ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ - ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ
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ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ, ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ
ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱼᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ
ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱠᱟᱵᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱞᱚᱢ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾
ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ
ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ
ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ
ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ
ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱩᱯᱚᱫᱤᱯ
, ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝᱼᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ,
ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱜᱟᱥᱠᱟᱨ
ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ
ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱯᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ
ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ
ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱓᱘᱖ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ (᱔.᱙% ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱦᱚᱲᱮᱞ) ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ
ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ
ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ
ᱟᱨ
ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ
),
ᱡᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱤᱥ
ᱟᱨ
ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ
ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ
) ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱑,᱒᱕᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾
ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱷᱮᱨ
ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱝ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱠᱟᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱤᱠᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱭᱟ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾
ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ
ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ
ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ
ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ - ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭᱼᱯᱚᱞᱤᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱳᱥᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱩᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭᱼᱯᱚᱞᱤᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭᱼᱯᱚᱞᱤᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱟᱵᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ
ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ
: ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱕᱐᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱚ
ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱜᱟᱥᱠᱟᱨ
ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ
ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ
ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ
ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ
ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ,
ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ
ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ
ᱟᱨ
ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ
ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱹᱞᱩ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱪᱟᱢᱳᱨᱳ ᱟᱨ
ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ
ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱓᱐ ᱠᱳᱴᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱤᱥ, ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ, ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾
ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝᱼᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ
: ᱳᱥᱮᱱᱤᱭᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱕᱐᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱜᱤᱱᱤ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ, ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱞᱤᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱑᱐ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱭ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱒᱐ ᱞᱟᱠᱷ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱣ ᱜᱤᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱯᱩᱣᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾
ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱤᱦᱤᱧ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱞᱟᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱨ (Average) ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱑᱕᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱾
ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ
ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ
ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ
ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ
ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ
ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ
Map of the
Austronesian expansion
. Periods are based on archeological studies, though the association of the archeological record and linguistic reconstructions is disputed.
ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ
ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ, ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ (ᱯᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ
ᱩᱨᱦᱮᱭᱢᱮᱴ
