స్పానిష్ భాష - వికీపీడియా

స్పానిష్ భాష - వికీపీడియా
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వికీపీడియా నుండి
ఈ వ్యాసాన్ని పూర్తిగా
అనువదించి,
తరువాత ఈ మూసను తీసివేయండి. అనువాదం చేయాల్సిన వ్యాస భాగం ఒకవే‌ళ ప్రధాన పేరుబరిలో వున్నట్లయితే పాఠ్యం సవరించు నొక్కినప్పుడు కనబడవచ్చు. అనువాదం పూర్తయినంతవరకు ఎర్రలింకులు లేకుండా చూడాలంటే ప్రస్తుత ఆంగ్ల కూర్పుని, భాషల లింకుల ద్వారా చూడండి
అనువాదకులకు వనరులు
స్పానిష్, కాస్టీలియన్
castellano
ఉచ్ఛారణ
/espaˈɲol/, /kasteˈʎano/ - /kasteˈʝano/
మాట్లాడే దేశాలు:
స్పానిష్ భాష మాట్లాడే దేశాలు, ప్రాంతాలు
Argentina
Bolivia
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Guatemala
Honduras
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Puerto Rico
Spain
Uruguay
Venezuela
and a significant number of the populations of
Belize
Gibraltar
United States
Philippines
Andorra
మాట్లాడేవారి సంఖ్య:
మొదటి భాష
: 322 మిలియన్లు
మొత్తం వాడుకరులు దాదాపు.
ర్యాంకు
2 (ప్రాంతీయ వాడుకరులు)
3 (మొత్తం వాడుకరులు)
భాషా కుటుంబము
ఇటాలిక్
రొమాన్స్
ఇటాలో-వెస్టర్న్
గల్లో-ఐబీరియన్
ఇబెరో-రొమాన్స్
పశ్చిమ ఐబీరియన్
స్పానిష్, కాస్టీలియన్
వ్రాసే పద్ధతి
లాటిన్
స్పానిష్ అక్షరమాల
అధికారిక స్థాయి
అధికార భాష:
21 countries
ఐక్యరాజ్యసమితి
ఐరోపా సమాఖ్య
అమెరికన్ రాష్ట్రాల సంస్థ
ఇబెరో-అమెరికన్ రాష్ట్రాల సంస్థ
ఆఫ్రికా సమాఖ్య
లాటిన్ సమాఖ్య
కేరికోం
ఉత్తర అమెరికా ఉచిత-వాణిజ్య ఒప్పందం
అంటార్కిటిక్ సంధి
నియంత్రణ
en:Association of Spanish Language Academies
Real Academia Española
and 21 other national Spanish language academies)
భాషా సంజ్ఞలు
ISO 639-1
es
ISO 639-2
spa
ISO 639-3
spa
Information:
Spanish
is the sole official language at the national level
Spanish a co-official language
Spanish official in some U.S. states, counties and cities
గమనిక
: ఈ పేజీలో
IPA
ఫోనెటిక్ సింబల్స్
Unicodeలో
ఉన్నాయి.
స్పానిష్
లేక
కస్తీలియన్
castellano
) ఒక
రోమనుల భాష
. ఇది ఉత్తర
స్పెయిన్లో
మొదలై, కస్తీల్ సామ్రాజ్యం ద్వారా విస్తరించబడి, పాలనా వ్యవహారాలు నెరపడంలోను, వ్యాపార సంబంధాలలోను ప్రధాన భాషగా వృద్ధి చెందింది. తర్వాత ఈ భాష 15-19 శతాబ్దాల మధ్య స్పానిష్ సామ్రాజ్య విస్తరణతో
అమెరికా
ఆఫ్రికా
మరియూ
స్పానిష్ ఈస్టిండీస్లకు
వ్యాపించింది.
ప్రస్తుతం 40 కోట్లకు పైగా ప్రజలు స్పానిష్ ను
మాతృభాషగా
మాట్లాడతారు. ఆ విధంగా ఈ భాష ప్రపంచంలో ఎక్కువగా మాట్లాడే భాషల జాబితాలో రెండవ లేక మూడవ స్థానంలో నిలుస్తుంది.
మెక్సికోలో
స్పానిష్ మాట్లాడే ప్రజలు ఎక్కువగా ఉన్నారు.
స్పానిష్ ప్రాథమిక భాషగా మాట్లాడే దేశాలతో ఉన్న ఆర్థిక, సామాజిక సంబంధాలు, పర్యాటక ఆసక్తి వలన, ద్వితీయ లేదా తృతీయ భాషగా అనేక దేశాలలో స్పానిష్ భాష యొక్క ప్రాచుర్యం పెరుగుతున్నది. ఈ పరిణామాన్ని ముఖ్యంగా బ్రెజిల్, అమెరికా, ఇటలీ, ఫ్రాన్స్, పోర్చుగల్ దేశాలలోనూ, సాధారణంగా ఆంగ్ల ప్రభావిత దేశాలన్నింటిలోనూ గమనించవచ్చు.
పేరు, వ్యుత్పత్తి
మార్చు
స్పానిష్ వాళ్ళు ఫ్రెంచి, ఇంగ్లీషు భాషలతో పోల్చేటప్పుడు తమ భాషను ఎస్పాన్యోల్
అని, స్పెయిన్ లో మాట్లాడే ఇతర భాషలైన గలీషియన్, బస్క్ మరియూ కాటలాన్లతో పోల్చేటప్పుడు కాస్టెలానో (కస్తీలియన్) (కస్తీల్ ప్రాంతపు వారి భాష) అని పిలుస్తారు. అమెరికా ఖండపు హిస్పానిక్ దేశాలలో వారి ఇష్టానుసారంగా రెండింటిలో ఒక పేరును అధికారిక నామంగా స్వీకరించడానికి ఇదే తరహా హేతువున్నది. ఇదే పద్ధతిలో 1978 స్పెయిన్ రాజ్యాంగము మొత్తం దేశం యొక్క అధికారిక భాషను నిర్వచించడానికి ఇతర స్పానిష్ భాషలకు విరుద్ధంగా కాస్టెలానో అన్న పదాన్ని ఉపయోగిస్తుంది. రాజ్యంగం యొక్క మూడవ అధికరణం ఈ విధంగా చదువుతుంది:
El castellano es la lengua española oficial del Estado. (…) Las demás lenguas españolas serán también oficiales en las respectivas Comunidades Autónomas…
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help
కస్తీలియన్ దేశం యొక్క అధికారిక స్పానిష్ భాష. (…) ఇతర స్పానిష్ భాషలు కూడా ఆయా స్వయంప్రతిపత్త ప్రదేశాలలో అధికార భాషలుగా ఉంటాయి…
The name
Castellano
Castilian
), which refers directly to the origins of the Language and the sociopolitical context in which it was introduced in the Americas, is preferred in Argentina, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Chile, instead of
, which is more commonly used to refer to the language as a whole in the rest of Latin America.
Some Spanish speakers consider
castellano
a generic term with no political or ideological links, much as "Spanish" is in English.
