eric R. Day
Mary Ann Hansen
Alex Niemiera
Arbustos ideales para los paisajes de Virginia (Problem-free Shrubs for Virginia Landscapes)
Arbustos ideales para los paisajes de Virginia
(PDF)
La forma más eficaz de controlar las enfermedades de los cultivos en nuestro jardín es la prevención. La prevención de enfermedades puede ser tan sencilla como elegir el cultivo adecuado para el lugar adecuado al momento de cultivar. Esta hoja informativa fue desarrollada como una guía de los arbustos que generalmente experimentan pocos problemas en los paisajes de Virginia. El uso de estas especies para las nuevas plantaciones debería ayudarle a evitar problemas de enfermedades e insectos en su jardín.
Aug 7, 2023
450-236s (SPES-429s)
Eric R. Day
Mary Ann Hansen
Alex Niemiera
Problem-free Trees for Virginia Landscapes
Problem-free Trees for Virginia Landscapes pub
(EPUB)
Problem-free Trees for Virginia Landscapes-PDF
(PDF)
Many of the tree species commonly planted in Virginia landscapes suffer from disease problems. Although some diseases can be cured, most must be controlled on a preventative basis. The best option for new plantings is to choose species that have a low risk of developing disease.
Listed below, in alphabetical order, are some choices of problem-free trees for Virginia landscapes.
Jun 29, 2022
450-237 (PPWS-70P)
Eric R. Day
Mary Ann Hansen
Alex Niemiera
Explanation of Soil Tests
Soil Test Note 1: Explanation of Soil Tests
(PDF)
Your Soil Test Report and related Soil Test Notes referred to on a report will help you assess your plant’s need for fertilizer and lime.
May 29, 2024
452-701 (SPE-605NP)
Steven Heckendorn
Rory Maguire
Soil Test Note 19: Vegetable and Flower Gardens (Supplement to Soil Test Report)
Soil Test Note 19: Vegetable and Flower Gardens
(PDF)
Provides essential guidelines for soil testing and management in vegetable and flower gardens.
Apr 3, 2025
452-719 (SPES-687P)
Joyce Latimer
Steven Heckendorn
2026-2027 Mid-Atlantic Commercial Vegetable Production Recommendations
2026-2027 Mid-Atlantic Commercial Vegetable Production
(PDF)
This guide lists vegetable varieties that are available and are adapted to the mid-Atlantic region, gives an overview of cultural practices, and list chemicals recommended to manage pests, diseases and weeds in vegetable crops. New varieties of vegetables are constantly being developed throughout the world. While all efforts are made to have comprehensive lists, not all varieties that are adapted will be listed.
Feb 3, 2026
456-420 (SPES-586P)
Mark Reiter
Jayesh Samtani
Vijay Singh
Helene Doughty
Thomas P. Kuhar
Kemper Sutton
James M. Wilson
Doug Higgins
David Langston
Steve Rideout
James A. Parkhurst
Daniel Frank
User Notes for Small-scale Virginia Commercial Hops Production Enterprise Budgets and Financial Statements
Feb 26, 2019
AAEC-170NP
Ben Garber
Kimberly L. Morgan
Holly L. Scoggins
Laura Siegle
VCE Model of Community, Local, Regional Food Systems
VCE Model of Community, Local, Regional Food Systems-PDF
(PDF)
May 20, 2022
ALCE-154NP
Kim Niewolny
Joyce Latimer
Kelli H. Scott
Caitlin Miller
Theresa J. Nartea
Karen Roth Gehrt
Robert Grisso
Karen Vines
Sarah Morton
Eric S. Bendfeldt
Leonard Githinji
Crystal Tyler-Mackey
Spencer Neale
Community, Local, and Regional Food Systems
Community, Local, and Regional Food Systems
(PDF)
Apr 22, 2022
ALCE-155NP (ALCE-291NP)
Kim Niewolny
Joyce Latimer
Kelli H. Scott
Caitlin Miller
Theresa J. Nartea
Karen Roth Gehrt
Robert Grisso
Karen Vines
Sarah Morton
Eric S. Bendfeldt
Leonard Githinji
Crystal Tyler-Mackey
Spencer Neale
Community, Local, and Regional Food Systems (CLRFS) Forum Report
Oct 7, 2016
ALCE-156NP
Kim Niewolny
Joyce Latimer
Kelli H. Scott
Caitlin Miller
Theresa J. Nartea
Karen Roth Gehrt
Robert Grisso
Karen Vines
Sarah Morton
Eric S. Bendfeldt
Leonard Githinji
Crystal Tyler-Mackey
Spencer Neale
Community, Local, and Regional Food Systems (CLRFS) Forum Executive Summary
Virginia’s food system directly impacts the survival and viability of farms and farmland; the economic development of rural and urban communities; the care, restoration, and resilience of ecological resources such as local waterways; and critical health issues. We use the language of community, local, and regional food systems to broadly define a complex and interconnected set of systems and pathways that comprise sustainable food production, processing, distribution, consumption, and waste management to bring about social, economic, and ecological change that benefits all residents.
