to - Wiktionary, the free dictionary

Clipping of English Tongan.

to

1. (international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for Tongan.

• (dialectal) ter
• (contraction) t'
• (abbreviation) 2

From Middle English to, from Old English tō, from Proto-Germanic *tō ~ *ta, from Proto-Indo-European *de ~ *do (“to”). Cognate with Scots tae, to (“to”), North Frisian to, tö, tu (“to”), Saterland Frisian tou (“to”), Low German to (“to”), Dutch toe, te (“to”), German zu (“to”), West Frisian ta (“to”). Non-Germanic cognates include Albanian ndaj (“towards”), Irish do (“to, for”), Breton da (“to, for”), Welsh i (“to, for”), Russian до (do, “to”). Doublet of too.

Stressed

Unstressed

• (before a consonant) IPA^(key): /tə/, /tʊ/
• (before a vowel) IPA^(key): /tʊ/, /tu(ː)/

to

1. A particle used for marking the following verb as an infinitive.

   I want to leave.

   He asked me what to do.

   I have places to go and people to see.

   To err is human.

   Who am I to criticise? I've done worse things myself.

   Precisely to get away from you was why I did what I did.

   I need some more books to read and friends to go partying with.

   • 1711 May, [Alexander Pope], An Essay on Criticism, London: […] W[illiam] Lewis […]; and sold by W[illiam] Taylor […], T[homas] Osborn[e] […], and J[ohn] Graves […], →OCLC:

     To err, is human; to forgive, divine.

   Those to avoid death ended up being exiled.

   • c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene i]:

     To be, or not to be: that is the question: / […]

   • 2011 April 10, Alistair Magowan, “Aston Villa 1 - 0 Newcastle”, in BBC Sport‎^[3]:

     To that end, the home supporters were in good voice to begin with, but it was Newcastle who started the game in the ascendancy, with Barton putting a diving header over the top from Jose Enrique's cross.

2. As above, with the verb implied.

   "Did you visit the museum?" "I wanted to, but it was closed."

   If he hasn't read it yet, he ought to.

3. Used to indicate an obligation on the part of, or a directive given to, the subject.

   You are to go to the store and buy a bottle of milk.

A user suggests that this English entry be cleaned up, giving the reason: “Sense 1 is not the English infinitive morpheme, that would be -∅. The sentence "I could eat." contains a verb in the infinitive but no to. Rather, to is a particle that is used in conjunction with an already (zero-)marked infinitive. The box below, however, seems to contain a random mix of translations of the infinitive marker -∅ (e.g. German -en, Romanian -a, Turkish -mek) and the particle to (e.g. German zu, Romanian a).”

Please see the discussion on Requests for cleanup(+) or the talk page for more information and remove this template after the problem has been dealt with.

to

1. (expressing purpose) In order to.

   I went to the shops to buy some bread.

to

1. In the direction of; towards.

   She looked to the heavens.

2. Indicating destination or final position: In the direction of, so as to arrive at or reach.

   We are walking to the shop.

   The water came right to the top of this wall.

   The coconut fell to the ground.

   • 2013 September 28, Kenan Malik, “London Is Special, but Not That Special”, in New York Times, retrieved 28 September 2013:

     Driven by a perceived political need to adopt a hard-line stance, Mr. Cameron’s coalition government has imposed myriad new restrictions, the aim of which is to reduce net migration to Britain to below 100,000.

3. Used to indicate the target or recipient of an action.

   I gave the book to him.

   I spoke to him earlier.

   He devoted himself to education.

   They drank to his health.

4. So as to contact, press against, impact, etc.

   I fixed the notice to the wall.

   Put your shoulder to the door.

   To clutch/clasp/hold/press one's hanky to one's mouth/nose/forehead.

5. So as to become or reach: indicating a terminal state resulting from an action.

   His face was beaten to a pulp.

   I sang my baby to sleep.

   Whisk the mixture to a smooth consistency.

6. So as to bring about or elicit (an effect or outcome).

   He made several bad-taste jokes to groans from the audience.

   I tried complaining, but it was to no effect.

   To everyone's great relief, the tuneless carol singers finally ceased their warbling.

7. Used after an adjective to indicate its application.

   similar to ..., relevant to ..., pertinent to ..., I was nice to him, he was cruel to her, I am used to walking.