భౌగోళిక విభజన
మార్చు
ప్రధాన వ్యాసం:
హిస్పనోఫోన్
స్పానిష్
ఐక్యరాజ్యసమితి
ఐరోపా సమాఖ్య
అమెరికా దేశాల సంస్థ
ఐబెరో-అమెరికన్ దేశాల సంస్థ
ఆఫ్రికా సమాఖ్య
దక్షిణ అమెరికా దేశాల సమాఖ్య
లాటిన్ సమాఖ్య
కారికామ్
ఉత్తర అమెరికా స్వేఛ్ఛా వాణిజ్య ఒప్పందం
అంటార్కిటాకా ఒప్పందం
వంటి బహుళ దేశ సంస్థలలో ఒక అధికారిక భాషగా ఆమోదించబడింది
హిస్పానోగోళము
మార్చు
స్పానిష్‌ ప్రాథమిక భాషగా మాట్లాడేవారితో పాటు ద్వితీయ, తృతీయ భాషలుగా మాట్లాడేవారి సంఖ్యను కూడా కలుపుకొని మొత్తం 35 కోట్ల ప్రజలు స్పానిష్ మాట్లాడతారని అంచనా. ఈ అంచనా ప్రకారం ప్రపంచంలో ఎక్కువమంది మాట్లాడే భాషలో మూడవదిగా ఇంగ్లీషు, చైనీసుల తర్వాత స్థానాన్ని ఆక్రమించుకుంటున్నది.
ప్రస్తుతం, స్పానిష్ స్పెయిన్తో పాటు చాలామటుకు లాటిన్ అమెరికా దేశాలు, ఈక్వటోరియల్ గ్వినియాలో అధికార భాష. ఇరవై దేశాలలో స్పానిష్ ను ప్రాథమిక భాషగా ఉపయోగిస్తున్నారు. అంతేకాక స్పానిక్ ఐక్యరాజ్యసమితి యొక్క ఆరు అధికార భాషలలో ఒకటి. అమెరికా సంయుక్త రాష్ట్రాలలో ఇంగ్లీషు తర్వాత అత్యంత విరివిగా మాట్లాడే భాష.
అమెరికా పాఠశాలలు, విశ్వవిద్యాలయాలలో అత్యంత విరివిగా అధ్యయనం చేసే విదేశీ భాష.
2007లో వెలువడిన ప్రపంచవ్యాప్త ఇంటర్నెట్ వాడుక గణాంకాల ప్రకారం ఇంటర్నెట్లో అత్యంత విరివిగా ఉపయోగించే భాషలలో ఇంగ్లీషు, చైనీస్ తర్వాత మూడవ స్థానంలో ఉంది.
ఐరోపా
మార్చు
స్పానిష్ స్పెయిన్ దేశపు అధికార భాష. స్పెయిన్ దేశం స్పానిష్ భాషకు పుట్టిల్లు అంతేకాక దాని పేరు కూడా స్పానిష్ భాష పేరుమీదనే ఏర్పడింది.
జిబ్రాల్టర్
దేశపు అధికార భాష ఇంగ్లీషే
అయినా స్పానిష్ కూడా మాట్లాడుతారు. అలాగే
ఆండొరా
దేశంలో కాటలాన్ అధికార భాష అయినా స్పానిష్ కూడా చలామణిలో ఉంది. ఐరోపా సముదాయంలోని ఇతర దేశాలలో కూడా స్పానిష్ భాషకు తగినంత ఆదరణ ఉంది. ఉదాహరణకు
ఇంగ్లాండు
ఫ్రాన్స్
జర్మని
దేశాలలో స్పానిష్ భాష వాడుకలో ఉంది. స్పానిష్ ఐరోపా సముదాయపు అధికార భాష. స్విట్జర్లాండులో అధికార 4 భాషల తర్వాతి స్థానం, 1.7% జనాభా మాట్లాడే భాష స్పానిష్.
అమెరికాలు
మార్చు
లాటిన్ అమెరికా
మార్చు
Most Spanish speakers are in
Latin America
స్పానిష్ మాట్లాడెవారు ఎక్కువగా
లాటిన్ ఆమెరికాలో
నివసిస్తారు.; of all countries with majority Spanish speakers, only
Spain
and Equatorial Guinea are outside of the
Americas
Mexico
has the most native speakers of any country. Nationally, Spanish is the —
de facto
or
de jure
— official language of
Argentina
Bolivia
(co-official
Quechua
and
Aymara
),
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
Honduras
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
(co-official
Guaraní
),
Peru
(co-official
Quechua
and, in some regions,
Aymara
),
Uruguay
, and
Venezuela
. Spanish is also the official language (co-official with
) in the U.S. commonwealth of
Puerto Rico
10
Spanish has no official recognition in the former
British colony
of
Belize
; however, per the 2000 census, it is spoken by 43% of the population.
11
12
Mainly, it is spoken by Hispanic descendants who remained in the region since the 17th century; however, English is the official language.
13
Spain colonized
Trinidad and Tobago
first in 1498, leaving the
Carib
people the Spanish language. Also the
Cocoa Panyol
s, laborers from Venezuela, took their culture and language with them; they are accredited with the music of "
Parang
" ("
Parranda
") on the island. Because of Trinidad's location on the South American coast, the country is much influenced by its Spanish-speaking neighbors. A recent census shows that more than 1,500 inhabitants speak Spanish.
14
In 2004, the government launched the
Spanish as a First Foreign Language
(SAFFL) initiative in March 2005.
15
Government regulations require Spanish to be taught, beginning in primary school, while thirty percent of public employees are to be linguistically competent within five years.
14
The government also announced that Spanish will be the country's second official language by 2020, beside English.
మూలం అవసరం
Spanish is important in
Brazil
because of its proximity to and increased trade with its Spanish-speaking neighbors; for example, as a member of the
Mercosur
trading bloc.
16
In 2005, the
National Congress of Brazil
approved a bill, signed into law by the
President
, making Spanish language teaching mandatory in both public and private secondary schools.
17
In many border towns and villages (especially on the Uruguayan-Brazilian border), a
mixed language
known as
Portuñol
is spoken.
18
యునైటెడ్ స్టేట్స్
మార్చు
ప్రధాన వ్యాసం:
Spanish in the United States
In the 2006 census, 44.3 million people of the U.S. population were
Hispanic
or
Latino
by origin;
19
34 million people, 12.2 percent, of the population older than 5 years old speak Spanish at home.
20
Spanish has a
long history in the United States
(many south-western states and
Florida
were part of Mexico and Spain), and it recently has been revitalized by Hispanic immigrants. Spanish is the most widely taught foreign language in the country.
21
Although the United States has no formally designated "official languages," Spanish is formally recognized at the state level in various states besides English; in the U.S. state of
New Mexico
for instance, 30% of the population speaks the language. It also has strong influence in metropolitan areas such as
Los Angeles
Miami
San Antonio
New York City
, and in the 2000s the language has rapidly expanded in
Atlanta
Houston
Phoenix
and other major Sun-Belt cities. Spanish is the dominant spoken language in
Puerto Rico
, a U.S. territory. In total, the U.S. has the world's fifth-largest Spanish-speaking population.