(Urheimat)) ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱫᱤᱯ, ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱳᱥᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱳᱥᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱾
ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ
ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ
ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ
ᱵᱟᱞᱤ
ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ
ᱵᱟᱞᱤᱱᱮᱥ
ᱟᱨ
ᱞᱟᱛᱤᱱ
ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ
ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ
ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ
Manuscript from early 1800s using
Batak
alphabet
ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ
ᱞᱟᱛᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱯ
ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱛᱤᱱ ᱪᱷᱟᱰᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱾
ᱵᱨᱚᱦᱚᱢᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ
ᱠᱟᱣᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ
ᱵᱟᱞᱤᱱᱮᱥ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ
ᱵᱟᱞᱤᱱᱮᱥ
ᱟᱨ
ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱠ
ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨᱼᱟ ᱾
ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ
- ᱟᱹᱰᱤᱜᱟᱱ
ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱠ
ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨᱼᱟ ᱾
ᱵᱟᱭᱵᱟᱭᱤᱱ
ᱛᱟᱜᱟᱞᱚᱜᱽ
ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟᱜᱟᱱ
ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ
ᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨᱼᱟ ᱾
ᱵᱤᱢᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ
ᱵᱤᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ
ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱫᱽ ᱾
ᱵᱩᱦᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ
ᱵᱩᱦᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ
ᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨᱼᱟ ᱾
ᱦᱟᱱᱩᱱᱩᱭᱳ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ
ᱦᱟᱱᱩᱱᱩᱭᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ
ᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨᱼᱟ ᱾
ᱡᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱤᱥ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ
ᱡᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ
ᱟᱨ
ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱮᱥ
ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾
ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱱᱪᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ
ᱠᱟᱜᱟᱝᱜᱟ
) -
ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱱᱪᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ
ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨᱼᱟ ᱾
ᱠᱩᱞᱤᱛᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ
ᱠᱟᱯᱟᱢᱯᱟᱝᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ
ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨᱼᱟ ᱾
ᱞᱟᱯᱩᱝ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ
ᱞᱟᱯᱩᱝ
ᱟᱨ
ᱠᱳᱢᱮᱨᱤᱝ
ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨᱼᱟ ᱾
ᱞᱳᱱᱛᱟᱨᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ
ᱵᱩᱜᱤᱱᱤᱥ
ᱢᱟᱠᱟᱥᱟᱨᱮᱥᱮ
ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟᱜᱟᱱ
ᱥᱩᱞᱟᱣᱮᱥᱤ
ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨᱼᱟ ᱾
ᱥᱩᱱᱫᱟᱱᱤᱥ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ
ᱥᱩᱱᱫᱟᱱᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ
‌ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨᱼᱟ ᱾
ᱨᱮᱡᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ
ᱨᱮᱡᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ
ᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨᱼᱟ ᱾
ᱨᱮᱱᱠᱳᱝ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ
ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ
ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨᱮᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾
ᱛᱟᱜᱽᱵᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ
ᱯᱟᱞᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ
ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨᱮᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾
ᱞᱳᱛᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ
ᱞᱤᱭᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ
ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨᱼᱟ ᱾
ᱪᱟᱢ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ
ᱪᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ
ᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨᱼᱟ ᱾
ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ
ᱯᱮᱜᱳᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ
ᱡᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱤᱥ
ᱥᱩᱱᱫᱟᱱᱤᱥ
ᱟᱨ
ᱢᱟᱫᱩᱨᱮᱥ
ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾
ᱡᱟᱣᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ
ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ
ᱟᱪᱮᱦᱱᱮᱥ
ᱵᱟᱱᱡᱟᱨ
ᱢᱤᱱᱟᱝᱠᱟᱵᱟᱣ
ᱛᱟᱣᱥᱩᱝ
ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱪᱟᱢ
ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾
ᱥᱳᱨᱟᱵᱮ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ
ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱜᱟᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ
ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾
ᱦᱟᱝᱜᱽᱞᱩ
ᱠᱟᱭᱼᱠᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ
ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾
ᱫᱩᱱᱜᱤᱝ
ᱤᱵᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ
ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨᱼᱟ ᱾
ᱟᱵᱷᱳᱭᱩᱞᱤ
ᱨᱟᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ
ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨᱼᱟ ᱾
ᱮᱥᱠᱟᱭᱟᱱ
ᱮᱥᱠᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ
ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾
ᱳᱞᱮᱭ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ
(ᱠᱮᱨᱳᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ) -
ᱠᱮᱨᱳᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ
(ᱨᱤᱯᱷᱩᱣᱟᱥ) ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾
ᱨᱳᱱᱜᱳᱨᱳᱱᱜᱳ
- ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ
ᱨᱟᱞᱮ ᱱᱩᱭ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ
ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾
ᱵᱽᱨᱮᱭᱤᱞ
ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱤᱱᱳ
ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ
ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ
ᱛᱳᱞᱟᱭ
ᱢᱳᱴᱩ
ᱢᱟᱣᱨᱤ
ᱥᱟᱢᱳᱣᱟᱱ
ᱢᱟᱞᱟᱜᱟᱥᱤ
, ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱾
ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱱᱟ ᱪᱟᱨᱴ
ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ
ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ
ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱑-᱑᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱞᱯᱮ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱱᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ
ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ
ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ
, ᱢᱟᱨᱤᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱯ,
ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ
ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ
, ᱪᱟᱢᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱢᱟ (
ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ
ᱠᱮᱢᱵᱳᱰᱤᱭᱟ
, ᱟᱨ
ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱛᱱᱟᱢ
),
ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱛᱤᱢᱳᱨ
ᱯᱟᱯᱩᱣᱟ
ᱱᱟᱣᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ
ᱦᱟᱣᱟᱭ
ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱜᱟᱥᱠᱟᱨ
, ᱵᱳᱨᱱᱮᱭᱚ, ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱵᱟᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ
ᱴᱩᱵᱷᱟᱞᱩ
ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱾
Comparison chart-numerals
Austronesian
List of Numbers 1-10
10
Proto-Austronesian
*əsa
*isa
*duSa
*təlu
*Səpat
*lima
*ənəm
*pitu
*walu
*Siwa
*(sa-)puluq
Formosan languages
10
Atayal
qutux
sazing
cyugal
payat
magal
mtzyu
mpitu
mspat
mqeru
mopuw
Seediq
kingal
daha
teru
sepac
rima
mmteru
mpitu
mmsepac
mngari
maxal
Truku
kingal
dha
tru
spat
rima
mataru
empitu
maspat
mngari
maxal
Thao
taha
tusha
turu
shpat
tarima
katuru
pitu
kashpat
tanathu
makthin
Papora
tanu
nya
tul
pat
lima
minum
pitu
mehal
mesi
metsi
Babuza
nata
naroa
natura
naspat
nahop
naitu
naito
natap
maitu
tsihet
Taokas
tatanu
rua
tool'a
lapat
hasap
tahap
yuweto
mahalpat
tanaso
tais'id
Pazeh
adang
dusa
tu'u
supat
xasep
xasebuza
xasebidusa
xasebitu'u
xasebisupat
isit
Saisiyat
'aeihae'
roSa'
to:lo'
Sopat
haseb
SayboSi:
SayboSi: 'aeihae'
maykaSpat
hae'hae'
lampez
Tsou
coni
yuso
tuyu
sʉptʉ
eimo
nomʉ
pitu
voyu
sio
maskʉ
Bunun
tasʔa
dusa
tau
paat
hima
nuum
pitu
vau
siva
masʔan
Rukai
itha
drusa
tulru
supate
lrima
eneme
pitu
valru
bangate
pulruku
Paiwan
ita
drusa
tjelu
sepatj
lima
enem
pitju
alu
siva
tapuluq
Puyuma
isa
zuwa
telu
pat
lima
unem
pitu
walu
iwa
pulu'
Kavalan
usiq
uzusa
utulu
uspat
ulima
unem
upitu
uwalu
usiwa
rabtin
Basay
tsa
lusa
tsu
səpat
tsjima
anəm
pitu
wasu
siwa
labatan
Amis
cecay
tosa
tolo
spat
lima
enem
pito
falo
siwa
mo^tep
Sakizaya
cacay
tosa
tolo
sepat
lima
enem
pito
walo
siwa
cacay a bataan
Siraya
sasaat
duha
turu
tapat
tu-rima
tu-num
pitu
pipa
kuda
keteng
Taivoan
tsaha'
ruha
toho
paha'
hima
lom
kito'
kipa'
matuha
kaipien
Makatao
na-saad
ra-ruha
ra-ruma
ra-sipat
ra-lima
ra-hurum
ra-pito
ra-haru
ra-siwa
ra-kaitian
Yami
asa
dora
atlo
apat
lima
anem
pito
wao
siyam
poo
Qauqaut
is
zus
dor
sop
rim
ən
pit
ar
siu
tor
Malayo-Polynesian languages
10
Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
*əsa
*isa
*duha
*təlu
*əpat
*lima
*ənəm
*pitu
*walu
*siwa
*puluq
Acehnese
sifar
soh
sa
duwa
lhee
peuet
limong
nam
tujoh
lapan
sikureueng
siploh
Balinese
nul
besik
siki
dua
telu
papat
lime
nenem
pitu
kutus
sia
dasa
Banjar
asa
dua
talu
ampat
lima
anam
pitu
walu
sanga
sapuluh
Batak, Toba
sada
dua
tolu
opat
lima
onom
pitu
ualu
sia
sampulu
Buginese
ceddi
dua
tellu
empa
lima
enneng
pitu
arua
asera
seppulo
Cia-Cia
dise
ise
rua
ghua
tolu
pa'a
lima
no'o
picu
walu
oalu
siua
ompulu
Cham
sa
dua
klau
pak
lima
nam
tujuh
dalapan
salapan
sapluh
Javanese (Kawi)
sunya
eka
dwi
tri
catur
panca
sad
sapta
asta
nawa
dasa
Old Javanese
das
sa
(sa' / sak)
rwa
tĕlu
pāt
lima
nĕm
pitu
walu
sanga
sapuluh
Javanese (Krama)
nol
setunggal
kalih
tiga
sekawan
gangsal
enem
pitu
wolu
sanga
sedasa
Javanese (Ngoko)
nol
siji from sahiji
loro from ka-rwa (ka-ro)
telu
papat
lima
enem
pitu
wolu
sanga
sepuluh
Kelantan-Pattani
kosong
so
duwo
tigo
pak
limo
ne
tujoh
lape
smile
spuloh
Madurese
nol
settong
dhuwa'
tello'
empa'
lema'
ennem
petto'
ballu'
sanga'
sapolo
Makassarese
lobbang
nolo'
se're
rua
tallu
appa'
lima
annang
tuju
sangantuju
salapang
sampulo
Standard Malay
(both
Indonesian
and
Malaysian
kosong
sifar
nol
sa/se
satu
suatu
dua
tiga
empat
lima
enam
tujuh
delapan
lapan
sembilan
sepuluh
Minangkabau
ciek
duo
tigo
ampek
limo
anam
tujuah
salapan
sambilan
sapuluah
Moken
a:
uwa:
teloj
(təlɔy)
pa:t
lema:
nam
luɟuːk
waloj
(walɔy)
ch
waj
(cʰɛwaːy / sɛwaːy)
Rejang
do
duai
tlau
pat
lêmo
num
tujuak
dêlapên
sêmbilan
sêpuluak
Sasak
sekek
due
telo
empat
lime
enam
pituk
baluk
siwak
sepulu
Sundanese
nol
hiji
dua
tilu
opat
lima
genep
tujuh
dalapan
salapan
sapuluh
Terengganu Malay
kosong
se
duwe
tige
pak
lime
nang
tujoh
lapang
smilang
spuloh
Tetun
nol
ida
rua
tolu
hat
lima
nen
hitu
ualu
sia
sanulu
Tsat (HuiHui)
sa˧
ta˩
**
tʰua˩
kiə˧
pa˨˦
ma˧
naːn˧˨
su˥
paːn˧˨
tʰu˩ paːn˧˨
piu˥
There are two forms for numbers '
one
' in
Tsat (Hui Hui; Hainan Cham)
^*
The word
sa˧
is used for serial counting.