Oct 7, 2016
ALCE-157NP
Kim Niewolny
Joyce Latimer
Kelli H. Scott
Caitlin Miller
Theresa J. Nartea
Karen Roth Gehrt
Robert Grisso
Karen Vines
Sarah Morton
Eric S. Bendfeldt
Leonard Githinji
Crystal Tyler-Mackey
Spencer Neale
Lawn Care Safety for the Whole Family During COVID-19
Lawn Care Safety for the Whole Family During COVID-19
(PDF)
As it is every year at this time, it’s finally spring and the grass is growing. What is different about this year though, is that the kids are home. It might seem like a good idea to send them outside to do some yard work while practicing social distancing—and it is! Fresh air and exercise can help ease the stress of being cooped up inside for months on end.
Apr 14, 2025
ALCE-193NP
Garland Mason
Kim Niewolny
Pest Alert: Spotted Lanternfly Identification and Reporting in Virginia
Pest Alert: Spotted Lanternfly Identification and Reporting in Virginia
(PDF)
Jul 7, 2022
ENTO-265NP (ENTO-513NP)
Eric R. Day
T.A. Dellinger
What Virginians Need to Know About the 2022 Spotted Lanternfly Quarantine Expansion
Jul 7, 2022
ENTO-319NP (ENTO-512NP)
T.A. Dellinger
Eric R. Day
Viticulture Management Poster
Oct 22, 2019
ENTO-339NP
Cain Hickey
Phillip Brannen
Brett Blaauw
Mark Hoffmann
Mizuho Nita
Douglas G. Pfeiffer
Beth Sastre
Manejo Del Viñedo (Viticulture Management Poster)
Oct 22, 2019
ENTO-339S
Cain Hickey
Phillip Brannen
Brett Blaauw
Mark Hoffmann
Mizuho Nita
Douglas G. Pfeiffer
Beth Sastre
Food Safety Modernization Act Produce Safety Rule: Worker Health, Hygiene and Training
Food Safety Modernization Act Produce Safety Rule: Worker Health, Hygiene and Training
(PDF)
Sep 23, 2022
FST-278NP
Rachel Pfuntner
Theresa Pittman
Laura K. Strawn
Amber Vallotton
Goldenchain tree, Laburnum × watereri
Goldenchain tree, Laburnum × watereri
(PDF)
Goldenchain tree is a small tree that is primarily noted for its very showy pendulous flowers (16 inches plus in May). This species is best grown in zones 5 to 7 and generally requires afternoon shade. Plants in full sun are often stressed and succumb to pest problems. ‘Vossii’ is a long-flowered cultivar.
Feb 1, 2024
HORT-10NP
Alex Niemiera
Hinoki Falsecypress, Chamaecyparis obtusa
Hinoki Falsecypress, Chamaecyparis obtusa
(PDF)
Hinoki falsecypress is a medium to large conifer. There are numerous cultivars that are more popular and prevalent in the nursery trade than the species. However, the species is a very beautiful conifer and well worth the hunt in garden centers or mail order nurseries. In my opinion, the hinoki falsecypress (species, not a cultivar) is more desirable than the sawara falsecypress (Chamaecyparis pisifera species, not a cultivar) since hinoki falsecypress foliage is denser and brighter green, and the bark is a brighter red-brown color. Cultivars vary in size (growth rate), foliage size and color, and form.
