United States of America - Wikipedia

United States of America - Wikipedia
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Coordinates
40°N
100°W
40°N 100°W
40; -100
United States of America
Kufuma Wikipedia
Country primarily located in North America
Template:SHORTDESC:Country primarily located in North America
Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see
America (disambiguation)
US (disambiguation)
USA (disambiguation)
The United States of America (disambiguation)
and
United States (disambiguation)
United States of America
Mbendela
Great Seal of the United States#Obverse
Chiluso:
In God We Trust
Other traditional mottos:
E pluribus unum
Latin
"Out of many, one"
Annuit cœptis
Latin
"Providence favors our undertakings"
Novus ordo seclorum
Latin
"New order of the ages"
Nyimbo:
The Star-Spangled Banner
[[File:
Show globe (
states
and
D.C.
only)
Show the U.S. and
its territories
Show territories with
EEZ
|center||alt=|Location of United States]]
Msumba Waboma
Washington, D.C.
38°53′N
77°01′W
38.883°N 77.017°W
38.883; -77.017
Msumba usani
New York City
40°43′N
74°00′W
40.717°N 74.000°W
40.717; -74.000
Chiyowoyelo chaboma
None at the
federal level
lower-alpha 1
National language
de facto
Mitundu
ya Ŵanthu
(2020)
57.8%
White
18.7%
Latino
12.1%
Black
5.9%
Asian
0.7%
Native American
0.2%
Pacific Islander
4.1%
multiracial
0.5%
other
Vipembezo
63%
Christianity
40%
Protestantism
21%
Catholicism
2% other
Christian
29%
no religion
1%
Buddhism
1%
Hinduism
1%
Islam
1%
Judaism
2%
other
2% unanswered
Mwenecharu
American
lower-alpha 2
Mtundu wa Boma
Federal
presidential
constitutional republic
and a
liberal
representative democracy
President
Donald Trump
Vice President
JD Vance
House Speaker
Kevin McCarthy
Chief Justice
John Roberts
Upper house
Senate
Lower house
House of Representatives
Independence
from
Great Britain
Revolution
March
22,
1765
1765-03-22
Declaration
July
4,
1776
1776-07-04
Confederation
March
1,
1781
1781-03-01
Recognized
September
3,
1783
1783-09-03
Constitution
June
21,
1788
1788-06-21
Last Amendment
May
5,
1992
1992-05-05
Maji
(%)
4.66
(2015)
Land area
3,531,905
sq
mi (9,147,590
km
) (3rd)
Chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu
2022
estimate
333,287,557
2020
census
331,449,281
lower-alpha 3
3rd
GDP
PPP
2023
estimate
Total
$26.855
trillion
2nd
Per capita
$80,035
8th
GDP
(nominal)
2023
estimate
Total
$26.855
trillion
1st
Per capita
$80,035
7th
Gini
(2020)
39.4
lower-alpha 4
10
medium
HDI
(2021)
0.921
11
very high
21st
Ndalama
U.S. dollar
($) (
USD
Mtundu Wanyengo
UTC
−4 to −12, +10, +11)
Summer
DST
UTC
−4 to −10
lower-alpha 5
Kalembelo kasiku
mm/dd/yyyy
lower-alpha 6
Woko la galimoto
right
lower-alpha 7
ISO 3166 code
US
Intaneti yacharu
.com
.us
12
United States of America
U.S.A.
panji
USA
), panji
United States
(U.S. panji US) panji
America
, ni chalo icho chili ku
North America
. Chigaŵa ichi chili na vigaŵa 50, chigaŵa chimoza, vigaŵa vikuruvikuru vinkhondi, virwa vinkhondi na viŵiri, na malo 326 gha ŵanthu ŵa ku
India
. United States ni caru cacitatu pa vyaru vyose pa caru capasi. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na
Canada
kumpoto na
Mexico
kumwera, kweniso chili na mphaka na
Bahamas
Cuba
Russia
, na vyaru vinyake. Mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 333 miliyoni.
Washington, D.C
., ni msumba ukuru wa United States, ndipo
New York City
ndiyo ni msumba ukuru chomene.
Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vya ku
America
vyaka vinandi chomene. Kwamba mu 1607, ŵanthu ŵa ku
Britain
ŵakambiska vyaru 13 ivyo sono vili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa United States. Ŵakaŵa na mphindano na boma la
Britain
pa nkhani ya msonkho na ndyali, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ku America kuŵe
Nkhondo ya ku America
. Pa Julayi 4, 1776, charu cha United States chikapharazga kuti chajiyimira paŵekha. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, vinjeru vya ndyali vya ku United States vikakhwaskika na fundo yakuti vinthu vyose vili kulengeka kuti vichitike. Kugawikana kwa vigaŵa ivyo vikazingilizga wuzga ku
Southern United States
kukapangiska kuti
Confederate States of America
yipatuke, iyo yikarwa nkhondo na vyaru vinyake vya ku America mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya ku America (1861-1865). Pakuwona kuti wupu wa United States watonda, ŵazga ŵakalekeskeka pa caru cose.
Kuzakafika mu 1900, caru ca United States cikaŵa kuti cazgoka ufumu wankhongono comene pa caru cose. Mu 1941, charu cha Japan chikati chawukira msumba wa
Pearl Harbor
, charu cha United States chikamba kurwa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose. Nkhondo iyi yikapangiska kuti charu cha United States na
Soviet Union
viŵe na mazaza pa charu chose. Pa nyengo ya
Nkhondo Yakuzizima
, vyaru vyose viŵiri vikayezgayezga kuti viŵe na maghanoghano ghakwenelera, kweni vikagega nkhondo. Kweniso ŵakathereskeka pa mpikisano wa mu mlengalenga, uwo ukafika pachanya mu 1969 apo ndege ya Apollo 11 yikakhira pa charu chapasi.
Nkhondo ya Cigaŵa Ciphya
yikati yamara mu 1991, caru ca United States cikazgoka ufumu wankhongono comene pa caru cose.
Boma la United States ni boma la wupu wakulongozga ndipo muli maboma ghatatu. Boma ili lili na nyumba ziŵiri za malango, Nyumba ya Wupu Wakulongozga, iyo ni nyumba yakudikanya, na Senate, iyo ni nyumba yakudikanya. Nkhani zinandi za ndyali ni zakupambana, ndipo malango ghakupambana mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Mu vyaru vinyake, charu cha United States chili pa malo ghapacanya pa nkhani ya umoyo, ndalama, usambazi, kusalana pa nkhani za ndalama, wanangwa wa ŵanthu, luso, na masambiro. Mu caru ici muli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu jele kweniso palije urunji. Ku United States kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma mu vyaru vinyake.
Charu icho chili na ndalama zinandi chomene pa charu chose, ndipo chuma cha ku America chikupanga pafupifupi chigaŵa chimoza pa vigaŵa vinayi vya GDP pa charu chose. United States ndiyo yikuru comene pa caru cose pa kunjizga vyakurya mu vyaru vinyake ndipo ndiyo yikuru comene pa vyakurya vinyake. Boma la United States ndilo likambiska wupu wa United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States, NATO, World Health Organization, ndipo lili na wanangwa wakuŵa mu wupu wa United Nations Security Council. Boma la United States ndilo lili na ŵasilikari ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose, ndipo ndilo likulamulira pa nkhani za ndyali, vya maluso, na sayansi.
Kwiza kwa zina
Wonani vinandi:
Mazina gha United States
and
Mazina gha ŵanthu ŵa ku United States
Ukaboni wakwamba wakulongora kuti mazgu ghakuti "United States of America" ghakalembeka mu kalata iyo Stephen Moylan wakalembera Joseph Reed, uyo wakaŵa movwiri wa George Washington. Moylan wakayowoya kuti wakukhumba kuluta "ku Spain na mazaza ghose kufuma ku United States of America" kukapempha wovwiri pa nkhondo ya kuwukira boma.
13
14
15
Mazgu ghakuti "United States of America" ghakalembeka kakwamba mu nyuzipepara ya The Virginia Gazette ku Williamsburg pa Epulero 6, 1776.
Kuzakafika mu Juni 1776, zina lakuti "United States of America" likaŵa kuti lalembeka kale mu chikalata chakuchemeka Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, icho chikalembeka na John Dickinson, kweniso mu chikalata chakuchemeka Declaration of Independence, icho chikalembeka na Thomas Jefferson.
16
Mazgu ghakuti "United States" ghakafuma ku lizgu lakuti "United States". Likayowoyanga za vyaru vinandi nga ni "United States of America". Mazgu agha ghakatchuka chomene pamanyuma pa Nkhondo ya pa Mbumba. Munthu uyo ni mwenekaya wa United States wakucemeka "Mamerika". "United States", "American", na "U.S". vikuyowoya vya charu ("American values", "U.S. forces"). Mu Cingelezi, lizgu lakuti "America" likuyowoya viŵi yayi za vinthu ivyo vikukolerana yayi na United States.
17
Mbili
Nkhani ikulu:
Mbili ya United States
For a topical guide, see
Outline of United States history
Nyengo ya Columbian (pambere 1492)
Wonani vinandi:
Native Americans in the United States
and
Pre-Columbian era
Nyumba iyi yili ku Colorado, ndipo yikazengeka na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ancestral Puebloans pakati pa 1190 na 1260.
Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga ku North America ŵakafuma ku Siberia na kuluta pa Bering land bridge ndipo ŵakafika vyaka 12,000 ivyo vyajumpha.
18
19
20
Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Clovis ndiwo ŵakamba kukhala mu vyaru vya ku America.
21
22
Ichi chikwenera kuti chikaŵa chakwamba pa ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakaluta ku North America.
Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵa ku North America ŵakamba kuŵa na maluso ghanandi, ndipo ŵanyake, nga ni ŵanthu ŵa ku Mississippian kumwera kwa charu ichi, ŵakamba kulima, kuzenga, na kupanga vinthu vinandi. Msumba wa Cahokia ndiwo ni malo ghakuru comene na ghakupambanapambana agho ŵanthu ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵakuwona mu United States. Mu chigaŵa cha Four Corners, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Puebloan ŵakamba kuchita ulimi kwa vyaka vinandi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Algonquian ndiwo mbanandi chomene mu North America. Gulu ili lili na ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Algonquian. Kale ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic na mu vigaŵa vya mukati mwa charu mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Saint Lawrence na kuzingilizga Nyanja Yikuru. Pambere ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵandambe kukumana nawo, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Algonquian ŵakakhalanga mwa kuvina na kuloŵa somba, nangauli ŵanandi ŵakakuranga chomene vyakurya nga ni chimanga, nyungu, na ma squash. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ojibwe ŵakaliskanga mpunga. Gulu la Haudenosaunee la ŵanthu ŵa ku Iroquois, ilo lili kumwera kwa chigaŵa cha Great Lakes, likaŵako pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1200 na 1500.
Ntchakusuzga kumanya unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku North America pa nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakalutanga ku charu ichi.
23
24
Douglas H. Ubelaker wa ku Smithsonian Institution wakati ŵanthu 93,000 ŵakukhala mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Atlantic na 473,000 mu vyaru vya ku Gulf, kweni ŵasayansi ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti ciŵerengero ici nchicoko comene. Henry F. Dobyns wakagomezganga kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵanandi comene, ndipo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵanthu pafupifupi 1.1 miliyoni ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Gulf of Mexico, ŵanthu 2.2 miliyoni ŵakakhalanga pakati pa Florida na Massachusetts, 5.2 miliyoni ŵakakhalanga mu dambo la Mississippi na milonga yinyake, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 700,000 ŵakakhalanga mu Florida.
23
24
Nyengo ya Ŵakoloni (1492-1763)
Wonani vinandi:
Colonial history of the United States
European colonization of the Americas
, and
Slavery in the colonial history of the United States
Phangano la Mayflower ilo likalembeka mu 1620, likaŵa lakwamba kuti ŵanthu ŵajilamulire ŵekha.
Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakususka kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Scandinavia ndiwo ŵakambiska charu cha New England.
25
26
Christopher Columbus wakaluta ku Puerto Rico mu 1493, ndipo pakati pajumpha vyaka 10, ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵakamba kukhala ku San Juan. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakafika ku United States ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Spain nga ni Juan Ponce de León, uyo wakaluta kakwamba ku Florida mu 1513. Munthu munyake wa ku Italy, zina lake Giovanni da Verrazzano, uyo wakatumika na France ku New World mu 1525, wakakumana na ŵanthu ŵa ku America awo ŵakakhalanga mu malo agho sono ghakuchemeka New York Bay. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ndiwo ŵakambiska malo ghakwamba ku Florida na New Mexico, nga ni Saint Augustine, msumba wakale chomene mu charu ichi, na Santa Fe. Ŵafarisi ŵakakhazikiska mizi yawo mumphepete mwa mlonga wa Mississippi na Gulf of Mexico, chomenechomene ku New Orleans na Mobile.
Ŵanthu ŵa ku England ŵakamba kukhazikika mu vigaŵa vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa North America mu 1607 apo ŵakazenga malo gha Virginia Colony ku Jamestown. Nyumba ya Malango ya ku Virginia ndiyo yikaŵa yakwamba mu charu ichi. Ku Massachusetts Bay Colony ndiko kukakhazikiskikira koleji ya Harvard mu 1636. Phangano la Mayflower Compact na malango gha Connecticut ghakawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵajilamulirenge ŵekha mu America. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku England awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu awo ŵakakhumbanga wanangwa wa kusopa. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku America ŵakamba kuchepa chifukwa cha vifukwa vyakupambanapambana, chomenechomene matenda nga ni nthomba na nthomba.
27
28
Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1670, Ŵanandi ŵakathereska na kupoka malo gha Ŵadachi ku New Netherland, mu chigaŵa chapakati pa nyanja ya Atlantic.
