United States Census Bureau - Wikipedia

United States Census Bureau - Wikipedia
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
U.S. agency responsible for the census related statistics
"USCB" redirects here. For the American college, see
University of South Carolina Beaufort
United States Census Bureau
Agency overview
Formed
July 1, 1902
; 123 years ago
1902-07-01
Headquarters
Suitland, Maryland
, U.S.
Agency executives
George Cook, Acting Director
Ron S. Jarmin
, Deputy Director and Chief Operating Officer
Parent agency
U.S. Department of Commerce
Website
census.gov
The
United States Census Bureau
, officially the
Bureau of the Census
, is a
federal statistical agency
responsible for producing data about the
American people
and
economy
, under the
United States Department of Commerce
. The bureau's
director
is appointed by the
president of the United States
The Census Bureau's primary mission is conducting the
United States census
every ten years, which allocates the seats of the
United States House of Representatives
to the
states
based on their population.
The bureau's various censuses and surveys help allocate over $675 billion in federal funds every year and it assists states, local communities, and businesses in making informed decisions.
The information provided by the census informs decisions on where to build and maintain schools, hospitals, transportation infrastructure, and police and fire departments.
In addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts over 130 surveys and programs a year,
including the
American Community Survey
, the
United States Economic Census
, and the
Current Population Survey
The United States Economic Census occurs every five years and reports on American business and the American economy in order to plan business decisions.
Furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau.
As of September 19, 2025, George Cook is the acting director of the Census Bureau.
Legal mandate
edit
Census headquarters in
Suitland, Maryland
Article One of the United States Constitution
(section II) directs the
population
be enumerated at least once every ten years and the resulting counts used to
set the number of members from each state
in the
House of Representatives
and, by extension, in the
Electoral College
. The Census Bureau now conducts a full
population count
every ten years in years ending with a zero and uses the term "
decennial
" to describe the operation. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections.
In addition, census data directly affects how more than $400 billion per year in federal and state funding is allocated to communities for neighborhood improvements,
public health
, education, transportation and more.
10
The Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations: the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureau's
legal authority
is codified in
Title 13 of the United States Code
The Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various
federal government
and
local government
agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health,
consumer expenditures
, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as "demographic surveys" and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial (10-year) population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts economic surveys of manufacturing, retail, service, and other establishments and of domestic governments.
From 1790 through 1840, the census was taken by
marshals
of the
judicial districts
11
12
The Census Act of 1840 established a central office
13
which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals. In 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the
Department of Interior
, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new
Department of Commerce and Labor
. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their subordinate role in the department.
14
In 1913, the Census Bureau stayed in the
Department of Commerce
after its split from the
Department of Labor
15
An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every two years and agriculture censuses every 10 years.
16
In 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the
1930 census
16
In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the U.S. Code.
17
By law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U.S. president by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year.
Data collection
edit
U.S. Census Bureau Regions and Divisions
Census regions and divisions
edit
The United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions.
18
The Census Bureau regions are widely used for data collection and analysis.
19
The Census Bureau definition is pervasive.
20
21
22
The
territories
are not included, but the
District of Columbia
is.
Regional divisions used by the United States Census Bureau:
23
24
U.S. Census Bureau Regional Divisions
Region
Division
States
Northeast
New England
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
Rhode Island
Vermont
Mid-Atlantic
New Jersey
New York
Pennsylvania
Midwest
East North Central
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan
Ohio
Wisconsin
West North Central
Iowa
Kansas
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
North Dakota
South Dakota
South
South Atlantic
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Maryland
North Carolina
South Carolina
Virginia
West Virginia
East South Central
Alabama
Kentucky
Mississippi
Tennessee
West South Central
Arkansas
Louisiana
Oklahoma
Texas
West
Mountain
Arizona
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
Nevada
New Mexico
Utah
Wyoming
Pacific
Alaska
California
Hawaii
Oregon
Washington
History
edit
The first census was collected in 1790 and published in 1791.
11
It was 56 pages and cost $44,377.28.
11
The current system was introduced for the 1910 census, but other ways of grouping states were used historically by the Census Bureau. The first of these was introduced after the 1850 census by statistician and later census superintendent
J. D. B. De Bow
. He published a compendium where the states and territories were grouped into five "great divisions", namely the Middle, New England, the Northwestern, the Southern, and the Southwestern great divisions. Unsatisfied with this system, De Bow devised another one four years later, with states and territories grouped into an Eastern, Interior, and Western "great section", each divided into a northern and southern half called "divisions".