8. Indicating a degree or level reached.

   It was to a large extent true.

   We manufacture these parts to a very high tolerance.

   This gauge is accurate to a second.

   My car does 25 miles to the gallon.

9. Used to describe what something consists of or contains.

   Anyone could do this job; there's nothing to it.

   There's a lot of sense to what he says.

   The name has a nice ring to it.

   There are 100 pence to the pound.

10. Denotes the end of a range.

    It takes 2 to 4 weeks to process typical applications.

11. (obsolete) As a.

    With God to friend (with God as a friend);   with The Devil to fiend (with the Devil as a foe);   lambs slaughtered to lake (lambs slaughtered as a sacrifice);   took her to wife (took her as a wife);   was sold to slave (was sold as a slave).

12. Used to indicate a ratio or comparison; compared to, as against.

    one to one = 1:1

    ten to one = 10:1.

    I have ten dollars to your four.

    The odds on that horse are seven to two.

    • c. 1587–1588 (date written), [Christopher Marlowe], Tamburlaine the Great. […] The First Part […], 2nd edition, part 1, London: […] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, […], published 1592, →OCLC; reprinted as Tamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire; London: Scolar Press, 1973, →ISBN, Act II, scene iii:

      The hoſt of Xerxes, which by fame is ſaid
      To drinke the mightie Parthian Araris,
      Was but a handfull to that we will haue.

    • 2012 April 22, Sam Sheringham, “Liverpool 0-1 West Brom”, in BBC Sport‎^[4]:

      In total, the Reds had 28 shots to their opponent's nine, and 15 corners to the Baggies' three.

13. (arithmetic) Used to indicate that the preceding term is to be raised to the power of the following value; indicates exponentiation.

    Three squared or three to the second power is nine.

    Three to the power of two is nine.

    Three to the second is nine.

14. (time) Preceding (the stated hour).

    What's the time? – It's quarter to four in the afternoon (or 3:45 pm).

    Antonym: past

    1. (informal) With implied hour.

       It’s quarter to (3:45, or 4:45, or whatever time ending in 45 would make the most sense)

15. According to.

    Our holiday did not go to plan.

16. (Canada, Cornwall (UK), Newfoundland, Wales, West Midlands (UK)) At.

    Stay where you're to and I'll come find you, b'y.

    Where are you to?

    • 1867, Cornish Tales, in prose and verse by various authors, page 33:

      "What's that to you?" said Trevool, rather sharply, "worn't I to a berrin? […]

17. Used more-or-less idiomatically with various verbs: keep to the left, agree to the proposal, attend to the matter, etc. See the individual entries.

In the sense of "as a", it is a fossil word (Standard English only), found usually only in obsolete set phrases like: "to take a woman to wife", "to have someone to friend", "to have something to birthright" etc. In northern dialects,(clarification of this definition is needed) where it is rare but still in common use, it is often used in combination with with.

to (not comparable)

2. (regional, UK, US) Toward a closed, touching, or engaging position.

   Synonyms: closed, shut

   Antonyms: open, ajar

   Please push the door to.
4. (nautical) Into the wind.
5. Misspelling of too.

(etymology 1, adverb sense 1): A regionalism found in various parts of the UK and US.

Borrowed from Hindi तो (to).

to

1. (mild intensifier, colloquial, chiefly North India) A filler word common amongst urban Indians.

   I am to so bored right now.

• Andrea Tyler and Vyvyan Evans, "Spatial particles of orientation", in The Semantics of English Prepositions: Spatial Scenes, Embodied Meaning and Cognition, Cambridge University Press, 2003, 0-521-81430 8

to

1. sago (tree)

From Latin tuus.