The
United Colonies
in 1775:
* Dark Red =
New England colonies
* Bright Red =
Middle Atlantic colonies
* Red-brown =
Southern colonies
Mu nyengo yakwambilira, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe ŵakasuzgikanga na njara, matenda, kweniso nkhondo na ŵanthu ŵa ku America. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku America ŵakakumananga na mafuko ghanyake agho ghakaŵa pafupi na kwawo kweniso ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakathembanga ŵanyawo. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha ŵakaguliskanga vyakurya na vikumba vya nyama. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga ku America ŵakasambira kulima mbuto, nyungu, na vyakurya vinyake. Ŵamishonale ŵa ku Europe na ŵanji ŵakawona kuti nchakuzirwa comene "kusambizga" ŵanthu ŵa ku America kuti ŵaŵe na nkharo yiwemi.
29
30
Kweni chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kukhazikika ku North America, ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵakachimbizgika mu vikaya vyawo ndipo kanandi ŵakakomekanga pa nkhondo.
Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe nawo ŵakamba kuguliska ŵazga ŵa ku Africa mu vyaru vya ku America. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵazga ndiwo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa America. Mu vyaru vinyake, ŵanthu ŵakagaŵikana pa nkhani ya kusopa na nkharo ya ŵazga.
Vyaru 13 ivyo vikazgoka United States of America vikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha Britain. Ndipouli, wose ŵakaŵa na maboma gha mu vigaŵa vyawo, ndipo ŵanalume ŵatuŵa awo ŵakaŵa na malo ŵakasankhikanga.
31
32
Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakababikanga, ŵanandi ŵakafwanga, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake. Mu ma 1730 na ma 1740, gulu la Ŵakhristu ilo likamanyikwanga kuti Great Awakening, likawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kutemwa chisopa kweniso wanangwa wawo.
Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya Vyaka vinkhondi na viŵiri (1756-1763), iyo ku United States yikumanyikwa na zina lakuti Nkhondo ya ku France na ku India, ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakapoka Canada. Phangano la Paris (1763) likapangiska chigaŵa chichoko chomene cha Quebec, icho chikasazgapo chipalamba cha Ohio na chipalamba cha Mississippi, mwantheura ŵanthu ŵa ku Canada awo ŵakayowoyanga Cifurenci ŵakaŵavya mwaŵi wakuyowoya Cingelezi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru ivi ŵakakwana 2.1 miliyoni mu 1770. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakizanga, kweni ŵakasazgikiranga comene mwakuti mu 1770 ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku America ndiwo ŵakababikira ku vyaru vinyake. Pakuti malo agha ghakaŵa kutali na Britain, ghakaŵa na wanangwa wakujiwusa ŵekha, kweni cifukwa ca umo vinthu vikaŵira makora, mafumu gha ku Britain ghakambaso kuwusa.
33
Revolutionary period (1763–1789)
Nkhani ikulu:
History of the United States (1776–1789)
and
1789–1849
Wonani vinandi:
American Revolution
American Revolutionary War
, and
Confederation period
Declaration of Independence
, a painting by
John Trumbull
, depicts the
Committee of Five
lower-alpha 8
presenting the draft of the
Declaration
to the
Continental Congress
, June 28, 1776, in
Philadelphia
Nkhondo ya ku America yikapatura vyaru 13 ku ufumu wa Britain, ndipo yikaŵa nkhondo yakwamba ya kujithemba iyo yikacitika na boma la ku Europe yayi. Kuzakafika m'ma 1800, visambizgo vya ŵanthu ŵa ku America na visambizgo vya ndyali vya wanangwa vikazara chomene pakati pa ŵalongozgi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵakamba kulondezga fundo yakuti boma likuthemba pa kuzomerezgeka na ŵanthu. Iwo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵaŵe na "wenelero wakuŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku England" kweniso kuti "ŵaleke kupeleka msonkho kwambura munthu wakuŵawimira". Ŵanalume ŵa ku Britain ŵakaŵikapo mtima kuti ŵachitenge vinthu mu vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pawo kwizira mu Nyumba ya Malamulo iyo yikaŵavya mwimiliri yumoza, ndipo nkhondo yikakura.
34
Mu 1774, ungano wakwamba wa ŵasilikari ŵa charu ichi ukazomerezga kuti maboma gha Britain ghaleke kuguliska vinthu vyawo. Nkhondo ya ku America yikamba mu chaka chakulondezgapo, ndipo yikakhwaskika na vinthu nga ni Stamp Act na Boston Tea Party. Pa Julayi 4, 1776, pa ungano unyake uwo ukachitikira ku United Colonies, ŵakalemba chikalata chakuyowoya za wanangwa wa charu. Mu chikalata ichi pakalembeka kuti: "Tikuwona kuti unenesko ngwakuti ŵanthu wose ŵali kulengeka ŵakuyana waka, ndipo Mlengi wawo wali kuŵapa wanangwa unyake, uwo ngwakuti umoyo, wanangwa, na cimwemwe". Stephen Lucas wakati ni "mazgu agho ghakumanyikwa comene mu Cingelezi", ndipo Joseph Ellis, wakulemba mdauko, wakalemba kuti mu buku ili muli "mazgu agho ghakaŵa ghankhongono comene mu mdauko wa ku America". Mu nyengo ya ufumu wa Britain, ŵazga ŵakaŵa na wanangwa mu vyaru vyose ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa America. Ndipouli, mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kukayikira ivyo ŵakacitanga.
Mu 1781, mabuku gha Confederation and Perpetual Union ghakaŵa na boma lakugaŵikana ilo likagwira ntchito m'paka mu 1789. Mu 1777, ŵasilikari ŵa ku America ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain mu nkhondo ya ku Saratoga. Nkhondo yaciŵiri ya ŵasilikari ŵa Britain yikati yamara mu 1781, Britain yikacita phangano la mtende. Ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinandi ŵakazomera kuti charu cha America ndicho chili na mazaza pa charu chose, ndipo charu chiphya ichi chikamba kulamulira chigaŵa chikuru cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Mississippi.
35
As it became increasingly apparent that the Confederation was insufficient to govern the new country,
nationalists
advocated for and led the
Philadelphia Convention
of 1787 in writing the
United States Constitution
to replace it,
ratified
in state conventions in 1788.
Early national period (1789–1849)
Nkhani ikulu:
History of the United States (1789–1849)
U.S. Ndondomeko iyi ndiyo njakukhora comene pa vyose ivyo vili kulembeka mu malango gha caru cose.
36
Mu 1789, dango ili likamba kugwira ntchito, ndipo likapangiska kuti boma liŵe na maofesi ghatatu (ghawemi, ghaulamuliri, na ghakusora malango). George Washington, uyo wakalongozga ŵasilikari ŵa ku America kuti ŵathereske ŵasilikari ŵa ku America ndipo pamanyuma wakaleka mazaza ghake, ndiyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba uyo wakasankhika mwakuyana na dango liphya. Mu 1791, ŵakalemba chikalata chakuyowoya za wanangwa wa ŵanthu, icho chikakanizga boma kukanizga wanangwa wa munthu waliyose. Mu 1803 apo boma la Louisiana likagura charu ichi, chigaŵa chake chikakwera pafupifupi kaŵiri. Nkhondo ya ku Britain yikalutilira, ndipo yikapangiska kuti paŵe Nkhondo ya 1812, iyo yikaŵa yambura umaliro. Spain wakapeleka Florida na vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Gulf Coast mu 1819.
37
William L. Sheppard "First Use of a
Cotton Gin
" (1790–1800),
Harper's weekly
, Dec. 18, 1869
Mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, ŵanthu ŵakamba kupambana maghanoghano pa nkhani ya wuzga. Ku North, ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa chomene nga ni John Adams, Roger Sherman, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, na Benjamin Franklin, ŵakazomerezga kuti ŵazga ŵaleke kugwira ntchito, ndipo mu 1810 boma lililose mu chigaŵa ichi likazomerezga. Mu 1820 Missouri Compromise yikazomerezga Missouri kuŵa boma la ŵazga na Maine kuŵa boma lakufwatuka ndipo yikayowoya kuti ŵazga ŵaleke kuŵa ŵazga mu vyaru vinyake ivyo vikaŵa kumpoto kwa 36°30′. Ivyo vikachitika vikapangiska kuti charu chigaŵike vigaŵa viŵiri: vyaru vya wanangwa, ivyo vikakanizganga wuzga; na vyaru vya ŵazga, ivyo vikavikiliranga wuzga.
38
In
the South
, the invention of the
cotton gin
spurred entrenchment of slavery, with regional elites and intellectuals increasingly viewing
the institution as a positive good
instead of a
necessary evil
39
Although the federal government
outlawed
American participation in the
Atlantic slave trade
in 1807, after 1820, cultivation of the highly profitable cotton crop exploded in the
Deep South
, and along with it, the use of
slave labor
40
41
42
The
Second Great Awakening
, especially in the period 1800–1840, converted millions to
evangelical
Protestantism. In the North, it energized multiple social reform movements, including
abolitionism
43
in the South,
Methodists
and
Baptists
proselytized among slave populations.
44
An animation of US
territorial expansion
over time.
Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku America ŵakamba kusamira kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mu 1803 boma la Spain likagura malo ghaŵiri gha charu ichi. Mu 1819, charu cha Spain chikapeleka Florida na vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Gulf Coast. Mu 1845, boma la Texas likapokeka na boma la United States.
45
Apo boma likalutiliranga kuthandazga mu vyaru ivyo mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku America, kanandi likaŵachimbizganga panji kuŵawuskamo mu charu chawo. Mu ma 1830, ŵanthu ŵakakanizgika kuluta ku malo ghanyake. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakamba kurwa nkhondo na ŵanthu ŵa ku America kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Mississippi. Nkhondo zinandi zikamara para Ŵandyali ŵa ku America ŵafumako ku malo ghawo na kuluta ku malo gha Ŵandyali. Nkhondo ya ku Mexico na America yikati yamara, mu 1848, charu cha Mexico chikapoka chigaŵa cha California na chigaŵa chikuru cha kumwera kwa America. Nkhondo ya ku California iyo yikachitika mu 1848-1849 yikapangiska ŵanthu ŵanandi kusamira ku Pacific Coast, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ku California kuŵe nkhondo.
46
Pakuti ku United States kukaŵa vyakurya vinandi, malo ghakurya ghakaŵa ghanandi ndipo vyakurya vyakukwana ku vyaru vinyake vikakura. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakapika malo ghanandi, pafupifupi 10 peresenti ya malo ghose gha ku United States.
47
Pambere nkhondo ya pawenenawene yindambe, ŵanthu ŵakamba kukayikira usange ŵazga ŵangaŵako mu vyaru ivi.
Civil War and Reconstruction (1849–1877)
Nkhani ikulu:
History of the United States (1849–1865)
Wonani vinandi:
Slave states and free states
American Civil War
, and
Reconstruction era
Status of the states, 1861
██
Slave states that seceded before April 15, 1861
██
Slave states that seceded after April 15, 1861
██
Union states that permitted slavery (border states)
██
Union states that banned slavery
██
Territories
Irreconcilable sectional conflict regarding the
enslavement of those of black African descent
48
was the
primary cause of the American Civil War
49
With the
1860 election
of Republican
Abraham Lincoln
, conventions in eleven slave states—all in the
Southern United States
—declared
secession
and formed the
Confederate States of America
, while the federal government (the "
Union
") maintained that
secession was unconstitutional and illegitimate
50
On April 12, 1861, the Confederacy initiated military conflict by
bombarding Fort Sumter
, a federal garrison in
Charleston harbor
, South Carolina. The ensuing Civil War (1861–1865) was the deadliest military conflict in American history resulting in the deaths of approximately 620,000 soldiers from both sides and upwards of 50,000 civilians, almost all of them in the South.
51
Reconstruction
began in earnest following the defeat of the Confederates. While President Lincoln attempted to foster cooperation and reconciliation between the Union and the former Confederacy,
his assassination
on April
14, 1865 drove a wedge between North and South again.
ukaboni ukukhumbika apa
Republicans in the federal government made it their goal to oversee the rebuilding of the South and to
ensure the rights of African Americans
, and the so-called
Reconstruction Amendments
to the Constitution guaranteed the
abolishment of slavery
full citizenship to Americans of African descent
, and
suffrage for adult Black males
. They persisted until the
Compromise of 1877
, when the Republicans agreed to cease enforcing the rights of African Americans in the South in order for Democrats to concede the
presidential election of 1876
ukaboni ukukhumbika apa
Influential Southern whites, calling themselves "
Redeemers
", took local control of the South after the end of Reconstruction, beginning the
nadir of American race relations
. From 1890 to 1910, the Redeemers established so-called
Jim Crow laws
disenfranchising
almost all blacks and some impoverished whites throughout the region. Blacks would face
racial segregation
nationwide, especially in the South.
52
They also lived under constant threat of vigilante violence, including
lynching
53
Gilded Age, Progressive Era, and World War I (1877–1929)
Nkhani ikulu:
History of the United States (1865–1918)
Wonani vinandi:
United States in World War I
Economic history of the United States
Immigration to the United States
Technological and industrial history of the United States
Gilded Age
, and
Progressive Era
Film by
Edison Studios
showing immigrants at
Ellis Island
in
New York Harbor
, that was a major entry point for European
immigration into the U.S.
54
National infrastructure, including
telegraph
and
transcontinental railroads
, spurred economic growth and greater settlement and development of the
American Old West
. After the
American Civil War
, new transcontinental
railways
made relocation easier for settlers, expanded internal trade, and increased conflicts with Native Americans.
55
Mainland expansion also included the
purchase of Alaska
from
Russia
in 1867.