22
ఆఫ్రికా
మార్చు
In Africa, Spanish is official in
Equatorial Guinea
(co-official
French
and
Portuguese
). Today, in
Western Sahara
, nearly 200,000 refugee Sahrawis are able to read and write in Spanish,
23
and several thousands have received
university
education in foreign countries as part of aid packages (mainly
Cuba
and
Spain
). In Equatorial Guinea, Spanish is the predominant language when counting native and non-native speakers (around 500,000 people), while
Fang
is the most spoken language by a number of native speakers.
24
25
It is also spoken in the Spanish cities in
continental North Africa
Ceuta
and
Melilla
) and in the autonomous community of
Canary Islands
(143,000 and 1,995,833 people, respectively). Within Northern Morocco, a former
Franco-Spanish protectorate
that is also geographically close to Spain, approximately 20,000 people speak Spanish.
26
It is spoken by some communities of
Angola
, because of the Cuban influence from the
Cold War
, and in
Nigeria
by the descendants of
Afro-Cuban
ex-slaves.
ఆఫ్రికెలో స్పానిష్ అధికార భాష.
ఆసియా
మార్చు
Spanish was an official language of the
Philippines
since the early days of Spanish colonization in the 16th century, until the change of Constitution in 1973. During most of the colonial period it was the language of government, trade and education, and spoken mainly by Spaniards living in the islands and educated Filipinos. However, by the mid 19th century a free public school system in Spanish was established throughout the islands, which increased the numbers of Spanish speakers rapidly. Following the U.S. occupation and administration of the islands, the importance of Spanish fell, especially after the 1920s. The US authorities' imposition of English as the medium of instruction in schools and universities coupled with the prohibition of Spanish in media and educational institutions gradually reduced the importance of the language. After the country became independent in 1946, Spanish remained an official language along with English and Tagalog-based Filipino. However, the language lost its official status in 1973 during the
Ferdinand Marcos
administration. Under the Corazon Aquino administration which took office in 1986, the mandatory teaching of Spanish in colleges and universities was also stopped, and thus, younger generations of Filipinos have little or no knowledge of Spanish as compared to the older generations. However, the Spanish language retains a large influence in local languages, with many words coming from or being derived from Spanish.
27
ఓషియానియా
మార్చు
Among the countries and territories in
Oceania
, Spanish is also spoken in
Easter Island
, a territorial possession of Chile. According to the 2001 census, there are approximately 95,000 speakers of Spanish in Australia, 44,000 of which live in Greater Sydney
మూలం అవసరం
, where the older
Mexican
Colombian
Spanish
, and
Chilean
populations and newer
Argentine
Salvadoran
and
Uruguayan
communities live.
మూలం అవసరం
The U.S. Territories of
Guam
Palau
Northern Marianas
, and the independent associated U.S. Territory of
Marshall Islands
and
Federated States of Micronesia
all once had Spanish speakers, since
Marianas
and
Caroline Islands
were Spanish colonial possessions until late 19th century (see
Spanish-American War
), but Spanish has since been forgotten. It now only exists as an influence on the local native languages and spoken by
Hispanic American
resident populations.
మాండలికాల వేరియేషన్
మార్చు
ప్రధాన వ్యాసం:
స్పానిష మాండలికాలు, వెరైటీలు
There are important variations among the regions of Spain and throughout Spanish-speaking America. In some countries in Hispanophone America, it is preferable to use the word
castellano
to distinguish their version of the language from that of Spain
మూలం అవసరం
, thus asserting their autonomy and national identity. In Spain, the
Castilian
dialect's pronunciation is commonly regarded as the national standard, although a use of slightly different pronouns called [[[Loísmo|
laísmo
]]]
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of this dialect is deprecated. More accurately, for nearly everyone in Spain, "standard Spanish" means, "pronouncing everything exactly as it is written,"
మూలం అవసరం
an ideal which does not correspond to any real dialect, though the northern dialects are the closest to it. In practice, the standard way of speaking Spanish in the media is "written Spanish" for formal speech, "Madrid dialect" (one of the transitional variants between Castilian and
Andalusian
) for informal speech.
మూలం అవసరం
. The variety with the most number of speakers is
Mexican Spanish
, making up nearly a third of Spanish speakers.
మూలం అవసరం
వోసియో
మార్చు
ప్రధాన వ్యాసం:
వోసియో
Spanish has three
second-person
singular
en:pronoun
s: [
tú
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, [
usted
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, and [
vos
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. The use of the pronoun [
vos
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and/or its verb forms is called [
voseo
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Countries that feature "voseo":
primary spoken and written form
primary when spoken, but not in non-colloquial written form
its use coexists when spoken with
tuteo
Spanish-speaking territory or country, voseo non-existent
వ్యాకరణం
మార్చు
Vos
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is the subject form [(
vos decís
)]
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[you say] and the term of preposition (
a vos digo
) [to you I say], while "os" is the form of the direct complement [(
os vi
)]
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[I saw you (all)] and of the indirect complement without the preposition [(
os digo
)]
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[I say to you (all)].
28
The verb always goes in the
second-person
plural even though we addressed only one speaker:
«Han luchado, añadió dirigiéndose a Tarradellas, [...] por mantenerse fieles a las instituciones que vos representáis» (GaCandau Madrid-Barça [Esp. 1996])
Like the possessive employs the form [
vuestro
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: [
Admiro vuestra valentía, señora
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. The adjectives referred to the person or people to whom we address have established the correspondent agreement in gender and number: [
Vos, don Pedro, sois caritativo; Vos, bellas damas, sois ingeniosas
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28
The more commonly known American dialectal form of voseo uses the pronominal or verbal forms of the
second-person
plural (or derivatives of these) to address only one speaker. This [
voseo
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is appropriate to distinct regional or social varieties of American Spanish and on the contrary the reverential [
voseo
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, which implies closeness and familiarity.
28
The [
pronominal voseo
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employs the use of [
vos
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as a pronoun to replace [
tú
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and [
de ti
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, which are
second-person
singular
informal.
28
As a subject [
vos
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employs: [
«Puede que vos tengás razón»
(Herrera Casa [Ven. 1985])]
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instead of [
«Puede que tú tengas razón»
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As a vocative: [
«¿Por qué la tenés contra Alvaro Arzú, vos?»
(Prensa [Guat.] 3.4.97)]
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instead of [
«¿Por qué la tienes contra Alvaro Arzú, tú?»
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As a term of preposition: [
«Cada vez que sale con vos, se enferma»
(Penerini Aventura [Arg. 1999])]
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instead of [
«Cada vez que sale contigo, se enferma»
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And as a term of comparison: [
«Es por lo menos tan actor como vos»
(Cuzzani Cortés [Arg. 1988])]
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instead of [«
Es por lo menos tan actor como tú»
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28
However, for the [
pronombre átono
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(that which uses the pronominal verbs and its complements without preposition) and for the possessive, they employ the forms of [
tuteo
te
tu
, and
tuyo
)]
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, respectively: [
«Vos te acostaste con el tuerto»
(Gené Ulf [Arg. 1988]);
«Lugar que odio [...] como te odio a vos»
(Rossi María [C. Rica 1985]);
«No cerrés tus ojos»
(Flores Siguamonta [Guat. 1993]).]