1=tos

to (epicene, plural tos)

1. your

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

to

1. first-person singular present indicative of tar

• “to (adjective)”, in Diccionariu de la llingua asturiana [Dictionary of the Asturian Language] (in Asturian), 1st edition, Academy of the Asturian Language [Asturian: Academia de la Llingua Asturiana], 2000, →ISBN
• Xosé Lluis García Arias (2002–2004), “to (adjective)”, in Diccionario general de la lengua asturiana [General Dictionary of the Asturian Language] (in Spanish), Editorial Prensa Asturiana, →ISBN

From Proto-Athabaskan *tuˑ.

to

1. water

• Sharon Hargus, Wisuwit’en Grammar: Phonetics, Phonology, Morphology (2007), page 43

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

to

1. water

• Naoyoshi Ogawa, English-Favorlang vocabulary (2003)
• S. Tsuchida, A Comparative Vocabulary of Austronesian Languages of Sinicized Ethnic Groups in Taiwan, Part I: Western Taiwan, Memoirs of the Faculty of Letters, No. 7 (1982)

From Proto-Bahnaric *tɔʔ, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *tɔʔ. Cognates include Vietnamese đó, Khmer ដ៏ (dɑɑ).

to

1. that, there

to

1. stiff porridge

Borrowed from Latin tonus, from Ancient Greek τόνος (tónos).^[1] First attested in 1575.

to m (plural tons)

1. (music) tone (specific pitch)
2. (linguistics) tone (pitch of a word)
3. tone or shade of a color

From Proto-Central Naga *a-wa.

to

1. leaf

• Bruhn, Daniel Wayne (2014), A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Central Naga‎^[5], Berkeley: University of California, pages 87, 183
• Clark, Mary M. (1893), Ao Naga grammar with illustrative phrases and vocabulary, Molung: Assam Secretariat Printing Office, page 135

Inherited from Old Czech to.

to n

1. nominative/accusative/vocative neuter singular of ten: it, this, that

From Latin tuus. Compare Italian tuo, Romanian tău, Friulian to, French ton, Spanish tu.

to m (feminine toa)

1. your; second-person masculine singular possessive pronoun

From Old Norse tveir, from Proto-Germanic *twai, from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁ (“two”).

The modern Danish form is a merger of the original East Old Norse accusative masculine twā and the nominative/accusative feminine twāʀ (West tvær). The neuter tū (West tvau) is preserved in the adverb itu.

to

1. two

From Old Danish thwa, from Old Norse þvá (“wash”), from Proto-Germanic *þwahaną.

to (imperative to, infinitive at to, present tense tor, past tense toede, perfect tense har toet)

1. (archaic) to wash

• IPA^(key): /to/
• Rhymes: -o
• Syllabification: to

to (accusative singular to-on, plural to-oj, accusative plural to-ojn)

1. The name of the Latin script letter T/t.

• (Latin-script letter names) litero; a, bo, co, ĉo, do, e, fo, go, ĝo, ho, ĥo, i, jo, ĵo, ko, lo, mo, no, o, po, ro, so, ŝo, to, u, ŭo, vo, zo

to

1. antelope
2. (anatomy) ear
3. father-in-law
4. mortar
5. mountain

to

1. to crush
2. to pound

Abbreviation of torstai (“Thursday”).

• IPA^(key): /ˈto/, [ˈt̪o̞]
• Rhymes: -o
• Syllabification^(key): to
• Hyphenation^(key): to

to

1. Thu (abbreviation of Thursday)

to m (plural tos)

1. (cooking, West Africa) variant of tô

From Latin tuus.

to (second-person singular possessive of masculine singular, of feminine singular tô, of masculine plural tiei, of feminine plural tôs)

1. (used attributively) your, thy; of yours, of thine

   che al sedi santifiât il to nom, che al vegni il to ream, — "Your kingdom come, your will be done," (third and fourth sentences of Lord's Prayer)

2. (used predicatively) yours, thine
3. (used substantively) yours, thine; the thing belonging to you/ thee

to

1. in, at, to

Onomatopoeic.

to

1. used to call dogs or cattle
   • 1820, B. A. Fandiño, El Heráclito Español y Demócrito Gallego:

     Meu señor santo Tomé, ¶ tendes dous nomes nun só, ¶ sodes castrón polo mé, ¶ é sodes cán polo tó.

     My good sir Santo Tomé: ¶ You have two names in just one, ¶ You are a ram with the “mé”, ¶ And a dog with the “tó”.

• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “to”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “to”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “to”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

to

1. feminine definite article

   Mutu to ― the woman

to

1. language

• Mary E. Kropp Dakubu, The Languages of Ghana

Cognates include Fon tò, Saxwe Gbe otò, Aja (West Africa) eto

tò (plural tò lɛ́ or tò lẹ́)

1. city, village, town, country

   Ùn ná yì ná tò cé / N ná yì ná tò ṣié ― I will go to my country

Cognates include Fon tò

tò

1. a present progressive or habitual tense marker, only used before nouns

   Synonyms: nɔ̀, nọ̀

   Nyɛ́ tò hàn jì / Yẹ́n tò hàn jì ― I am singing

tò

1. in, at

Cognates include Fon tò, Aja (West Africa) tò. Compare Yoruba tò, Ifè tò

tò

1. to arrange, manage, organise

From Proto-Gbe *-tó.^[1] Cognates include Fon tó, Saxwe Gbe otó, Aja (West Africa) eto, Ewe eto

tó (plural tó lɛ́ or tó lẹ́)

1. ear

From Proto-Athabaskan *tuˑ.

to

1. a body of water, such as a lake or ocean

• The Phonology of the Hupa Language, part 1: The Individual Sounds, volume 5, by Roland Burrage Dixon, Samuel Alfred Barrett, Washington Matthews, Bill Ray (using the older orthography "tō")
• Victor Golla, Hupa Language Dictionary Second Edition (1996), page 105 (to)

to

1. alternative form of ito (“that”)

to

1. eye

• Čestmír Loukotka, ‎Johannes Wilbert (editor), Classification of South American Indian Languages (1968, Los Angeles: Latin American Studies Center, University of California), page(s) 162

to

1. The hiragana syllable と (to) or the katakana syllable ト (to) in Hepburn romanization.

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

to

1. person; individual
2. people

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *to.

• IPA^(key): /ˈtɔ/
• Rhymes: -ɔ
• Syllabification: to

to

1. relative and interrogative pronoun; this, that

to

1. or

to

1. or

From Proto-Athabaskan *tuˑ.

to

1. water

• Franz Boas, Pline Early Goddard, Vocabulary of an Athapascan dialect of the State of Washington, IJAL volume III, pages 39-45 (1924-1925)

to

1. that; accusative singular masculine of tas
2. with that; instrumental singular masculine of tas
3. of that; genitive plural masculine of tas
4. that; accusative singular feminine of tas
5. with that; instrumental singular feminine of tas
6. of that; genitive plural feminine of tas

to

1. or

to

1. that; genitive singular masculine of tas

Inherited from French tu (“you, thou”).

to (second person informal singular, plural vouzòt, ouzòt, zòt, zo, objective twa, possessive determiner tô, possessive pronoun tokin, tochin)

1. you (singular), thou

   To té paʼlé gra. / To te pale gra.

   You spoke with an accent. (literally: "You had spoken thick.")

to n

1. this

to

1. nominative neuter singular of ten
2. accusative neuter singular of ten

From Proto-Athabaskan *taˑ.

to

1. to attempt, to care for

• Kari, James et al. (2024), Kari, James, editor, Lower Tanana Dene Dictionary, Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, →ISBN, page 356

From French tu.

to (objective twa, formal ou)

1. you (second-person singular nominative personal pronoun)

From Old English tā, tāhe, from Proto-West Germanic *taihā, from Proto-Germanic *taihwǭ (“toe”).

to (plural tos or ton)

1. (anatomy) toe

From Old English tō, ta, te, from Proto-Germanic *tō, *ta.

to

2. to (infinitive marker)

to

2. to

to

1. to

to

1. too

• two; ta (northern West Midlands)

to

1. until
2. while
3. so that

Shortening of tone.

to

1. the one (of two)

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *taw.

to

1. to sit (with one's own body)
2. to squat

to

1. expensive
2. popular

to

1. alternative form of tó꞉

From Old Norse tvá, accusative case of tveir, from Proto-Germanic *twai, from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁.

to

1. two

• “to” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

From Old Norse tvá, accusative case of tveir, from Proto-Germanic *twai, from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁.

to

1. two

From Old Norse tó n.

to n (definite singular toet, indefinite plural to, definite plural toa)

1. fabric
2. (figurative, by extension) ability, nature

From Old Norse tó f.

to f (definite singular toa, indefinite plural tør, definite plural tørne)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

• “to” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *to.

to

1. nominative/accusative/vocative neuter singular of ten: it, this, that

From Proto-West Germanic *tō, from Proto-Germanic *tō, *ta (“to”), from Proto-Indo-European *de, *do (“to”). Cognate with Old Saxon tō (“to”), Old High German zuo (“to”), Old Irish do.

tō

1. to, into
   • 10th century, Exeter Book Riddle 30‎^[7]:

     Þonne iċ mec onhebbe ond hī onhnīgaþ tō mē, moniġe mid miltse, þǣr iċ monnum sceal īċan upcyme ēadiġnesse.

