Web Content Accessibility Guidelines - Wikipedia

Web Content Accessibility Guidelines - Wikipedia
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Web accessibility guidelines
WCAG
Web Content Accessibility Guidelines
World Wide Web Consortium
(W3C) logo
Abbreviation
WCAG
Status
W3C Recommendation
Year started
January 1995
1995-01
First published
9 May 1999
1999-05-09
Latest version
2.2
October 5, 2023
; 2 years ago
2023-10-05
Preview version
3.0
July 24, 2023
; 2 years ago
2023-07-24
Organization
W3C
ISO
IEC
Committee
Accessibility Guidelines Working Group
Editors
Andrew Kirkpatrick
Joshue O Connor
Alastair Campbell
Ben Caldwell
Michael Cooper
Loretta Guarino Reid
Gregg Vanderheiden
Wendy Chisholm
John Slatin
Jason White
Rachael Bradley Montgomery
Jeanne Spellman
Shawn Lauriat
Domain
Web accessibility
Website
W3C
www
.w3
.org
/TR
/WCAG22
ISO
IEC
www
.iso
.org
/standard
/58625
.html
The
Web Content Accessibility Guidelines
WCAG
) are part of a series published by the
Web Accessibility Initiative
(WAI) of the
World Wide Web Consortium
(W3C), the main international
standards organization
for the
Internet
. They are a set of recommendations for improving
web accessibility
, primarily for people with
disabilities
—but also for all
user agents
, including highly limited devices, such as mobile phones. WCAG 2.0 was published in December 2008 and became an
ISO
standard, ISO/IEC 40500:2012 in October 2012.
WCAG 2.2 became a W3C Recommendation on 5 October 2023.
History
edit
Earlier guidelines (1995–1998)
edit
The first web accessibility guideline was compiled by
Gregg Vanderheiden
and released in January 1995, just after the 1994 Second International Conference on the World-Wide Web (WWW II) in Chicago (where
Tim Berners-Lee
first mentioned disability access in a keynote speech after seeing a pre-conference workshop on accessibility led by
Mike Paciello
).
Over 38 different Web access guidelines followed from various authors and organizations over the next few years.
These were brought together in the
Unified Web Site Accessibility Guidelines
compiled at the
University of Wisconsin–Madison
Version 8 of the
Unified Web Site Accessibility Guidelines
, published in 1998, served as the starting point for the W3C's WCAG 1.0.
Version 1 (1999–2000)
edit
The WCAG 1.0 were published and became a
W3C recommendation
on 5 May 1999. In February 2008, The WCAG Samurai, a group of developers independent of the W3C, and led by
Joe Clark
, published corrections for, and extensions to, the WCAG 1.0.
Version 2 (2001–present)
edit
The first concept proposal of WCAG 2.0 was published on 25 January 2001. In the following years new versions were published intended to solicit feedback from accessibility experts and members of the disability community. On 27 April 2006 a "Last Call Working Draft" was published.
Due to the many amendments that were necessary, WCAG 2.0 was published again as a concept proposal on 17 May 2007, followed by a second "Last Call Working Draft" on 11 December 2007.
10
11
In April 2008 the guidelines became a "Candidate Recommendation".
12
On 3 November 2008 the guidelines became a "Proposed Recommendation". WCAG 2.0 was published as a W3C Recommendation on 11 December 2008.
13
14
In October 2012, WCAG 2.0 were accepted by the
International Organization for Standardization
as an ISO International Standard, ISO/IEC 40500:2012.
15
16
17
In early 2014, WCAG 2.0's Level A and Level AA success criteria were incorporated as references in clause 9.2 ("Web content requirements") of the European standard
EN 301 549
published by
ETSI
18
EN 301 549 was produced in response to a mandate that the
European Commission
gave to the three official
European Standardisation Organisations
CEN
CENELEC
and
ETSI
) and is the first European Standard for ICT products and services.
19
20
WCAG 2.2 became a W3C Recommendation on 5 October 2023.