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In other words, in the previous examples the authors conjugate the pronoun subject [
vos
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with the pronominal verbs and its complements of [
tú
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28
The verbal [
voseo
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consists of the use of the second person plural, more or less modified, for the conjugated forms of the second person singular: [
tú vivís, vos comés
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. The verbal paradigm of [
voseante
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is characterized by its complexity. On the one hand, it affects, to a distinct extent, each verbal tense. On the other hand, it varies in functions of geographic and social factors and not all the forms are accepted in cultured norms.
28
Extension of Voseo in Latin America
మార్చు
Vos
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is used extensively as the primary spoken form of the second-person singular pronoun, although with wide differences in social consideration. Generally, it can be said that there are zones of exclusive use of [
tuteo
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in the following areas: almost all of
Mexico
, the West Indies,
Panama
, the majority of
Peru
and
Venezuela
, and; the Atlantic cost of
Colombia
They alternate [
tuteo
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as a cultured form and [
voseo
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as a popular or rural form in:
Bolivia
, north and south of
Peru
Ecuador
, small zones of the Venezuelan Andes, a great part of
Colombia
, and the oriental border of
Cuba
Tuteo
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exists as an intermediate formality of treatment and [
voseo
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as a familiar treatment in:
Chile
, the Venezuelan state of
Zulia
, the Pacific coast of
Colombia
Central America
, and; the Mexican states of
Tabasco
and
Chiapas
Areas of generalized [
voseo
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include Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay.
28
ఉస్తెదెస్
మార్చు
Spanish forms also differ regarding second-person plural pronouns. The Spanish dialects of Latin America have only one form of the second-person plural for daily use, [
ustedes
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(formal or familiar, as the case may be, though [
vosotros
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non-formal usage can sometimes appear in poetry and rhetorical or literary style). In Spain there are two forms — [
ustedes
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(formal) and [
vosotros
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(familiar). The pronoun [
vosotros
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is the plural form of [
tú
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in most of Spain, but in the Americas (and certain southern Spanish cities such as
Cádiz
and in the
Canary Islands
) it is replaced with [
ustedes
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. It is notable that the use of [
ustedes
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for the informal plural "you" in southern Spain does not follow the usual rule for pronoun–verb
agreement
; e.g., while the formal form for "you go", [
ustedes van
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, uses the third-person plural form of the verb, in Cádiz or Seville the informal form is constructed as [
ustedes vais
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, using the second-person plural of the verb. In the Canary Islands, though, the usual pronoun–verb agreement is preserved in most cases.
పదకోశము
మార్చు
Some words can be different, even embarrassingly so, in different Hispanophone countries. Most Spanish speakers can recognize other Spanish forms, even in places where they are not commonly used, but Spaniards generally do not recognise specifically American usages. For example, Spanish
mantequilla
aguacate
and
albaricoque
(respectively, "butter", "avocado", "apricot") correspond to
manteca
palta
, and
damasco
, respectively, in Peru, Argentina, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay. The everyday Spanish words
coger
(to catch, get, or pick up),
pisar
(to step on) and
concha
(seashell) are considered extremely rude in parts of Latin America, where the meaning of
coger
and
pisar
is also "to have sex" and
concha
means "vulva". The Puerto Rican word for "bobby pin" (
pinche
) is an obscenity in Mexico, and in
Nicaragua
simply means "stingy". Other examples include
taco
, which means "swearword" (among other meanings) in Spain but is known to the rest of the world as a Mexican dish.
Pija
in many countries of Latin America and Spain itself is an obscene slang word for "penis", while in
Spain
the word also signifies "posh girl" or "snobby".
Coche
, which means "car" in Spain, for the vast majority of Spanish-speakers actually means "baby-stroller", in Guatemala it means "pig",
మూలం అవసరం
while
carro
means "car" in some Latin American countries and "cart" in others, as well as in Spain.
Papaya
is the slang term in Cuba for "vagina" therefore in Cuba when referring to the actual fruit Cubans call it
fruta bomba
instead.
29
30
Also, just how Americans use the term "dude" to refer to a friend or someone, Spanish also has its own slang, or "modismo", but varies in every country. For example, "dude" is "güey, mano, cuate or carnal" in Mexico, "mae" in Costa Rica, "tío" in Spain, "tipo" in Colombia, "hueón" in Chile and "chabón" in Argentina.
రియల్ అకాడెమియా
మార్చు
The [
Real Academia Española
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(Royal Spanish Academy), together with the 21 other national ones (see
Association of Spanish Language Academies
), exercises a standardizing influence through its publication of dictionaries and widely respected grammar and style guides. Due to this influence and for other sociohistorical reasons, a standardized form of the language (
Standard Spanish
) is widely acknowledged for use in literature, academic contexts and the media.
వర్గీకరణ, సంబంధిత భాషలు
మార్చు
Spanish is closely related to the other
West Iberian
Romance languages:
Asturian
Galician
Ladino
Leonese
and
Portuguese
. Catalan, an
East Iberian language
which exhibits many
Gallo-Romance
traits, is more similar to the neighboring
Occitan language
than to Spanish, or indeed than Spanish and Portuguese are to each other.
Spanish and Portuguese share similar grammars and vocabulary as well as a common history of
Arabic influence
while a great part of the peninsula was under
Islamic rule
(both languages expanded over
Islamic territories
). Their
lexical similarity
has been estimated as 89%.
31
See
Differences between Spanish and Portuguese
for further information.
Judaeo-Spanish
మార్చు
Further information: [[:
Judaeo-Spanish
]]
Judaeo-Spanish (also known as Ladino), which is essentially medieval Spanish and closer to modern Spanish than any other language, is spoken by many descendants of the
Sephardi Jews
who were
expelled from Spain in the 15th century
. Ladino speakers are currently almost exclusively
Sephardi
Jews, with family roots in Turkey, Greece or the Balkans: current speakers mostly live in Israel and Turkey, with a few pockets in Latin America. It lacks the
Native American vocabulary
which was influential during the
Spanish colonial period
, and it retains many archaic features which have since been lost in standard Spanish. It contains, however, other vocabulary which is not found in standard Castilian, including vocabulary from
Hebrew
, some French, Greek and
Turkish
, and other languages spoken where the Sephardim settled.
Judaeo-Spanish is in serious danger of extinction because many native speakers today are elderly as well as elderly
olim
(immigrants to
Israel
) who have not transmitted the language to their children or grandchildren. However, it is experiencing a minor revival among Sephardi communities, especially in music. In the case of the Latin American communities, the danger of extinction is also due to the risk of assimilation by modern Castilian.
A related dialect is
Haketia
, the Judaeo-Spanish of northern Morocco. This too tended to assimilate with modern Spanish, during the Spanish occupation of the region.
Vocabulary comparison
మార్చు
Spanish and
Italian
share a very similar phonological system. At present, the
lexical similarity
with Italian is estimated at 82%.