^**
The word
ta˩
is used with hundreds and thousands and before qualifiers.
Ilocano
ibbong
awan
maysa
dua
tallo
uppat
lima
innem
pito
walo
siam
sangapulo
Ibanag
awan
tadday
duwa
tallu
appa'
lima
annam
pitu
walu
siyam
mafulu
Pangasinan
sakey
duwa
talo
apat
lima
anem
pito
walo
siyam
samplo
Kapampangan
alá
métung/ isá
adwá
atlú
ápat
limá
ánam
pitú
walú
siám
apúlu
Tagalog
walâ
isá
dalawá
tatló
apat
limá
anim
pitó
waló
siyám
sampû
Bikol
wara
sarô
duwá
tuló
apat
limá
anom
pitó
waló
siyám
sampulû
Aklanon
uwa
isaea
sambilog
daywa
tatlo
ap-at
lima
an-om
pito
waeo
siyam
napueo
Karay-a
wara
(i)sara
darwa
tatlo
apat
lima
anəm
pito
walo
siyam
napulo
Onhan
isya
darwa
tatlo
upat
lima
an-om
pito
walo
siyam
sampulo
Romblomanon
isa
duha
tuyo
upat
lima
onum
pito
wayo
siyam
napuyo
Masbatenyo
isad
usad
duwa
duha
tulo
upat
lima
unom
pito
walo
siyam
napulo
Hiligaynon
wala
isa
duha
tatlo
apat
lima
anom
pito
walo
siyam
napulo
Cebuano
wala
usa
duha
tulo
upat
lima
unom
pito
walo
siyam
napulo
pulo
Waray
waray
usa
duha
tulo
upat
lima
unom
pito
walo
siyam
napulò
Tausug
sipar
isa
duwa
tū
upat
lima
unum
pitu
walu
siyam
hangpu'
Maranao
isa
dua
telu
pat
lima
nem
pitu
ualu
siau
sapulu'
Benuaq (Dayak Benuaq)
eray
duaq
toluu
opaat
limaq
jawatn
turu
walo
sie
sepuluh
Lun Bawang/ Lundayeh
na luk dih
eceh
dueh
teluh
epat
limeh
enem
tudu'
waluh
liwa'
pulu'
Dusun
aiso
iso
duo
tolu
apat
limo
onom
turu
walu
siam
hopod
Malagasy
aotra
isa
iray
roa
telo
efatra
dimy
enina
fito
valo
sivy
folo
Sangirese (Sangir-Minahasan)
sembau
darua
tatelu
epa
lima
eneng
pitu
walu
sio
mapulo
Oceanic languages
10
Fijian
saiva
dua
rua
tolu
vaa
lima
ono
vitu
walu
ciwa
tini
Hawaiian
'ole
'e-kahi
'e-lua
'e-kolu
'e-hā
'e-lima
'e-ono
'e-hiku
'e-walu
'e-iwa
'umi
Gilbertese
akea
teuana
uoua
tenua
aua
nimaua
onoua
itua
wanua
ruaiwa
tebwina
Māori
kore
tahi
rua
toru
whā
rima
ono
whitu
waru
iwa
tekau
ngahuru
Marshallese
᱑᱐
o̧o
juon
ruo
jilu
emān
ļalem
jiljino
jimjuon
ralitōk
ratimjuon
jon̄oul
Motu
᱑᱑
ta
rua
toi
hani
ima
tauratoi
hitu
taurahani
taurahani-ta
gwauta
Niuean
nakai
taha
ua
tolu
fā
lima
ono
fitu
valu
hiva
hogofulu
Rapanui
tahi
rua
toru
hā
rima
ono
hitu
va'u
iva
angahuru
Rarotongan Māori
kare
ta'i
rua
toru
'ā
rima
ono
'itu
varu
iva
nga'uru
Rotuman
ta
rua
folu
hake
lima
ono
hifu
vạlu
siva
saghulu
Sāmoan
tasi
lua
tolu
fa
lima
ono
fitu
valu
iva
sefulu
Sāmoan
(K-type)
kasi
lua
kolu
fa
lima
ogo
fiku
valu
iva
sefulu
Tahitian
hō'ē
tahi
piti
toru
maha
pae
ōno
hitu
va'u
iva
hō'ē 'ahuru
Tongan
noa
taha
ua
tolu
fa
nima
ono
fitu
valu
hiva
hongofulu
taha noa
Trukese
eet
érúúw
één
fáán
niim
woon
fúús
waan
ttiw
engoon
Tuvaluan
tahi
tasi
lua
tolu
fa
lima
ono
fitu
valu
iva
sefulu
Comparison chart-thirteen words
one
two
three
four
person