Feb 1, 2024
HORT-11NP
Alex Niemiera
Japanese Cryptomeria, Cryptomeria japonica
Japanese Cryptomeria, Cryptomeria japonica
(PDF)
Japanese cryptomeria is a handsome medium to large conifer with a conical to narrow conical form. This species is fast growing and is relatively popular in the trade. If lower limbs are removed, one can observe a beautiful orange-brown bark (on most trees). The foliage tends to turn brownish on the south side of the plant in winter due to desiccation; however, foliage will turn green in spring. Japanese cryptomeria does have a few disease problems, although these are not considered a major issue at this point in time.
Feb 1, 2024
HORT-12NP
Alex Niemiera
Japanese Stewartia, Stewartia pseudocamellia
Japanese Stewartia, Stewartia pseudocamellia
(PDF)
Japanese stewartia is a strikingly beautiful small tree. It has very showy white flowers with gold-colored stamens in June; bright maroon-red fall foliage color; and with age develops bark with a patchwork of brown, orange-brown, and cream colors. Bark characteristics vary from tree to tree and some trees have lustrous bark.
Feb 1, 2024
HORT-13NP
Alex Niemiera
Japanese Zelkova, Zelkova serrata
Japanese Zelkova, Zelkova serrata
(PDF)
Japanese zelkova is a medium to large shade tree with a distinct vase shape. This species is quite drought and heat tolerant; its use as a street tree species is testimony to its toughness. Fall foliage colors range from fair to quite good (orange to bronze-red to maroon) and will vary from tree to tree (seedling-grown trees) or from cultivar to cultivar.
Feb 1, 2024
HORT-14NP
Alex Niemiera
Katsuratree, Cercidiphyllum japonicum
Katsuratree, Cercidiphyllum japonicum
(PDF)
Katsuratree is a magnificent medium to large shade tree. Its accolade-deserving qualities are its form, beautiful foliage, and bark. Seedling-grown trees have a variable form ranging from upright oval to pyramidal to wide spreading. This species has a tendency to develop major branches near ground level, and if one has ample space, such low slung trunks give the lower portion of the tree a majestic “octopus-like” appearance.
Feb 1, 2024
HORT-15NP
Alex Niemiera
Kousa Dogwood, Cornus kousa
Kousa Dogwood, Cornus kousa
(PDF)
Oct 1, 2018
HORT-16NP
Alex Niemiera
Lacebark Pine, Pinus bungeana
Lacebark Pine, Pinus bungeana
(PDF)
Lacebark pine is a medium (sometimes large) conifer species that has strikingly beautiful bark. Bark is a camouflage-like patchwork of greens, silvery-white, creams, browns, and red-browns. There is a great amount of tree to tree variation in bark color; patchwork of colors begins to appear on approximately 2 inch diameter branches.
Mar 5, 2024
HORT-17NP
Alex Niemiera
Leyland Cypress, Cupressocyparis leylandii
Leyland Cypress
(PDF)
Leyland cypress is a fast-growing conifer that is one of the most popular landscape conifers in the eastern U.S. In addition to its vigor, this species is relatively drought tolerant and can be pruned into a hedge.
Mar 5, 2024
HORT-18NP
Alex Niemiera
Hops in Virginia: Need-to-Know Information about Extension Resources
Hops in Virginia: Need-to-Know Information about Extension Resources
(PDF)
Jan 5, 2023
HORT-182NP (HORT-458NP)
Holly L. Scoggins
Laura Siegle
Matthew Chappell
Hops in Virginia: Need-to-Know Information about the Industry
Hops in Virginia: Need-to-Know Information about the Industry
(PDF)
Background: Hops were grown in Virginia even in the days of Thomas
Jefferson, but production eventually shifted away from the east coast in
favor of the Pacific Northwest. For the past few decades, hops have not
been grown commercially on a substantial level in Virginia. However,
beginning several years ago when the craft brewing industry surged,
renewed interest in hops production led to a rapid increase in the number
of hobby and commercial hops growers. A fall 2014 survey showed
approximately 50 growers in the state, but as of 2015 many new growers
have been added to the ranks. Much of the production is clustered in
Northern Virginia and the I-81 and I-64 corridors, but growers can be
found in all regions of the state stretching from Southeast to Southwest
Virginia.