31
As a result, Spanish and Italian are mutually intelligible to various degrees. The lexical similarity with
Portuguese
is greater, 89%, but the vagaries of Portuguese pronunciation make it less easily understood by Hispanophones than Italian is.
Mutual intelligibility
between Spanish and
French
or
Romanian
is even lower (lexical similarity being respectively 75% and 71%
31
): comprehension of Spanish by French speakers who have not studied the language is as low as an estimated 45% – the same as of English. The common features of the writing systems of the Romance languages allow for a greater amount of interlingual reading comprehension than oral communication would.
Latin
Spanish
Galician
Portuguese
Catalan
Italian
French
Romanian
nos
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nosotros
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nós
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nós
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nosaltres
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noi
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nous
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noi
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we
fratrem germānum
(acc.)]
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(lit. "true brother", i.e. not a cousin)
hermano
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irmán
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irmão
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germà
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fratello
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frère
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frate
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brother
dies Martis
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Classical
feria tertia
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Ecclesiastical
martes
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martes
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terça-feira
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dimarts
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martedì
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mardi
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marți
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Tuesday
cantiō
nem
, acc.),
canticum
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canción
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canción
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canção
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cançó
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canzone
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chanson
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cântec
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song
magis
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or [
plus
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más
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(archaically also [
plus
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máis
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mais
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(archaically also [
chus
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més
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(archaically also [
pus
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più
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plus
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mai
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more
manum sinistram
(acc.)]
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mano izquierda
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also ([
mano siniestra
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man esquerda
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mão esquerda
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also (
sinistra
) (archaically also [
sẽestra
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mà esquerra
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mano sinistra
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main gauche
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mâna stângă
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left hand
nihil
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or [
nullam rem natam
(acc.)]
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(lit. "no thing born")
nada
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nada
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/[
ren
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nada
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(archaically also [
rem
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res
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niente
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/[
nulla
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rien
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/[
nul
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nimic
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nothing
1. also [
nós outros
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in early modern Portuguese (e.g.
The Lusiads
2. [
noi
altri
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in Southern
Italian dialects and languages
3. Alternatively [
nous
autres
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చరిత్ర
మార్చు
ప్రధాన వ్యాసం:
History of the Spanish language
A page of [
Cantar de Mio Cid
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, in medieval Castilian.
Spanish evolved from
Vulgar Latin
, with major
influences from Arabic
in vocabulary during the
Andalusian
period
32
and minor surviving influences from
Basque
and
Celtiberian
, as well as
Germanic languages
via the
Visigoths
. Spanish developed along the remote cross road strips among the
Alava
Cantabria
Burgos
Soria
and
La Rioja
provinces of Northern Spain (see
Glosas Emilianenses
), as a strongly innovative and differing variant from its nearest cousin,
Leonese
, with a higher degree of Basque influence in these regions (see
Iberian Romance languages
). Typical features of Spanish diachronical
phonology
include
lenition
(Latin [
vita
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, Spanish [
vida
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),
palatalization
(Latin [
annum
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, Spanish [
año
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, and Latin [
anellum
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, Spanish [
anillo
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) and
diphthong
ation (
stem
-changing) of short
and
from Vulgar Latin (Latin [
terra
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, Spanish [
tierra
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; Latin [
novus
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, Spanish [
nuevo
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). Similar phenomena can be found in other Romance languages as well.
During the [
Reconquista
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, this northern dialect from
Cantabria
was carried south, and remains a
minority language
in the northern coastal
Morocco
The first Latin-to-Spanish grammar ([
Gramática de la Lengua Castellana
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) was written in
Salamanca
, Spain, in 1492, by
Elio Antonio de Nebrija
. When it was presented to
Isabel de Castilla
, she asked, "What do I want a work like this for, if I already know the language?", to which he replied, "Your highness, the language is the instrument of the Empire."
మూలం అవసరం
From the 16th century onwards, the language was taken to the
Americas
and the
Spanish East Indies
via
Spanish colonization
In the 20th century, Spanish was introduced to
Equatorial Guinea
and the
Western Sahara
, and in areas of the United States that had not been part of the Spanish Empire, such as in
Spanish Harlem
, in
New York City
. For details on borrowed words and other external influences upon Spanish, see
Influences on the Spanish language
Characterization
మార్చు
A defining feature of Spanish was the
diphthong
ization of the Latin short vowels
and
into
ie
and
ue
, respectively, when they were stressed. Similar
sound changes
are found in other Romance languages, but in Spanish, they were significant. Some examples:
Lat. [
petra
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> Sp. [
piedra
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, It. [
pietra
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, Fr. [
pierre
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, Rom. [
piatrǎ
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, Port./Gal. [
pedra
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, Cat. [
pedra
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"stone".
Lat. [
moritur
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> Sp. [
muere
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, It. [
muore
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, Fr. [
meurt
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/ [
muert
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, Rom. [
moare
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, Port./Gal. [
morre
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, Cat. [
mor
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"die".
Peculiar to early Spanish (as in the
Gascon
dialect of Occitan, and possibly due to a Basque
substratum
) was the mutation of Latin initial
f-
into
h-
whenever it was followed by a vowel that did not diphthongate. Compare for instance:
Lat. [
filium
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> It. [
figlio
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, Port. [
filho
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, Gal. [
fillo
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, Fr. [
fils
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, Cat. [
fill
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, Occitan [
filh
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(but Gascon [
hilh
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) Sp. [
hijo
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(but Ladino [
fijo
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);
Lat. [
fabulari
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> Lad. [
favlar
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, Port./Gal. [
falar
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, Sp. [
hablar
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but Lat. [
focum
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> It. [
fuoco
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, Port./Gal. [
fogo
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, Cat. [
foc
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, Sp./Lad. [
fuego
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Some
consonant cluster
s of Latin also produced characteristically different results in these languages, for example:
Lat. [
clamare
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, acc. [
flammam
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, [
plenum
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> Lad. [
lyamar
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, [
flama
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, [
pleno
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; Sp. [
llamar
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, [
llama
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, [
lleno
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. However, in Spanish there are also the forms [
clamar
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, [
flama
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, [
pleno
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; Port. [
chamar
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, [
chama
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, [
cheio
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; Gal. [
chamar
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, [
chama
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, [
cheo
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Lat. acc. [
octo
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, [
noctem
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, [
multum
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> Lad. [
ocho
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, [
noche
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, [
muncho
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; Sp. [
ocho
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, [
noche
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, [
mucho
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; Port. [
oito
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, [
noite
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, [
muito
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; Gal. [
oito
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, [
noite
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, [
moito
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లేఖనా సాంప్రదాయం
మార్చు
ప్రధాన వ్యాసం: [[:en:Spanish orthography|]]
మూస:Spanish
Spanish is written using the
Latin alphabet
, with the addition of the character
eñe
, representing the phoneme
/ɲ/
, a letter distinct from
, although typographically composed of an
with a
tilde
) and the
digraphs
ch
([
che
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, representing the phoneme
/tʃ/
) and
ll
([
elle
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, representing the phoneme
/ʎ/
). However, the digraph
rr
([
erre fuerte
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, "strong
", [
erre doble
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, "double
", or simply [
erre
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), which also represents a distinct phoneme
/r/
, is not similarly regarded as a single letter. Since 1994, the digraphs
ch
and
ll
are to be treated as letter pairs for
collation
purposes, though they remain a part of the alphabet. Words with
ch
are now alphabetically sorted between those with
ce
and
ci
, instead of following
cz
as they used to, and similarly for
ll
33
34
Thus, the Spanish alphabet has the following 29 letters:
35
a, b, c, ch, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, ll, m, n, ñ, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z.