56
In 1893, pro-American elements in Hawaii
overthrew
the
Hawaiian monarchy
and formed the
Republic of Hawaii
, which the U.S.
annexed
in 1898. Puerto Rico,
Guam
, and the
Philippines
were ceded by Spain in the same year, by the
Treaty of Paris (1898)
following the
Spanish–American War
57
Neither the
Foraker Act
(1900), nor the
Insular Cases
(1901) accorded US citizenship to Puerto Ricans. One month prior to
American entry into World War I
, citizenship was extended to Puerto Ricans via the
Jones–Shafroth Act
(1917).
58
:60–63
In November 1903, the US acquired a perpetual lease of the
Panama Canal Zone
via the
Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty
after providing naval aid preventing
Colombia
from putting down the
rebellion
which led to the creation of an independent Panama. The logistics of the November uprising were prepared in New York.
58
:67
American Samoa
was acquired by the United States in 1900 after the end of the
Second Samoan Civil War
59
The
U.S. Virgin Islands
were purchased from
Denmark
in 1917.
60
Workers
mass producing
automobiles
on an
assembly line
in Chicago in 1913.
61
Rapid economic development
during the late 19th and early 20th centuries fostered the rise of
many prominent industrialists
Tycoons
like
Cornelius Vanderbilt
John D. Rockefeller
, and
Andrew Carnegie
led the nation's progress in the
railroad
petroleum
, and
steel
industries. Banking became a major part of the economy, with
J. P. Morgan
playing a notable role. The United States also emerged as a pioneer of the
automotive industry
in the early 20th century.
62
In the North,
urbanization
and an unprecedented
influx of immigrants
from
Southern
and
Eastern Europe
supplied a surplus of labor for the country's industrialization.
63
Electric light
and the
telephone
drastically changed communication and urban life.
64
The American economy boomed, becoming the world's largest.
65
These dramatic changes were accompanied by significant increases in
economic inequality
immigration
, and
social unrest
, which prompted the rise of
organized labor
along with
populist
socialist
, and
anarchist
movements.
66
67
68
This period eventually ended with the advent of the
Progressive Era
, which saw significant reforms including
health and safety regulation
of consumer goods, the rise of
labor unions
, and greater
antitrust measures
to ensure competition among businesses and attention to worker conditions. The
Great Migration
beginning around 1910 also brought millions of African Americans to Northern urban centers from the rural South.
69
The newly constructed
Empire State Building
in
midtown Manhattan
, 1932
The last vestiges of the Progressive Era resulted in
women's suffrage
and
alcohol prohibition
70
71
72
The first state to grant women the right to vote was Wyoming, in 1869, followed by some other states
73
before the women's rights movement won passage of a
constitutional amendment
granting nationwide
women's suffrage
in 1920.
74
The United States remained neutral from the outbreak of
World War I
in 1914 until 1917 when it joined the war as an "associated power" alongside the
Allies of World War I
, helping to turn the tide against the
Central Powers
. In 1919, President
Woodrow Wilson
took a leading diplomatic role at the
Paris Peace Conference
and advocated strongly for the U.S. to join the
League of Nations
. However, the Senate refused to approve this and did not ratify the
Treaty of Versailles
that established the League of Nations.
75
Great Depression, New Deal, and World War II (1929–1945)
Nkhani ikulu:
History of the United States (1918–1945)
Wonani vinandi:
Roaring Twenties
Great Depression in the United States
United States home front during World War II
, and
Military history of the United States during World War II
The 1920s and 1930s saw the rise of
radio
for
mass communication
and the invention of early
television
76
The prosperity of the
Roaring Twenties
ended with the
Wall Street Crash of 1929
and the onset of the
Great Depression
. After his election as President in 1932,
Franklin D. Roosevelt
responded with the
New Deal
economic policies.
77
The
Dust Bowl
of the mid-1930s impoverished many farming communities and spurred a new wave of western migration.
78
Mushroom cloud
formed by the
Trinity Experiment
in
New Mexico
, part of the
Manhattan Project
, the first detonation of a
nuclear weapon
in history, July 1945
At first
neutral during World War II
, the United States began supplying
war material
to the
Allies
in March 1941. A total of
50.1 billion (equivalent to $
719
billion
in
2021
) worth of supplies was shipped in 1941–1945, or 17% of the total war expenditures of the U.S.
79
On December
7, 1941, the
Empire of Japan
launched a surprise
attack on Pearl Harbor
, prompting the United States to militarily join the Allies against the
Axis powers
, and in the following year, to
intern
about 120,000 Japanese and Japanese Americans.
80
81
The U.S. pursued a "
Europe first
" defense policy,
82
with the Philippines being
invaded
and
occupied by Japan
until the country's
liberation
by the U.S.-led forces in 1944–1945. During the war, the United States was one of the "
Four Policemen
83
who met to plan the postwar world, along with Britain, the Soviet Union, and China.
84
85
The United States emerged
relatively unscathed
from the war, and with even greater economic and military influence.
86
The United States played a leading role in the
Bretton Woods
and
Yalta
conferences, which signed agreements on new international financial institutions and Europe's postwar reorganization. As an
Allied victory was achieved in Europe
, a 1945
international conference
held in
San Francisco
produced the
United Nations Charter
, which became active after the war.
87
The United States developed the
first nuclear weapons
and used them on Japan
in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
in August 1945; the Japanese subsequently
surrendered
on September 2, ending
World War II
88
89
Cold War (1945–1990)
Nkhani ikulu:
History of the United States (1945–1964)
1964–1980
1980–1991
and
1991–2008
Post–World War II economic expansion
in the U.S. led to
suburban development
and
urban sprawl
, as shown in this aerial photograph of
Levittown, Pennsylvania
c.
1959
After World War II, the United States financed and implemented the
Marshall Plan
to help rebuild and economically revive war-torn Europe; disbursements paid between 1948 and 1952 would total $13 billion ($115 billion in 2021).
90
Also at this time,
geopolitical
tensions between the United States and Soviet Russia led to the
Cold War
, driven by an ideological divide between
capitalism
and
communism
91
The two countries dominated the military affairs of Europe, with the U.S. and its
NATO
allies on one side and the Soviet Union and its
Warsaw Pact
satellite states
on the other.
92
Unlike the US, the USSR concentrated on its own recovery, seizing and transferring most of Germany's industrial plants, and it exacted
war reparations
from its
Soviet Bloc
satellites using Soviet-dominated joint enterprises.
lower-alpha 9
93
The U.S. sometimes opposed
Third World
movements that it viewed as Soviet-sponsored, occasionally pursuing direct action for
regime change
against
left-wing
governments.
94
American troops fought the communist forces in the
Korean War
of 1950–1953,
95
and the U.S. became increasingly involved in the
Vietnam War
(1955–1975), introducing combat forces in 1965.
96
Their competition to achieve superior
spaceflight
capability led to the
Space Race
, which culminated in the U.S. becoming the first and only nation to
land people on the Moon
in 1969.
95
While both countries engaged in
proxy wars
and developed powerful
nuclear weapons
, they avoided direct military conflict.
92
At home, the United States experienced
sustained economic expansion
urbanization
, and a
rapid growth of its population
and
middle class
following World War II. Construction of an
Interstate Highway System
transformed the nation's transportation infrastructure in decades to come.
97
98
In 1959, the United States admitted
Alaska
and
Hawaii
to become the 49th and 50th states, formally expanding beyond the
contiguous United States
99
Martin Luther King Jr.
gives his famous "
I Have a Dream
" speech at the
Lincoln Memorial
during the
March on Washington
, 1963.
The growing
civil rights movement
used
nonviolence
to confront
racism
, with
Martin Luther King Jr.
becoming a prominent leader.
100
President
Lyndon B. Johnson
initiated legislation that led to a series of policies addressing poverty and racial inequalities, in what he termed the "
Great Society
". The launch of a "
War on Poverty
" expanded
entitlements and welfare
spending, leading to the creation of the
Food Stamp Program
Aid to Families with Dependent Children
, along with national
health insurance
programs
Medicare
and
Medicaid
101
A combination of court decisions and legislation, culminating in the
Civil Rights Act of 1968
, made significant improvements.
102
103
104
Meanwhile, a
counterculture movement
grew, which was fueled by
opposition to the Vietnam War
, mainstream
experimentation with psychedelics
and
cannabis
, the
Black Power movement
, and the
sexual revolution
105
The
women's movement
in the U.S. broadened the debate on women's rights and made
gender equality
a major social goal. The
1960s Sexual Revolution
liberalized American attitudes to sexuality and eventually spread to the rest of the developed world,
106
107
and the 1969
Stonewall riots
in New York City marked the beginning of the modern
gay rights
movement in the
West
108
109
The United States supported
Israel
during the
Yom Kippur War
; in response, the country faced an oil
embargo
from
OPEC
nations, sparking the
1973 oil crisis
. The presidency of
Richard Nixon
saw the American withdrawal from Vietnam but also the
Watergate scandal
, which led to
his resignation
and a decline in public trust of government that expanded for decades.
110
After a surge in female labor participation around the 1970s, by 1985, the majority of women aged 16 and over were employed.
111
The 1970s and early 1980s also saw the onset of
stagflation
U.S. President
Ronald Reagan
(left) and Soviet general secretary
Mikhail Gorbachev
at the
Geneva Summit
in 1985
After his election in 1980, President
Ronald Reagan
responded to economic stagnation with
neoliberal reforms
and accelerated the
rollback strategy
towards the Soviet Union after its
invasion of Afghanistan
112
113
114
115
During Reagan's presidency, the federal debt held by the public nearly tripled in nominal terms, from $738 billion to $2.1 trillion.
116
This led to the United States moving from the world's largest international creditor to the world's largest debtor nation.
117
The
collapse
of the USSR's
network of satellite states
in Eastern Europe in 1989 and the subsequent
dissolution of the country itself
in 1991 ended the Cold War with American victory,
118
119
120
121
ensuring a global
unipolarity
122
in which the U.S. was unchallenged as the world's sole
superpower
123
Contemporary period (1990–present)
Nkhani ikulu:
History of the United States (1991–2008)
and
2008–present
Fearing the spread of
regional
international instability from the
Iraqi invasion of Kuwait
, in August 1991, President
George H. W. Bush
launched and led the
Gulf War
against Iraq, expelling Iraqi forces and dissolving the
Iraqi-backed puppet state
in Kuwait.
124
During the administration of President
Bill Clinton
in 1994, the U.S. signed the
North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA), causing trade among the U.S., Canada, and Mexico to soar.
125
Due to the
dot-com boom
, stable monetary policy, and
reduced social welfare spending
, the 1990s saw the
longest economic expansion
in modern U.S. history.
126
On
September 11, 2001
al-Qaeda
terrorist hijackers flew passenger planes into the
World Trade Center
in New York City and
the Pentagon
near Washington, D.C., killing nearly 3,000 people.
127
In response, President
George W. Bush
launched the
war on terror
, which included a nearly 20-year
war in Afghanistan
from 2001 to 2021 and the 2003–2011
Iraq War
128
129
Government policy designed to promote affordable housing,
130
widespread failures in corporate and regulatory governance,
131
and historically low interest rates set by the
Federal Reserve
132
led to a
housing bubble
in 2006. This culminated in the
financial crisis of 2007–2008
and the
Great Recession
, the nation's largest economic contraction since the Great Depression.
133
Barack Obama
, the first
multiracial
134
President with
African-American
ancestry,
was elected in 2008
amid the financial crisis.
135
By the end of his second term, the stock market, median household income and net worth, and the number of persons with jobs were all at record levels, while the unemployment rate was well below the historical average.
136
137
138
139
140
His signature legislative accomplishment was the
Affordable Care Act
(ACA), popularly known as "Obamacare". It represented the
U.S. health care system
's most significant regulatory overhaul and expansion of coverage since Medicare in 1965. As a result, the uninsured share of the population was cut in half, while the number of newly insured Americans was estimated to be between 20 and 24 million.
141
After Obama served two terms, Republican
Donald Trump
was elected as the
45th president
in 2016.
His election
is viewed as one of the biggest political upsets in American and world history.
142
Trump held office through
the first waves
of the
COVID-19 pandemic
and the resulting
COVID-19 recession
starting in 2020 that exceeded even the Great Recession earlier in the century.
143
Political polarization
increased beginning in the 2010s, with
abortion access
same-sex marriage
, the
transgender rights movement
lingering systemic racism
police brutality
undocumented immigration
mass shootings
and
recreational marijuana use
becoming central topics of debate.
Several protests have since become among the largest
in U.S. history.
144
145
On January 6, 2021, supporters of the outgoing President Trump
stormed the U.S. Capitol
in an unsuccessful effort to disrupt the
Electoral College
vote count that would confirm Democrat
Joe Biden
as the 46th president.
146
In 2022, the Supreme Court
ruled that there is no constitutional right to an abortion
, causing
another wave of protests
147
The United States responded to Russia and Belarus after their
invasion of Ukraine
, with the country applying
harsh sanctions
on Russia and
sending tens of billions of dollars of military and humanitarian aid
to Ukraine.
148
Geography
Nkhani ikulu:
Geography of the United States
Topographic map
of the United States
The
48 contiguous states and the District of Columbia
occupy a combined area of
3,119,885 square miles (8,080,470
km
. Of this area,
2,959,064 square miles (7,663,940
km
is contiguous land, composing 83.65% of total U.S. land area.
149
150
About 15% is occupied by
Alaska
, a state in northwestern North America, with the remainder in
Hawaii
, a state and
archipelago
in the central
Pacific
, and the five populated but
unincorporated
insular territories of
Puerto Rico
American Samoa
Guam
, the
Northern Mariana Islands
, and the
U.S. Virgin Islands
151
Measured by only land area, the United States is third in size behind Russia and China, and just ahead of Canada.