Jan 4, 2023
HORT-183NP (SPES-459NP)
Laura Siegle
Holly L. Scoggins
Matthew Chappell
Vertical Gardening Using Trellises, Stakes, and Cages
Virginia Tech Letterhead
(PDF)
Dec 12, 2022
HORT-189NP (SPES-450NP)
Katie Settlage
Alex Hessler
Mike Andruczyk
Mimosa (Silk-tree or Albizia), Albizia julibrissin
Mimosa
(PDF)
Mimosa is a fast-growing small tree with very attractive pink pin cushion-like flowers in summer. This species has tropical-like foliage (bipinnately compound foliage with very small leaflets) that confers a very fine texture to the tree.
Mar 5, 2024
HORT-19NP
Alex Niemiera
Norway Spruce, Picea abies
Norway Spruce
(PDF)
Norway spruce is a medium to large conical conifer. When young (first 10 years or so), the plant is stiffly conical. With age, the secondary branches hang from the primary horizontal branches.
Mar 5, 2024
HORT-20NP
Alex Niemiera
Paperbark Maple, Acer griseum
Paperbark Maple
(PDF)
Paperbark maple is a small tree with exceptionally beautiful peeling cinnamon-colored bark. Most branches, those that have a diameter about one-half inch and larger, will have peeling (exfoliating) orange-brown bark.
Mar 7, 2024
HORT-21NP
Alex Niemiera
Wine Making for the Home Gardener
Wine Making for the Home Gardener
(PDF)
Wine making has increased in popularity as a hobby for home gardeners who have taken the science and craft beyond the grape vineyard to the bramble patch, vegetable garden, and flower garden. This article describes the basic steps used in making wine from fruits or vegetables grown in the home garden.
HORT-213NP (SPES-618NP)
Phyllis Turner
Scott M. Baker
Elizabeth Chang
Yvonne Dinish
Vicki Raines
Molly Kelly
Red Buckeye, Aesculus pavia
Red Buckeye
(PDF)
Red buckeye is typically a multi-trunk small tree (large shrub). Its claim to fame is the red flowers that cover the plant in April/May. Flower stalks (panicles) are about 8 inches long with 2 inch long red tubular flowers. Flowers are pollinated by ruby-throated hummingbirds.
Mar 6, 2024
HORT-22NP
Alex Niemiera
GroZone Tracker
Sep 21, 2016
HORT-227P
Brian Krug
James Owen, Jr.
Brian Whipker
Sarah A. White
River Birch, Betula nigra
River Birch
(PDF)
River birch is a fast-growing shade tree species. As the common name implies, river birch trees tolerate wet soils and are a very suitable species for portions of the landscape that characteristically have moist soil, such as low areas or in poorly drained soils.
Mar 5, 2024
HORT-23NP
Alex Niemiera
Saucer Magnolia, Magnolia ×soulangeana
Saucer Magnolia, Magnolia ×soulangeana
(PDF)
Saucer magnolia is generally a small (occasionally medium) multi-stem tree that is known for its outstanding flower display in March (February in southern U.S. and April in northern U.S.). Flowers are about 8 inches in diameter; outer sides of petals (actually called tepals; about 9 tepals) are various shades of pink-purple while inner sides of tepals are white.
Mar 5, 2024
HORT-24NP
Alex Niemiera
Sawara Falsecypress (Japanese Falsecypress), Chamaecyparis pisifera
Sawara Falsecypress (Japanese Falsecypress),
(PDF)
Sawara falsecypress is a medium to large conifer. There are numerous cultivars that are more popular and prevalent in the nursery trade than the species. Cultivars vary in size (growth rate), foliage type and color, and form. Many of the cultivars are considered “dwarf” since they do not attain the mature size of the species.
