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Behavioral and Brain Sciences
Volume 33 Issue 2-3
The weirdest people in the world?
Behavioral and Brain Sciences
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The weirdest people in the world?
Published online by Cambridge University Press:
15 June 2010
Joseph Henrich
Steven J. Heine
and
Ara Norenzayan
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Joseph Henrich
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology and Department of Economics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada. joseph.henrich@gmail.com http://www.psych.ubc.ca/~henrich/home.html
Steven J. Heine
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada. heine@psych.ubc.ca
Ara Norenzayan
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada. ara@psych.ubc.ca
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Abstract
Behavioral scientists routinely publish broad claims about human psychology and behavior in the world's top journals based on samples drawn entirely from Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) societies. Researchers – often implicitly – assume that either there is little variation across human populations, or that these “standard subjects” are as representative of the species as any other population. Are these assumptions justified? Here, our review of the comparative database from across the behavioral sciences suggests both that there is substantial variability in experimental results across populations and that WEIRD subjects are particularly unusual compared with the rest of the species – frequent outliers. The domains reviewed include visual perception, fairness, cooperation, spatial reasoning, categorization and inferential induction, moral reasoning, reasoning styles, self-concepts and related motivations, and the heritability of IQ. The findings suggest that members of WEIRD societies, including young children, are among the least representative populations one could find for generalizing about humans. Many of these findings involve domains that are associated with fundamental aspects of psychology, motivation, and behavior – hence, there are no obvious
a priori
grounds for claiming that a particular behavioral phenomenon is universal based on sampling from a single subpopulation. Overall, these empirical patterns suggests that we need to be less cavalier in addressing questions of
human
nature on the basis of data drawn from this particularly thin, and rather unusual, slice of humanity. We close by proposing ways to structurally re-organize the behavioral sciences to best tackle these challenges.
Keywords
behavioral economics
cross-cultural research
cultural psychology
culture
evolutionary psychology
experiments
external validity
generalizability
human universals
population variability
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Behavioral and Brain Sciences
Volume 33
Issue 2-3
, June 2010
, pp. 61 - 83
DOI:
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Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2010
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The weirdest people in the world?
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