152
Denali
, or Mount McKinley, in
Alaska
, the highest
mountain
peak in
North America
The United States is the world's
third- or fourth-largest
nation by total area (land and water), ranking behind Russia and Canada and nearly equal to China. The ranking varies depending on how two territories disputed by China and India are counted, and how the total size of the United States is measured.
lower-alpha 10
153
The
coastal plain
of the
Atlantic
seaboard gives way further inland to
deciduous
forests and the rolling hills of the
Piedmont
154
The
Appalachian Mountains
and the
Adirondack
massif
divide the eastern seaboard from the
Great Lakes
and the grasslands of the
Midwest
155
The
Mississippi
Missouri River
, the world's
fourth longest river system
, runs mainly north–south through the heart of the country. The flat, fertile
prairie
of the
Great Plains
stretches to the west, interrupted by
a highland region
in the southeast.
155
The
Rocky Mountains
, west of the Great Plains, extend north to south across the country, peaking at over
14,000 feet (4,300
m)
in
Colorado
156
Farther west are the rocky
Great Basin
and deserts such as the
Chihuahua
Sonoran
, and
Mojave
157
The
Sierra Nevada
and
Cascade
mountain ranges run close to the
Pacific coast
, both ranges also reaching altitudes higher than
14,000 feet (4,300
m)
. The
lowest and highest points
in the contiguous United States are in the state of California,
158
and only about
84 miles (135
km)
apart.
159
At an elevation of
20,310 feet (6,190.5
m)
, Alaska's
Denali
is the highest peak in the country and in North America.
160
Active
volcanoes
are common throughout Alaska's
Alexander
and
Aleutian Islands
, and Hawaii consists of volcanic islands. The
supervolcano
underlying
Yellowstone National Park
in the
Rockies
is the continent's largest volcanic feature.
161
Climate
Nkhani ikulu:
Climate of the United States
and
Climate change in the United States
Köppen climate types
of the U.S.
The United States, with its large size and geographic variety, includes most climate types. To the east of the
100th meridian
, the climate ranges from
humid continental
in the north to
humid subtropical
in the south.
162
The Great Plains west of the 100th meridian are
semi-arid
. Many mountainous areas of the American West have an
alpine climate
. The climate is
arid
in the Great Basin, desert in the Southwest,
Mediterranean
in
coastal California
, and
oceanic
in coastal
Oregon
and
Washington
and southern Alaska. Most of Alaska is
subarctic
or
polar
. Hawaii and the southern tip of
Florida
are
tropical
, as well as its territories in the
Caribbean
and the Pacific.
163
States bordering the
Gulf of Mexico
are prone to
hurricanes
, and most of the world's
tornadoes
occur in the country, mainly in
Tornado Alley
areas in the Midwest and South.
164
Overall, the United States receives more high-impact extreme weather incidents than any other country in the world.
165
Extreme weather has become more frequent in the U.S., with three times the number of reported
heat waves
as in the 1960s. Of the ten warmest years ever recorded in the 48 contiguous states, eight have occurred since 1998. In the
American Southwest
, droughts have become more persistent and more severe.
166
Biodiversity and conservation
Nkhani ikulu:
Fauna of the United States
and
Flora of the United States
The
bald eagle
has been the
national bird
of the United States since 1782.
167
The U.S. is one of 17
megadiverse countries
containing large numbers of
endemic species
: about 17,000 species of
vascular plants
occur in the contiguous United States and Alaska, and more than 1,800 species of
flowering plants
are found in Hawaii, few of which occur on the mainland.
168
The United States is home to 428
mammal
species, 784
birds
, 311
reptiles
, and 295
amphibians
169
and 91,000
insect
species.
170
There are 63
national parks
which are managed by the
National Park Service
, and
hundreds of other federally managed
parks, forests, and
wilderness areas
managed by it and other agencies.
171
Altogether, the government owns about 28% of the country's land area,
172
mostly in the
western states
173
Most of this land is
protected
, though some is
leased for oil and gas drilling, mining, logging, or cattle ranching
, and about .86% is used for military purposes.
174
175
Environmental issues
include debates on oil and
nuclear energy
, dealing with air and water pollution, the economic costs of protecting
wildlife
further explanation needed
logging and
deforestation
176
177
and
climate change
178
179
The most prominent environmental agency is the
Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), created by presidential order in 1970.
180
The idea of wilderness has shaped the management of public lands since 1964, with the
Wilderness Act
181
The
Endangered Species Act
of 1973 is intended to protect threatened and endangered species and their habitats, which are monitored by the
United States Fish and Wildlife Service
182
As of 2020, the U.S. ranked 24th among 180 nations in the
Environmental Performance Index
183
The country joined the
Paris Agreement
on climate change in 2016, and has many other environmental commitments.
184
It
withdrew
from the Paris Agreement in 2020
185
but rejoined it in 2021.
186
Government and politics
Nkhani ikulu:
Politics of the United States
Wonani vinandi:
Political parties in the United States
Elections in the United States
Political ideologies in the United States
American patriotism
, and
American civil religion
The
United States Capitol
, where
Congress
meets: the
Senate
, left; the
House
, right
The
White House
, residence and workplace of the
U.S. President
The
Supreme Court Building
, where the
nation's highest court
sits
The United States is a
federal republic
of 50
states
, a
federal district
five territories
and several uninhabited
island possessions
187
188
189
It is the world's oldest surviving
federation
, and, according to the
World Economic Forum
, the oldest
democracy
as well.
190
It is a
liberal
representative democracy
"in which
majority rule
is tempered by
minority rights
protected by
law
."
191
Major democracy indexes
uniformly classify the country as a liberal democracy.
192
The 2022
Corruption Perceptions Index
and
Global Corruption Barometer
rank the United States as having low levels of both actual and perceived
corruption
193
194
The
U.S. Constitution
serves as the country's supreme legal document, establishing the structure and responsibilities of the federal government and its relationship with the individual states. The Constitution has been amended 27 times;
195
the first ten amendments (
Bill of Rights
) and the
Fourteenth Amendment
form the central basis of Americans' individual rights. All laws and governmental procedures are subject to
judicial review
, and any law can be voided if the courts determine that it violates the Constitution. The principle of
judicial review
, not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution, was established by the Supreme Court in
Marbury v. Madison
(1803).
196
In the American
federal
system, sovereignty is shared between
two levels of government
: federal and state. Citizens of the states are also governed by local governments, which are administrative divisions of the states. The territories are administrative divisions of the federal government. Governance on many issues is
decentralized
, with
widely differing state laws
on
abortion
cannabis
, the
death penalty
lower-alpha 11
guns
, economic policy, and other issues.
200
States have increasingly restricted so-called "
conversion therapy
".
201
202
Prostitution
is only
legal
in
several counties of Nevada
203
The United States has operated under an uncodified informal
two-party system
for most of its history, although
other parties have run candidates
204
What the two
major parties
are has changed over time: the
Republicans
and
Democrats
presently are, and the country is currently in either the
Fifth
or
Sixth Party System
205
Both parties have no formal central organization at the national level that controls membership, elected officials or political policies; thus, each party has traditionally had factions and individuals that deviated from party positions.
206
Since the 2000s, the country has
suffered from significant political polarization
207
Federal government
Nkhani ikulu:
Government of the United States
The federal government comprises three branches, which are headquartered in Washington, D.C. and regulated by a system of
checks and balances
defined by the Constitution.
208
Legislative
: The
bicameral Congress
, made up of the
Senate
and the
House of Representatives
, makes
federal law
declares war
, approves treaties, has the
power of the purse
209
and has the power of
impeachment
, by which it can remove sitting members of the federal government.
210
Executive
The president
is the
commander-in-chief
of the military, can veto
legislative bills
before they become law (subject to congressional override), and appoints the
members of the Cabinet
(subject to Senate approval) and other officers, who administer and enforce federal laws and policies through their respective
agencies
211
Judicial
: The
Supreme Court
and lower
federal courts
, whose judges are appointed by the President with Senate approval, interpret laws and overturn those they find
unconstitutional
212
The
lower house
, the
House of Representatives
, has 435 voting members, each representing a
congressional district
for a two-year term. House seats are
apportioned
among the states by population. Each state then draws single-member districts to conform with the census apportionment. The District of Columbia and the five major U.S. territories each have
one member of Congress
—these members are not allowed to vote.
213
The
upper house
, the
Senate
, has 100 members with each state having two senators, elected
at large
to six-year terms; one-third of Senate seats are up for election every two years. The District of Columbia and the five major U.S. territories do not have senators.
213
The Senate is unique among upper houses in being the most prestigious and powerful portion of the country's
bicameral system
; political scientists have frequently labeled it the "most powerful upper house" of any government.
214
The President serves a four-year term and may be elected to the office
no more than twice
. The President is
not elected by direct vote
, but by an indirect
electoral college
system in which the determining votes are apportioned to the states and the District of Columbia.
215
The Supreme Court, led by the
chief justice of the United States
, has nine members, who serve for life. They are appointed by the sitting President when a vacancy becomes available.
216
Political subdivisions
Nkhani ikulu:
Political divisions of the United States
State government in the United States
Local government in the United States
and
U.S. state
Wonani vinandi:
List of states and territories of the United States
Indian reservation
, and
Territories of the United States
Each of the 50 states holds jurisdiction over a geographic territory, where it shares
sovereignty
with the federal government. They are subdivided into
counties or county equivalents
, and further divided into
municipalities
. The District of Columbia is a
federal district
that contains the capital of the United States, the
city of Washington
217
Each state has an amount of
presidential electors
equal to the number of their representatives plus senators in Congress, and the District of Columbia has three electors.
218
Territories of the United States do not have presidential electors, therefore people there cannot vote for the president.
213
Citizenship is granted at birth in all states
, the District of Columbia, and all major U.S. territories except American Samoa.
lower-alpha 12
222
219
The United States observes limited
tribal sovereignty
of the American Indian nations, like states' sovereignty. American Indians are U.S. citizens and tribal lands are subject to the jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress and the federal courts. Like the states, tribes have some autonomy restrictions. They are prohibited from making war, engaging in their own foreign relations, and printing or issuing independent currency.
223
Indian reservations
are usually contained within one state, but there are 12 reservations that cross state boundaries.
224
Foreign relations
Nkhani ikulu:
Foreign relations of the United States
and
Foreign policy of the United States
The
United Nations headquarters
has been situated along the
East River
in
Midtown Manhattan
since 1952. The United States is a founding member of the UN.
The United States has an established structure of foreign relations, and it had the world's second-largest diplomatic corps in 2019.
225
It is a
permanent member
of the
United Nations Security Council
226
and home to the
United Nations headquarters
227
The United States is also a member of the
G7
228
G20
229
and
OECD
intergovernmental organizations.
230
Almost all countries have
embassies
and many have
consulates
(official representatives) in the country. Likewise, nearly all nations host formal
diplomatic missions
with United States, except
Iran
231
North Korea
232
and
Bhutan
233
Though
Taiwan
does not have formal diplomatic relations with the U.S., it maintains close, if unofficial, relations.
234
The United States also regularly supplies Taiwan with
military equipment
to deter potential Chinese aggression.
235
The United States has a "
Special Relationship
" with the
United Kingdom
236
and strong ties with
Canada
237
Australia
238
New Zealand
239
the
Philippines
240
Japan
241
South Korea
242
Israel
243
and several
European Union
countries (
France
Italy
Germany
Spain
, and
Poland
).
244
The U.S. works closely with its
NATO
allies on military and
national security
issues, and with nations in the Americas through the
Organization of American States
and the
United States–Mexico–Canada Free Trade Agreement
. In
South America
Colombia
is traditionally considered to be the closest ally of the United States.
245
The U.S. exercises full international defense authority and responsibility for
Micronesia
, the
Marshall Islands
, and
Palau
through the
Compact of Free Association
246
It has increasingly conducted strategic cooperation
with India
247
and its
ties with China
have steadily deteriorated.
248
249
The U.S. has become a key ally of
Ukraine
since Russia
annexed Crimea in 2014
and began an
invasion of Ukraine in 2022
, significantly deteriorating relations with Russia in the process.
250
251
Military
Nkhani ikulu:
United States Armed Forces
and
Military history of the United States
B-2 Spirit
, the
stealth
heavy
strategic bomber
of the
USAF
The Pentagon
, near Washington, D.C., is home to the
U.S. Department of Defense
The President is the
commander-in-chief
of the United States Armed Forces and appoints its leaders, the
secretary of defense
and the
Joint Chiefs of Staff
. The
Department of Defense
, which is headquartered at
the Pentagon
near Washington, D.C., administers five of the six service branches, which are made up of the
Army
Marine Corps
Navy
Air Force
, and
Space Force
. The
Coast Guard
is administered by the
Department of Homeland Security
in peacetime and can be transferred to the
Department of the Navy
in wartime.
252
The United States spent $877 billion on its military in 2022, 39% of global military spending, accounting for 3.5% of the country's GDP.
253
254
The U.S. has
more than 40% of the world's nuclear weapons
, the second-largest amount after Russia.
255
In 2019, all six branches of the U.S. Armed Forces reported 1.4
million personnel on active duty.
256
The
Reserves
and
National Guard
brought the total number of troops to 2.3
million.
256
The Department of Defense also employed about 700,000 civilians, not including
contractors
257
Military service in the United States is voluntary, although
conscription
may occur in wartime through the
Selective Service System
258
The United States has the third-largest combined armed forces in the world, behind the
Chinese People's Liberation Army
and
Indian Armed Forces
259
Today, American forces can be rapidly deployed by the Air Force's large fleet of
transport aircraft
, the Navy's 11 active
aircraft carriers
, and
Marine expeditionary units
at sea with the Navy, and Army's
XVIII Airborne Corps
and
75th Ranger Regiment
deployed by Air Force transport aircraft. The Air Force can strike targets across the globe through its fleet of
strategic bombers
, maintains the
air defense
across the United States, and provides
close air support
to Army and Marine Corps ground forces.