Mar 5, 2024
HORT-25NP
Alex Niemiera
A Guide to the Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) Certification Process
Jan 24, 2018
HORT-252NP (HORT-285NP)
Laura K. Strawn
Amber Vallotton
Guide to Identifying Food Safety Hazards in Greenhouse Systems
According to the United States Department of Agriculture 2012 Census of Agriculture, sales from greenhouse-grown food crops equaled around $800 million in the U.S. Crops grown included tomatoes, lettuce, cucumbers, peppers, and berries, with hydroponic production operations making up about 64% of the total production (cwt) (USDA Census of Agriculture, 2012). Demand for greenhouse-grown produce continues to increase, providing growers with unique opportunities to tap into this expanding market. Although greenhouse systems provide a more protected environment than field-grown systems, it is important to understand the unique food safety risks and possible sources of contamination when growing produce in these systems. Identifying food safety hazards are necessary to implementing practices that reduce the risk of contamination during the pre-plant, production, harvest, and post-harvest handling stages. Use the checklist below to guide you in asking important questions targeting possible risks at each of the greenhouse system stages.
Jul 10, 2017
HORT-254NP
Joyce Latimer
Laura K. Strawn
Amber Vallotton
Antimicrobial Resistance: What is it and What’s at Stake?
Antimicrobial Resistance: What is it and What’s at Stake?
(PDF)
Mar 29, 2023
HORT-257NP
Ellen Maurer
Amy Pruden
Amber Vallotton
How Do We Measure Antimicrobial Resistance?
How Do We Measure Antimicrobial Resistance?
(PDF)
Mar 29, 2023
HORT-258NP
Ellen Maurer
Amy Pruden
Amber Vallotton
The Phenomenon of Antimicrobial Resistance: A One-Health Issue
The Phenomenon of Antimicrobial Resistance: A One-Health Issue
(PDF)
Mar 29, 2023
HORT-259NP
Ellen Maurer
Amy Pruden
Amber Vallotton
Scotch Pine, Pinus sylvestris
Scotch Pine
(PDF)
Scotch pine is a medium tree. Like most pines, the first 20 or so years of its life it has a conical shape and with maturity it loses its lower limbs and has an irregular flat topped or oval shape. Scotch pine has a relatively showy orange colored bark (with the exception of the lower trunk). It is also relatively drought tolerant, thus it is suitable for landscape sites that tend to be dry.
Mar 6, 2024
HORT-26NP
Alex Niemiera
Understanding the Public Health Risks of Antimicrobial Resistance
Understanding the Public Health Risks of Antimicrobial Resistance
(PDF)
Mar 29, 2023
HORT-260NP
Ellen Maurer
Amy Pruden
Amber Vallotton
The Journey of Antibiotics from Farm to Fork
The Journey of Antibiotics from Farm to Fork
(PDF)
Mar 29, 2023
HORT-261NP
Ellen Maurer
Amy Pruden
Amber Vallotton
What is the Veterinary Feed Directive?
What is the Veterinary Feed Directive?
(PDF)
Mar 29, 2023
HORT-262NP
Katharine F. Knowlton
Ellen Maurer
Amy Pruden
Amber Vallotton
Mixed Infection of Strawberry Mottle Virus and Strawberry Mild Yellow Edge Virus in the Southeastern United States
Mixed Infection of Strawberry Mottle Virus and Strawberry Mild Yellow Edge Virus in the Southeastern United States
(PDF)
Apr 17, 2023
HORT 268P (SPES-488P)
Jayesh Samtani
Charles S. Johnson
Roy Flanagan
Keith Starke
Barclay Poling
Robert Martin
Sourwood, Oxydendrum arboreum
Sourwood
(PDF)
Sourwood is a small slow-growing tree although forest specimens exceed this small status. This species is certainly worthy to be a specimen plant (sufficient attributes to be featured as a focal point). Sourwood has beautiful lustrous foliage in the growing season which turns a bright maroon to pink-red in the fall.