With the exclusion of a very small number of regional terms such as
México
(see
Toponymy of Mexico
), pronunciation can be entirely determined from spelling. A typical Spanish word is stressed on the
syllable
before the last if it ends with a vowel (not including
) or with a vowel followed by
or
; it is stressed on the last syllable otherwise. Exceptions to this rule are indicated by placing an
acute accent
on the
stressed vowel
The acute accent is used, in addition, to distinguish between certain
homophone
s, especially when one of them is a stressed word and the other one is a
clitic
: compare [
el
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("the", masculine singular definite article) with [
él
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("he" or "it"), or [
te
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("you", object pronoun), [
de
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(preposition "of" or "from"), and [
se
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(reflexive pronoun) with [
té
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("tea"), [
dé
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("give") and [
sé
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("I know", or imperative "be").
The interrogative pronouns ([
qué
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, [
cuál
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, [
dónde
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, [
quién
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, etc.) also receive accents in direct or indirect questions, and some demonstratives ([
ése
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, [
éste
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, [
aquél
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, etc.) can be accented when used as pronouns. The conjunction [
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("or") is written with an accent between numerals so as not to be confused with a zero: e.g., [
10 ó 20
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should be read as [
diez o veinte
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rather than [
diez mil veinte
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("10,020"). Accent marks are frequently omitted in capital letters (a widespread practice in the early days of computers where only lowercase vowels were available with accents), although the
RAE
advises against this.
When
is written between
and a front vowel (
or
), if it should be pronounced, it is written with a
diaeresis
) to indicate that it is not silent as it normally would be (e.g.,
cigüeña
, "stork", is pronounced
/θiˈɣweɲa/
; if it were written
cigueña
, it would be pronounced
/θiˈɣeɲa/
Interrogative and exclamatory clauses are introduced with
inverted question ( ¿ ) and exclamation ( ¡ ) marks
శబ్దాలు
మార్చు
ప్రధాన వ్యాసం: [[:en:Spanish phonology|]]
The phonemic inventory listed in the following table includes
phoneme
s that are preserved only in some dialects, other dialects having merged them (such as
yeísmo
); these are marked with an asterisk (*). Sounds in parentheses are
allophone
s. Where symbols appear in pairs, the symbol to the right represents a
voiced consonant
Table of Spanish consonants
36
Bilabial
Labio-
dental
Dental
Alveolar
Palatal
Velar
Nasal
Stop
tʃ
(ɟʝ)
Fricative
(v)
*θ
(ð)
(z)
Approximant
β̞
ð̞
ɣ˕
Trill
Tap
Lateral
*ʎ
By the 16th century, the consonant system of Spanish underwent the following important changes that differentiated it from
neighboring Romance languages
such as
Portuguese
and
Catalan
Initial
/f/
, when it had evolved into a vacillating
/h/
, was lost in most words (although this etymological
h-
is preserved in spelling and in some Andalusian dialects is still aspirated).
The
bilabial approximant
/β̞/
(which was written
or
) merged with the bilabial occlusive
/b/
(written
). There is no difference between the pronunciation of orthographic
and
in contemporary Spanish, excepting emphatic pronunciations that cannot be considered standard or natural.
The
voiced alveolar fricative
/z/
which existed as a separate phoneme in medieval Spanish merged with its voiceless counterpart
/s/
. The phoneme which resulted from this merger is currently spelled
The
voiced postalveolar fricative
/ʒ/
merged with its voiceless counterpart
/ʃ/
, which evolved into the modern velar sound
/x/
by the 17th century, now written with
, or
before
e, i
. Nevertheless, in most parts of Argentina and in Uruguay,
and
ll
have both evolved to
/ʒ/
or
/ʃ/
The
voiced alveolar affricate
/dz/
merged with its voiceless counterpart
/ts/
, which then developed into the interdental
/θ/
, now written
, or
before
e, i
. But in
Andalusia
, the
Canary Islands
and the Americas this sound merged with
/s/
as well. See
Ceceo
, for further information.
The consonant system of Medieval Spanish has been better preserved in
Ladino
and in Portuguese, neither of which underwent these shifts.
Lexical stress
మార్చు
Spanish is a
en:syllable-timed language
, so each syllable has the same duration regardless of stress.
37
38
Stress most often occurs on any of the last three syllables of a word, with some rare exceptions at the fourth last. The
tendencies
of stress assignment are as follows:
39
In words ending in vowels and
/s/
, stress most often falls on the penultimate syllable.
In words ending in all other consonants, the stress more often falls on the last syllable.
Preantepenultimate stress occurs rarely and only in words like
guardándoselos
('saving them for him/her') where a clitic follows certain verbal forms.
In addition to the many exceptions to these tendencies, there are numerous
minimal pair
s which contrast solely on stress such as
sábana
('sheet') and
sabana
('savannah'), as well as
límite
('boundary'),
limite
('[that] he/she limits') and
limité
('I limited').
An amusing example of the significance of intonation in Spanish is the phrase
¿Cómo cómo como? ¡Como como como!
("What do you mean how do I eat? I eat the way I eat!").
వ్యాకరణము
మార్చు
ప్రధాన వ్యాసం:
స్పానిష్ వ్యాకరణం
Spanish is a relatively
inflected
language, with a two-
gender
system and about fifty
conjugated
forms per
verb
, but limited inflection of
noun
s,
adjective
s, and
determiner
s. (For a detailed overview of verbs, see
Spanish verbs
and
Spanish irregular verbs
.)
It is
right-branching
, uses
preposition
s, and usually, though not always, places
adjective
s after
noun
s. Its
syntax
is generally
Subject Verb Object
, though variations are common. It is a
pro-drop language
(allows the deletion of pronouns when pragmatically unnecessary) and
verb-framed
ఉదాహరణలు
మార్చు
ఆంగ్లము
తెలుగు
స్పానిష్
IPA phonemic transcription
(abstract phonemes)
IPA phonetic transcription
(actual sounds)
స్పానిష్
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/es.paˈɲol/
[e̞s̺.päˈɲo̞l]
[e̞s̻.päˈɲo̞l]
(Castilian) Spanish
castellano
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/kas.teˈʎa.no/
/kas.teˈʝa.no/
[käs̪.t̪e̞ˈʎä.no̞]
[käs̪.t̪e̞ˈʝ̞ä.no̞]
[käh.t̪e̞ˈʒä.no̞]
ఆంగ్లం
Inglés
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/iNˈgles/
[ĩŋˈgle̞s̺]
[ĩŋˈgle̞s̻]
Yes
అవును
Sí
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/ˈsi/
[ˈs̺i]
[ˈs̻i]
No
కాదు
No
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/ˈno/
[ˈno̞]
Hello
నమస్కారము
Hola
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/ˈo.la/
[ˈo̞.lä]
How are you?