Nine new criteria make their definitive debut in this new version of the WCAG standard. New sections have also been introduced that detail aspects of the specification which may impact privacy and security.
Version 3 (under development)
edit
In early 2021, the Accessibility Guidelines Working Group presented the first public working draft (FPWD) of the future WCAG 3.0, intended to provide a range of recommendations for making web content more accessible. As of November 2025
[update]
, the WCAG 3.0 working draft was last updated in September 2025.
21
No part of WCAG 3.0 is an official recommendation at this time. WCAG 3.0 is a draft undergoing significant development efforts, and the expected release date as an official recommendation is not defined.
Versions
edit
Version 1
edit
WCAG 1.0 consist of 14 guidelines—each of which describes a general principle of accessible design. Each guideline covers a basic theme of web accessibility and is associated with one or more checkpoints that describes how to apply that guideline to particular webpage features.
Guideline 1: Provide equivalent alternatives to auditory and visual content
Guideline 2: Do not rely on colour alone
Guideline 3: Use markup and style sheets, and do so properly
Guideline 4: Clarify natural language usage
Guideline 5: Create tables that transform gracefully
Guideline 6: Ensure that pages featuring new technologies transform gracefully
Guideline 7: Ensure user control of time sensitive content changes
Guideline 8: Ensure direct accessibility of embedded user interfaces
Guideline 9: Design for device independence
Guideline 10: User interim solutions
Guideline 11: Use
W3C
technologies and guidelines
Guideline 12: Provide context and orientation information
Guideline 13: Provide clear navigation mechanisms
Guideline 14: Ensure that documents are clear and simple
Each of the in total 65 WCAG 1.0 checkpoints has an assigned
priority level
based on the checkpoint's impact on accessibility:
Priority 1: Web developers
must
satisfy these requirements, otherwise it will be impossible for one or more groups to access the Web content. Conformance to this level is described as
A.
Priority 2: Web developers
should
satisfy these requirements, otherwise some groups will find it difficult to access the Web content. Conformance to this level is described as
AA
or
Double-A.
Priority 3: Web developers
may
satisfy these requirements to make it easier for some groups to access the Web content. Conformance to this level is described as
AAA
or
Triple-A.
Version 2
edit
WCAG 2.0 consist of twelve guidelines organized under four principles (websites must be
perceivable
operable
understandable
, and
robust
). Each guideline has testable success criteria (61 in all).
22
The W3C's Techniques for WCAG 2.0
23
is a list of techniques that help authors meet the guidelines and success criteria. The techniques are periodically updated whereas the principles, guidelines and success criteria are stable and do not change.
24
WCAG 2.0 uses the same three
levels of conformance
A, AA, AAA
) as WCAG 1.0, but has redefined them. The WCAG working group maintains an extensive list of web accessibility techniques and common failure cases for WCAG 2.0.
25
WCAG 2.1 is backwards-compatible with WCAG 2.0, which it extends with a further 17 success criteria.
WCAG 2.2 is backwards-compatible with WCAG 2.1 extending it a further nine success criteria and with WCAG 2.0 extending it a further 26 success criteria (including the 17 success criteria introduced by WCAG 2.1). Additionally, WCAG 2.2 has deprecated and removed the 4.1.1 success criterion.