Mar 6, 2024
HORT-27NP
Alex Niemiera
Shoppers Guide for Berry Plants in the Mid-Atlantic and the Carolinas
Shoppers Guide for Berry Plants in the Mid-Atlantic and the Carolinas
(PDF)
Apr 5, 2023
HORT-270NP (SPES-481NP)
Christle Moore
Sophia Gonzales
Jayesh Samtani
Accessing Virginia’s Public School (K-12) Market Sector: Fresh Produce Food Safety Considerations
Accessing Virginia’s Public School (K-12) Market Sector: Fresh Produce Food Safety Considerations
(PDF)
Apr 25, 2023
HORT-275NP
Tom Archibald
Alexandra Battah
Renee Boyer
Tiffany Drape
Ryan Knox
Amber Vallotton
Adrianna Vargo
Accessing Virginia’s Hospital Market Sector: Fresh Produce Food Safety Considerations
Accessing Virginia’s Hospital Market Sector: Fresh Produce Food Safety Considerations
(PDF)
Apr 25, 2023
HORT-276NP
Tom Archibald
Alexandra Battah
Renee Boyer
Tiffany Drape
Ryan Knox
Amber Vallotton
Adrianna Vargo
Accessing Virginia’s Direct-to-Consumer Market Sector: Fresh Produce Food Safety Considerations
Accessing Virginia’s Direct-to-Consumer Market
(PDF)
Apr 26, 2023
HORT-277NP
Tom Archibald
Alexandra Battah
Renee Boyer
Tiffany Drape
Ryan Knox
Amber Vallotton
Adrianna Vargo
Accessing Virginia’s College & University Market Sector: Fresh Produce Food Safety Considerations
Accessing Virginia’s College & University Market Sector: Fresh Produce Food Safety Considerations
(PDF)
Apr 26, 2023
HORT-278NP
Tom Archibald
Alexandra Battah
Renee Boyer
Tiffany Drape
Ryan Knox
Amber Vallotton
Adrianna Vargo
Accessing Virginia Market Sectors: Establishing a Marketing Perspective
Accessing Virginia Market Sectors:
(PDF)
Apr 26, 2023
HORT-279NP
Tom Archibald
Alexandra Battah
Renee Boyer
Tiffany Drape
Ryan Knox
Amber Vallotton
Adrianna Vargo
Star Magnolia, Magnolia stellata
Star Magnolia
(PDF)
Star magnolia is a small multi-stem tree that is known for its outstanding flower display in March (February in southern U.S. and April in northern U.S.). Flowers are about 3 to 4 inches in diameter and fragrant; outer sides of petals (actually called tepals; about 12 to 18 tepals) are white or blushed with pink while inner sides of tepals are white.
Mar 6, 2024
HORT-28NP
Alex Niemiera
Sweetpotato Production and Variety Performance in Southeast Virginia, 2015-2016
May 8, 2018
HORT-282P
Ramón A. Arancibia
Roy Flanagan
James Jenrette
Mike Parrish
Scott Reiter
Stephanie Romelczyk
2017 Virginia Hop Grower Survey: Results
Jan 31, 2018
HORT-289NP
Laura Siegle
Holly L. Scoggins
Umbrella-Pine (Japanese Umbrella-Pine), Sciadopitys verticillata
Umbrella-Pine
(PDF)
Umbrella-pine is a beautiful slow-growing conical conifer. Its beauty is mostly derived from the unusual texture that is imparted by the glossy dark-green needles that occur in whorls along the stem.
Mar 6, 2024
HORT-29NP
Alex Niemiera
Micro Tunnels in Vegetable Crops: Beyond Season Extension
Micro Tunnels in Vegetable Crops:
Beyond Season Extension Micro Tunnels in Vegetable Crops:
Beyond Season Extension
(PDF)
"Low Tunnels in Vegetable Crops: Beyond Season Extension" is a comprehensive document that delves into the multifaceted benefits of micro tunnels in vegetable cultivation, encompassing not only extended growing seasons but also improved yield, pest management, and resource efficiency, making it an essential resource for modern sustainable farming.
Nov 9, 2023
HORT-291 (SPES-524P)
Emmanuel Torres Quezada
Ramón A. Arancibia
Washington Hawthorn, Crataegus phaenopyrum
Washington Hawthorn
(PDF)
Washington hawthorn is a small tree (single or multiple trunks) with showy white flowers in June. Trees produce an abundance of persistent glossy bright red fruit (about 0.25 inches in diameter) that result in a spectacular fruit display that persist into winter months.