In the following decades, several other systems were used, until the current one was introduced in 1910. This system has seen only minor changes: New Mexico and Arizona were both added to the Mountain division upon statehood in 1912, the North region was divided into a Northeast and a North Central region in 1940, Alaska and Hawaii were both added to the Pacific division upon statehood in 1959, and the North Central region was renamed the Midwest in 1984.
25
Uses of census data
edit
Many federal, state, local and tribal governments use census data to:
26
Decide the location of new housing and public facilities,
Examine the demographic characteristics of communities, states, and the US,
Plan transportation systems and roadways,
Determine quotas and creation of police and fire precincts, and
Create localized areas for elections, schools, utilities, etc.
Gathers population information every 10 years
Census data is used to determine how seats of Congress are distributed to states.
26
Census data is not used to determine or define race genetically, biologically or anthropologically.
27
The census data is also used by the Bureau to obtain a real-time estimate in U.S. and World Population Clock.
28
Only people who live in the 50 states and within the District of Columbia are included in the estimation.
29
Data stewardship
edit
The United States Census Bureau is committed to confidentiality and guarantees non-disclosure of any addresses or personal information related to individuals or establishments.
Title 13
of the
U.S. Code
establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information. All census employees must sign an
affidavit
of non-disclosure prior to employment. This non-disclosure states "I will not disclose any information contained in the schedules, lists, or statements obtained for or prepared by the Census Bureau to any person or persons either during or after employment."
30
The punishment for breaking the non-disclosure is a fine up to $250,000 or five years in prison.
The bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone, including the United States or foreign governments, or law enforcement agencies such as the
IRS
FBI
, or
Interpol
. "[P]roviding quality data for public good while respecting individual privacy and protecting confidentiality – is the Census Bureau's core responsibility"; "Keeping the public's trust is critical to our ability to carry out our mission as the leading source of quality data about the nation's people and economy."
31
Only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public.
32
Seventy-two years was picked because usually by 72 years since the census is taken, most participants would be deceased.
32
Despite these guarantees of confidentiality, the Census Bureau has some history of disclosures to other government agencies. In 1918, the Census Bureau released individual information regarding several hundred young men to the Justice Department and
Selective Service
system for the purpose of prosecutions for draft evasion.
33
new archival link needed
34
During
World War II
, the United States Census Bureau assisted the government's
Japanese American internment
efforts by providing confidential neighborhood information on
Japanese-Americans
. The bureau's role was denied for decades but was finally proven in 2007.
35
36
United States census data are valuable for the country's political parties;
Democrats
and
Republicans
are highly interested in knowing the accurate number of persons in their respective districts.
37
These insights are often linked to financial and economic strategies that are central to federal, state and city investments for locations of particular populations.
38
Such apportionments are designed to distribute political power across neutral spatial allocations; however, "because so much is at stake, the census also runs the risk of being politicized."
39
Such political tensions highlight the complexity of
identity
and
classification
; some argue that unclear results from the population data "is due to distortions brought about by political pressures."
40
One frequently used example includes ambiguous ethnic counts, which often involves underenumeration and/or undercounting of minority populations.
40
Ideas about race, ethnicity and identity have also evolved in the United States, and such changes warrant examination of how these shifts have impacted the accuracy of census data over time.
41
The United States Census Bureau began pursuing technological innovations to improve the precision of its census data collection in the 1980s. Robert W. Marx, the Chief of the Geography Division of the USCB, teamed up with the
U.S. Geological Survey
and oversaw the creation of the
Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing
(TIGER) database system.
42
Census officials were able to evaluate the more sophisticated and detailed results that the TIGER system produced; furthermore, TIGER data is also available to the public. And while the TIGER system does not directly amass demographic data, as a
geographic information system
(GIS), it can be used to merge
demographics
to conduct more accurate geospatial and mapping analysis.
43
In July 2019, the Census Bureau stopped releasing new data via American FactFinder, which was decommissioned in March 2020 after 20 years of being the agency's primary tool for data dissemination.
44
The new platform is data.census.gov.