260
261
The Space Force operates the
Global Positioning System
(GPS, also widespread in civilian use worldwide), the
Eastern
and
Western Ranges
for all space launches, and the United States's
Space Surveillance
and
Missile Warning
networks.
262
263
264
The military operates about 800 bases and facilities abroad,
265
and maintains
deployments greater than 100 active duty personnel
in 25 foreign countries.
266
Law enforcement and crime
Nkhani ikulu:
Law enforcement in the United States
and
Crime in the United States
There are about 18,000 U.S. police agencies from local to federal level in the United States.
267
Law in the United States is mainly
enforced
by local police departments and
sheriff
's offices. The
state police
provides broader services, and
federal agencies
such as the
Federal Bureau of Investigation
(FBI) and the
U.S. Marshals Service
have specialized duties, such as protecting
civil rights
national security
and enforcing
U.S. federal courts
' rulings and federal laws.
268
State courts
conduct most civil and criminal trials,
269
and federal courts handle designated crimes and appeals from the state criminal courts.
270
As of 2020
update
, the United States has an
intentional homicide rate
of 7 per 100,000 people.
271
A cross-sectional analysis of the
World Health Organization
Mortality Database from 2010 showed that United States homicide rates "were 7.0 times higher than in other high-income countries, driven by a gun homicide rate that was 25.2 times higher."
272
As of January 2023, the United States has the
sixth highest per-capita incarceration rate
in the world, at 531 people per 100,000; and the largest
prison and jail population
in the world at 1,767,200.
273
274
In 2019, the total prison population for those sentenced to more than a year was 1,430,800, corresponding to a ratio of 419 per 100,000 residents and the lowest since 1995.
275
Some
think tanks
place that number higher, such as
Prison Policy Initiative
's estimate of 1.9 million.
276
Various states have attempted to
reduce their prison populations
via government policies and grassroots initiatives.
277
Economy
Nkhani ikulu:
Economy of the United States
Wonani vinandi:
Economic history of the United States
Taxation in the United States
United States federal budget
, and
Federal Reserve
The
U.S. dollar
(featuring
George Washington
) is the currency most used in
international transactions
and is the world's foremost
reserve currency
278
The
New York Stock Exchange
on
Wall Street
, the world's largest stock exchange by
market capitalization
of its listed companies
279
Midtown Manhattan
, the world's largest
central business district
280
According to the
International Monetary Fund
, the U.S.
gross domestic product
(GDP) of $25.5
trillion constitutes over 25% of the
gross world product
at market exchange rates and over 15% of the gross world product at
purchasing power parity
(PPP).
281
From 1983 to 2008, U.S. real compounded annual GDP growth was 3.3%, compared to a 2.3% weighted average for the rest of the G7.
282
The country ranks first in the world by
nominal GDP
283
second by
GDP (PPP)
seventh by
nominal GDP per capita
281
and eighth by
GDP (PPP) per capita
As of 2022, the United States was ranked 25th out of 169 countries on the
Social Progress Index
, which measures "the extent to which countries provide for the social and environmental needs of their citizens."
284
The U.S. has been the world's largest economy since at least 1900.
285
The United States is at or near the forefront of
technological advancement
and
innovation
286
in many economic fields, especially in
artificial intelligence
computers
pharmaceuticals
; and
medical
aerospace
and
military equipment
287
The nation's economy is fueled by abundant
natural resources
, a well-developed infrastructure, and high productivity.
288
It has the second-highest total-estimated value of natural resources, valued at
US$
44.98
trillion in 2019, although sources differ on their estimates. Americans have the highest average
household
and
employee
income among
OECD
member states.
289
In 2013, they had the sixth-highest
median household income
, down from fourth-highest in 2010.
290
291
The
U.S. dollar
is the currency most used in
international transactions
and is the world's foremost
reserve currency
, backed by the country's dominant economy,
its military
, the
petrodollar system
, and its linked
eurodollar
and large
U.S. treasuries market
278
Several countries
use it as their official currency
and in others it is the
de facto
currency
292
293
New York City
is the world's principal
financial center
, with the
largest
economic output, and the epicenter of the principal American metropolitan economy.
294
295
296
The
New York Stock Exchange
and
Nasdaq
are the world's
largest stock exchanges
by
market capitalization
and
trade volume
297
298
The
largest U.S. trading partners
are the
European Union
Mexico
Canada
China
Japan
South Korea
, the
United Kingdom
Vietnam
India
, and
Taiwan
299
The United States is the world's
largest
importer and the
second-largest
exporter after China.
300
It has
free trade agreements
with
several countries
, including the
USMCA
301
The U.S. ranked second in the
Global Competitiveness Report
in 2019, after
Singapore
302
Many of the world's
largest
companies, such as
Alphabet
Google
),
Amazon
AT&T
Apple
Coca-Cola
Disney
General Motors
McDonald's
Nike
Meta
Microsoft
Pepsi
, and
Walmart
, were founded and are headquartered in the United States.
303
Of the world's
500 largest companies
, 124 are headquartered in the U.S.
303
While its economy has reached a
post-industrial
level of development, the United States remains an industrial power.
304
As of 2018, the U.S. is the
second-largest
manufacturing nation after China.
305
In 2013, the
U.S. national debt
to GDP ratio surpassed 100% when both debt and GDP were approximately $16.7 trillion; in 2022, U.S. national debt was $30.93 trillion, while debt to GDP ratio was 124%.
306
Income and poverty
Nkhani ikulu:
Income in the United States
and
Poverty in the United States
Wonani vinandi:
Affluence in the United States
and
Income inequality in the United States
At US$69,392 in 2020, the United States was ranked first in the world by
average yearly wage
based on the
OECD
data, and it had the world's highest
median income
at US$46,625 in 2021.
307
308
Despite the fact that the U.S. only accounted for 4.24% of the
global population
, residents of the U.S. collectively
possessed 30.2%
of the world's total wealth as of 2021, the largest percentage of any country.
309
The U.S. also ranks first in the number of dollar
billionaires
and
millionaires
, with 724 billionaires (as of 2021)
310
and nearly 22 million millionaires (2021).
311
The United States has a smaller
welfare state
and redistributes less income through government action than most other
high-income
countries.
312
The U.S. ranked the 52nd highest in
income inequality
among 167 countries in 2014,
313
and the highest compared to the rest of the
developed world
in 2018.
314
315
Wealth in the United States is
highly concentrated
; the richest 10% of the adult population own 72% of the country's household wealth, while the bottom 50% own just 2%.
316
Income inequality in the U.S. remains at record highs,
317
with the top fifth of earners taking home more than half of all income
318
and giving the U.S. one of the widest income distributions among
OECD
members.
319
The United States is the only
advanced economy
that does not
guarantee its workers paid vacation
nationally
320
and is one of a few countries in the world without federal
paid family leave
as a legal right.
321
The United States also has a higher percentage of low-income workers than almost any other developed nation, largely because of a weak
collective bargaining
system and lack of government support for at-risk workers.
322
There were about 567,715 sheltered and unsheltered
homeless persons in the U.S.
in January 2019, with almost two-thirds staying in an emergency shelter or transitional housing program.
323
Attempts to combat homelessness include the
Section 8
housing voucher program and implementation of the
Housing First
strategy across all levels of government.
324
In 2011,
16.7
million children lived in food-insecure households
, about 35% more than 2007 levels, though only 845,000 U.S. children (1.1%) saw reduced food intake or disrupted eating patterns at some point during the year, and most cases were not chronic.
325
As of June
2018
update
40
million people, roughly 12.7% of the U.S. population, were living in poverty, including 13.3
million children;
315
the
poverty threshold
in the United States was at $12,880 for a single-person household and $26,246 for a family of four in 2021.
326
327
As of 2019, 2% of the U.S. population earned less than $10 per day.
328
0.25% of the U.S. population lived below the international poverty line of $2.15 per day in 2020.
329
330
Science, technology, and energy
Nkhani ikulu:
Science and technology in the United States
Science policy of the United States
and
Energy in the United States
U.S. astronaut
Buzz Aldrin
saluting the
flag
on the
Moon
during the
Apollo 11
, 1969. The United States is the only country that has sent
crewed missions to the lunar surface
The United States has been a leader in technological
innovation
since the late 19th century and scientific research since the mid-20th century. Methods for producing
interchangeable parts
and the establishment of a
machine tool
industry enabled the
U.S. to have large-scale manufacturing
of sewing machines, bicycles, and other items in the late 19th century. In the early 20th century, factory
electrification
, the introduction of the
assembly line
, and other labor-saving techniques created the system of
mass production
331
In the 21st century, approximately two-thirds of research and development funding comes from the private sector.
332
In 2022, the United States was the country with the
second-highest
number of published scientific papers.
333
As of 2021, the U.S. ranked second by the number of
patent applications
, and third by trademark and industrial design applications.
334
In 2021, the United States launched a total of 51
spaceflights
(China reported 55).
335
The U.S. had 2,944 active
satellites
in space in December 2021, the highest number of any country.
336
In 1876,
Alexander Graham Bell
was awarded the first U.S.
patent for the telephone
Thomas Edison
's
research laboratory
developed the
phonograph
, the first
long-lasting light bulb
, and the first viable
movie camera
337
The
Wright brothers
in 1903 made the
first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight
, and the automobile companies of
Ransom E. Olds
Oldsmobile
) and
Henry Ford
Ford Motor Company
) popularized the assembly line in the early 20th century.
338
The rise of
fascism
and
Nazism
in the 1920s and 30s led many European scientists, such as
Albert Einstein
Enrico Fermi
, and
John von Neumann
, to immigrate to the United States.
339
During World War II, the
Manhattan Project
. developed nuclear weapons, ushering in the
Atomic Age
. During the Cold War, competition for superior missile capability led to the
Space Race
between the United States and Soviet Union.
340
341
The great American technological breakthroughs of the 20th century stem from the invention of the
transistor
in the 1950s, a key component in almost all modern
electronics
, which led to the development of
microprocessors
software
personal computers
, and the
Internet
342
In 2022, the United States ranked 2nd in the
Global Innovation Index
343
The United States also developed the
Global Positioning System
(GPS), the world's pre-eminent
satellite navigation
system.
344
As of 2021
update
, the United States receives approximately 79.1% of its energy from fossil fuels.
345
In 2021, the largest source of the country's energy came from
petroleum
(36.1%), followed by
natural gas
(32.2%),
coal
(10.8%), renewable sources (12.5%), and
nuclear power
(8.4%).
345
The United States constitutes less than 5% of the
world's population
, but consumes 17% of the
world's energy
346
It accounts for about 25% of the world's
petroleum consumption
, while producing only 6% of the world's annual petroleum supply.
347
The U.S. ranks as second-highest emitter of greenhouse gases, exceeded only by China.
348
Transportation
Nkhani ikulu:
Transportation in the United States
Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport
is the world's busiest by
passenger traffic
349
The United States's
rail network
, nearly all
standard gauge
, is the
longest in the world
, and exceeds
293,564
km (182,400
mi)
350
It handles mostly
freight
, with intercity passenger service primarily provided by
Amtrak
, a government-managed company that took over services previously run by private companies, to all but four states.
351
352
Personal transportation is
dominated by automobiles
353
which operate on a network of
million miles (6.4
million kilometers)
of public roads, making it the
longest network
in the world.
354
355
The United States became the first country in the world to have a mass market for vehicle production and sales, and mass market production process.
356
As of 2022, the United States is the
second-largest
manufacturer of motor vehicles
357
and is home to
Tesla
, the world's most valuable car company.
358
General Motors
held the title of the world's best-selling automaker from 1931 to 2008.
359
Currently, the U.S. has the world's second-largest automobile market by sales
360
and the
highest
vehicle ownership per capita in the world, with 816.4 vehicles per 1,000 Americans (2014).
361
In 2017, there were 255 million non-two wheel motor vehicles, or about 910 vehicles per 1,000 people.
362
The
civil airline industry
is entirely privately owned and has been largely
deregulated since 1978
, while
most major airports
are publicly owned.
363
The three largest airlines in the world by passengers carried are U.S.-based;
American Airlines
is number one after its 2013 acquisition by
US Airways
364
Of the
world's 50 busiest passenger airports
, 16 are in the United States, including the top five and the busiest,
Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport
365
366
As of 2020
update
, there are 19,919 airports in the United States, of which 5,217 are designated as "public use", including for
general aviation
and other activities.
367
Of the
fifty busiest container ports
, four are located in the United States, of which the busiest is the
Port of Los Angeles
368
The country's
inland waterways
are the world's
fifth-longest
, and total
41,009
km (25,482
mi)
369
Demographics
Nkhani ikulu:
Americans
Demographics of the United States
Race and ethnicity in the United States
Religion in the United States
and
Family structure in the United States
Population
Ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵako kale
Census
Pop.
Note
%±
1790
3,929,326
1800
5,308,483
35.1%
1810
7,239,881
36.4%
1820
9,638,453
33.1%
1830
12,866,020
33.5%
1840
17,069,453
32.7%
1850
23,191,876
35.9%
1860
31,443,321
35.6%
1870
38,925,598
23.8%
1880
50,189,209
28.9%
1890
62,979,766
25.5%
1900
76,212,168
21.0%
1910
92,228,496
21.0%
1920
106,021,537
15.0%
1930
122,775,046
15.8%
1940
132,164,569
7.6%
1950
150,697,361
14.0%
1960
179,323,175
19.0%
1970
203,392,031
13.4%
1980
226,545,805
11.4%
1990
248,709,873
9.8%
2000
281,421,906
13.2%
2010
308,745,538
9.7%
2020
331,449,281
7.4%
2022 (est.)