26
WCAG 2 Guidelines
Principles
Guidelines
Success Criteria
Conformance Level
Revision
1: Perceivable
1.1 Text Alternatives
1.1.1 Non-text Content
2.0
1.2 Time-based Media
1.2.1 Audio-only and Video-only (Prerecorded)
2.0
1.2.2 Captions (Prerecorded)
2.0
1.2.3 Audio Description or Media Alternative (Prerecorded)
2.0
1.2.4 Captions (Live)
AA
2.0
1.2.5 Audio Description (Prerecorded)
AA
2.0
1.2.6 Sign Language (Prerecorded)
AAA
2.0
1.2.7 Extended Audio Description (Prerecorded)
AAA
2.0
1.2.8 Media Alternative (Prerecorded)
AAA
2.0
1.2.9 Audio-only (Live)
AAA
2.0
1.3 Adaptable
1.3.1 Info and Relationships
2.0
1.3.2 Meaningful Sequence
2.0
1.3.3 Sensory Characteristics
2.0
1.3.4 Orientation
AA
2.1
1.3.5 Identify Input Purpose
AA
2.1
1.3.6 Identify Purpose
AAA
2.1
1.4 Distinguishable
1.4.1 Use of Color
2.0
1.4.2 Audio Control
2.0
1.4.3 Contrast (Minimum)
AA
2.0
1.4.4 Resize text
AA
2.0
1.4.5 Images of Text
AA
2.0
1.4.6 Contrast (Enhanced)
AAA
2.0
1.4.7 Low or No Background Audio
AAA
2.0
1.4.8 Visual Presentation
AAA
2.0
1.4.9 Images of Text (No Exception)
AAA
2.0
1.4.10 Reflow
AA
2.1
1.4.11 Non-Text Contrast
AA
2.1
1.4.12 Text Spacing
AA
2.1
1.4.13 Content on Hover or Focus
AA
2.1
2: Operable
2.1 Keyboard Accessible
2.1.1 Keyboard
2.0
2.1.2 No Keyboard Trap
2.0
2.1.3 Keyboard (No Exception)
AAA
2.0
2.1.4 Character Key Shortcuts
2.1
2.2 Enough Time
2.2.1 Timing Adjustable
2.0
2.2.2 Pause, Stop, Hide
2.0
2.2.3 No Timing
AAA
2.0
2.2.4 Interruptions
AAA
2.0
2.2.5 Re-authenticating
AAA
2.0
2.2.6 Timeouts
AAA
2.1
2.3 Seizures
2.3.1 Three Flashes or Below Threshold
2.0
2.3.2 Three Flashes
AAA
2.0
2.3.3 Animation from Interactions
AAA
2.1
2.4 Navigable
2.4.1 Bypass Blocks
2.0
2.4.2 Page Titled
2.0
2.4.3 Focus Order
2.0
2.4.4 Link Purpose (In Context)
2.0
2.4.5 Multiple Ways
AA
2.0
2.4.6 Headings and Labels
AA
2.0
2.4.7 Focus Visible
AA
2.0
2.4.8 Location
AAA
2.0
2.4.9 Link Purpose (Link Only)
AAA
2.0
2.4.10 Section Headings
AAA
2.0
2.4.11 Focus Not Obscured (Minimum)
AA
2.2
2.4.12 Focus Not Obscured (Enhanced)
AAA
2.2
2.4.13 Focus Appearance
AAA
2.2
2.5 Input Modalities
2.5.1 Pointer Gestures
2.1
2.5.2 Pointer Cancellation
2.1
2.5.3 Label in Name
2.1
2.5.4 Motion Actuation
2.1
2.5.5 Target Size
AAA
2.1
2.5.6 Concurrent Input Mechanisms
AAA
2.1
2.5.7 Dragging Movements
AA
2.2
2.5.8 Target Size (Minimum)
AA
2.2
3: Understandable
3.1 Readable
3.1.1 Language of Page
2.0
3.1.2 Language of Parts
AA
2.0
3.1.3 Unusual Words
AAA
2.0
3.1.4 Abbreviations
AAA
2.0
3.1.5 Reading Level
AAA
2.0
3.1.6 Pronunciation
AAA
2.0
3.2 Predictable
3.2.1 On Focus
2.0
3.2.2 On Input
2.0
3.2.3 Consistent Navigation
AA
2.0
3.2.4 Consistent Identification
AA
2.0
3.2.5 Change on Request
AAA
2.0
3.2.6 Consistent Help
2.2
3.3 Input Assistance
3.3.1 Error Identification
2.0
3.3.2 Labels or Instructions
2.0
3.3.3 Error Suggestion
AA
2.0
3.3.4 Error Prevention (Legal, Financial, Data)
AA
2.0
3.3.5 Help
AAA
2.0
3.3.6 Error Prevention (All)
AAA
2.0
3.3.7 Redundant Entry
2.2
3.3.8 Accessible Authentication (Minimum)
AA
2.2
3.3.9 Accessible Authentication (Enhanced)
AAA
2.2
4: Robust
4.1 Compatible
4.1.1 Parsing
(deprecated by WCAG 2.2
26
2.0
4.1.2 Name, Role, Value
2.0
4.1.3 Status Messages
AA
2.1
WCAG referenced by law
edit
This section only refers to specific instances where WCAG, or a closely related derivative thereof, is specifically codified into law. There are many laws relating to accessibility in general and which may apply to websites, though they do not necessarily refer to WCAG. It is nevertheless considered prudent to follow WCAG guidelines to help protect against potential lawsuits relating to accessibility.