45
Ongoing surveys
edit
A social media video from the Census Bureau explaining how to use data.census.gov, an online platform that enables the public to search and use data from their Bureau's surveys.
Throughout the decade between censuses, the bureau conducts surveys to produce a general view and comprehensive study of the United States' social and economic conditions. Staff from the Current Surveys Program conduct over 130 ongoing and special surveys about people and their characteristics.
46
A network of professional field representatives gathers information from a sample of households, responding to questions about employment, consumer expenditures, health, housing, and other topics.
Surveys conducted between decades:
American Community Survey
American Housing Survey
Consumer Expenditure Survey
Census of Governments
Current Population Survey
Economic Census
National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey
47
National Health Interview Survey
National Hospital Care Survey
48
National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey
National Crime Victimization Survey
National Nursing Home Survey
49
Survey of Income and Program Participation
Survey of Construction
50
Survey of Market Absorption
51
Survey of Program Dynamics
52
National Longitudinal Survey
National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, & Wildlife-Associated Recreation
53
Residential Finance Survey
54
National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol Related Conditions
Annual Retail Trade Survey
55
Annual Wholesale Trade Survey
56
Annual and Quarterly Services Surveys
Other surveys conducted
edit
The Census Bureau also collects information on behalf of survey sponsors. These sponsors include the
Bureau of Justice Statistics
(BJS), the
Department of Housing and Urban Development
(HUD), the
National Center for Education Statistics
(NCES), and the
National Science Foundation
(NSF), among others.
Organizational structure
edit
See also:
Director of the United States Census Bureau
U.S. Census Bureau Regional Office boundaries
Since 1903, the official census-taking agency of the United States government has been the Bureau of the Census. The Census Bureau is headed by a director, assisted by a deputy director and an executive staff composed of the associate directors.
The Census Bureau headquarters has been in
Suitland, Maryland
, since 1942. A new headquarters complex completed there in 2007 supports over 4,000 employees.
57
The bureau operates regional offices in six cities:
58
New York City
Philadelphia
Chicago
Atlanta
Denver
, and
Los Angeles
. The National Processing Center is in
Jeffersonville, Indiana
. Additional temporary processing facilities facilitate the decennial census, which employs more than a million people. The cost of the 2000 census was $4.5 billion. During the years just prior to the decennial census, parallel census offices, known as "Regional Census Centers" are opened in the field office cities. The decennial operations are carried out from these facilities. The Regional Census Centers oversee the openings and closings of smaller "Area Census Offices" within their collection jurisdictions. In 2020, Regional Census Centers oversaw the operation of 248 Area Census Offices,
59
The estimated cost of the 2010 census is $14.7 billion.
On January 1, 2013, the Census Bureau consolidated its twelve regional offices into six. Increasing costs of data collection, changes in survey management tools such as laptops and the increasing use of multi-modal surveys (i.e. internet, telephone, and in-person) led the Bureau to consolidate.
60
The six regional offices that closed were Boston, Charlotte, Dallas, Detroit, Kansas City and Seattle. The remaining regional offices are New York City, Philadelphia, Chicago, Atlanta, Denver, and Los Angeles.
61
The Census Bureau also runs the
Census Information Center
cooperative program that involves 58 "national, regional, and local non-profit organizations". The CIC program aims to represent the interests of underserved communities.
62
Computer equipment
edit
Census Bureau employees tabulate data using one of the agency's UNIVAC computers,
c.
1960
The
1890 census
was the first to use the electric tabulating machines invented by
Herman Hollerith
63
64
For 1890–1940 details, see
Truesdell, Leon E.
(1965).
The Development of Punch Card Tabulation in the Bureau of the Census, 1890–1940: With outlines of actual tabulation programs
U.S. GPO
In 1946, knowing of the bureau's funding of Hollerith and, later,
Powers
John Mauchly
approached the bureau about early funding for
UNIVAC
development.
65
UNIVAC I
computer was accepted by the bureau in 1951.
66
Handheld computers
edit
Historically, the census information was gathered by census takers going door-to-door collecting information in a ledger. Beginning in 1970 information was gathered via mailed forms. To reduce paper usage, reduce payroll expense and acquire the most comprehensive list of addresses ever compiled, 500,000 handheld computers (HHCs) (specifically designed, single-purpose devices) were used for the first time in 2009 during the address canvassing portion of the 2010 Decennial Census Project. Projected savings were estimated to be over $1 billion.