house
dog
road
day
new
we
what
fire
Proto-Austronesian
*əsa, *isa
*duSa
*təlu
*əpat
*Cau
*balay, *Rumaq
*asu
*zalan
*qaləjaw, *waRi
*baqəRu
*kita, *kami
*anu, *apa
*Sapuy
Tetum
ida
rua
tolu
haat
ema
uma
asu
dalan
loron
foun
ita
saida
ahi
Amis
cecay
tosa
tolo
sepat
tamdaw
luma
wacu
lalan
cidal
faroh
kita
uman
namal
Puyuma
sa
dua
telu
pat
taw
rumah
soan
dalan
wari
vekar
mi
amanai
apue,
asi
Tagalog
isa
dalawa
tatlo
apat
tao
bahay
aso
daan
araw
bago
tayo / kami
ano
apoy
Bikol
sarô
duwá
tuló
apat
táwo
harong
áyam
dálan
aldaw
bâgo
kitá
anó
kalayó
Rinconada Bikol
əsad
darwā
tolō
əpat
tawō
baləy
ayam
raran
aldəw
bāgo
kitā
onō
kalayō
Waray
usa
duha
tulo
upat
tawo
balay
ayam,
ido
dalan
adlaw
bag-o
kita
anu
kalayo
Cebuano
usa,
isa
duha
tulo
upat
tawo
balay
iro
dalan
adlaw
bag-o
kita
unsa
kalayo
Hiligaynon
isa
duha
tatlo
apat
tawo
balay
ido
dalan
adlaw
bag-o
kita
ano
kalayo
Aklanon
isaea,
sambilog
daywa
tatlo
ap-at
tawo
baeay
ayam
daean
adlaw
bag-o
kita
ano
kaeayo
Kinaray-a
(i)sara
darwa
tatlo
apat
tawo
balay
ayam
dalan
adlaw
bag-o
kita
ano
kalayo
Tausug
hambuuk
duwa
tu
upat
tau
bay
iru'
dan
adlaw
ba-gu
kitaniyu
unu
kayu
Maranao
isa
dowa
t'lo
phat
taw
walay
aso
lalan
gawi'e
bago
tano
tonaa
apoy
Kapampangan
métung
adwá
atlú
ápat
táu
balé
ásu
dálan
aldó
báyu
íkatamu
nánu
apî
Pangasinan
sakey
dua,
duara
talo,
talora
apat,
apatira
too
abong
aso
dalan
ageo
balo
sikatayo
anto
pool
Ilokano
maysa
dua
tallo
uppat
tao
balay
aso
dalan
aldaw
baro
datayo
ania
apoy
Ivatan
asa
dadowa
tatdo
apat
tao
vahay
chito
rarahan
araw
va-yo
yaten
ango
apoy
Ibanag
tadday
dua
tallu
appa'
tolay
balay
kitu
dalan
aggaw
bagu
sittam
anni
afi
Yogad
tata
addu
tallu
appat
tolay
binalay
atu
daddaman
agaw
bagu
sikitam
gani
afuy
Gaddang
antet
addwa
tallo
appat
tolay
balay
atu
dallan
aw
bawu
ikkanetam
sanenay
afuy
Tboli
sotu
lewu
tlu
fat
tau
gunu
ohu
lan
kdaw
lomi
tekuy
tedu
ofih
Lun Bawang/ Lundayeh
eceh
dueh
teluh
epat
lemulun/lun
ruma'
uko'
dalan
eco
beruh
teu
enun
apui
Malay
Malaysian
Indonesian
sa/se,
satu,
suatu
dua
tiga
ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ
empat
orang
rumah,
balai
anjing
jalan
hari
baru
kita, kami
apa,
anu
api
Old Javanese
esa,
eka
rwa,
dwi
tĕlu,
tri
pat,
catur
᱑᱒
wwang
umah
asu
dalan
dina
hañar, añar
᱑᱓
kami
᱑᱔
apa,
aparan
apuy,
agni
Javanese
siji,
setunggal
loro,
kalih
tĕlu,
tiga
᱑᱕
papat,
sekawan
uwong,
tiyang,
priyantun
᱑᱕
omah,
griya,
dalem
᱑᱕
asu,
sĕgawon
dalan,
gili
᱑᱕
dina,
dinten
᱑᱕
anyar,
énggal
᱑᱕
awaké dhéwé,
kula panjenengan
᱑᱕
apa,
punapa
᱑᱕
gĕni,
latu,
brama
᱑᱕
Sundanese
hiji
dua
tilu
opat
urang
imah
anjing
jalan
poe
anyar,
enggal
arurang
naon
seuneu
Acehnese
sa
duwa
lhèë
peuët
ureuëng
rumoh,
balè,
seuëng
asèë
röt
uroë
barô
(geu)tanyoë
peuë
apui
Minangkabau