27
Some jurisdictions are moving to build legislation around the latest recommended release of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines by the World Wide Web Consortium's Web Accessibility Initiative. This ensures that the policies remain up to date.
Australia
edit
The Australian government has mandated via the
Disability Discrimination Act 1992
that all Australian government websites meet the WCAG 2.0 level A accessibility requirements.
28
Canada
edit
Regulations under the
Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act, 2005
require that public web content of certain Ontario organizations complies with WCAG 2.0 Level AA.
In 2010
Donna Jodhan
brought a case to the
Supreme Court of Canada
against the
Government of Canada
. In 2012 the Supreme Court arrived at what is now known as the Jodhan decision
29
caused the Canadian federal government to require all online web pages, documents and videos available externally and internally to meet the accessibility requirements of WCAG 2.0.
30
In 2019, the Government of Canada implemented the
Accessible Canada Act
European Union
edit
Directive 2016/2102
31
requires websites and mobile applications of public sector (i.e. government) bodies to conform to WCAG 2.1 Level AA.
32
33
As of June 2021, the directive covers websites and mobile apps.
34
The
European Parliament
approved the directive in October 2016,
31
the
European Commission
updated the WCAG reference from 2.0 to 2.1 in December 2018.
33
The
European Accessibility Act
(EAA) became legally applicable in EU member states on 28 June 2025. The EAA will require websites, apps, ebooks, ecommerce platforms, PDFs and others to conform to WCAG 2.1 AA criteria within the EU.
Israel
edit
The Israeli Ministry of Justice published regulations in early 2014, requiring Internet websites to comply with Israeli Standard 5568, which is based on the W3C Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0.
The main differences between the Israeli standard and the W3C standard concern the requirements to provide captions and texts for audio and video media. The Israeli standards are somewhat more lenient, reflecting the current technical difficulties in providing such captions and texts in Hebrew.
35
36
Norway
edit
In 2013, the Ministry of Public Administration and Church Affairs announced
Regulations on universal design of information and communication technology (ICT) solutions
, under the
Equality and Accessibility Act.
The regulations obliges both private and public bodies to adhere to universal design and require that “web solutions shall at least be designed in accordance with the WCAG 2.0 standard, at levels A and AA, with the exception of success criteria 1.2.3, 1.2.4 and 1.2.5, or an equivalent standard.”
United Kingdom
edit
In September 2018, website and mobile app accessibility regulations for the public sector came into force, titled the
Public Sector Bodies (Websites and Mobile Applications) Accessibility Regulations 2018
, which currently applies the WCAG 2.1 AA level to websites operated by the "public sector", which means government agencies or organizations funded by the government, with some exclusions. The UK government published
Understanding accessibility requirements for public sector bodies
37
to guide compliance.
The UK government is yet to announce if it will confirm the European Accessibility Act (EAA) into local law, but companies in the UK and outside of the EU will need to comply with EAA if they sell products or services in any EU member state.