ఎలా ఉన్నరు
¿Cómo estás (tú)?
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(informal)
¿Cómo está (usted)?
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(formal)
/ˈko.mo
esˈtas/
[ˈko̞.mo̞
e̞s̪ˈt̪äs̺]
[ˈko̞.mo̞
e̞s̪ˈt̪äs̻]
[ˈko̞.mo̞
ɛhˈt̪æ̞h]
Good morning
సుభోదయము
Buenos días
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/ˈbue.nos
ˈdi.as/
[ˈbwe̞.no̞z̪
ˈð̞i.äs̺]
[ˈbwe̞.no̞z̪
ˈð̞i.äs̻]
[ˈbwɛ.nɔh
ˈð̞i.æ̞h]
Good afternoon/evening
సుభో మధ్యానము / సాయంత్రము
Buenas tardes
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/ˈbue.nas
ˈtaR.des/
[ˈbwe̞.näs̪
ˈt̪äɾ.ð̞e̞s̺]
[ˈbwe̞.näs̪
ˈt̪äɾ.ð̞e̞s̻]
[ˈbwɛ.næ̞h
ˈt̪æ̞ɾ.ð̞ɛh]
Good night
సుభొరాత్రి
Buenas noches
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/ˈbue.nas
ˈno.tʃes/
[ˈbwe̞.näs̺
ˈno̞.tʃe̞s̺]
[ˈbwe̞.näs̻
ˈno̞.tʃe̞s̻]
[ˈbwɛ.næ̞h
ˈnɔ.tʃɛh]
Goodbye
Adiós
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/aˈdios/
[äˈð̞jo̞s̺]
[äˈð̞jo̞s̻]
[æ̞ˈð̞jɔh]
Please
దయచేసి
Por favor
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/poR
faˈboR/
[po̞r
fäˈβ̞o̞r]
Thank you
ధన్యవాదాలు
Gracias
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/ˈgRa.θias/
/ˈgRa.sias/
[ˈgɾä.θjäs̺]
[ˈgɾä.s̻jäs̻]
[ˈgɾ
æ̞.s̻jæ̞h]
Excuse me
Perdón
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/peRˈdoN/
[pe̞ɾˈð̞õ̞n]
[pe̞ɾˈð̞õ̞ŋ]
I am sorry
నన్ను క్షమించండి
Lo siento
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/lo
ˈsieN.to/
[lo̞
ˈs̺jẽ̞n̪.t̪o̞]
[lo̞
ˈs̻jẽ̞n̪.t̪o̞]
Hurry!
(informal)
తొందరగా
¡Date prisa!
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¡Apúrate!
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/ˈda.te
ˈpRi.sa/
[ˈd̪ä.t̪e̞
ˈpɾi.s̺ä]
[ˈd̪ä.t̪e̞
ˈpɾi.s̻ä]
Because
ఎందుకంటే
Porque
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/ˈpoR.ke/
[ˈpo̞r.ke̞]
Why?
ఎందుకు
¿Por qué?
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/poR
ˈke/
[po̞r
ˈke̞]
Who?
ఎవరు
¿Quién?
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/ˈkieN/
[ˈkjẽ̞n]
[ˈkjẽ̞ŋ]
What?
ఏంటి
¿Qué?
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/ˈke/
[ˈke̞]
When?
ఎప్పుడు
¿Cuándo?
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/ˈkuaN.do/
[ˈkwãn̪.d̪o̞]
Where?
ఎక్కడ
¿Dónde?
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/ˈdoN.de/
[ˈdõ̞n̪.d̪e̞]
How?
ఎలా
¿Cómo?
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/ˈko.mo/
[ˈko̞.mo̞]
How much?
ఎంత
¿Cuánto?
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/ˈkuaN.to/
[ˈkwãn̪.t̪o̞]
I do not understand
నాకు అర్థం కాలేదు
No entiendo
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/no
eNˈtieN.do/
[nŏ̞
ẽ̞n̪ˈt̪jẽ̞n̪.d̪o̞]
Help me (please)
(formal)
Help me!
(informal)
Ayúdeme
¡Ayúdame!
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/aˈʝu.de.me/
/aˈʝu.da.me/
[äˈʝ̞u.ð̞e̞.me̞]
[äˈʒu.ð̞e̞.me̞]
[äˈʝ̞u.ð̞ä.me̞]
[äˈʒu.ð̞ä.me̞]
Where is the bathroom?
సౌచాలయం ఎక్కడ
¿Dónde está el baño?
Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (
help
/ˈdoN.de
esˈta
el
ˈba.ɲo]
[ˈdõ̞n̪.d̪e̞
e̞s̪ˈt̪ä
ĕ̞l
ˈbä.ɲo̞]
[ˈdõ̞n̪
d̪ɛhˈt̪ä
ĕ̞l
ˈβ̞ä.ɲo̞]
Do you speak English?
(informal)
మీరు  ఆంగ్లం మాట్లాడగలరా ?
¿Hablas inglés?
Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (
help
/ˈa.blas
iNˈgles/
[ˈä.β̞läs̺
ĩŋˈgle̞s̺]
[ˈä.β̞läs̻
ĩŋˈgle̞s̻]
[ˈæ̞.β̞læ̞h
ĩŋˈglɛh]
Cheers! (toast)
¡Salud!
Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (
help
/saˈlud/
[s̺aˈluð̞]
[s̻aˈlu(ð̞)]
Phonemic representation of the abstract phonological entities (phonemes),
phonetic representation of the actual sounds pronounced (phones). In both cases, when several representations are given, the first one corresponds to the dialect in the recording (Castilian with
yeísmo
) and the rest to several other dialects not in the recording.
Capital
/N/
and
/R/
(non-standard IPA) are used here to represent the nasal and rhotic archiphonemes that neutralize the phonemic oppositions
[m]-[n]-[ɲ]
and
[r]-[ɾ]
, respectively, in syllable coda and intra-cluster positions.
ఇవీ చూడండి
మార్చు
en:Chavacano language
Countries where Spanish is an official language
en:Differences between Spanish and Portuguese
en:Frespañol
en:Hispanic culture
en:Hispanophone
en:Instituto Cervantes
en:Latin Union
en:List of English words of Spanish origin
en:List of Spanish words of Germanic origin
Llanito
en:Names given to the Spanish language
en:Palenquero
en:Papiamento
en:Portuñol
en:Real Academia Española
en:Romance languages
en:Spanglish
en:Spanish-based creole languages
en:Spanish-English translation problems
en:Spanish language poets
en:Spanish profanity
en:Spanish proverbs
Local varieties
మార్చు
en:Peninsular Spanish
en:Andalusian Spanish
en:Canarian Spanish
en:Castilian Spanish
en:Castrapo
(Galician Spanish)
en:Murcian Spanish
en:Latin American Spanish
en:Bolivian Spanish
Caliche
en:Central American Spanish
en:Chilean Spanish
en:Colombian Spanish
en:Cuban Spanish
en:Dominican Spanish
en:Mexican Spanish
en:New Mexican Spanish
en:Panamanian Spanish
en:Peruvian Coast Spanish
en:Puerto Rican Spanish
en:Rioplatense Spanish
Spanish in the Philippines
en:Spanish in the United States
en:Venezuelan Spanish
మూలాలు
మార్చు
Universidad de México
unreliable source?