ciek
duo
tigo
ampek
urang
rumah
anjiang
labuah,
jalan
hari
baru
awak
apo
api
Rejang
do
duai
tlau
pat
tun
umêak
kuyuk
dalên
bilai
blau
itê
jano,
gen,
inê
opoi
Lampungese
sai
khua
telu
pak
jelema
lamban
kaci
ranlaya
khani
baru
kham
api
apui
Buginese
se'di
dua
tellu
eppa'
tau
bola
asu
laleng
esso
baru
idi'
aga
api
Temuan
satuk
duak
tigak
empat
uwang,
eang
gumah,
umah
anying,
koyok
jalan
aik,
haik
bahauk
kitak
apak
apik
Toba Batak
sada
dua
tolu
opat
halak
jabu
biang
dalan
ari
baru
hita
aha
api
Kelantan-Pattani
so
duwo
tigo
pak
oghe
ghumoh,
dumoh
anjing
jale
aghi
baghu
kito
gapo
api
Chamorro
håcha,
maisa
hugua
tulu
fatfat
taotao/tautau
guma'
ga'lågu
᱑᱖
chålan
ha'åni
nuebu
᱑᱗
hita
håfa
guåfi
Motu
ta,
tamona
rua
toi
hani
tau
ruma
sisia
dala
dina
matamata
ita,
ai
dahaka
lahi
Māori
tahi
rua
toru
whā
tangata
whare
kurī
ara
rā
hou
tāua, tātou/tātau
māua, mātou/mātau
aha
ahi
Gilbertese
teuna
uoua
tenua
aua
aomata
uma,
bata,
auti (from
house
kamea,
kiri
kawai
bong
bou
ti
tera,
-ra (suffix)
ai
Tuvaluan
tasi
lua
tolu
fá
toko
fale
kuli
ala,
tuu
aso
fou
tāua
afi
Hawaiian
kahi
lua
kolu
hā
kanaka
hale
'īlio
ala
ao
hou
kākou
aha
ahi
Banjarese
asa
duwa
talu
ampat
urang
rūmah
hadupan
heko
hǎri
hanyar
kami
apa
api
Malagasy
isa
roa
telo
efatra
olona
trano
alika
lalana
andro
vaovao
isika
inona
afo
Dusun
iso
duo
tolu
apat
tulun
walai,
lamin
tasu
ralan
tadau
wagu
tokou
onu/nu
tapui
Kadazan
iso
duvo
tohu
apat
tuhun
hamin
tasu
lahan
tadau
vagu
tokou
onu,
nunu
tapui
Rungus
iso
duvo
tolu,
tolzu
apat
tulun,
tulzun
valai,
valzai
tasu
dalan
tadau
vagu
tokou
nunu
tapui,
apui
Sungai/Tambanuo
ido
duo
tolu
opat
lobuw
waloi
asu
ralan
runat
wagu
toko
onu
apui
Iban
satu, sa,
siti, sigi
dua
tiga
empat
orang,
urang
rumah
ukui,
uduk
jalai
hari
baru
kitai
nama
api
Sarawak Malay
satu,
sigek
dua
tiga
empat
orang
rumah
asuk
jalan
ari
baru
kita
apa
api
Terengganuan
se
duwe
tige
pak
oghang
ghumoh,
dumoh
anjing
jalang
aghi
baghu
kite
mende, ape,
gape, nape
api
Kanayatn
sa
dua
talu
ampat
urakng
rumah
asu'
jalatn
ari
baru
kami',
diri'
ahe
api
ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ
ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ
ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ
ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ
ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ
ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ
Blust's Austronesian Comparative Dictionary
Swadesh lists of Austronesian basic vocabulary words
(from Wiktionary's
Swadesh-list appendix
"Homepage of linguist Dr. Lawrence Reid"
. Retrieved
July 28,
2005
Summer Institute of Linguistics site showing languages (Austronesian and Papuan) of Papua New Guinea.
"Austronesian Language Resources"
. Archived from