38
United States
edit
In 2013, the
US Department of Transportation
amended its regulations implementing the
Air Carrier Access Act
(ACAA) to require Airlines make their websites accessible, requiring conformance to WCAG 2.0, meeting Level AA Success Criteria.
39
In January 2017, the
US Access Board
approved a final rule to update
Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973
. The new rule adopts seventeen WCAG 2.0 success criteria, but 22 of the 38 existing A-level and AA-level criteria were already covered by existing Section 508 guidelines. The rule requires adherence to the new standards twelve months from its date of publication in the federal register.
40
41
In December, 2021 the 11th circuit court vacated a sometimes-cited case from 2017, which had referred to the WCAG guidelines as "industry standard". The 11th circuit court's ruling rendered the 2017 case moot.
42
As such, the case is no longer citable as caselaw. On March 2, 2022, the 11th circuit court refused to rehear the case.
On April 24, 2024, the Federal Register published the Department of Justice’s (DOJ) final rule updating its regulations for Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). The final rule states that the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) Version 2.1, Level AA is the technical standard for state and local governments’ web content and mobile apps.
43
References
edit
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{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (
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2022
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2024
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W3C – Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.2
W3C – Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) introduction to WCAG
Mauve
, a free online accessibility validator, developed by
HIIS Lab
– ISTI of
CNR
of
Pisa
(Italy).
WAVE – Online accessibility validator
WCAG 2.0 checklist
Achieving WCAG 2.0 with PDF/UA – Document published by the Association for Information and Image Management (AIIM)
WCAG for eLearning - Training Accessibility Guidelines
Digital Accessibility WCAG AA Checklist: 10 Critical Elements to Evaluate for Website Accessibility
WCAG Samurai Errata
The History of Digital Accessibility and Why it Matters
Target Size Analyzer
Chrome extension
Firefox Addon
Source code on Github
Web accessibility
Guidelines
Web Content Accessibility Guidelines
Software
accessiBe
Bobby
Dragon NaturallySpeaking
Easy Chirp
ZAC Browser
NonVisual Desktop Access
VoiceOver
ZoomText
Organizations
AnySurfer
Deque Systems
Disability Rights Education and Defense Fund
International Association of Accessibility Professionals
Knowbility
WebAIM
Web Accessibility Initiative
World Wide Web Consortium
(W3C)
Products,
standards
Recommendations
ActivityPub
Activity Streams
ARIA
Canonical XML
CDF
CSS
Animations
Flexbox
Grid
DOM
EXI
EmotionML
Geolocation API
GRDDL
HTML
HTML5
IndexedDB
ITS
JSON-LD
Linked Data Notifications
MathML
Micropub
MTOM
OWL
PLS
RDF
Schema
RDFa
RIF
SAWSDL
SISR
SKOS
SMIL
SOAP
SRGS
SRI
SSML
SVG
Animation
Filter Effects
SCXML
SHACL
SPARQL
Timed text
VoiceXML
WebAssembly
WoT
TD
Web storage
WSDL
Webmention
WebSub
WebVTT
WOFF
WS-Addressing
XHTML
+RDFa
XML
Base
Encryption
Events
Information Set
Namespace
Schema
Signature
XForms
XInclude
XLink
XOP
XPath
2.0
3.x
XPointer
XProc
XQuery
XSL
XSL-FO
XSLT
elements
Notes
IndieAuth
XAdES
XBL
XHTML+SMIL