     When I raise myself up and they bow down to me, many with mercy, then I shall increase rising of happiness for men.

2. towards
   • late 10th century, Ælfric, "Chair of Saint Peter"

     ...ðā beseah hē tō Petre sumere ælmessan wilniġende...

     Then looked he towards Peter, desiring an alms,...

   • Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church

     ...ðā ðā hǣðenan āhēowon þæt trēow mid ormǣtre blisse, þæt hit brastliende sāh tō ðām hālgan were, hetelīċe swiðe. Þā worhte hē onġēan ðām hrēosendum trēowe þǣs Hǣlendes rōde tācn, and hit ðǣrrihte ætstōd, wende ðā onġēan, and hrēas underbæc, and fornēan offēoll ðā ðe hit ǣr forcurfon.

     Then the heathens cut down the tree with great joy, so that, rustling, it fell towards the holy man very violently. Then he made the sign of the Savior's cross to the falling tree, and it immediately stood still, turned around, and fell backwards, and almost fell upon those who had previously cut it.

3. at
4. (grammar) used to mark the infinitive (supine) of the verb
   • Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church

     Đā ongunnon ealle ðā nǣddran tō ċēowenne heora flæsċ and heora blōd sucan, þæt hī þæt āttor ūt ātugon

     Then all the snakes began to chew their flesh and suck their blood in order to draw out the venom.

   • late 9th century, translation of Orosius’ History Against the Pagans

     Wearð þæt unġemetlīċe myċle ġefeoht betwuh Crētense, ⁊ Atheniense, þǣm folcum. ⁊ þā Crētense hæfdon ðone grimlēċan siġe, ⁊ ealle þā æþelestan bearn þāra Athēniensa hȳ ġenomon, ⁊ sealdon þǣm Mīnōtaurō tō etanne, þæt wæs healf mon healf lēo.

     There was an immensely great war between the Cretans and the Athenians. And the Cretans won a grim victory, and they took all the most noble of the Athenian children and gave them to the Minotaur, who was half man and half lion, for him to eat.

   tō drīfenne ― to drive

5. as (in the role of)

   tō bōte ― to boot (literally, “as an improvement, thus in addition”)

   iċ wyrċe tō īsensmiðe ― I work as an ironsmith

   þā nam iċ hīe tō wīfe ― then I took her as a wife

tō

1. besides
2. in addition, also, too; moreover
   • Laws of Hlothhere and Eadric

     Ġif mannes esne eorlcundne mannan ofslæhð þane ðe sīo þrēom hundum sċll' ġylde, sē āgend þone banan āġēfe ⁊ dō þǣr þrīo manwyrþ tō.

     If a man's servant kills a noble man whose compensation is 300 shillings, the owner shall give up the murderer and also pay the value of three men.

3. to an excessive degree; too
   • 10th century, The Wanderer:

     Ne sċeal nō tō hātheort, · ne tō hrædwyrde,
     ne tō wāc wiga, · ne tō wanhȳdiġ,
     ne tō forht, ne tō fæġen, · ne tō feohġīfre,
     ne nǣfre ġielpes tō ġeorn, · ǣr hē ġeare cunne.