Mar 6, 2024
HORT-30NP
Alex Niemiera
Selecting and Using Plant Growth Regulators on Floricultural Crops
Selecting and Using Plant Growth Regulators on Floricultural Crops
(PDF)
Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are chemicals that are designed to affect plant growth and/or development (figure 1). They are applied for specific purposes to elicit specific plant responses. Although there is much scientific information on using PGRs in the greenhouse, it is not an exact science. Achieving the best results with PGRs is a combination of art and science — science tempered with a lot of trial and error and a good understanding of plant growth and development.
good understanding of plant growth and development.
Jan 10, 2025
430-102 (SPES-653P)
Joyce Latimer
Brian Whipker
Eric Stallknecht
Backyard Composting
Feb 27, 2013
HORT-49P
Ed Rishell
American Hornbeam, Carpinus caroliniana
American Hornbeam
(PDF)
American hornbeam, also called blue beech, musclewood, water beech, and ironwood, is a small to medium tree. In its youth, and even sometimes at maturity, this species tends be multi-trunked and densely branched. It also tends to develop major branches near ground level which can be a desirable or undesirable characteristic depending on how this species is intended to be used in the landscape.
Mar 6, 2024
HORT-5NP
Alex Niemiera
For the Birds, Butterflies & Hummingbirds: Creating Inviting Habitats
For the Birds, Butterflies & Hummingbirds: Creating Inviting Habitats
(PDF)
For the Birds, Butterflies & Hummingbirds: Creating Inviting Habitats
(EPUB)
Are birds and butterflies attracted to your yard or garden? Like people, birds and butterflies require food, water, and shelter. Like people, they prefer that their food and water be close to where they live. And like people, they favor certain types of homes and certain types of food. If you plant to meet their needs, then they will flock or flutter to your garden. This publication examines the habitat requirements for birds, hummingbirds, and butterflies, and then gives an overview of planning your garden space to accommodate them.
May 13, 2020
HORT-59NP (HORT-74NP)
Mary Free
David Close
American (Fagus grandifolia) and European (Fagus sylvatica) Beeches
American (Fagus grandifolia) and European (Fagus sylvatica) Beeches
(PDF)
Beeches, both the American and European species, are large stately and noble trees. They have a smooth sensuous dark gray bark that is exceptionally attractive. Unfortunately, this feature often beckons graffiti practitioners to denigrate trees by carving their initials on trunks.
Mar 6, 2024
HORT-6NP
Alex Niemiera
Care Sheet for Sabal minor or “Dwarf Palmetto” in Virginia Landscapes
Care Sheet for Sabal minor or “Dwarf Palmetto” in Virginia Landscapes
(PDF)
Native to the Southern United States, the Sabal minor or Dwarf Palmetto is a smaller and much shorter cousin to the familiar Sabal palmetto that lines the streets and palisades of cities in the Deep South, where the fronds were once cut to make ladies’ hand fans. Part of the Dwarf Palmetto’s native range includes the extreme southeastern portion of Virginia. As a result, S. minor is one of the most cold-hardy palms that can be grown in the Commonwealth of Virginia.
Nov 6, 2024
HORT-60NP (SPES-695NP)
John Saia
Joseph W. Seamone
Susanne Richards
Edward Olsen
Therapeutic Gardening
Therapeutic Gardening
(PDF)
Dec 12, 2022
HORT-66NP (SPES-432NP)
Phyllis Turner
Emerald Ash Borer
The emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) is a wood-boring beetle native to eastern Asia and is now considered the most destructive forest pest ever seen in North America. Since its discovery in Michigan in 2002, it has killed tens of millions of native ash (Fraxinus spp.) trees in the United States and Canada. This destruction has already cost municipalities, property owners, and businesses tens of millions of dollars in damages.