67
68
69
Security precautions
edit
Main article:
Device fingerprint
The HHC was manufactured by
Harris Corporation
, an established
Department of Defense
contractor, via a controversial
70
71
contract with the
Department of Commerce
. Secured access via a
fingerprint swipe
guaranteed only the verified user could access the unit. A
GPS
capacity was integral to the daily address management and the transfer of gathered information. Of major importance was the security and integrity of the populace's private information.
Success and failure
edit
Enumerators (information gatherers) that had operational problems with the device understandably made negative reports. During the 2009 Senate confirmation hearings for
Robert Groves
, President Obama's Census Director appointee, there was much mention of problems but very little criticism of the units.
70
In rural areas, the sparsity of cell phone towers caused problems with data transmission to and from the HHC. Since the units were updated nightly with important changes and updates, operator implementation of proper procedure was imperative.
Research studies
edit
Census Bureau stays current by conducting research studies to improve the work that they do. Census researchers explore topics about survey innovations, participation, and data accuracy, such as undercount,
72
overcount,
73
the use of technologies,
74
multilingual research,
75
and ways to reduce costs. In addition, the Bureau pretests surveys and digital products before they are fielded and then evaluates them after they have been conducted.
76
Notable figures
edit
John Shaw Billings
Rattan Chand
W. Edwards Deming
Davis Rich Dewey
Halbert L. Dunn
Murray Feshbach
Robert Groves
Henry Gannett
Morris H. Hansen
Joseph Adna Hill
Herman Hollerith
Leslie Kish
John Wesley Langley
Bernard Malamud
Thomas Commerford Martin
Warren Mitofsky
Edna Paisano
Ivan Petrof
Cyrus Guernsey Pringle
Richard M. Scammon
Howard Sutherland
See also
edit
Geography portal
North America portal
United States portal
List of U.S. states and territories by population
List of United States cities by population
List of United States counties and county equivalents
United States Office of Management and Budget
Primary statistical area
list
Combined statistical area
list
Core-based statistical area
list
Metropolitan statistical area
list
Micropolitan statistical area
list
List of United States urban areas
Title 13 of the United States Code
Title 15 of the Code of Federal Regulations
Director of the United States Census Bureau
Data.gov
USAFacts
Statistical Abstract of the United States
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edit
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May 13,
2008
"Herman Hollerith"
. Archived from
the original
on July 13, 2009.
History 1890
Archived
May 3, 2009, at the
Wayback Machine
US Census Bureau.
Stern, Nancy (1981).
From ENIAC to UNIVAC: An appraisal of the Eckert-Mauchly Computers
. Digital Press.
ISBN
978-0-932376-14-5
Bashe, Charles J.; et al. (1986).
IBM's Early Computers
. MIT.
ISBN
978-0-262-02225-5
"U.S. Census Bureau Field Data Collection Automation (FDCA) Program"
Harris
. Archived from
the original
on April 29, 2009.
Weinberg, Daniel (July 28, 2011).
"Management challenges of the 2010 U.S. Census"
(PDF)
. U.S. Census Bureau.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on January 27, 2016
. Retrieved
December 29,
2015
House Committee on Oversight and Reform, Subcommittee on Information Policy, Census and National Archives,
"Chairman Clay Pleased With Census Address Canvassing Progress"
. June 8, 2009. Retrieved August 9, 2013.
Chan, Wade-Hahn (March 28, 2008).
"Have feds cheapened contract bonuses?"
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the original
on August 26, 2012
. Retrieved
August 9,
2013
"Census getting back on course, lawmakers told – Oversight"
. GovExec.com. Archived from
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O'Hare, William.
"Investigating the 2010 Undercount of Young Children – Summary of Recent Research"
2020 Census Final Analysis Reports
. Retrieved
September 28,
2023
Sha, Mandy.
"Success of Applying Census Residence Rule to Resolve Duplication"
Census Working Papers
. Retrieved
September 28,
2023
Nichols, Elizabeth.
"Use of Mobile Phone Location Data in Official Statistics"
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2023
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February 29,
2024
"Why does research matters at the Census Bureau?"
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September 26,
2023
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