     Should not be too wrathful, nor too hasty in words,
     nor too weak warrior, nor too careless,
     nor too fearful, nor too joyful, nor too eager for money,
     nor ever too eager of pride, before he would know enough.

to

1. alternative form of zuo

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *to. First attested in the second half of the 14th century.

to

1. intensifying particle

to

1. relative and interrogative pronoun; this, that
2. possessive pronoun
3. indeterminate pronoun; this, that
4. introduction pronoun; this

to

1. then (in that case, used in if constructions)
2. clarifies a statement; namely
3. resultative conjunction; so
4. secondary clause equivalent in superordinate clauses

• Ewa Deptuchowa, Mariusz Frodyma, Katarzyna Jasińska, Magdalena Klapper, Dorota Kołodziej, Mariusz Leńczuk, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, editors (2023), “to (partykuła)”, in Rozariusze z polskimi glosami. Internetowa baza danych [Dictionaries of Polish glosses, an Internet database] (in Polish), Kraków: Pracownia Języka Staropolskiego Instytut Języka Polskiego Polskiej Akademii Nauk
• Ewa Deptuchowa, Mariusz Frodyma, Katarzyna Jasińska, Magdalena Klapper, Dorota Kołodziej, Mariusz Leńczuk, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, editors (2023), “to (rzeczownik (zaimek rzeczowny))”, in Rozariusze z polskimi glosami. Internetowa baza danych [Dictionaries of Polish glosses, an Internet database] (in Polish), Kraków: Pracownia Języka Staropolskiego Instytut Języka Polskiego Polskiej Akademii Nauk
• B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “to”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN
• S. Urbańczyk, editor (1984), “to”, in Słownik staropolski (in Polish), volume 9, Wrocław, Warsaw, Kraków, Gdańsk, Łódź: Polish Academy of Sciences, page 16

Proto-Germanic *tō, whence also Old English ti and Old High German zuo

tō

1. to
2. as (In the role of)
   • 9th c. Heliand, verse 60-64

     Erodes was an Hierusalem oƀer that Judeono folk gikoran te kuninge, sō ina thie kēser thārod, fon Rūmuburg rīki thiodan satta undar that gisīđi.

     Herodes was chosen as king in Jerusalem over the Jewish nation, so there the emperor, powerful ruler from Rome placed him among the servants.

• Middle Low German: tô
  • Low German: to
  • Plautdietsch: to
• ⇒ Old Saxon: tōtō, tōte

From English to.

to

1. (rare) to

• Kofi Yakpo (2019), A grammar of Pichi (Studies in Diversity Linguistics; 23)‎^[8], Berlin: Language Science Press, →DOI, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 576

From Middle Low German tô, from Old Saxon tō, from Proto-West Germanic *tō.

to

1. to

Inherited from Old Polish to. Cognate with Czech to, Russian то (to), Ancient Greek τό (tó), German das, English that.

• Rhymes: -ɔ
• Syllabification: to

to

1. be (used to attribute to the known object a characteristic that helps one know more about the topic) [with jest ‘is’ (optionally) and nominative]

   Janek to mój brat. ― Janek is my brother.

   Górnicy to jest takie specyficzne społeczeństwo. ― Miners are such a peculiar society.

2. used to juxtapose elements that are equivalent

3. used to indicate that the subject of the conversation has peculiarities which are familiar to the interlocutors, so that nothing else needs to be said about it in order to understand the topic

   Nasze straty są minimalne, ale bez śmierci się nie obejdzie. Wojna to wojna.

   Our losses are minimal but some casualties are inevitable. War is war.

   No, ale rozkaz to rozkaz. Nie mnie podważać.

   Well, but an order is an order. Not for me to question.

4. in that case, then

   Coordinate term: jeśli

   „Wiem, co chcę zrobić.” „To to zrób”. ― “I know what I want to do.” “Then do it.”

   Jeśli to zrobisz, to daj mi znać. ― If you do this, then let me know.

   „Jeżeli zbuduję sobie kiedyś własny dom, to właśnie taki” – myślałam.

   “If I ever build my own house one day, this is the one,” I thought.

to

1. used to indicate what one is talking about

   Parę razy mi się udało. Z jedną to nawet bardzo.

   I have succeeded a couple of times. With one it was even very successful.

2. used to indicate what can be said about the topic, in contrast to all that cannot be said about it

   W tych ścianach to ona była królową i musiała mieć królewskie wejście.

   Within these walls, it was her who was the queen and had to have a royal entrance.

3. so (used after a pause for thought to introduce a new topic, question, or story, or a new thought or question in continuation of an existing topic)

   Synonym: a

   No to kiedy zaczynamy? ― So when are we starting?

   OK, to do zobaczenia. ― OK, see you then.