333,287,557
370
0.6%
U.S. Decennial Census
The
U.S. Census Bureau
reported 331,449,281 residents as of April 1, 2020,
lower-alpha 13
371
making the United States the
third most populous
nation in the world, after China and India.
372
According to the Bureau's
U.S. Population Clock
, on January
28, 2021, the U.S. population had a net gain of one person every 100 seconds, or about 864 people per day.
373
In 2018, 52% of Americans age 15 and over were married, 6% were widowed, 10% were divorced, and 32% had never been married.
374
In 2021, the
total fertility rate
for the U.S. stood at 1.7 children per woman,
375
and it had the world's highest rate of children (23%) living in
single-parent
households in 2019.
376
The United States has a diverse population; 37
ancestry groups
have more than one million members.
377
White Americans
with ancestry from Europe, the Middle East or North Africa, form the largest
racial
and
ethnic group
at 57.8% of the United States population.
378
379
Hispanic and Latino Americans
form the second-largest group and are 18.7% of the United States population.
African Americans
constitute the nation's third-largest ancestry group and are 12.1% of the total United States population.
377
Asian Americans
are the country's fourth-largest group, composing 5.9% of the United States population, while the country's 3.7 million
Native Americans
account for about 1%.
377
In 2020, the
median age
of the United States population was 38.5 years.
372
Immigration
Nkhani ikulu:
Immigration to the United States
The United States has by far the highest
number of immigrant population
in the world, with 50,661,149 people.
380
381
In 2018, there were almost 90 million immigrants and
U.S.-born children of immigrants
in the United States, accounting for 28% of the overall U.S. population.
382
In 2017, out of the U.S. foreign-born population, some 45% (20.7
million) were naturalized citizens, 27% (12.3
million) were lawful permanent residents, 6% (2.2
million) were temporary lawful residents, and 23% (10.5
million) were unauthorized immigrants.
383
The United States led the world in
refugee resettlement
for decades, admitting more refugees than the rest of the world combined.
384
Language
Nkhani ikulu:
Languages of the United States
While many languages are spoken in the United States, English is the most common.
385
Although there is no
official language
at the federal level, some laws—such as
U.S. naturalization requirements
—standardize English, and most states have declared English as the official language.
386
Three states and four U.S. territories have recognized local or indigenous languages in addition to English, including Hawaii (
Hawaiian
),
387
Alaska (
twenty Native languages
),
lower-alpha 14
388
South Dakota (
Sioux
),
389
American Samoa (
Samoan
), Puerto Rico (
Spanish
), Guam (
Chamorro
), and the Northern Mariana Islands (
Carolinian
and Chamorro).
In Puerto Rico, Spanish is more widely spoken than English.
390
According to the
American Community Survey
, in 2010 some 229 million people (out of the total U.S. population of 308 million) spoke only English at home. More than 37 million spoke
Spanish
at home, making it the second most commonly used language in the United States. Other languages spoken at home by one million people or more include
Chinese
(2.8 million),
Tagalog
(1.6 million),
Vietnamese
(1.4 million),
French
(1.3 million),
Korean
(1.1 million), and
German
(1 million).
391
The
most widely taught foreign languages
in the United States, in terms of enrollment numbers from kindergarten through university
undergraduate education
, are Spanish, French, and
German
. Other commonly taught languages include
Latin
Japanese
American Sign Language
Italian
, and
Chinese
392
393
Religion
Nkhani ikulu:
Religion in the United States
Self-identified religious affiliation in the United States (2023
The Wall Street Journal
NORC
poll):
394
██
Protestantism
(26%)
██
Catholicism
(21%)
██
"Just
Christian
" (20%)
██
Mormonism
(2%)
██
Unitarianism
(1%)
██
Judaism
(2%)
██
Buddhism
(2%)
██
Other religious affilation (2%)
██
Islam
(1%)
██
Nothing in particular
(12%)
██
Agnosticism
(8%)
██
Atheism
(4%)
Religious affiliation in the United States is among the
most diverse in the world
395
and varies significantly
by region
396
and age.
397
The
First Amendment
guarantees the
free exercise
of religion and forbids Congress from passing laws respecting its
establishment
398
399
The country has the world's
largest Christian population
400
and a majority of Americans identify as
Christian
, predominately
Catholic
mainline Protestant
, or
evangelical
. According to Gallup, 58% and 17% reporting
praying
often or sometimes, respectively, and 46% and 26% reporting that religion plays a very important or fairly important role, respectively, in their lives.
401
Most do not regularly attend religious services
394
and have low confidence in religious institutions.
402
Until the 1990s, the country was a
significant outlier
among
highly developed
countries, notably having
a high level of religiosity and wealth
, although this has lessened since.
403
404
According to Gallup and Pew 81%-90% of Americans believe in a
higher power
405
406
while "31% report attending a church, synagogue, mosque or temple weekly or nearly weekly today."
407
In the "
Bible Belt
", located within the
Southern United States
, evangelical Protestantism plays a significant role culturally.
New England
and the
Western United States
tend
to be less religious
396
Around 6% of Americans claim a non-Christian faith;
403
the largest of which are
Judaism
Islam
Hinduism
, and
Buddhism
408
The United States either has the
first or second-largest Jewish population
in the world, the largest outside of
Israel
409
Ceremonial deism
" is common in American culture.
398
410
Around 30% of Americans describe themselves as having
no religion
403
Membership in a house of worship fell from 70% in 1999 to 47% in 2020.
411
Urbanization
Nkhani ikulu:
Urbanization in the United States
and
List of United States cities by population
About 82% of Americans live in
urban areas
, including suburbs;
153
about half of those reside in cities with populations over 50,000.
412
In 2008, 273
incorporated municipalities
had populations over 100,000, nine cities had more than one million residents, and four cities (
New York City
Los Angeles
Chicago
, and
Houston
) had populations exceeding two million.
413
Many U.S. metropolitan populations are growing rapidly, particularly in the South and West.
414
Misumba panji matauni metropolitan areas mu charu cha the United States
2021 MSA population estimates
from the
U.S. Census Bureau
Mndandanda
Region
Ŵanthu
Mndandanda
Region
Ŵanthu
New York
Los Angeles
New York
Northeast
19,768,458
11
Boston
Northeast
4,899,932
Chicago
Dallas–Fort Worth
Los Angeles
West
12,997,353
12
Riverside–San Bernardino
West
4,653,105
Chicago
Midwest
9,509,934
13
San Francisco
West
4,623,264
Dallas–Fort Worth
South
7,759,615
14
Detroit
Midwest
4,365,205
Houston
South
7,206,841
15
Seattle
West
4,011,553
Washington, D.C.
South
6,356,434
16
Minneapolis–Saint Paul
Midwest
3,690,512
Philadelphia
Northeast
6,228,601
17
San Diego
West
3,286,069
Atlanta
South
6,144,050
18
Tampa–St. Petersburg
South
3,219,514
Miami
South
6,091,747
19
Denver
West
2,972,566
10
Phoenix
West
4,946,145
20
Baltimore
South
2,838,327
Education
Nkhani ikulu:
Education in the United States
and
Higher education in the United States
The
University of Virginia
, founded by
Thomas Jefferson
, is one of the many public colleges and universities in the United States.
American
public education
is operated by state and local governments and regulated by the
United States Department of Education
through restrictions on federal grants. In most states, children are required to attend school from the age of five or six (beginning with
kindergarten
or
first grade
) until they turn 18 (generally bringing them through
twelfth grade
, the end of
high school
); some states allow students to leave school at 16 or 17.
415
Of Americans 25 and older, 84.6% graduated from high school, 52.6% attended some college, 27.2% earned a
bachelor's degree
, and 9.6% earned graduate degrees.
416
The basic
literacy
rate is approximately 99%.
153
417
The United States has many private and public
institutions of higher education
. There are also local
community colleges
with generally more open admission policies, shorter academic programs, and lower tuition.
418
The U.S. spends more on education per student than any nation in the world,
419
spending an average of $12,794 per year on public elementary and secondary school students in the 2016–2017 school year.
420
As for
public expenditures
on higher education, the U.S. spends more per student than the
OECD
average, and more than all nations in combined public and private spending.
421
Despite some student
loan forgiveness
programs in place,
422
student loan debt
has increased by 102% in the last decade,
423
and exceeded 1.7
trillion dollars as of 2022.
424
The large majority of the world's top universities, as listed by various ranking organizations, are in the United States, including 19 of the top 25, and the most prestigious
weasel
words
original research?
– the
Harvard University
425
426
427
428
The country also has by far the most
Nobel Prize winners
in history, with 403 (having won 406 awards).
429
Health
The
Texas Medical Center
in downtown
Houston
is the largest medical complex in the world.
430
In a preliminary report, the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) announced that U.S.
life expectancy
at birth had dropped to 76.4 years in 2021 (73.2 years for men and 79.1 years for women), down 0.9 years from 2020. This was the second year of overall decline, and the chief causes listed were the
COVID-19
pandemic, accidents, drug overdoses, heart and liver disease, and suicides.
431
432
Life expectancy was highest among Asians and Hispanics and lowest among Blacks and American Indian–Alaskan Native (
AIAN
) peoples.
433
434
Starting in 1998, the average life expectancy in the U.S. fell behind that of other wealthy industrialized countries, and Americans' "health disadvantage" gap has been increasing ever since.
435
The U.S. also has one of the highest
suicide
rates among
high-income countries
436
and approximately one-third of the U.S. adult population is obese and another third is overweight.
437
In 2010,
coronary artery disease
lung cancer
stroke
chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases
, and traffic collisions caused the most years of life lost in the U.S.
Low back pain
depression
musculoskeletal disorders
neck pain
, and
anxiety
caused the most years lost to disability. The most harmful
risk factors
were poor diet,
tobacco smoking
, obesity,
high blood pressure
high blood sugar
physical inactivity
, and
alcohol consumption
Alzheimer's disease
substance use disorders
kidney disease
cancer
, and falls caused the most additional years of life lost over their age-adjusted 1990 per-capita rates.
438
Teenage pregnancy
and
abortion
rates in the U.S. are substantially higher than in other Western nations, especially among blacks and Hispanics.
439
The U.S. health care system far
outspends
that of any other nation, measured both in per capita spending and as a percentage of GDP but attains worse health care outcomes when compared to peer nations.
440
The United States is the only developed nation
without a system of universal health care
, and a
significant proportion of the population that does not carry health insurance
441
The U.S., however, is a global leader in medical innovation, measured either in terms of revenue or the number of new drugs and devices introduced.
442
443
The Foundation for Research on Equal Opportunity ranked the United States 11th in its World Index of Healthcare Innovation; it concluded that the U.S. dominates science & technology, which "was on full display during the COVID-19 pandemic, as the U.S. government [delivered] coronavirus vaccines far faster than anyone had ever done before," but lags behind in fiscal sustainability, with "[government] spending [...] growing at an unsustainable rate."
444
Government-funded health care coverage for the poor (
Medicaid
, established in 1965) and for those age 65 and older (
Medicare
, begun in 1966) is available to Americans who meet the programs' income or age qualifications. In 2010, former President Obama passed the
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
or ACA,
lower-alpha 15
445
with the law roughly halving the uninsured share of the population according to the CDC.
446
Multiple studies have concluded that ACA had reduced the mortality of enrollees.
447
448
449
However, its legacy
remains controversial
450
Culture and society
Nkhani ikulu:
Culture of the United States
and
Society of the United States
The
Statue of Liberty
Liberty Enlightening the World
), a gift from
France
, has become an iconic symbol of the
American Dream
451
Americans have traditionally
been characterized
by a unifying belief in an "
American creed
" emphasizing liberty,
equality under the law
, democracy,
social equality
property rights
, and a preference for
limited government
452
453
Individualism
454
having a strong
work ethic
455
competitiveness
456
and
altruism
457
458
459
are also cited values. According to a 2016 study by the
Charities Aid Foundation
, Americans donated 1.44% of total GDP to charity, the
highest
in the world by a large margin.
460
The United States is home to a
wide variety
of ethnic groups, traditions, and values,
461
462
and exerts major cultural influence on a global scale,
463
464
with the phenomenon being termed
Americanization
465
As such, the U.S. is considered a
cultural superpower
466
Nearly all present Americans or their ancestors came from
Eurafrasia
("the
Old World
") within the past five centuries.
467
Mainstream
American culture is a
Western culture
largely derived from the
traditions of European immigrants
with influences from many other sources, such as
traditions brought by slaves from Africa
461
468
More recent immigration from
Asia
and especially
Latin America
has added to a cultural mix that has been described as a homogenizing
melting pot
, and a heterogeneous
salad bowl
, with immigrants contributing to, and often
assimilating
into, mainstream American culture.
461
The
American Dream
, or the perception that Americans enjoy high
social mobility
, plays a key role in attracting immigrants.
469
Whether this perception is accurate has been a topic of debate.
470
471
472
While mainstream culture holds that the United States is a
classless society
473
scholars identify significant differences between
the country's social classes
, affecting
socialization
, language, and values.
474
Americans tend to greatly value
socioeconomic
achievement, but being
ordinary or average
is promoted by some as a noble condition.
475
The United States is considered to have the
strongest protections of free speech of any country
in the world under the
First Amendment
476
with the Supreme Court ruling that
flag desecration
hate speech
blasphemy
, and
lese-majesty
are all forms of protected expression.
477
478
479
A 2016
Pew Research Center
poll found that Americans were the most supportive of free expression of any polity measured.
480
They are also the "most supportive of
freedom of the press
and the
right to use the Internet
without government censorship."
481
It is a
socially progressive
country
482
with
permissive
attitudes surrounding
human sexuality
483
LGBT rights in the U.S.
are among the most advanced in the world.