May 10, 2020
HORT-69NP
David Close
Eric Wiseman
Sarah Gugercin
Chinese Elm (Lacebark Elm), Ulmus parvifolia
Chinese Elm
(PDF)
Chinese elm is a medium to large fast-growing shade tree. This species is quite tolerant of drought and poor soil; hence, it has been extensively used in urban situations. There are numerous cultivars; cultivar selection criteria include cold hardiness, form, growth rate, foliage characteristics, and bark showiness.
Mar 6, 2024
HORT-7NP
Alex Niemiera
Fooling Mother Nature: Forcing Flower Bulbs for Indoor Bloom
Have you ever wondered if it is possible to enjoy the beauty of bulbs in the middle of winter? The answer is definitely yes! Many people are familiar with the hourglass-shaped vase filled with water and topped with a hyacinth bulb, or a low bowl filled with several Paper White narcissus, and the popular boxed amaryllis bulb as a welcome winter holiday gift. Most bulbs can be forced but additional planning is required in order to have a successful period of blooms.
Apr 15, 2025
HORT-76NP (SPES-677NP)
George Graine
Edward Olsen
Chinese Pistache, Pistacia chinensis
Chinese Pistache, Pistacia chinensis
(PDF)
Chinese pistache is a medium-size shade tree. It is quite tolerant of full sun, hot, and dry conditions (once established). This species has separate male and female plants (dioecious); female plants (if male trees are present) will produce clusters of reddish pea-size fruit that are somewhat attractive.
Mar 7, 2024
HORT-8NP
Alex Niemiera
Selecting Plants for Virginia Landscapes: Showy Flowering Shrubs
Selecting Plants for Virginia Landscapes: Showy Flowering Shrubs
(PDF)
Selecting Plants for Virginia Landscapes: Showy Flowering Shrubs epub
(EPUB)
This publication features small, medium, and large flowering shrubs (five of each category) with photos. All photos are by the author. There are at least eight shrubs from each category noted in a table (without photos) at the end of this publication. All shrubs — featured or in the table — are landscape worthy and are especially suited to landscapes in Virginia and the Mid-Atlantic States.
Aug 6, 2025
HORT-84P
Alex Niemiera
Douglasfir, Pseudotsuga menziesii
Douglasfir, Pseudotsuga menziesii
(PDF)
Douglasfir is a large and stately narrow conical conifer that is native to the Pacific Northwest (P. menziesii var. menziesii) and Rocky Mountains (P. menziesii var. glauca). Trees in native habitats are often taller than 100 feet; however, landscape trees rarely exceed 50 feet.
Mar 8, 2024
HORT-9NP
Alex Niemiera
Strawberry Variety Evaluation, Opportunities, and Challenges of High Tunnel Production
Strawberry Variety Evaluation, Opportunities, and Challenges of High Tunnel Production
(PDF)
Feb 9, 2021
SPES-273P
Jayesh Samtani
Fresh Hops Harvesting and Handling Tips
Jun 29, 2018
SPES-43NP
Laura Siegle
Holly L. Scoggins
Amber Vallotton
Glyphosate: Health Controversy, Benefits and Continuing Debate
Sep 20, 2018
SPES-63NP
Jeffrey Derr
Penelope Fenner-Crisp
Ralph Morini
Virginia Horticulture Specialist Team
Virginia Horticulture Specialist Team
(PDF)
The horticulture specialist team involves a state-wide network of individuals with expertise across multiple horticulture-related topics. We are committed to assisting the Virginia horticulture industry and homeowners in managing or producing high-quality horticultural products that are grown sustainably, efficiently, and safely. The team conducts applied research experiments that are industry-relevant, and we present this information to the industry in the form of extension articles, trade-magazines, workshops, and in-service trainings to homeowners, growers, and Agriculture and Natural Resource (ANR) Extension agents. Below is a complied resource of Virginia horticulture-related specialists separated by topic areas.
Feb 10, 2026
SPES-764NP
Kristopher S. Criscione
Eric Stallknecht
Kaylee South
VCE Ag Today: Hot Topics in Commercial Horticulture
Mar 25, 2021
VCE-1027-6NP
Thomas P. Kuhar
Steve Rideout
Laura Maxey-Nay
Robby Longest
Stephanie Romelczyk