4. used to indicate that the topic in the relevant question refers to a known set of elements from which a choice has to be made

   Synonym: też

   Od kiedy to morderstwo jest takim ewenementem? ― Since when is murder such a rarity?

   Komu to przypadło dzisiaj kucharzowanie? ― Who is cooking today?

5. used to express surprise that something is indeed like that as the speaker did not think it could really be so

   Synonyms: ale, co za, jaki

   A to zdolniacha z wuja! ― Uncle really is gifted!

   No, tośmy wczoraj mieli niezły bal! ― Well, we had quite a party yesterday!

6. (literary) used to indicate that the topic refers to a known object, mentioned in the preceding statement

   O Czechosłowacji po roku 1968 dochodziły do nas ponure wiadomości, dlatego to starałem się przejechać ten kraj jak najszybciej mimo zmęczenia.

   There was grim news about Czechoslovakia after 1968, which is why I tried to cross the country as quickly as possible despite my fatigue.

7. (colloquial) used to indicate that what someone has said about the topic is a fait accompli and should no longer be discussed

   Spróbuj zaakceptować jego wady. Nikt nie jest kryształowy. Pali to pali, widziały gały co brały.

   Try to accept his flaws. No one is perfect. OK, he smokes, so what? Big deal, you should've thought about it earlier.

to n

1. this (nearby, neuter)

   Antonym: tamto

   Inna rzecz, że nikt nie zwracał na niego szczególnej uwagi; to go dziwiło.

   The other thing was that no one paid any particular attention to him; this surprised him.

2. used to point to the object to which the sentence refers

   Synonym: oto

   Ewa, to Andrzej. ― Ewa, this is Andrzej.

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), to is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 655 times in scientific texts, 307 times in news, 880 times in essays, 1038 times in fiction, and 2233 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 5113 times, making it the 11th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.^[1]

• “to I (rzeczownik)”, in Wielki słownik języka polskiego‎^[9] (in Polish), Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• “to II (funkcyjne)”, in Wielki słownik języka polskiego‎^[10] (in Polish), Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• “to”, in Polish dictionaries at PWN‎^[11] (in Polish)
• Maria Renata Mayenowa; Stanisław Rospond; Witold Taszycki; Stefan Hrabec; Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023), “to”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
• “TO I”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 9 July 2008
• “TO II”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 9 July 2008
• Samuel Bogumił Linde (1812), “to”, in Słownik języka polskiego, volume 3, page 631
• Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861), “to”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861, volume II, page 1706
• J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1919), “to”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 7, Warsaw, page 72
• Woliński, Marcin; Saloni, Zygmunt; Wołosz, Robert; Gruszczyński, Włodzimierz; Skowrońska, Danuta; Bronk, Zbigniew (2020), “to rz. n2”, in Słownik gramatyczny języka polskiego [Grammatical Dictionary of Polish]‎^[12], 4. online edition, Warszawa
• Woliński, Marcin; Saloni, Zygmunt; Wołosz, Robert; Gruszczyński, Włodzimierz; Skowrońska, Danuta; Bronk, Zbigniew (2020), “to sp. podrzędny”, in Słownik gramatyczny języka polskiego [Grammatical Dictionary of Polish]‎^[13], 4. online edition, Warszawa
• Woliński, Marcin; Saloni, Zygmunt; Wołosz, Robert; Gruszczyński, Włodzimierz; Skowrońska, Danuta; Bronk, Zbigniew (2020), “to p/o”, in Słownik gramatyczny języka polskiego [Grammatical Dictionary of Polish]‎^[14], 4. online edition, Warszawa
• Woliński, Marcin; Saloni, Zygmunt; Wołosz, Robert; Gruszczyński, Włodzimierz; Skowrońska, Danuta; Bronk, Zbigniew (2020), “to sp. współrzędny”, in Słownik gramatyczny języka polskiego [Grammatical Dictionary of Polish]‎^[15], 4. online edition, Warszawa

to (feminine ta)

1. contraction of te +‎ o, literally “him/it to you (familiar singular)”

to

1. water

• Kenneth A. McElhanon, Noreen A. McElhanon (1970), Selepet-English dictionary‎^[16], Canberra, page 130
• William A. Foley, The Papuan Languages of New Guinea (1986), →ISBN, page 257

tȏ (Cyrillic spelling то̑)

1. neuter nominative/accusative singular of taj

Inherited from Old Polish to.