483
484
485
Literature and visual arts
Nkhani ikulu:
American literature
American philosophy
Architecture of the United States
and
Visual art of the United States
Mark Twain
, American author and
humorist
In the 18th and early 19th centuries, American art and literature took most of their cues from Europe, contributing to Western culture. Writers such as
Washington Irving
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Edgar Allan Poe
, and
Henry David Thoreau
established a distinctive American literary voice by the middle of the 19th century.
Mark Twain
and poet
Walt Whitman
were major figures in the century's second half;
Emily Dickinson
, virtually unknown during her lifetime, is recognized as an essential American poet.
486
In the 1920s, the
New Negro Movement
coalesced in Harlem, where many writers had migrated (some coming from the South, others from the West Indies). Its pan-African perspective was a significant cultural export during the
Jazz Age
in Paris and as such was a key early influence on the
négritude
philosophy.
487
There have been a multitude of candidates for the "
Great American Novel
"—works seen as embodying and examining the essence and character of the United States—including
Herman Melville
's
Moby-Dick
(1851),
Harriet Beecher Stowe
's
Uncle Tom's Cabin
(1852), Twain's
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
(1885),
F. Scott Fitzgerald
's
The Great Gatsby
(1925),
John Steinbeck
's
The Grapes of Wrath
(1939),
Harper Lee
's
To Kill a Mockingbird
(1960),
Toni Morrison
's
Beloved
(1987), and
David Foster Wallace
's
Infinite Jest
(1996).
488
489
490
Thirteen U.S. citizens have won the
Nobel Prize in Literature
, most recently
Louise Glück
Bob Dylan
, and Toni Morrison.
491
Earlier laureates
William Faulkner
Ernest Hemingway
and John Steinbeck have also been recognized as influential 20th century writers.
492
In the visual arts, the
Hudson River School
was a mid-19th-century movement in the tradition of European
naturalism
. The 1913
Armory Show
in New York City, an exhibition of European
modernist art
, shocked the public and transformed the U.S. art scene.
493
Georgia O'Keeffe
Marsden Hartley
, and others experimented with new, individualistic styles, which would become known as
American modernism
Major artistic movements such as the
abstract expressionism
of
Jackson Pollock
and
Willem de Kooning
and the
pop art
of
Andy Warhol
and
Roy Lichtenstein
developed largely in the United States. The tide of modernism and then
postmodernism
has brought global fame to American architects such as
Frank Lloyd Wright
Philip Johnson
, and
Frank Gehry
494
Major photographers include
Alfred Stieglitz
Edward Steichen
Dorothea Lange
Edward Weston
James Van Der Zee
Ansel Adams
, and
Gordon Parks
495
The most notable American architectural innovation has been the
skyscraper
. By some measures, what came to be known as a "skyscraper" in the modern world, first appeared in
Chicago
with the 1885 completion of the world's first largely steel-frame structure, the
Home Insurance Building
. One culturally significant early skyscraper was New York City's
Woolworth Building
designed by architect
Cass Gilbert
. Raising previous technological advances to new heights, 793
ft (233 m), it was the world's tallest building in 1913–1930.
496
Cinema and theater
Nkhani ikulu:
Cinema of the United States
and
Theater in the United States
The iconic
Hollywood Sign
in
Los Angeles
, California
The United States movie industry has a worldwide influence and following.
Hollywood
, a northern district of Los Angeles, California, is the leader in motion picture production and the most recognizable movie industry in the world.
497
498
499
The
major film studios
of the United States are the primary source of the
most commercially successful
and most ticket selling movies in the world.
500
501
The world's first commercial motion picture exhibition was given in New York City in 1894, using the
Kinetoscope
502
Since the early 20th century, the U.S. film industry has largely been based in and around Hollywood, although in the 21st century an increasing number of films are not made there, and film companies have been subject to the forces of globalization.
503
The
Academy Awards
, popularly known as the Oscars, have been held annually by the
Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
since 1929,
504
and the
Golden Globe Awards
have been held annually since January 1944.
505
Director
D. W. Griffith
, an American
filmmaker
during the
silent film
period, was central to the development of
film grammar
, and producer/entrepreneur
Walt Disney
was a leader in both
animated film
and movie
merchandising
506
Directors such as
John Ford
redefined the image of the American Old West, and, like others such as
John Huston
, broadened the possibilities of cinema with location shooting. The industry enjoyed its golden years, in what is commonly referred to as the "
Golden Age of Hollywood
", from the early sound period until the early 1960s,
507
with screen actors such as
John Wayne
and
Marilyn Monroe
becoming iconic figures.
508
509
In the 1970s, "
New Hollywood
" or the "Hollywood Renaissance"
510
was defined by grittier films influenced by French and Italian realist pictures of the
post-war period
511
The 21st century has been marked by the rise of the American streaming platforms, such as
Netflix
Disney+
Paramount+
, and
Apple TV+
, which came to rival traditional cinema.
512
513
Mainstream theater in the United States derives from the old European theatrical tradition and has been heavily influenced by the
British theater
514
The central hub of the American theater scene has been
Manhattan
, with its divisions of
Broadway
off-Broadway
, and
off-off-Broadway
515
Many movie and television
stars
have gotten their big break working in New York productions. Outside New York City, many cities have professional
regional or resident theater companies
that produce their own seasons, with some works being produced regionally with hopes of eventually moving to New York. The biggest-budget theatrical productions are
musicals
. U.S. theater also has an active
community theater
culture, which relies mainly on local volunteers who may not be actively pursuing a theatrical career.
516
Music
Nkhani ikulu:
Music of the United States
The
Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum
in
Nashville, Tennessee
American folk music
encompasses numerous music genres, variously known as traditional music, traditional
folk music
, contemporary folk music, or roots music. Many traditional songs have been sung within the same family or folk group for generations, and sometimes trace back to such origins as the
British Isles
Mainland Europe
, or
Africa
517
Among the country's earliest composers was
William Billings
who, born in Boston, composed patriotic hymns in the 1770s;
518
Billings was a part of the
First New England School
, who dominated American music during its earliest stages.
Anthony Heinrich
was the most prominent composer before the Civil War. From the mid- to late 1800s,
John Philip Sousa
of the late
Romantic era
composed numerous military songs—
particularly marches
—and is regarded as one of the nation's greatest composers.
519
The rhythmic and lyrical styles of
African-American music
have significantly influenced American music at large, distinguishing it from European and African traditions. The
Smithsonian Institution
states, "African-American influences are so fundamental to American music that there would be no American music without them."
520
Country music
developed in the 1920s, and
rhythm and blues
in the 1940s. Elements from folk idioms such as the
blues
and what is known as
old-time music
were adopted and transformed into
popular genres
with global audiences.
Jazz
was developed by innovators such as
Louis Armstrong
and
Duke Ellington
early in the 20th century.
521
Known for singing in a wide variety of genres,
Aretha Franklin
is considered one of the all-time greatest American singers.
522
Elvis Presley
and
Chuck Berry
were among the pioneers of
rock and roll
in the mid-1950s. Rock bands such as
Metallica
, the
Eagles
, and
Aerosmith
are among the
highest grossing
in worldwide sales.
523
524
525
In the 1960s,
Bob Dylan
emerged from the
folk revival
to become one of the country's most celebrated songwriters.
526
Mid-20th-century American
pop stars
such as
Bing Crosby
Frank Sinatra
527
and Elvis Presley became global celebrities,
521
as have artists of the late 20th century such as
Prince
Michael Jackson
Madonna
Whitney Houston
, and
Mariah Carey
528
529
The musical forms of
punk
and
hip hop
both originated in the United States.
530
American professional opera singers have reached the highest level of success in that form, including
Renée Fleming
Leontyne Price
Beverly Sills
Nelson Eddy
, and many others.
531
American popular music
, as part of the wider U.S. pop culture, has a worldwide influence and following.
532
Beyoncé
Taylor Swift
Miley Cyrus
Ariana Grande
Eminem
Lady Gaga
Katy Perry
, and many other contemporary artists dominate
global streaming rankings
533
The United States has the world's
largest music market
with a total retail value of $4.9 billion in 2014.
534
The American music industry includes a number of fields, ranging from record companies to
radio stations
and community orchestras. Most of the world's
major record companies
are based in the U.S.; they are represented by the
Recording Industry Association of America
(RIAA).
535
Mass media
Wonani vinandi:
Mass media in the United States
The
Comcast Center
in
Philadelphia
, headquarters of the
Comcast Corporation
, which is the nation's largest
multinational
telecommunications
conglomerate
ukaboni ukukhumbika apa
The four major broadcasters in the U.S. are the
National Broadcasting Company
(NBC),
Columbia Broadcasting System
(CBS),
American Broadcasting Company
(ABC), and
Fox Broadcasting Company
(FOX). The four major broadcast
television networks
are all commercial entities.
Cable television
offers hundreds of channels catering to a variety of niches.
536
As of 2021
update
, about 83% of Americans over age 12 listen to
broadcast radio
, while about 41% listen to
podcasts
537
As of September
30,
2014
update
, there are 15,433 licensed full-power radio stations in the U.S. according to the U.S.
Federal Communications Commission
(FCC).
538
Much of the public radio broadcasting is supplied by
NPR
, incorporated in February 1970 under the
Public Broadcasting Act of 1967
539
Internationally well-known U.S. newspapers include
The Wall Street Journal
The New York Times
The Washington Post
and
USA Today
540
More than 800 publications are produced in Spanish, the second most commonly used language in the United States behind English.
541
542
With very few exceptions, all the newspapers in the U.S. are privately owned, either by large chains such as
Gannett
or
McClatchy
, which own dozens or even hundreds of newspapers; by small chains that own a handful of papers; or, in a situation that is increasingly rare, by individuals or families. Major cities often have
alternative newspapers
to complement the mainstream daily papers, such as New York City's
The Village Voice
or Los Angeles'
LA Weekly
. The five most popular websites used in the U.S. are
Google
Amazon
Yahoo
, and
, with all of them being American companies.
543
Widely regarded as the birthplace of the modern video gaming industry,
ukaboni ukukhumbika apa
the United States is the world's second-largest video game market by revenue.
544
Major publishers headquartered in the United States are
Sony Interactive Entertainment
Take-Two
Activision Blizzard
Electronic Arts
Xbox Game Studios
Bethesda Softworks
Epic Games
Valve
Warner Bros.
Riot Games
, and others.
545
546
There are 444 publishers, developers, and hardware companies in
California
alone.
547
Cuisine
Nkhani ikulu:
American cuisine
Wonani vinandi:
List of American regional and fusion cuisines
cheeseburger
served with
fries
and
coleslaw
Early settlers were introduced by Native Americans to such indigenous, non-European foods as
turkey
sweet potatoes
corn
squash
, and
maple syrup
. They and later immigrants combined these with foods they had known, such as
wheat flour
548
beef, and milk to create a distinctive American cuisine.
549
550
Homegrown foods are part of a shared national menu on one of America's most popular holidays,
Thanksgiving
, when many Americans make or purchase traditional foods to celebrate the occasion.
551
The American
fast food
industry, the world's first and largest, is also often viewed as being a symbol of U.S. marketing dominance. Companies such as
McDonald's
552
Burger King
Pizza Hut
Kentucky Fried Chicken
, and
Domino's Pizza
among others, have numerous outlets around the world,
553
and pioneered the
drive-through
format in the 1940s.
554
Characteristic American dishes such as
apple pie
fried chicken
doughnuts
french fries
macaroni and cheese
ice cream
pizza
hamburgers
, and
hot dogs
derive from the recipes of various immigrants.
555
556
Mexican
dishes such as
burritos
and
tacos
and
pasta
dishes freely adapted from
Italian
sources are widely consumed.
557
American
chefs
have been influential both in the food industry and in popular culture. Some important 19th-century American chefs include
Charles Ranhofer
of
Delmonico's Restaurant
in
New York
, and
Bob Payton
, who is credited with bringing American-style pizza to the UK.
558
Later, chefs Charles Scotto, Louis Pacquet, John Massironi founded the
American Culinary Federation
in 1930, taking after similar organizations across Europe. In the 1940s, Chef
James Beard
hosted the first nationally televised cooking show
I Love to Eat.
His name is also carried by the foundation and prestigious cooking award recognizing excellence in the American cooking community.
559
560
Since Beard, many chefs and cooking personalities have taken to television, and the success of the
Cooking Channel
and
Food Network
have contributed to the popularity of American cuisine. Probably the best-known television chef was
Julia Child
who taught French cuisine in her weekly show,
The French Chef
561
In 1946, the
Culinary Institute of America
was founded by
Katharine Angell
and
Frances Roth
. This would become the United States' most prestigious culinary school, where many of the most talented American chefs would study prior to successful careers.
562
563
Sports
Nkhani ikulu:
Sports in the United States
American football
is the most popular sport in the United States.
The most popular spectator sports in the U.S. are
American football
basketball
baseball
soccer
, and
ice hockey
, according to a 2017
Gallup
poll.
564
While most major U.S. sports such as baseball and American football have evolved out of European practices, basketball,
volleyball
skateboarding
, and
snowboarding
are American inventions, some of which have become popular worldwide.
565
Lacrosse
and
surfing
arose from Native American and Native Hawaiian activities that predate European contact.
566
The market for
professional sports
in the United States was roughly $69
billion in July 2013, roughly 50% larger than that of all of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa combined.
567
American football is by several measures the most popular spectator sport in the United States;
568
the
National Football League
(NFL) has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world, and the
Super Bowl
is watched by tens of millions globally.