XUP
Working drafts
CCXML
CURIE
EME
InkML
MSE
SMIL Timesheets
sXBL
WebGPU
WebXR
XFDL
XFrames
XMLHttpRequest
Guidelines
Web Content Accessibility Guidelines
Initiative
Markup Validation Service
Web Accessibility Initiative
Web Components
Deprecated
C-HTML
HDML
JSSS
PGML
VML
WebPlatform
Obsoleted
P3P
XHTML+MathML+SVG
Groups,
organizations
WHATWG
Defunct:
World Wide Web Foundation
Elected
AB
Board
TAG
Working
CSS
SVG
WebAssembly
WebAuthn
Community, business
Web Advertising BG
WebAssembly
CG
Closed
Device Description
(DDWG)
HTML
Multimodal Interaction Activity
(MMI)
Software
CERN httpd
Libwww
Browsers
Line Mode
(1990–)
Arena
(1993–98)
Agora
(1994–97)
Argo
(1994–97)
Amaya
(browser/editor, 1996–2012)
Conferences
International World Wide Web Conference
(IW3C)
Steering Committee
(IW3C2)
First conference
("WWW1", 1994)
International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) standards
List of
ISO standards
ISO romanizations
IEC standards
1–9999
16
17
31
-0
-1
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10
-11
-12
-13
68-1
128
216
217
226
228
233
259
261
262
302
306
361
500
518
519
639
-1
-2
-3
-5
-6
646
657
668
690
704
732
764
838
843
860
898
965
999
1000
1004
1007
1073-1
1073-2
1155
1413
1538
1629
1745
1989
2014
2015
2022
2033
2047
2108
2145
2146
2240
2281
2533
2709
2711
2720
2788
2848
2852
2921
3029
3103
3166
-1
-2
-3
3297
3307
3601
3602
3864
3901
3950
3977
4031
4157
4165
4217
4909
5218
5426
5427
5428
5725
5775
5776
5800
5807
5964
6166
6344
6346
6373
6385
6425
6429
6438
6523
6709
6943
7001
7002
7010
7027
7064
7098
7185
7200
7498
-1
7637
7736
7810
7811
7812
7813
7816
7942
8000
8093
8178
8217
8373
8501-1
8571
8583
8601
8613
8632
8651
8652
8691
8805/8806
8807
8820-5
8859
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-8-I
-9
-10
-11
-12
-13
-14
-15
-16
8879
9000/9001
9036
9075
9126
9141
9227
9241
9293
9314
9362
9407
9496
9506
9529
9564
9592/9593
9594
9660
9797-1
9897
9899
9945
9984
9985
9995
10000–19999
10006
10007
10116
10118-3
10160
10161
10165
10179
10206
10218
10279
10303
-11
-21
-22
-28
-238
10383
10585
10589
10628
10646
10664
10746
10861
10957
10962
10967
11073
11170
11172
11179
11404
11544
11783
11784
11785
11801
11889
11898
11940
-2
11941
11941 (TR)
11992
12006
12052
12182
12207
12234-2
12620
13211
-1
-2
13216
13250
13399
13406-2
13450
13485
13490
13567
13568
13584
13616
13816
13818
14000
14031
14224
14289
14396
14443
14496
-2
-3
-6
-10
-11
-12
-14
-17
-20
14617
14644
14649
14651
14698
14764
14882
14971
15022
15118
15189
15288
15291
15398
15408
15444
-3
-9
15445
15438
15504
15511
15686
15693
15706
-2
15707
15897
15919
15924
15926
15926 WIP
15930
15938
16023
16262
16355-1
16485
16612-2
16750
16949 (TS)
17024
17025
17100
17203
17369
17442
17506
17799
18004
18014
18181
18245
18629
18760
18916
19005
19011
19092
-1
-2
19114
19115
19125
19136
19407
19439
19500
19501
19502
19503
19505
19506
19507
19508
19509
19510
19600
19650
19752
19757
19770
19775-1
19794-5
19831
20000–29999
20000
20022
20121
20400
20802
20830
21000
21001
21047
21122
21500
21778
21827
22000
22275
22300
22301
22395
22537
23000
23003
23008
23009
23090-3
23092
23094-1
23094-2
23270
23271
23360
23941
24517
24613
24617
24707
24728
25178
25964
26000
26262
26300
26324
27000 series
27000
27001
27002
27005
27006
27729
28000
29110
29148
29199-2
29500
30000+
30170
31000
32000
37001
38500
39075
40230
40240
40250
40260
40314
40500
42010
45001
50001
55000
56000
80000
Category
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