the original
on November 22, 2004.
Spreadsheet of 1600+ Austronesian and Papuan number names and systems – ongoing study to determine their relationships and distribution
permanent dead link
Languages of the World: The Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) Language Family
Archived
᱒᱐᱐᱙-᱐᱑-᱑᱗ at the
Wayback Machine
Introduction to Austronesian Languages and Culture (video) (Malayo-Polynesian) Language Family
on
南島語族分布圖
ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ
ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ
ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ
Siman Widyatmanta, Adiparwa. Vol. I dan II. Cetakan Ketiga. Yogyakarta: U.P. "Spring", 1968.
Zoetmulder, P.J., Kamus Jawa Kuno-Indonesia. Vol. I-II. Terjemahan Darusuprapto-Sumarti Suprayitno. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 1995.
"Javanese alphabet (Carakan)"
Omniglot
from the
Arabic
صِفْر
ṣifr
Predominantly in Indonesia, comes from the
Latin
nullus
The
Sanskrit
loanword "Ekasila"
: "Eka" means 1, "Sila" means "pillar", "principle" appeared in
Sukarno
's speech
The
Sanskrit
loanword "Trisila"
: "Tri" means 3, "Sila" means "pillar", "principle" appeared in
Sukarno
's speech
loanword from
Sanskrit
पञ्चन्
páñcan
- see
Sukarno
's
Pancasila
: "five principles",
Pancawarna
: "five colours, colourful".
lapan
is a known contraction of
delapan
; predominant in Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei.
Cook, Richard (1992).
Peace Corps Marshall Islands: Marshallese Language Training Manual
PDF
), pg. 22. Accessed August 27, 2007.
Percy Chatterton, (1975).
Say It In Motu: An instant introduction to the common language of Papua
. Pacific Publications.
ISBN 978-0-85807-025-7
s.v. kawan,
Old Javanese-English Dictionary
, P.J. Zoetmulder and Stuart Robson, 1982
s.v. hañar,
Old Javanese-English Dictionary
, P.J. Zoetmulder and Stuart Robson, 1982
s.v. kami, this could mean both first person singular and plural,
Old Javanese-English Dictionary
, P.J. Zoetmulder and Stuart Robson, 1982
Javanese English Dictionary
, Stuart Robson and Singgih Wibisono, 2002
From
Spanish
galgo
From Spanish "
nuevo
" ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭ
ᱛᱷᱚᱠᱠᱩ
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ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ
ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ
ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ
ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝᱼᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ
ᱯᱳᱞᱤᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ
ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ
ᱥᱟᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