{{subst:Sup|(cached URL)}}<
Instituto Cervantes (
"El Mundo" news
"CIA The World Factbook United States"
. Archived from
the original
on 2018-12-25
. Retrieved
2009-06-03
United States Census Bureau
PDF (1.86 MB)
, Statistical Abstract of the United States: page 47: Table 47: Languages Spoken at Home by Language: 2003
Foreign Language Enrollments in United States Institutions of Higher Learning
PDF (129 KB)
, MLA Fall 2002.
"Internet World Users by Language"
. Miniwatts Marketing Group. 2008. Archived from
the original
on 2012-04-26
. Retrieved
2009-03-01
"CIA World Factbook — Gibraltar"
. Archived from
the original
on 2018-04-12
. Retrieved
2009-06-03
BBC Education — Languages
, Languages Across Europe — Spanish.
Ethnologue – Paraguay(2000)
. Guaraní is also the most-spoken language in Paraguay by its native speakers.
"Puerto Rico Elevates English"
. the New York Times. 29 January 1993
. Retrieved
2007-10-06
"Population Census 2000, Major Findings"
(PDF)
. Central Statistical Office, Ministry of Budget Management, Belize. 2000. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 2007-06-21
. Retrieved
2009-03-01
Belize Population and Housing Census 2000
"CIA World Factbook — Belize"
. Archived from
the original
on 2013-05-13
. Retrieved
2009-06-03
14.0
14.1
Williams, Carol J. (2005-08-30).
"Trinidad Says It Needs Spanish to Talk Business"
Los Angeles Times
. p. A3
. Retrieved
2009-09-10
"The Secretariat for The Implementation of Spanish, Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago"
. Archived from
the original
on 2010-11-03
. Retrieved
2009-03-01
Mercosul, Portal Oficial
Archived
2007-09-27 at the
Wayback Machine
(Portuguese)
Pimentel, Carolina (2005-08-08).
"Brazil Wants to Pay Foreign Debt with Spanish Classes"
. Brazzil magazine. Archived from
the original
on 2008-10-11
. Retrieved
2008-01-10
Lipski, John M.. "
Too close for comfort? the genesis of “portuñol/portunhol”
" (PDF). Selected Proceedings of the 8th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium. ed. Timothy L. Face and Carol A. Klee, 1–22. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. Retrieved on
2008-12-29
U.S. Census Bureau
Archived
2009-03-02 at the
Wayback Machine
Hispanic or Latino by specific origin.
U.S. Census Bureau 1.
Archived
2020-02-12 at
archive.today
Percent of People 5 Years and Over Who Speak Spanish at Home: 2006,
U.S. Census Bureau 2.
Archived
2020-02-12 at
archive.today
34,044,945 People 5 Years and Over Who Speak Spanish at Home: 2006
Foreign language class enrollments in U.S. schools of higher learning
PDF (129 KB)
, MLA Fall 2002.
Facts, Figures, and Statistics About Spanish
Archived
2008-12-20 at the
Wayback Machine
, American Demographics, 1998.
"El refuerzo del español llega a los saharauis con una escuela en los campos de Tinduf"
. Archived from
the original
on 2012-12-21
. Retrieved
2009-03-01
Ethnologue – Equatorial Guinea (2000)
"CIA World Factbook – Equatorial Guinea (Last updated 20 September 2007)"
. Archived from
the original
on 31 ఆగస్టు 2020
. Retrieved 1 మార్చి 2009
Morocco.com
, The Languages of Morocco.
1973 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines
, thecorpusjuris.com, archived from
the original
on 2008-04-17
, retrieved
2008-04-06
(See Article XV, Section 3(3)
28.0
28.1
28.2
28.3
28.4
28.5
28.6
28.7
Real Academia Española
"3 Guys From Miami: Fruta Bomba"
. Archived from
the original
on 2009-08-30
. Retrieved
2009-03-01
Urban Dictionary: papaya
31.0
31.1
31.2
"Spanish"
. ethnologue.
"Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language"
Oxford University Press
. Retrieved
24 July
2008
Diccionario Panhispánico de Dudas
, 1st ed.: "[...] en el X Congreso de la Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española, celebrado en 1994, se acordó adoptar el orden alfabético latino universal, en el que la
ch
y la
ll
no se consideran letras independientes. En consecuencia, las palabras que comienzan por estas dos letras, o que las contienen, pasan a alfabetizarse en los lugares que les corresponden dentro de la
y de la
, respectivamente. Esta reforma afecta únicamente al proceso de ordenación alfabética de las palabras, no a la composición del abecedario, del que los dígrafos
ch
ll
siguen formando parte."
"No obstante, en el X Congreso de la Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española, celebrado en 1994, se acordó adoptar para los diccionarios académicos, a petición de varios organismos internacionales, el orden alfabético latino universal, en el que la
ch
y la
ll
no se consideran letras independientes. En consecuencia, estas dos letras pasan a alfabetizarse en los lugares que les corresponden dentro de la
(entre
-cg-
-ci-
) y dentro de la
(entre
-lk-
-lm-
), respectivamente."
Real Academia Española
Explanation
at
(in Spanish and English)
"Abecedario"
Diccionario panhispánico de dudas
(in స్పానిష్). Real Academia Española. 2005
. Retrieved
2008-06-23
Martínez-Celdrán et al (2003
:255)
harv error: no target: CITEREFMartínez-Celdrán_et_al2003 (
help
Cressey (1978
:152)
harv error: no target: CITEREFCressey1978 (
help
Abercrombie (1967
:98)
harv error: no target: CITEREFAbercrombie1967 (
help
Eddington (2000
:96)
harv error: no target: CITEREFEddington2000 (
help
బయటి లింకులు
మార్చు
Spanish Nursery Class
Archived
2009-03-04 at the
Wayback Machine
Dictionary of the RAE
Real Academia Española
's official Spanish language dictionary
Spanish
BBC
Languages
English - Spanish
- altogether 260348 entries.
Spanish evolution from Latin
Spanish phrasebook
on Wikivoyage
The Project Gutenberg EBook of A First Spanish Reader
by
Erwin W. Roessler
and
Alfred Remy
" నుండి వెలికితీశారు
వర్గాలు
All articles lacking reliable references
Articles lacking reliable references from March 2008
Webarchive template archiveis links
అనువదించ వలసిన పేజీలు
Articles containing Spanish-language text
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008
Articles with hatnote templates targeting a nonexistent page
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2008
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2007
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2007
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2008
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007
స్పానిష్ భాష
స్పెయిన్
దాచిన వర్గాలు:
Articles with invalid date parameter in template
Webarchive template wayback links
CS1 స్పానిష్-language sources (es)
Harv and Sfn no-target errors
Lang and lang-xx template errors
Pages with plain IPA
స్పానిష్ భాష
విషయాన్ని చేర్చు