569
Baseball has been regarded as the U.S.
national sport
since the late 19th century, with
Major League Baseball
being the top league. Basketball and
ice hockey
are the country's next two most popular professional team sports, with the top leagues being the
National Basketball Association
and the
National Hockey League
, which are also the premier leagues worldwide for these sports. The most-watched
individual sports
in the U.S. are
golf
and
auto racing
, particularly
NASCAR
and
IndyCar
570
571
On the
collegiate
level, earnings for the member institutions exceed $1 billion annually,
572
and
college football
and
basketball
attract large audiences, as the
NCAA Final Four
is one of the most watched national sporting events.
573
Eight
Olympic Games
have taken place in the United States. The
1904 Summer Olympics
in
St. Louis
Missouri
, were the first-ever Olympic Games held outside of Europe.
574
The Olympic Games will be held in the U.S. for a ninth time when
Los Angeles
hosts the
2028 Summer Olympics
U.S. athletes
have won a total of 2,959 medals (1,173 gold) at the
Olympic Games
, by far the most of any country.
575
576
577
In international
soccer
, the
men's national soccer team
qualified for
eleven World Cups
, while the
women's national team
has
won
the
FIFA Women's World Cup
and
Olympic soccer tournament
four times each.
578
The United States hosted the
1994 FIFA World Cup
and will host the
2026 FIFA World Cup
along with
Canada
and
Mexico
579
See also
Index of United States–related articles
Lists of U.S. state topics
Outline of the United States
Notes
30 of 50 states recognize only English as an official language. The state of
Hawaii
recognizes both
Hawaiian
and English as official languages, and the state of
Alaska
officially recognizes 20
Alaska Native languages
alongside English.
The historical and informal demonym
Yankee
has been applied to Americans, New Englanders, or northeasterners since the 18th century.
Excludes
Puerto Rico
and the other
unincorporated islands
because they are counted separately in
U.S. census
statistics.
After adjustment for taxes and transfers
See
Time in the United States
for details about laws governing time zones in the United States.
See
Date and time notation in the United States
A single jurisdiction, the
U.S. Virgin Islands
, uses left-hand traffic.
John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston
[The Soviet Union] instituted trading arrangements deliberately designed to favour the country. Moscow controlled the Communist parties that ruled the satellite states, and they followed orders from the Kremlin. Historian Mark Kramer concludes: "The net outflow of resources from eastern Europe to the Soviet Union was approximately $15 billion to $20 billion in the first decade after World War II, an amount roughly equal to the total aid provided by the United States to western Europe under the Marshall Plan."
Longola ivyo vyabudika: Invalid

tag; no text was provided for refs named
largestcountry
Capital punishment is a
de jure
legal penalty throughout the country at the federal level, in 27 states, and
in American Samoa
. The death penalty is sanctioned for certain federal and military crimes.
197
The country had a high
per capita
execution rate between the 1960s and 1990s, but execution rates and public support have fallen sharply since. According to
Ian Millhiser
of
Vox
, "only five states — Texas, Alabama, Georgia, Missouri, and Tennessee — conducted executions in 2020. And of these five states, only one, Texas, killed more than one person on death row."
198
199
People born in American Samoa are non-citizen U.S. nationals unless one of their parents is a U.S. citizen.
219
In 2019, a court ruled that American Samoans are U.S. citizens, but the litigation is ongoing.
220
221
This figure, like most official data for the United States as a whole, excludes the five unincorporated territories (
Puerto Rico
Guam
, the
U.S. Virgin Islands
American Samoa
, and the
Northern Mariana Islands
) and minor island possessions.
Inupiaq
Siberian Yupik
Central Alaskan Yup'ik
Alutiiq
Unanga
(Aleut),
Denaʼina
Deg Xinag
Holikachuk
Koyukon
Upper Kuskokwim
Gwichʼin
Tanana
Upper Tanana
Tanacross
Hän
Ahtna
Eyak
Tlingit
Haida
, and
Tsimshian
Also known less formally as Obamacare
References
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Of all the contributions made by Americans to world culture—automation and the assembly line, advertising, innumerable devices and gadgets, skyscrapers, supersalesmen, baseball, ketchup, mustard and hot dogs and hamburrgers—one, undeniably native has been taken to heart by the entire world. It is American popular music.
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Further reading
Bianchine, Peter J.; Russo, Thomas A. (1992). "The Role of Epidemic Infectious Diseases in the Discovery of America".
Allergy and Asthma Proceedings
13
(5):
225–
232.
doi
10.2500/108854192778817040
PMID
1483570
Blakeley, Ruth (2009).
State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South
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ISBN
978-0-415-68617-4
Boyer, Paul S.; Clark Jr., Clifford E.; Kett, Joseph F.; Salisbury, Neal; Sitkoff, Harvard; Woloch, Nancy (2007).
The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People
. Cengage Learning. p.
588.
ISBN
978-0-618-80161-9
Calloway, Colin G. (1998).
New Worlds for All: Indians, Europeans, and the Remaking of Early America
JHU Press
. p.
229.
ISBN
978-0-8018-5959-5
Davis, Kenneth C. (1996).
Don't know much about the Civil War
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518
ISBN
978-0-688-11814-3
Daynes, Byron W.; Sussman, Glen (2010).
White House Politics and the Environment: Franklin D. Roosevelt to George W. Bush
Texas A&M University Press
. p.
320.
ISBN
978-1-60344-254-1
OCLC
670419432
Presidential environmental policies, 1933–2009
Erlandson, Jon M; Rick, Torben C; Vellanoweth, Rene L (2008).
A Canyon Through Time: Archaeology, History, and Ecology of the Tecolote Canyon Area, Santa Barbara County
. California: University of Utah Press.
ISBN
978-0-87480-879-7
Fagan, Brian M. (2016).
Ancient Lives: An Introduction to Archaeology and Prehistory
. Routledge.
ISBN
978-1-317-35027-9
Feldstein, Sylvan G.; Fabozzi, Frank J. (2011).
The Handbook of Municipal Bonds
John Wiley & Sons
. p.
1376.
ISBN
978-1-118-04494-0
Fladmark, K.R. (2017). "Routes: Alternate Migration Corridors for Early Man in North America".
American Antiquity
44
(1):
55–
69.
doi
10.2307/279189
ISSN
0002-7316
JSTOR
279189
S2CID
162243347
Flannery, Tim (2015).
The Eternal Frontier: An Ecological History of North America and Its Peoples
. Open Road + Grove/Atlantic.
ISBN
978-0-8021-9109-0
Fraser, Steve;
Gerstle, Gary
(1989).
The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order: 1930–1980
. American History: Political science. Princeton University Press. p.
311.
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Gaddis, John Lewis (1972).
The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941–1947
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ISBN
978-0-231-12239-9
Gelo, Daniel J. (2018).
Indians of the Great Plains
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ISBN
978-1-351-71812-7
García, Ofelia (2011).
Bilingual Education in the 21st Century: A Global Perspective
. John Wiley & Sons.
ISBN
978-1-4443-5978-7
Gerstle, Gary
(2022).
The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order: America and the World in the Free Market Era
Oxford University Press
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978-0197519646
Gold, Susan Dudley (2006).
United States V. Amistad: Slave Ship Mutiny
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Gordon, John Steele
(2004).
An Empire of Wealth: The Epic History of American Economic Power
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Graebner, Norman A.; Burns, Richard Dean; Siracusa, Joseph M. (2008).
Reagan, Bush, Gorbachev: Revisiting the End of the Cold War
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Haines, Michael Robert; Haines, Michael R.; Steckel, Richard H. (2000).
A Population History of North America
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Haymes, Stephen; Vidal de Haymes, Maria; Miller, Reuben, eds. (2014).
The Routledge Handbook of Poverty in the United States
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Haviland, William A.; Walrath, Dana; Prins, Harald E.L. (2013).
Evolution and Prehistory: The Human Challenge
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Hoopes, Townsend; Brinkley, Douglas (1997).
FDR and the Creation of the U.N
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Ingersoll, Thomas N. (2016).
The Loyalist Problem in Revolutionary New England
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Inghilleri, Moira (2016).
Translation and Migration
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Jacobs, Lawrence R. (2010).
Health Care Reform and American Politics: What Everyone Needs to Know: What Everyone Needs to Know
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Johnson, Paul (1997).
A History of the American People
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Kurian, George T., ed. (2001).
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Joseph, Paul (2016).
The Sage Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives
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Kessel, William B.; Wooster, Robert (2005).
Encyclopedia of Native American Wars and Warfare
Facts on File
library of American History. Infobase Publishing. p.
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Kidder, David S.; Oppenheim, Noah D. (2007).
The Intellectual Devotional: American History: Revive Your Mind, Complete Your Education, and Converse Confidently about Our Nation's Past
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Kruse, Kevin M. (2015).
One Nation Under God: How Corporate America Invented Christian America
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Leckie, Robert
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Lockard, Craig (2010).
Societies, Networks, and Transitions, Volume B: From 600 to 1750
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Martinez, Donna; Bordeaux, Jennifer L. Williams (2016).
50 Events That Shaped American Indian History: An Encyclopedia of the American Mosaic
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ISBN
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Martinez, Donna; Sage, Grace; Ono, Azusa (2016).
Urban American Indians: Reclaiming Native Space: Reclaiming Native Space
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Martone, Eric (2016).
Italian Americans: The History and Culture of a People
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Leffler, Melvyn P.
(2010). "The emergence of an American grand strategy, 1945–1952". In Westad, Odd Arne (ed.).
The Cambridge History of the Cold War
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89.
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Lemon, James T. (1987).
"Colonial America in the 18th Century"
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Weierman, Karen Woods (2005).
One Nation, One Blood: Interracial Marriage In American Fiction, Scandal, And Law, 1820–1870
. University of Massachusetts Press. p.
214.
ISBN
978-1-55849-483-1
Levenstein, Harvey (2003).
Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet
. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
ISBN
978-0-520-23439-0
Meltzer, David J. (2009).
First Peoples in a New World: Colonizing Ice Age America
. University of California Press.
ISBN
978-0-520-94315-5
The New York Times (2007).
The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge: A Desk Reference for the Curious Mind
(2nd
ed.). St. Martin's Press.
ISBN
978-0-312-37659-8
Mostert, Mary (2005).
The Threat of Anarchy Leads to the Constitution of the United States
. CTR Publishing, Inc.
ISBN
978-0-9753851-4-2
Onuf, Peter S. (2010).
The Origins of the Federal Republic: Jurisdictional Controversies in the United States, 1775–1787
. University of Pennsylvania Press.
ISBN
978-0-8122-0038-6
Perdue, Theda; Green, Michael D (2005).
The Columbia Guide to American Indians of the Southeast
. Columbia University Press.
ISBN
978-0-231-50602-1
Quirk, Joel (2011).
The Anti-Slavery Project: From the Slave Trade to Human Trafficking
. University of Pennsylvania Press. p.
344.
ISBN
978-0-8122-4333-8
Ranlet, Philip (1999). Vaughan, Alden T. (ed.).
New England Encounters: Indians and Euroamericans Ca. 1600–1850
. North Eastern University Press.
Remini, Robert V. (2007).
The House: The History of the House of Representatives
. HarperCollins.
ISBN
978-0-06-134111-3
Richter, Daniel K.; Merrell, James H., eds. (2003).
Beyond the covenant chain
: the Iroquois and their neighbors in Indian North America, 1600–1800
. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
ISBN
978-0-271-02299-4
OCLC
51306167
Ripper, Jason (2008).
American Stories: To 1877
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299.
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Rodriguez, Junius (2015).
Encyclopedia of Emancipation and Abolition in the Transatlantic World
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Russell, John Henderson (1913).
The Free Negro in Virginia, 1619–1865
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Safire, William (2003).
No Uncertain Terms: More Writing from the Popular "On Language" Column in The New York Times Magazine
. Simon and Schuster. p.
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Samuel, Bunford (1920).
Secession and Constitutional Liberty: In which is Shown the Right of a Nation to Secede from a Compact of Federation and that Such Right is Necessary to Constitutional Liberty and a Surety of Union
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Savage, Candace (2011).
Prairie: A Natural History
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Schneider, Dorothy; Schneider, Carl J. (2007).
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. Infobase Publishing. p.
554.
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Schultz, David Andrew (2009).
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904.
ISBN
978-1-4381-2677-7
Sider, Sandra (2007).
Handbook to Life in Renaissance Europe
. Oxford University Press.
ISBN
978-0-19-533084-7
Simonson, Peter (2010).
Refiguring Mass Communication: A History
. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
ISBN
978-0-252-07705-0
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e pluribus unum
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Smith, Andrew F. (2004).
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America
. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.
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132.
ISBN
978-0-19-515437-5
Soss, Joe (2010). Hacker, Jacob S.; Mettler, Suzanne (eds.).
Remaking America: Democracy and Public Policy in an Age of Inequality
. Russell Sage Foundation.
ISBN
978-1-61044-694-5
Stannard, David E.
(1993).
American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World
. New York: Oxford University Press.
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978-0-19-508557-0
Tadman, Michael (2000). "The Demographic Cost of Sugar: Debates on Slave Societies and Natural Increase in the Americas".
American Historical Review
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Taylor, Alan (2002). Foner, Eric (ed.).
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Thornton, Russell (1987).
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978-0-8061-2220-5
Thornton, Russell (1998).
Studying Native America: Problems and Prospects
. Univ of Wisconsin Press.
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978-0-299-16064-7
Walker Howe, Daniel
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What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848
Oxford University Press
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9780199726578
Vaughan, Alden T. (1999).
New England Encounters: Indians and Euroamericans Ca. 1600–1850
. North Eastern University Press.
Volo, James M.; Volo, Dorothy Denneen (2007).
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. ABC-CLIO.
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Walton, Gary M.; Rockoff, Hugh (2009).
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"Redefining the Age of Clovis: Implications for the Peopling of the Americas"
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Zinn, Howard
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"Country Profile: United States of America"
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