• IPA^(key): /ˈtɔ/
• Rhymes: -ɔ
• Syllabification: to

to n

1. this (nearby, neuter)
2. used to point to the object to which the sentence refers

to

1. intensifier particle in questions

to

1. in that case, then (used in if-constructions)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *to.

to

1. nominative/accusative neuter singular of ten: it, this, that

tọ̑

1. inflection of ta:
   1. accusative singular feminine
   2. nominative/accusative singular neuter

to (Baybayin spelling ᜆᜓ)

1. alternative spelling of 'to

to (Baybayin spelling ᜆᜓ)

1. alternative spelling of 'to

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰowh₂ōn, from the root *dʰewh₂-.

to m

1. (detachable) body hair on the human body (especially pubic hair)

From Proto-Bantu *-tòó.

-to (declinable)

1. young

   Synonym: -hyaka (“new”)

   Antonym: -kuru (“old, senior”)

From Proto-Athabaskan *tuˑ.

to

1. (Euchre Creek) water

• Victor Golla, Tututni (Oregon Athapaskan), International Journal of American Linguistics, volume 42:3 (July 1976), pages 217-227

Borrowed from Arabic طَاء (ṭāʔ).

to (plural tolar)

1. the Arabic letter ط

Compare Thai โต (dtoo), Lao ໂຕ (tō), Lü ᦷᦎ (ṫo).

to • (蘇, 𡚢, 𫰅, 𡚡)

1. big, large

   Antonyms: nhỏ, bé

2. great, considerable
3. loud

• In many situations, this word and lớn are interchangeable:

  nhà to mà chẳng ai ở ― a big house where no one lives in

  căn nhà lớn trên đỉnh đồi ― a big house on top of the hill

• However, for body parts, it seems like only to is used:

  tai to ― big ears

Borrowed from Russian то (to).

to

1. (if ...) then
2. or else

• Hallap, V.; Adler, E.; Grünberg, S.; Leppik, M. (2012), “to”, in Vadja keele sõnaraamat [A dictionary of the Votic language]‎^[18], 2nd edition, Tallinn

From Proto-Brythonic *toɣ (“covering”).

to m (plural toeau or toeon)

1. roof

   Synonym: pen tŷ

to

1. alternative form of ta
   • 1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 14, page 90:

     Shoo ya aam zim to doone, as w' be doone nowe;

     She gave them some to do, as we are doing now;

   • 1867, “THE WEDDEEN O BALLYMORE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 93:

     A near a haapney to paay a peepeare.

     Had ne'er a halfpenny to pay the piper.

   • 1867, “THE WEDDEEN O BALLYMORE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 2, page 94:

     Wee aar lhaung vlealès an pikkès, to waaite apan a breede.

     With their long flails and picks, to wait upon the bride.

to

1. alternative form of ta
   • 1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY:

     Coome to thee met.

     Come to thy meat.

   • 1867, “THE WEDDEEN O BALLYMORE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 2, page 94:

     Hea marreet dear Phielim to his sweet Jauane.

     He married dear Phelim to his sweet Joan.

• Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828), William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published 1867, page 31

tò

1. (transitive) to arrange, to line up
2. (transitive) to order, to put things in order
3. (intransitive) to become ordered, to become arranged

• to before a direct object

tò

1. (Ekiti, Ondo) to talk incessantly; to gossip

   Synonym: rò

   Ẹjọ́ kúwe é tò

   What are you gossiping about?

   (literally, “What matter are you talking incessantly about?”)

• to before a direct object

tó

1. (intransitive) to be enough, to be worthy, to be sufficient, to amount to
2. (intransitive) to be comparable to

   gíga a rẹ̀ẹ́ tó erin ― His tallness is comparable to an elephant

• It is a common verb in Yoruba names affirming the worthiness of entities like the orisha. (Ex. Ògúntósìn (“A Yoruba name meaning, "Ogun is worthy of being worshipped."”)).

tó

1. to reach up to

   ọwọ́ mi kò tó o ― My hand does not reach it

2. to be visible, to be comprehensible

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *túH, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂. Related to Persian تو (to).

to

1. (informal) you (sg., acc.)